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六级模拟卷（三）——答案解析 Part I Writing 高分范文 精彩点评 MyViewonVisitingSchoolCampus ①开门见山，直入主题，点明此篇作文谈 ①Recently, whether school campuses should be open to the public at 论的话题。 any time or in a limited period of time has sparked furious discussions. ② ②用notonly…butalso…句型引出正方观 Those in favor of the former argue that as public institutions, schools should 点。 give access to visitors so that they can not only share educational resources ③表明自己的观点，即校园应该在周末、 but also enjoy scenic beauty and amazing culture atmosphere. ③In my 法定节假日和寒暑假时段限时开放。 viewpoint, school campuses should accommodate free visitors only during ④⑤用Tobeginwith 论证学校应该把重 weekends,legalholidaysandsummerorwinterbreaks. 点放在教育与安全方面。 ④To begin with, as a place for education, academic research and talent ⑥⑦用But话锋一转，提出第二个论据， training instead of scenic spots, schools should give high priority to 学校放假期间，大学欢迎所有访客参观。 education and safety concerns. ⑤Abiding by this principle, the universities 总结上文，得出限时开放校园的结论，与 can run well. ⑥But this doesn’t mean schools must deny all visitors at any 首段论点呼应。 time. ⑦Those who have an overwhelming desire to visit universities are 加分亮点 warmlywelcomedduringschoolholidays. giveaccessto对……开放 In conclusion, the universities can receive the public in a limited period accommodate容纳 oftime,therebysatisfyingbothstudentsandvisitors. scenicspots景点 priority优先考虑 Part II Listening Comprehension SectionA ConversationOne W: Good morning, Dr. Harley. Thank you very much for coming on our radio talk. (1-1)We know that you are an applied linguistspecializinginsecondlanguageacquisition.Couldyoupleasetelluswhatsecondlanguageacquisitionis? M:Well,secondlanguageacquisitionisthat…ithappenswhenachildoradulthasalreadybecomecompetentatalanguage, andthentheyattempttolearnanother. W:(1-2)Mostpeoplethinkitisdifficulttolearnanotherlanguage.Whatarethereasons? M: There are a number of reasons. First, research studies have shown that some aspects of language learning especially grammararemoredifficultbeyondacertainage,say,afteraround12yearsofage. W:Soageplaysanimportantroleinlanguagelearning. M: Yes. But that’s not the only reason. For example, time and interest.(2)Old children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language. Besides, we find that learners will experience difficulty when their mother tongueandthesecondlanguagetheyarelearningdiffer. W:Perhapsthisisthekeyissue.Differencesbetweenlanguagescauselanguagelearningproblems. M: This may be one of the issues, but this cannot be the whole story, as not all differences between languages cause difficulty.(3)Research has foundthat many Czech speakers learningEnglish were puzzled bygrammatical constructions inwhichthetwolanguagesdonotdiffer. W:Oh,really?Thepictureismorecomplicatedthanwe’veimagined. M:Definitelyyes.Eachlanguagelearningsituationisdifferent.Soreasonsvaryalotfromcasetocase. W:Dr.Harley,sincelearningasecondlanguageisadifficultprocess,arethereanymethodstoteachasecondlanguage? M: There again.(4)No method is absolutely effective in all situations. I mean, it all depends on specific conditions. But 第 1 页generallyspeaking,thereareanumberofmethodsthathavebeenusedtoteachasecondlanguage. W:Couldyoumentionone? M: For instance, there is the traditional method. This method is based on translation from one language to another and emphasizesgrammarteaching. Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 1.Whatarethetwospeakersmainlytalkingabout?C) 2.Whyisitdifficultforoldchildrenandadultstolearnanotherlanguage?A) 3.WhatcanwelearnaboutCzechandEnglish?C) 4.Whatdoesthemanthinkofsecondlanguageteachingmethods？D) ConversationTwo W: Today I’d like to welcome Edward Fox, a seasoned real-estate agent, who is going to talk to us about buying a house. Hello,Edward. M:Hello. W:Now,Edward, for mostpeoplebuying a houseis amajor life event.Whatprecautionsdo theyhave to take before areal purchase? M:Astome,themostimportantthingtoconsiderbeforebuyinganypropertyisthelocation. W:Location? M: Right.(5)Because it is where you plan to spend a large part of your life, or, indeed, the rest of your life in some circumstances.Ifyouareaverysociablepersonwhoenjoysnightclubsanddiscos,youmayconsidersomethingcloseto acity.Anyway,acityisconvenientforalltypesofnightlife. W:Then,forthosewhoseekaquietlife,doyourecommendahouseinthecountryside? M:Well,countrysideis atranquilplace.However,doremember thatproximity totheplaceofworkalso counts.Indeed,we spend most of our life at work, and you don’t want to spend two or more hours every day travelling to work, do you?(6)Therefore, transport is of the utmost importance. City suburbs, however, are often conveniently located for commutingtowork,orforshopping,withoutbeingintheheartofabusycity. W:(7-1)Buthousesinthesuburbsarefarmoreexpensivethanthoseincities. M: (7-2)They seem to be, but actually houses located in cities can often exceed the price of suburban houses. So check out theprices.Youmaybesurprised. W:Really?Soweshouldconsiderourplaceofworkandpersonalityinchoosingthelocation.Isthatso? M: I’m afraid you have to take family into consideration as well.Youmay prefer a housethat is away from a busy streetor main road. But remember that children have to attend school. If you have children, or plan to have children, location is a veryimportantfactor.(8)Anaofcourse,rememberthatafamilyinfluencesthesizeoftheproperty. Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 5.Whatdiesthemansayaboutthelocationofahouse?D) 6.Whatlocationdosethemansuggestwhenconsideringtransport?A) 7.Whatcanwelearnaboutsuburbanhousesaccordingtotheman?B) 8.Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?D) SectionB PassageOne Whatis thebestwaytocatch someonewhois telling alie?(9)For a longtime,the traditionalmethodofidentifyingliars was to watch their body language, including facial expressions. What if person appears to be nervous? What about other nervous movements, suchas shifting from side to side? Many people depend on this method. Butdoes a person’s bodyand facerevealthetruth?Notaccordingtoanewstudy. (10)Talking, it seems, is the best way to smoke out a liar. That is what researchers in the United Kingdom found our 第 2 页recently. Their investigation took place at one place where lying can get you into big trouble—an airport. The researchers asked volunteers to pretend they were real passengers and then lie to airport security agents. Some of the agents used spoken conversation-based methods to question these make-believe passengers. Others depended instead on the person’s body language, like lack of eye contact and showing signs of nervousness. The agents talking with the passengers were 20 times more likely to catch the liars. The British government partly financed this study. The American Psychological Association published the findings. The study found that these conversation-based techniques can help you recognize when a person is lying to you.(11)However, using body language and facial expressions to catch someone in a lie is really hard. Anditonlyworks,seemingly,bychance. Thomas Ormerod is the head of the School of Psychology at the University of Sussex in England. In an article on the APA website, he says that for actual passengers, they are “just chatting about themselves. It shouldn’t feel like an interrogation.” Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 9.Whatisthetraditionalwayofcatchingsomeonewhoislying?D) 10.WhatisthebestwaytosearchoutaliaraccordingtotheresearchersintheUK?B) 11.Whatdosethespeakersayaboutidentifyingliars?C) PassageTwo (12)Parents usually teach their children how to cross the street safely by looking both ways for cars. But do they also teach them to put away their cell phones? The city of Honolulu, Hawaii, wants everyone to learn that lesson. (13)Texting while crossing the street will soon be banned in the city. Beginning on October 24, you could be fined from $ 15 to $ 99 if youstepintoaHonolulustreetwhilelookingatyourphone. HonoluluisthefirstmajorUScitytobanwhatiscalled“distractedwalking.”Itrecentlypassedalawinaseventotwo vote.Thelawsays:“Nopedestrianshallcrossastreetorhighwaywhileviewingamobileelectronicdevice.”Inotherwords, donotlookatascreenwhenyoucrossthestreetoryoucouldbefined.(14)Thelaw’screatorshopeitwilllowerthenumber of people hit and killed by cars in the city. Mayor Kirk Caldwell told Reuters news agency: “We hold the unfortunate distinction of being a major city with more pedestrians being hit in crosswalks, particularly our seniors, than almost any other city in the country.”The law includes all electronic devices with screens: cell phones, tablets, gaming devices, digital cameras and laptop computers,(15)The law does permit an exception. Pedestrians may use such devices in the street to call emergencyservicesandrescueworkers,suchasfirefightersandpoliceofficers. Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 12.Howdoparentsteachtheirchildrentocrossthestreetsafely?A) 13.HowmuchwillyoubefinedifyoucrossaHonolulustreetwhilelookingatyourphone?B) 14.WhatisthepurposeofHonolulu’slawofbanningdistractedwalking?D) 15.Whatcanwelearnaboutthelaw?D) SectionC RecordingOne Hello,everyone,todayIwilltalkabouthowtoseekadmissiontoacollegeoruniversity. In the US, mostcollege applicants are high schoolstudents.Manyare 17or18 years old.Onemight askhowanyone at that age could know exactly the kind of field they want to work in for the rest of their lives? Do they even want to work in the field they plan on studying? So how do young people begin to make the first big step when applying for college? Charlie Leizear,the director of first-year admission atOccidentalCollege, says his first suggestion to studentsis tolook for helpanywheretheycanfindit.Hesaysthereisalotofinformationavailabletostudentsabouthowtobothchooseacollege and apply for admission. For one thing, he tells students to think about using their personal connections—friends or family members who have attended a college. Also, most high schools in the United States and many other countries employ guidance counselors for this exact purpose.(16)Abig part of the job of a counselor is asking students what they want to do 第 3 页after high school. They ask these questions to help students decide if college is right for them, as well as identify what a studentmightwanttostudy. But, where do students at schools having no guidance counselors turn for help? One resource Leizear suggests is Education USA, a program supported by the US Department of State.This program has offices in more than 170 countries. Education USA offers non-US citizens advice and information aboutAmerican colleges and universities.(17)For example, most schools require students to take some form of standardized test. This test shows a student’s level of academic performance. Also, in the case of international students, it shows their English ability level. Education USA explains to students in foreign countries how and where they can take standardized tests. The program also helps international students apply for visas so they can live, study and possibly work in the United States. And, perhaps most importantly, Education USA helps students find ways to pay for their education.(18)Leizear says paying for higher education can be the biggest barrier to college students, both in the United States and overseas. Most US colleges and universities offer students some formoffinancialassistance.Leizearwarnscollegeapplicantsagainstusingservicesthataskformoneyandofferguaranteed acceptanceintotopschoolsasaresource.Oftentheseservicescannotactuallyfollowthroughontheirpromises. Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 16.Whydoesaguidancecounseloraskstudentswhattheywanttodoafterhighschool?Ｄ） 17.WhatdomostAmericancollegesanduniversitiesaskapplicantstodo?A) 18.WhatisthebiggestproblemforcollegestudentsaccordingtoLeizear?C) RecordingTwo Nigeria is home to a growing number of technology companies and young business leaders. Some business leaders have been seeking government help for their startup companies. Recently, several young entrepreneurs competed for a chancetotellPresidentMuhammaduBuhariabouttheircompanies.Nigeria’stechnologysectorisgrowing, inpart,because of ambitious entrepreneurs like Angel Adelaja, a Nigerian American. She is chief executive officer of a company called Fresh Direct Nigeria.(19)It seeks to reduce the country’s dependence on food imports by growing cabbage and other vegetablesincontainers. First Direct Nigeria is designed for the expanding class of health conscious people who in the city.(20)A business called Grit Systems Systems Engineering manufactures a device for measuring energy use. The company is the idea of Ifedayo Oludapo. “I am the founder of Grit Systems and what we make is a web-enabled multisource energy monitoring device—kind of like a utility meter, but it measures power consumption from all the different power sources you have, which is a big deal in an under-electrified environment like Nigeria.” Emma Okene leads Tracology, another Nigerian company. He and his team created a bar code that is placed on the front gate of a person’s home. By using a device that readsbarcodeinformation,wastecollectioncrewswillbeabletoknowifthehomeownerhaspaidfortheirservices. Atotal of 30tech entrepreneurs competed forthe chanceto meetwith theNigerian presidentandvice president.Three were chosen, including Emma Okene of Tracology. He won a prize of more than $ 8,000.(21)Last week , the Nigerian economy entered into a recession for the first time in more than 20 years. Government revenue is sharply reduced because of the drop in oil prices worldwide. So the government is interested in supporting technology companies, hoping they may be able to fuel the economy. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg was at the competition last week. He spoke at the end of his first visit to Nigeria.(22) “You know, this trip has really blown me away by the talent of the entrepreneurs and developersinthiscountryandbythefocusonbuildingsomethingthat’sgonnamakeadifferenceandgonnamakeachange. I thinkthat ifyou keep ondoingthis you’re notonlygonna shapeNigeria andallofAfrica, butthe wholeworld.”Nigerian governmentofficialshopeoneofthestartupcompaniescanbeassuccessfulasFacebook. Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 19.WhatcanwelearnaboutFreshDirectNigeria?B) 20.WhatdoesthedevicemadebyGritSystemsEngineeringusedfor?B) 21.WhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheNigerianeconomy?A) 22.HowdoesMarkZucherbergthinkoftheentrepreneursanddevelopersinNigeria?C) 第 4 页RecordingThree As experts warn of a coming food crisis, the vertical farming industry aims to create plants that offer more nutritional value and require fewer resources.(23)In vertical farms, plants are grown indoors. Workers control the climate and closely monitor each plant’s growth. Vertical farm supporters say the methods are good for the environment, and good for the world’s growing population. Experts say the size of the vertical farming market is expected to quadruple over the next five yearstonearly$4billion. Because of the technology it has created,AeroFarms has become one of the top indoor-farming companies. One ofits vertical farms is in a large building near a busy road in Newark, New Jersey. It grows more than 250 kinds of greens and herbs.Farmers wear gloves, coats andcoverings ontheir head.Their shoes must becleaned.(24)AeroFarms grows cropsat the same rate throughout the year. The methods it uses lower soil erosion. They also reduce the amount of pesticides and water needed to grow the crops. The company says carbon emissions are heavily reduced and in some cases eliminated. David Rosenberg is the co-founder and chief executive officer ofAeroFarms. “We could do this whether it is in the Sahara or a city like Newark,” he said.Alina Zolotareva is a dietitian and nutritionist atAeroFarms. She says she wants people to eat more leafy greens like kale, one of the most nutritionally dense foods. She says if her company is to successfully encouragethiskindofhealthyeating,itmustgrowcropsthattastegood.“Americansespeciallydon’teatenoughvegetables, and so for me the most exciting part is all of the different flavours that we have here. It makes eating your vegetables so muchmoreexcitingandsomuchmorefun.” Rosenberg said AeroFarms is helping the world deal with a growing food shortage.(25)He said people must change their focus from the number of calories they consume to the nutrition levels of the foods they eat. Recent World Bank studies predict that an estimated global population of 9 billion in 2020 will require at least 50 percent more food. Experts say the crisis will be worsened by climate change, which they believe will reduce crop yields by more than 25 percent during that time.They say the food crisis will have a larger effect on the world’s poorest citizens than on those who live in developedcountries. Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 23.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutverticalfarms?D) 24.WhatcanwelearnaboutAeroFarms?A) 25.WhatshouldpeoplefocusonintermsoffoodaccordingtoRosenberg?B) Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension SectionA 选项归类 名词：C)connection联系，连接；H)exposure接触，暴露；K)pollutants污染物； N)spur一时冲动，激励因素 动词:D)develop 发展，成长；E)divide把……分成若干份 F)estimated估计，估算； G)exhaled呼气，呼出； I)inhaled呼入，吸入； N)spur加速，鞭策； O)stir搅动，唤醒 形容词：A)additional附加的，另外的； F)estimated估计的，估算的； L)positive 积极的；M)potential潜在的， 有可能的 副词：B)artificially人造地，人工地； J)naturally自然地，天然形成地 详解详析： 26.答案：K)pollutants 详解：空格前是形容词environmental，之后是谓语couldbeplaying，故此处应填入名词。空格所在处意为“含有 环境_______的化合物”，再结合上文的dust可知，此处应填入K)pollutants“污染物”。 27.答案：N)spur 详解：空格前是情态动词can，之后是名词词组fatcells，因此此处应填入动词原形。Spursb./sth.todosth.是固定 搭配,意为“促进、刺激、加速某人做某事/某事的形成”，此处指室内灰尘会刺激脂肪细胞积聚更多的脂肪，故N)spur 为答案。 28.答案：A)additional 第 5 页详解：空格前是an，后面是名词type，故此处应填入元音开头的形容词。备选项中只有additional和estimated符 合要求。此处提到，把室内灰尘加入实验室的器皿中后发现脂肪细胞积累了_______类型的脂肪，名为甘油三酸酯。 此处应该是“另一种”的意思，故A)additional为答案。 29.答案：J)naturally 详解：空格前为or，之后为现在分词occurring作形容词修饰compounds，故此处应填入副词。or之前的synthetic 指“人工的，合成的”，or暗示前后语义相反，故答案为J)naturally“自然地，天然形成地”。 30.答案：H)exposure 详解：空格位于宾语从句中，且该从句缺少主语，因此此处需要填入名词。根据上下文语义，此处是指生命早期 ______内分泌干扰物对以后体重的影响，此处应是“接触”的意思，exposureto为固定搭配，意为“接触，暴露于……”， 故H)exposure为答案。 31.答案：I)inhaled 详解：空格前是isthen，之后是ingestedandabsorbed，由and可知，此处是三个并列的动词过去分词形式，与is 构成被动语态。备选项中只有estimated、exhaled和inhaled符合要求，根据上下文语义，此处指室内灰尘应是通过 皮肤先吸入才能有之后的ingestedandabsorbed，故答案为I)inhaled“呼入，吸入”。 32.答案：F)estimated 详解：空格前是an，之后是50milligrams,故此处应填入元音开头的形容词。备选项中符合要求的只有estimated。 根据之后的语义，孩子每天吸入的室内灰尘_______50毫克，可以推断此处应指“估计、估算是50毫克“，故答案 为F)estimated。 33.答案：D)develop 详解：空格前是不定式符号to，之后是介词into。且根据前面的位谓语动词triggered可知其搭配结构是triggersht. todosth.意为“引发……去做……”，故此处应填入动词原形。根据上下文语义，此处指脂肪细胞变成成熟的脂 肪细胞，并积累了甘油三酸酯，表达事物发展的过程。结合各选项，只有D)develop符合要求，developinto为 固定搭配，意为“发展成……”。 34.答案：E)divide 详解：空格前是不定式符号to，推出此处应填入动词原形，空格所在的谓语是spurred，spursth.todosth.意为“促 进、刺激、加速某事……”。根据下文中产生更多的钱脂肪细胞可知，此处是指刺激脂肪细胞分解，故答案为E)divide “把……分成若干份”。 35.答案：M)potential 详解：空格前是for，之后是effects，故应填入形容修饰effects。根据上下文语义，此处指试验中用到的脂肪细胞 是老鼠的细胞模型，经常用它来检测化合物对甘油三酸酯脂肪的潜在影响，故答案为M)potential“潜在的，有可能 的”。 SectionB 语篇分析 本文介绍以苹果手机为代表 [A]~[E]段介绍了代际差异的根本特点以及近年的突变，引起这种突变源于智能手机 的智能设备和社交媒体给当 的普及。 代美国年轻人带来的改变。 [F]~[H]段指出智能手机及同类产品的影响深远，并具体指出其积极影响和消极影响。 这种改变影响范围大、方面 多，且积极影响和消极影响 [I]~[M]段则从独立性、约会、性行为、获取驾照、依靠工作赚钱等方面指出当代青 并存。 少年的显著特征。 详解详析： 36. Millennials and their former generations [C]At first I presumed these might be blips(短暂的问题或变故)， viewed the world in a way different from teens do but the trends persisted, across several years and a series of national today. surveys.Thechanges weren’tjustindegree, butin kind.Thebiggest 译文：千禧一代及其前辈看待世界的视角与当代 difference between the Millennials and their predecessors was in 的青少年不同。 how they viewed the world; teens today differ from the Millennials 定位：由题干中的Millennials和viewedtheworld not just in their views but in how they spend their time. The 第 6 页定位到原文画线处。 experiencestheyhave every dayareradically differentfromthose of thegenerationthatcameofagejustafewyearsbeforethem. 详解：定位句指出，千禧一代和其前辈的最大不同主要体现在如何看待世界。但是，当代青少年与他们的差别不 仅是世界观不同，在如何利用时间方面也存在差异。题干中formergenerations对应原文中的predecessors，题干是 对定位句的同义转述，故选C)。 37. It is obvious that iGen [E]The more I pored over yearly surveys of teen attitudes andbehaviors, andthe more teene are deeply influenced by I talked with young people, the clearer it became that theirs is a generation shaped by cellphoneaswellassocialmedia. the smartphone and by the concomitant(伴随的)rise of social media. I call them iGen. 译文：很明显，当代青少年深受 Born between 1995 and 2012, members of this generation are growing up with 智能手机及社交媒体的影响。 smartphones, have an Instagram account before they start high school, and do not 定位：由题干中的 iGen 、 remember a time before the internet. iGen’s oldest members were early adolescents cellphone和social定位到原文画 when the iPhone was introduced , in 2007, and high-school students when the iPad 线处。 entered the scene, in 2010. A 2017 survey of more than 5,000 American teens found thatthreeoutoffourownedaniPhone. 详解：E）段定位句指出，当代青少年深受智能手机及社交媒体的影响，题干中的 obvious 对应原文中的 clearer;influrenced对应原文中的shaped，题干是对定位句的同义转述，故选E)。 38. Teens behavior changed suddenly at the time [D]What happened in 2012 to cause such dramatic shifts in whenoverhalfofAmericanshadsmartphones. behavior?ItwasaftertheGreatRecession,whichofficiallylasted 译文：当超半数的美国人人手一部智能手机时，青 from 2007 to 2009 and had a starker effect on Millennials trying 少年的行为突然发生改变。 to find a place in a sputtering economy. But it was exactly the 定位：由题干中的Teens’behavior和smartphones定 moment when the proportion of Americans who owned a 位到原文画线处。 smartphonesurpassed50percent. 详解：D段指，出2007--2009年的经济大萧条对千禧一代影响很大。而恰逢此时，美国人拥有智能手机的比例超 过了50%。约在2012年，也就是经济大萧条之后，青少年的行为产生激变。题干中的changedsuddenly对应原文中 的dramaticshifts;overhalfofAmericans对应原文中的theproportionofAmericans…surpassed50percent,故选D)。 39. Physically speaking , today’s teens [G]To those of us who fondly recall a more analog adolescence, this may are much safer than ever before, which is seemforeign andtroubling.Theaim of generationalstudy,however,is notto one of the positive outcomes of succumb to nostalgia for the way things used to be; it’s to understand how smartphones. theyarenow.Somegenerationalchangesarepositive,somearenegative,and 译文：就身体而言，智能手机有一个积极 many are both. More comfortable in their bedrooms than in a car or at a 影响，即当代青少年比以往任何时候更安 party, today’s teens are physically safer than teens have ever been. They’re 全。 markedly less likely to get into a car accident and, having less of a taste for 定位：由题干中的 Physically、today’s alcohol than their predecessors, are less susceptible to drinking’s attendant teens、safer和positive定位到原文画线处。 ills. 详解：定位句指出，代际的变化既是有积极的一面，也有消极的一面。当代青少年更喜欢待在自己的房间而不是 出去开车或参加聚会，因此人身安全比以往更有保障。题干中 Physically…safer than ever before 对应原文中的 physicallysaferthanteenshaveeverbeen, 故选G)。 40.Theauthor’sstudyismorethantwo [A]I’ve been researching generational differences for 25 years, starting when I decades, which shows that a generation was a 22-year-old doctoralstudent in psychology.Typically,the characteristics hasrelativelystablecharacteristics. that come to define a generation appear gradually, and along a continuum. 译文：作者的研究已经超过20年，其研 Beliefs and behaviors that were already rising simply continue to do so. 究结果表明一代人通常具有相对稳定的 Millennials, for instance, are a highly individualistic generation, but 特点。 individualismhadbeenincreasingsincetheBabyBoomersturnedon,tunedin, 定位：由题干中的 a generation 和 and dropped out. I had grown accustomed to line graphs of trends that looked characteristics定位到原文画线处。 likemodesthillsandvalleys. 详解：定位句指出，作者从22岁攻读心理学博士开始至今研究代际差异已经25年，发现一代人的特点是渐进改 变的，而信仰和行为也呈现出相同的特点。题干是对定句句的推断总结，故选A)。 第 7 页41. Teen agers nowadays prefer chatting [J]Today’s teens are also less likely to date. The initial stage of online for some time before they may have a courtship, which Gen Xers called “liking” (as in “Ooh, he likes date. you!”),kids now call “talking”—an ironic choice for a generation that 译文：现在的青少年更喜欢在网上谈一段时间 prefers texting to actual conversation.After two teens have “talked” for 后再开始约会。 a while, they might start dating. But only about 56 percent of 定位：由题干中的prefer和haveadate定位到 high-school seniors in 2015 went out on dates; for Boomers and Gen 原文画线处。 Xers,thenumberwasabout85percent. 详解：J)段指出，现在的青少年不太愿意约会，以前的孩子在谈恋爱的起始阶段互称“喜欢”，现在则互称“交 谈”。而在“交谈”一段时间后再开始约会。题干中的chattingonline对应原文中的 “talked”;forsometime是对原 文中的forawhile的同义转述，故选J)。 42. Although many factors [H]Psychologically, however, they are more vulnerable than Millennials were: Rates of influence the teens today, teen depression and suicide have shyrocketed since 2011. It’s not an exaggeration to nothing can be compared to describeiGenasbeingonthebrinkoftheworstmental-healthcrisisindecades.Muchof those from the smartphone and this deterioration can be traced to their phones. Even when a seismic(重要的)event—a socialmedia. war, a technological leap, a free concert in the mud—plays an outsize role in shaping a 译文：尽管影响青少年行为改 group of young people, no single factor ever defines a generation. Parenting styles 变的因素众多，但都无法与智 continue to change, as do school curricula and culture, and these things matter. But the 能手机和社交媒体产生的影 twin rise of the smartphone and social media has caused an earthquake of a magnitude 响相比。 we’ve not seen is very long time, if ever. There is compelling evidence that the devices 定位：由题干中的smartphone we’ve placed in young people’s hands are having profound effects on their lives—and andsocialmedia定位到原文画 makingthemseriouslyunhappy. 线处。 详解：H)段指出，甚至一项重要活动都能塑造一代人，比如，战争、技术革新等。但是，智能手机与社交媒体带 来的改变确实前所未有的。题干中的nothingcanbecomparedtothosefromthesmartphoneandsocialmedia是对定位 句中thetwinriseofthesmartphoneandsocialmediahascausedanearthquakeofamagnitude的同义转述，故选H)。 43. Jobs for the young are sufficient [M]Independence isn’t free—you need some money in your pocket to pay today,butthey areunwilling towork for for gas, or for that bottle of schnapps. iGen teens aren’t working(or ,managing pay. their own money). Statistically, in the late 1970s, 77 percent of high-school 译文：如今，虽然年轻人的工作机会 seniors worked for pay during the school year; by the mid-2010s, only 55 充足，但青少年却不愿意打工赚钱。 percent did. The number of eighth-graders who work for pay has been cut in 定位：由题干中的Jobs和workforpay half. These declines accelerated during the Great Recession, but teen 定位到原文画线处。 employmenthasnotbouncedback,eventhoughjobavailabilityhas. 详解：M段指出，独立需要成本。以前，青少年会打零工存钱获取独立。但是，当代选择打工赚钱的青少年人数 比例在减少。在经济大叔萧条后工作机会反弹的情况下，当代青少年选择打工赚钱的比例却并未回升。题干中Jobs fortheyoungaresufficient对应原文中的jobavailabilityhas，故选M）。 44. Today’s American teenagers [F]The advent of the smartphone and its cousin the tablet was followed quickly by have been changed into a hand-wringing about the harmful effects of “screen time.” But the impact of these generation heavily dependent on devices has not been fully appreciated, and goes far beyond the usual concerns about theirsmartphone. curtailed attention spans. The arrival of the smartphone has radically changed every 译文：如今的美国青少年已成为 aspect of teenagers’lives, from the nature of their social interactions to their mental 严重依赖智能手机的一代。 health.Thesechangeshaveaffectedyoungpeopleineverycornerofthenationandin 定位：由题干中的changed和their every type of household. The trends appear among teens poor and rich; of every smartphone定位到原文画线处。 ethnic background; in cities, suburbs, and small towns. Where there are call towers, thereareteenslivingtheirlivesontheirsmartphone. 详解：F)段指出，智能手机和平板电脑带来了负面影响，影响了孩子的社交甚至影响了他们的精神健康。这一变 化涉及各家各户，无论贫富、宗教、居住地。可以说他们是活在智能手机的一代。题干中的heavilydependenton… 对应原文中的livingtheirliveson…,故选F)。 第 8 页45. Having driver’s [L]Even driving, a symbol of adolescent freedom inscribed in American popular culture, licence was once treated as fromRebelWithoutaCausetoFerrisBueller’sDayOff,haslostitsappealfortoday’steens. important, but teens Nearly all Boomer high-school students had their driver’s license by the spring of their nowadays donotthinkmuch senior year; more than one in four teens today still lack one at the end of high school. For ofit. some, Mom and Dad are such good chauffeurs that there’s no urgent need to drive. “My 译文：拥有驾照在以前被认 parents drove me everywhere and never complained, so I always had rides,” a 21-year-old 为很重要，但如今的青少年 student in San Diego told me. “I didn’t get my license until my mom told me I had to 却不以为然 because she could not keep driving me to school.” She finally got her license six months 定位：由题干中的driver’s after her 18th birthday. In conversation after conversation, teens described getting their licence和teensnowadays定 license as something to be nagged into by their parents—a notion that would have been 位到原文画线 unthinkabletopreviousgenerations. 详解：L)段指出，驾照对现在的青少年而言不太有吸引力。婴儿潮一代刚上高中时就大多都有驾照，但如今的一 代直到高中将结束时，还有超过25%的青少年没有拿到驾照。题干中的notthinkmuchofit对应原文中的haslostits appeal,故选L)。 SectionC PassageOne 全文翻译： 互联网是社会的一面镜子，映射出我们的优势和劣势。健康的社会和健康的互联网有着同样重要的力量；人们 采取行动，创造事物，解决问题，最终构建属于我们自己的环境。我们需要用科技和社会责任感创造一个空间，在 那里健康的民主开枝散叶。 作为公民，我们有权利也有义务参与民主，使其得以运作。（46）如今我们看到科技——尤其是互联网——提 供了大量参与民主的新途径。互联网让公民迅速了解世界大事、讨论其影响、组织竞选、发表自己的观点，并促使 改变。通过互联网，民主选举出的领导人能够更容易地听到不同的声音。通过使政治活动更加透明，互联网帮助公 民促使政治家更负责。它是民主政治言论产生了翻天覆地的变化，提供了一个与众不同的全球即兴演讲台。 （47）我们也看到了互联网加剧了社会的两极分化和刻薄抨击、仇恨言论及错误信息的泛滥。这种加剧是通过 互联网和集中的社交媒体平台实现的，这两者相结合创造出大量的共鸣。然而，核心问题在于我们自身的本质。因 此，如今互联网反映出的丰富、分歧以及希望改善自己生活的领域并不如我们所料想般广泛。 （48）“假新闻”能在网上轻易传播，这为那些利用人们对现有社会的不满，散布错误信息并从中牟利的人提 供了机会。在最近的美国选举周期中，我们也看到了这种情况的发生，仅仅为了牟利，被过分捏造的故事在社交媒 体上大肆流传。比萨门事件。教皇公开支持一名总统候选人。佛罗里达强行实施伊斯兰教法。尽管这些故事明显是 捏造的，但每一个都发布在网上，供数百万人消费、分享和浏览。然而，我们需要问一下：这些文章与为了带来流 量而炒作真相的常规行“标题党”又有何区别呢？ （49）当惯犯们为了谋取私利而滥用互联网并发布假新闻来掩没事实时，代价是很大的。网上传播的错误信息 足以影响人们对现实世界事件的理解。数百万的互联网用户无法快速判断这些说法的真假。这一切造成人们对作为 良好信息和可靠社区来源的核心机构丧失了信心。但这种丧失还在进一步加剧。民主依赖于真实信息的自由流动和 人际沟通，但当人们认为无法相信任何人时，民主就被削弱了。 仅靠技术本身不会解决这个问题，但结合了人类意图、经济投资和发展政策的技术就能带来巨大的积极变化。 如今的世界处于分裂之中，显然极需要技术与社会影响的结合，这样善意的群体才可以发展，对互联网和信息 的信任才会回升，民主也会蓬勃发展。我们自己需要迎接该挑战。否则，我们将会浪费一个难得又宝贵的机遇。 详解详析： 46. 答案：D) 定位：由题干中的newapproaches和takepartindemocracy定位到原文第二段第二至六句。 详解：推理判断题。本题考查互联网所提供的参与民主的新途径的信息。第二段第二句提到，如今我们看到科 技——尤其是互联网——提供了大量参与民主的新途径。接下来的四句分别从四个方面进行论述。该段末句指出， 它使民主政治言论发生了翻天覆地的变化，提供了一个与众不同的全球即时演讲台，前面三句都在介绍互联网提供 的参与民主的新途径。由此推测，末句中的it指代互联网，故答案为D)。A)“现代信息爆炸让公民发出自己的声 第 9 页音”是对第二段第三句的曲解，该句指出互联网让公民迅速了解世界大事、讨论其影响、组织竞选、表达观点，并 促使改变，这些与现代信息爆炸没有关系，故排除；B)“互联网让所有领导人听到不同的声音”与原文表述不符， 该段第四句提到互联网，民主选举出的领导人能够更容易地听到不同的声音，而不是所有领导人，选项过于绝对， 故排除；C)“由于政府的网站，政治家们变得更负责了”，原文并未提及政府的网站，而是指通过使政治活动更加 透明，互联网帮助公民促使政治家更负责，故排除。 47. 答案：A) 定位：由题干中的“vitriol”inPara.3定位到第三段第一句。 详解：语义理解题。本题考查vitriol的词义。定位句提到，我们也看到互联网加剧了社会的两极分化和vitriol、 仇恨言论及错误信息的泛滥。结合句意可知，该句在讲述互联网的负面影响而。而 vitriol 与 hate speech 和 misinformation并列，由此推测，vitriol的词义应该是“仇恨言论”和“错误信息”类似的贬义词。因此，该词与A) 的意义相近，意为“刻薄评论”，故为答案。B)“公众的称赞”和C)“恭维话”均为褒义词，明显与原文不符，故 排除；D)“后怕”为中性词，并且原文内容无关，故排除。 48. 答案：C) 定位：由题干中的Pizzagate、thePope和Florida定位到原文第四段前五句。 详解：事实细节题。本题考查作者以三个例子为证说明的观点。作者在该段中举了三个例子，通常来讲，例子 支撑其所在位置前后的观点。作者在该段第一句提到，“假新闻”能在网上轻易传播，这为那些利用人们对现有社 会的不满，散布错误信息并从中牟利的人提供了机会。紧接着第二句中指出该问题也出现在最近的美国选举周期中。 随后以比萨门事件、教皇公开支持一名总统候选人、佛罗里达强行实施伊斯兰教法为例，阐述了美国选举周期中， 仅仅为了牟利而被过分捏造的故事在社交媒体上大肆流传，故答案为C)“牟利动机促使假新闻在网上广为流传”。 A)“捏造的故事在公众中迅速传播”与该段内容不符，该段主要在讲述捏造的故事在网上广为流传，而不是在公众 中迅速传播，故排除；B)“捏造的故事在政治季更常见”是对该段第二句的曲解，该句只是提到在最近的美国选举 周期中也出现了在网上散布错误信息来牟利的现象，并未强调该问题在政治季更常见，故排除；D)“假新闻与常规 型‘标题党’截然不同”与原文表述相反，该段末句发问：这些文章与为了带来流量而炒作真相的常规型“标题党” 又有何区别呢？表明假新闻与常规型“标题党”本质上是一样的，都是为了吸引流量而歪曲或炒作，故排除。 49. 答案：B) 定位：由题干中的spreadmisinformationonline 、coverupthetruth和negativeeffects定位到原文第五段。 详解：推理判断题，本题考查人们为了私利而在网上传播错误信息掩盖事实所带来的负面影响。定位段第一句 提到，当惯犯们为了谋取私利而滥用互联网并发布假新闻来淹没事实时，代价是很大的。接下来的五句分别从四个 方面介绍了其风险。该段第三句提到，数百万的互联网用户无法快速判断这些说法的真假，由此可知，这给互联网 用户判断网上信息的真假带来了负面影响，故答案为B)。A)“人们对现实世界和网络世界所发生的事情的理解”与 原文表述不符，该段第二句指出网上传播的错误信息足以影响人们对现实世界事件的理解，并未提及网络世界事件， 故排除；C)“重要政府机构的公信力”是对该段第四句的曲解，该句提到这一切造成人们对作为良好信息和可靠社 区来源的核心机构丧失了信心，由asasourceofgoodinformationandtrustworthycommunity可知，此处的核心机构 是指新闻机构，而不是政府机构，故排除；D)“可靠信息的自由流动”，该段末句提到民主依赖于真实信息的自由 流通和人际沟通，但当人们不信任他人时，民主就被削弱了。由此可知，为了私利而在网上传播错误信息掩盖事实 是对民主造成了负面影响，而不是对可靠信息的自由流动，故排除。 50. 答案：D) 定位：根据题干定位到原文第二段和第三段。 详解：观点态度题。本题考查作者对互联网力量的评价。第二段提到互联网的优点：提供了大量参与民主的新 途径。然后作者又在第三段提到互联网的缺点：加剧了我们社会的两极分化和刻薄抨击、仇恨言论及错误信息的泛 滥。由此可以判断作者对互联网力量持客观态度，既有褒奖也有批评，故D)为答案。A)“肯定的”和B)“否定的” 都过于片面，均排除；C)“主观的”与原文表述相反，故排除。 PassageTwo 全文翻译： 1773年12月16日的夜晚，几十名马萨诸塞州的殖民者悄悄登上了三艘船，把价值相当于现在近100万美元的 英国茶叶倾入波斯顿港。 第 10 页（51）这些自由之子，脸上涂的油彩，乔装成美洲原著居民。他们几乎不说话，以防暴露身份。“大家皆达成 共识，每个人自愿提供服务，保守秘密，并承担一切后果，”其中一人写道。此法行之有效。只有一个人被抓住了。 如果英国人使用了现代监视技术会如何？如果他们使用了人脸识别技术又会如何？ （52）从波斯顿倾茶事件到《常识》的印刷，能表达异议——并且匿名而为——曾对美国建国极为重要。匿名 并非奢求：主张脱离英国王室曾是犯罪。把英国茶叶倾入波士顿港曾是犯罪。这一趋势持续至今。我们的历史充满 了这种时刻：做正确的事是“犯罪”，做不公正的事却合法。 （53）然而，打击犯罪的最新工具可能令人们无法匿名。历史上，监视技术已追踪了我们的科技产品：我们的 汽车、电脑和电话。人脸识别技术则追踪我们的身体。不同于指纹识别和DNA分析，人脸识别技术能在远距离秘 密的识别我们。 人脸识别技术不仅与搜寻恐怖分子有关。它还涉及搜寻公民。只要有驾照，超过半数的美国成年人被录入罪犯 脸部识别网。（54）虽然细节模糊不清，但巴尔的摩县的警方使用了人脸识别技术确认抗议弗雷迪·格雷之死的民 众身份。 随着执法机关开发出越来越强大的监视工具，我们要扪心自问：我们是在建立一个不能匿名发表异议的世界 吗？一个英国茶叶仍漂浮在波士顿港时，自由之子就逐个受到传讯的世界吗？ 这些问题的答案都是“不”。在关于加密和交流中需要隐私及安全的激烈讨论之中，人们很容易认为这些问题 的解决方法将来自硅谷。但它们并不会。你能加密你的硬盘。你也能加密你的电子邮件和短信。但你无法加密你的 脸。 也许会有人避开人脸识别的技术手段。碰巧的是，其中的一种与自由之子装扮的面部彩绘类似。（55）但人脸 识别技术对自由造成的威胁不会通过对默认设置的一个简单改变的就得到解决。只有通过国会和各州立法机关的艰 难对话以及立法才能得以解决。 “文字和言谈不足以证明我，”沃尔特·惠特曼在他的《自我之歌》中写道。“我脸上摆着充足的证据和其他 一切。”我们已经逐渐习惯了技术和通讯的监控。但对于我们身体的跟踪却不一样，有些棘手和不祥的感觉。 详解详析： 51. 答案：C) 定位：由题干中的theeventofBostonTeaParty和各选项定位到原文第一、二段。 详解：推理判断题。本题考查波士顿倾茶事件的相关信息。第四段第一句提到波士顿倾茶事件（BostonTeaParty）， 结合上文可知，第一、二段介绍了该事件的具体内容。第二段前两句提到，这些自由之子，脸上涂着油彩，乔装成 美洲原著居民。他们几乎不说话，以防暴露身份。由此可知，这些参与者竭尽全力隐藏他们的身份，故答案为C)。 A)“马萨诸塞洲的原著民偷偷溜上了装有英国茶叶的轮船”是对第一段的曲解，该段指出悄悄登上了三艘船的是几 十名马萨诸塞州的殖民者，而不是原著居民，故排除；B)“扔进水中的茶叶当时价值近100万美元”与原文表述不 符，第一段提到这些茶叶价值相当于现在的近100万美元，故排除；D)“该事件的参与者全部被绳之以法”，第二 段末句提到只有一个人被抓住了，而不是全部参与者被抓，故排除。 52. 答案：A) 定位：由题干中的thefourthparagraph定位到原文第四段。 详解：主旨大意题。本题考查作者地写第四段的目的。该段开篇通过两个历史事件引出匿名表达意义的重要性， 接着阐述原因——主张脱离英国王室曾是犯罪，把英国茶叶倾入波士顿港曾是犯罪，接着指出历史充满了这种不公 正的时刻。因此，作者意在表明当做正确的事是犯罪时，匿名表达异议至关重要，故A)为答案。B)“评价两个历史 事件”是对第四段第一句的曲解，该句提到波士顿倾茶事件和《常识》的印刷这两个历史事件，但该句并没有对这 两个历史事件进行评价，而是表明在这两个事件中匿名表达异议曾对美国的建国极为重要，故排除；C)“介绍一个 持续的趋势”并非作者写该段的目的，作者在第四句提到这一趋势持续至今，是为了强调和过去一样，匿名并非过 分的要求，故排除；D)“批判历史上的不公正”，该段末句提到我们的历史充满了这种时刻：做正确的事是犯罪， 做不公正的事却合法，但作者并不是为了批判历史上的不公正，而是为了强调正是因为充满历史充满了这种不公正 的时刻，所以匿名表达异议才显得尤为重要，故排除。 53. 答案：B) 定位：由题干中的tools和abilitytobeanonymous定位到原文第五段。 详解：事实细节题。本题考查令人们无法匿名的工具。该段第一句提到，打击犯罪的最新工具可能会令人们无 法匿名。第三、四句指出与指纹识别和DNA分析不同，人脸识别技术追踪我们的身体，能在远距离秘密的识别我 第 11 页们，由tracks ourbodies和identify usfromawayandin secret可知，使人们无法匿名的是人脸识别技术，故答案为 B)，同时排除C)和D)。A)“传统的监视技术”，该段第二句提到历史上，监视技术已追踪了我们的科技产品：我 们的汽车、电脑和电话，这种监视技术是传统技术，而不是最新工具，并且只能追踪我们身边的东西，不能让人们 无法匿名，故排除。 54. 答案：B) 定位：由题干中的BaltimoreCountypolice定位到原文第六段。 详解：事实细节题。本题考查作者在第六段中所举例子的用途。通常来讲，例子支撑其所在位置前后的观点。 作者在该段前两句提到人脸识别技术不仅与搜寻恐怖分子有关。它还涉及搜寻公民。紧接着第三句中指出只有只要 有驾照，超过半数的美国成年人被录入罪犯脸部识别网。随后以巴尔的摩县的警方为例，阐述了人脸识别技术被用 于确认抗议弗雷迪·格雷之死的民众身份，故答案为B)“使用人脸识别技术追踪公民”。A)“当局用来追踪恐怖分 子的工具”，该段第一句虽然提到人脸识别技术也用于搜寻恐怖分子，但此后却说明了该技术的另一个用途——用 于搜寻公民，故排除；C)“在线登记罪犯数目”是对该段第三句的曲解，该句提到只要有驾照，超过半数的美国成 年人被录入罪犯脸部识别网，并未指出在线登记的罪犯数目，故排除；D)“搜索杀死弗雷迪·格雷凶手的方法”与 原文表述不符，该段末句提到巴尔的摩县的警方搜索的是抗议弗雷迪·格雷之死的民众，故排除。 55. 答案：D) 定位：由题干中的Thethreat和canonlybesolved定位到原文第九段最后两句。 详解：推理判断题。本题考查人脸识别技术对人类造成的威胁的解决方法。该段最后一句提到只有通过国会和 各州立法机关的艰难对话以及立法才能得以解决，结合上一句可知，该句中的It是指人脸识别技术对自由造成的威 胁，故答案为D)。A)“硅谷的研究”，第八段第二句至三句提到，在关于加密和交流中需要隐私及安全的激烈讨 论之中，人们很容易认为这些问题的解决方法将来自硅谷，但他们却不会，由此可知，硅谷无法解决人脸识别技术 所造成的威胁，故排除；B)“自由之子的化妆”，第九段前两句提到也许会有避开人脸识别技术的技术手段，碰巧 的是，其中的一种与自由之子装扮的面部彩绘类似，由此可知，自由之子的化妆只能避开人脸识别的技术手段，但 无法解决该技术对自由造成的威胁，故排除；C)“人脸的轻微改变”与原文表述相反，该段第三句提到人脸识别技 术对自由造成的威胁不会通过对默认设置的一个简单改变就得到解决，结合上一句可知，这里的defaultsettings是 指“人脸”，由此推测，人脸的轻微改变无法解决人脸识别技术对自由造成的威胁，故排除。 Part Ⅳ Translation 参考译文 The World Bobot Conference has officially kicked off in Beijing with the theme “Collaborative Innovation toward the Building of an Intellectual Society”. The conference brings together the world’s top experts in robotics and the most advanced robots. The 5-day conference invites representatives from 150 robot companies around the world. A variety of robots are on display, ranging from industrial robots to service ones such as those that can help do household chores and help with childcare. China is a leader in global robot field with 68,000 robots sold last year. The sales volume of industrial robotsinChinesemarkethasbeenincreasingatanaveragerateof35%inthepast5years. 难点注释 1.第一句中，会议的名词中专有名词翻译时需要注意“大会”的译法；“圆满召开”可用词组kickoff表达。 2.第二句中，会议的主题可与第一句合译为一句，注意对主题的具体内容翻译要准确。 3.第三句中，“汇聚”可译为bringtogether。 4.第五句中，“既有……也有……”可用rangefrom…to…表述。 5.第六句中，需要注意数值的翻译法；“销量”可译为thesalesvolume。 第 12 页