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第1 讲 名词
Mr Smith is very busy because he runs several companies①.He works seven days① a week
and 12 months② a year.In his spare time he likes watching football matches③.He likes eating
tomatoes④ but he doesn’t eat vegetables with leaves⑤.He has two pet horses⑥ and he often
rides them with his friends on Mr Black’s farm⑦ because he thinks the scenery of the farm⑧
is very beautiful.Mr Black is a friend of his⑨，who raises some cows⑥ and goats⑥.
[规则感悟] 1.可数名词变复数
①以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y 为i 加-es；以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，加-s。②以-th
结尾的名词加-s。③以-s，-x，-ch，-sh 结尾的名词后加-es(如果词尾-ch 发音为/k/，要加-s，
如stomach)。④以-o 结尾加-es 的单词有：英雄(heroes)吃土豆(potatoes)番茄(tomatoes)，其
他多直接加-s。⑤以-f 或-fe 结尾的词，多变f 或fe 为v，再加-es。但也有直接加-s 的单词，
如：屋顶(roof)上的首领(chief)有信仰(belief)。⑥大部分可数名词直接加-s。
2．名词的所有格
⑦有生命名词，不以-s 结尾的名词加-’s；以-s 结尾的单数名词和复数名词都加-’。⑧无生
命名词，通常用of 所有格表示。⑨双重所有格的构成形式为“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或
者“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。
1．不规则变化的名词复数
(1)通过内部元音变化构成复数。如：
foot—feet 脚 goose—geese 鹅
tooth—teeth 牙齿 mouse—mice 老鼠
man—men 男人 woman—women 女人
(2)有些名词的单复数形式相同。如：
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sheep—sheep 绵羊 deer—deer 鹿
Chinese—Chinese 中国人
Japanese—Japanese 日本人
means—means 方法 series—series 系列
species—species 物种
crossroads—crossroads 十字路口
spacecraft—spacecraft 航天器
(3)有的名词在词尾加-ren 或-en 构成复数。如：
child—children 孩子 ox—oxen 公牛
(4)由man，woman 构成的复合名词在变成复数时，与man，woman 的变化形式相同。如：
gentleman—gentlemen 绅士
Englishman—Englishmen 英国男子
policeman—policemen 男警察
chairwoman—chairwomen 女主席
businessman—businessmen 商人
craftsman—craftsmen 工匠，手艺人
注意：German，human 的复数形式为Germans，humans。
(5)外来词的不规则复数形式。如：
analysis—analyses 分析
basis—bases 基础
crisis—crises 危机
thesis—theses 论文
medium—media 媒介物
phenomenon—phenomena 现象
2．复合名词的单复数变化
(1)中间没有连字符也没有间隔的复合名词将最后一个词变成复数形式。如：
birthday—birthdays 生日
blackboard—blackboards 黑板
bookshelf—bookshelves 书架
gentleman—gentlemen 绅士
(2)中间有连字符或间隔的复合名词将其中主要的词变成复数形式。如：
book worm—book worms
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on
passer-by—passers-by
story-teller—story-tellers
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(3)无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾。如：grown-up—grown-ups
standby—standbys
(4)“man/woman＋名词”构成的合成词变复数时，man/woman 和名词均变为复数。
women singers 女歌手
men servants 男仆人
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词有thanks，congratulations，wishes，greetings，shoes，trousers，
works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，times(时代)等。
(6)一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式，常见的有take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make
friends with，shake hands with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
等。
3．名词所有格的特殊形式
(1)并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示
共有关系，则只在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room
凯特和玛丽共有的房间
Kate’s and Mary’s rooms
凯特和玛丽各自的房间
(2)表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home 等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里
at the barber’s (shop)在理发店
at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
对点练习
1．The team who won the three world championships(championship) would always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and
participate in a variety of rich and colourful activities(activity)．
3 ．The best solution might be to find the weaknesses(weakness) in the idea and to try and
strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on passers-by(passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hollywood heroes(hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He goes to the barber
’
s (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
To learn more knowledge①，I have to do lots of homework① every day and have no time①
to have fun② or do housework①.Last week we had an exam but I didn’t perform
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well.However ，my teacher said that I had made great progress②.So this exam is not a
failure③.On the contrary，it is a success③ in a way.
[规则感悟] ①不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。
②fun，weather，progress，advice，information，news 为永久性不可数名词，前面不能加不
定冠词，也不能具体化。
③抽象名词具体化：
•表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事的时候，可以在前面加不定冠词，如a
surprise，a comfort 等。
•表示“一……”的概念时，常与动词构成词组，名词前常常有形容词。如have a good
time，have a good knowledge/command of 等。
1．不可数名词不可以用数目计算，多为物质名词或抽象名词，没有复数形式，常见的有：
fun 乐趣
homework
作业
bread 面包
wealth
财富
progress
进步
equipment
设备
room 空间
weather
天气
work 工作
music 音乐
news 新闻
meat 肉
word 消息
traffic 交通
luck 运气
housework
家务
milk 牛奶
advice 建议
man 人类
orange
橙汁
knowledge
知识
furniture
家具
baggage/
luggage
行李
information
信息
2.抽象名词与a(n)连用时，淡化了抽象概念，转化为具体的动作、行为或类别。
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。
It is a waste of time reading such a novel.
读这种小说就是浪费时间。
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。
3．有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。
如：some coffee 一些咖啡，a coffee 一杯咖啡，three coffees 三杯咖啡；some drink 一些饮料，
a drink 一杯饮料，three drinks 三杯饮料；his hair 他的头发，a few grey hairs 几根白发；glass
玻璃，a glass 一个玻璃杯。
对点练习
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1．The far side of the moon is of particular interest(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of
deep craters(环形山)，more so than the familiar near side.(2020·全国Ⅰ)
2．Filled with curiosity(curious) and hope for the future，the young man packed his bags and left
for a big city.
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-al
approve 赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive 到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝
propose 提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/
-ence
appear 出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演
guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在 prefer 较喜
欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅 depend 依
靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/
-tion/
-ation
direct 指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；
期望 invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决
compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写
repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释 pronounce
发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion
discuss 讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入
decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing
hear 听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment
achieve 达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展
argue 争论→argument 争论；论据 punish 惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/
-ture
fail 失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture
混合物 expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y
recover 恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or
teach 教→teacher 老师
announce 播报→announcer 播音员
conduct 指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常
见变化
choose 选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种 tend 倾向
→tendency 趋向；趋势，grow 生长→growth 生长 marry 结婚→marriage
婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package 包；盒
2．形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
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-cy
fluent 流利的→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性)
private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom
free 自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness
dark 黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的
→kindness 善良 cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识
到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th
warm 温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深
(度) strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的
→width 宽度
-y/-ty/
-ity
difficult 困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全
的→safety 安全 cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的
→responsibility 责任
-ce
different 不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence
寂静 patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席
present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心
convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重
要(性) significant 重要的，意义重大的→significance 重要性，重大意义
对点练习
1．When the answer was no，she declined the invitation(invite)．(2022·浙江1 月)
2．China has a responsibility(responsible) to work with other countries to promote the healthy
development of the tea industry.(2022·全国乙)
3．In 1844，they bought it for $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser，who performed their
marriage(marry) ceremony in 1842.(2021·浙江6 月)
4．Historical accuracy(accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
5．My teacher tells me that the key to success is honesty(honest).
6．She’s a great performer(perform) and she always performs great.
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1 ．Also ，technological know-how has become a requirement(require) for most jobs in an
increasingly digital world ，as the computer has become a common tool in most
professions(profession)．(2020·新高考全国Ⅱ)
2．This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and
made drinking water safer for people.
3．My name is Mireya Mayor.I’m a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and
monkeys.
4 ．Other American studies showed no connection(s)(connect) between uniforms and school
performance.(2019·浙江)
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