专题01 语法填空-十年（2015-2024）高考真题英语试题研究
专题 02 阅读理解（科普阅读理解研究）
目录
01 命题分析-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2页
02 题型解读-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2页
03应试技巧-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2页
04 真题回顾（10年高考科普文章真题训练）------------------------------------------3页
专题 02 阅读理解难题
01命题分析
考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展经过10年的高考发展，高考英语阅读试题不断加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强
试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。
英语阅读理解试题总是在CD篇设置思维能力较强的自然科学和社会科学方面的文章，试题循着“了解现状
—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生
培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年
学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向。
02题型解读
科技创新是高中英语新课标话题之一。该话题涉及各个领域最新的科技知识、最新的发明创造及科学发
展等方面。科技已经影响、渗透到我们生活的方方面面。生活离不开科技，科技在为生活服务。科普话题是
历年高考英语的必考话题，主要题型是阅读理解，体裁一般为说明文，分值占的比重也比较高。这类文章能
全面地考查考生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析、解决实际问题的能力。文章的长度一般在 350词左
右，主要来源于英美网站文章的改编。
科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点：要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面
把握。把握科技文的语言特点有助于加强对科技文的理解。
科技文语言的特点：
1.大量使用名词化结构；2.广泛使用被动语句；3.非限定动词；4.后置定语；5.常用句型；6.长难句。
03应试技巧
科技类文章通用解题方法
1. 依据逻辑性，把握住文章的结构。科技类文章多数为阐述某个研究成果，而研究成果的得出离不开论证以及数
据的支撑，因此此类文章一定是有很强的逻辑性的，文章结构也非常的规范，以本文为例，其结构为：
（1）提出问题；
（2）给出结论；
（3）描述论证的过程，辅以数据支撑；
（4）最后指明下一步研究的方向或是作者的态度。
这是非常典型的科技文章的写法，首先要牢牢把握文章逻辑结构，就不会被某一个生词或者一堆数字给吓怕了。
2. 掌握做题技巧，在迅速通读全文的基础上，对细节题，抓住关键词，回文中找答案。第一遍迅速读一下，目的
是把握文章主旨、逻辑结构，切记不要追求面面俱到。具体到细节题目时，再详细回到文中找答案。
3. 平时科技类文章背景知识的补充很重要。很多科技类文章，单纯就语言本身而言，其实并不难，很多同学感觉
困难的原因是因为对此类话题的题材背景不熟悉，因此，平时还是要多阅读科技类的文章、科普类英语视频，功
夫还是要用在平时呀！比如，环保类、新能源类题材等等。
科普说明文是英语高考中经常出现的阅读理解重点考题，其重要性不言而喻。对考生而言，了解此类试题的
命题特点及熟练掌握解题技巧，是提升分数的关键。
科普说明文的题材特点：
(1)说明性——介绍科学知识；
(2)单一性——说明一个科学现象或介绍一种科学知识；
(3)通俗性——用通俗有趣的语言深入浅出地普及科学知识；
(4)专业性——篇幅较长、生词多、逻辑性强、长难句多、话题陌生且枯燥，语言专业性强。
说明文的行文特点:
1. 主题——介绍新事物(新发现、新发明、新现象、新观点、新事情，即新闻)2. 解释——具体解释新事物；
3. 证据——例子:数据;实验等
4. 总结——照应首段;展望或评价。
04 真题回顾（10年高考科普文章真题训练） ）
1.（2024·新高考Ⅰ卷）
【2024·新高考Ⅰ卷】D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected
billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.
Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found
that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile
application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School
of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标
本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I
wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well
these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater
likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people
who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species
in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and
lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data,
biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
32. B细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集
的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
33. C细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to
global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们
越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were
particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a
citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感
兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的
草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34. C细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias
(使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass
right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有
可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get
observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas
nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附
近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。
35. D推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and
lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data,
biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样
性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。
为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru
建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
2.（2024·新高考Ⅱ卷）D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered
future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by
Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI
but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the
understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide
which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from
the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial
Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before
these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk
being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on
the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act
now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out.Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth现实的；务实的 writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重
要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
12. C词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码)
that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the
understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide
which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书
可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋
的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容
丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别
人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
13. B推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience
translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an
academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost
as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商
业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己
几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，
推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
14. C细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk
being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风
险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed
by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未
来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保
持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
15. A推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to
take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges
posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来
应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥
娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文
章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，
如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A
Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现
状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的
目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。
3.（2024 年 1 月浙江高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist
Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat,
selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they
would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life
showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our
computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of
information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a
response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped
the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains
we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that
we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-
poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our
information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be
more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption,
resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
32．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers.
C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
33．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
34．What does the author suggest readers do?
A．Absorb new information readily. B．Be selective information consumers.C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C．The Later, the Better D．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】32．D 33．C 34．B 35．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多
精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they
would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励。)”可知，
在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and
effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at
the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们
周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么
多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改
变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
34．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric
consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental
“junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我
们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间。)”可知，
作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
35．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱
惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery
system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要
面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递
系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时
代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
4.（2023·新高考Ⅰ卷）D
On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be
known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the
average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will
tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other
out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t
cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for
whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key
finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,
the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For
instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the
average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members
actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those
least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently,
the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted
in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the
potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某
些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
原文出处 https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/03/12/592868569/no-man-is-an-island-the-wisdom-of-
deliberating-crowds
语言知识
词汇默写 1. statistician 2. illustrate 3. estimation
4. accurate 5. capitalize 6. overestimate
7. underestimate 8. Averaged 9. correlate
10. phenomenon 11. obtain 12. significantly
13. dominant 14. reason 15. limitation
16. potential 17. implication 18. enormous
词汇答案 1. statistician n. 统计学家；统计员
2. illustrate vt. 说明；（为书）作插图；图解vi. 举例说明；发亮
3. estimation n. 判断；估计；尊重
4. accurate adj. 准确的；精确的
5. capitalize vt. 以大写字母写；使 ... 资本化；估价vi. 利用
6. overestimate v. 过高估计；过高出价n. 估计过高；评价过高；出价过高
7. underestimate n. 低估v. 低估
8. averaged adj. 平均的；中和的
9. correlate vt. 使相互关联vi. 关联n. 相关物
10. phenomenon n. 现象；奇人；奇事
11. obtain vt. 获得；得到vi. 流行；通用；存在12. significantly adv. 意味深长地；意义深远地；重要地；较大地
13. dominant adj. 主要的；占优势的；显性的n. 主宰者；显性基因
14. reason n. 原因；理由；理智；理性v. 理论；论证；推理；劝说
15. limitation n. 限制；限度；缺点
16. potential adj. 潜在的；可能的n. 潜力；潜能n. 电位；电势
17. implication n. 牵连；含意；暗示；卷入
18. enormous adj. 巨大的；庞大的
重点短语 1. tend to 倾向于
2. result in 导致
3. for whatever reasons 不论理由是什么
长难句分析 1. On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated
what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect.
句意为：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯•高尔顿(Francis Galton)发表了一篇论
文，阐述了所谓的“群体智慧”效应。
句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“the English statistician Francis Galton published a
paper”，其中定语从句“which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds”
effect”修饰名词paper，在定语从句中，包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句“what has come
to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect”，作illustrated的宾语。
2. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large
number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.
句意为：他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可以相当准确。
句型分析：该句式复合句，句子主干为“The experiment of estimation showed that”，其中定
语从句“he conducted”省略引导词that，修饰前面的名词experiment，宾语从句“that in
some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate”作
showed的宾语。
3. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the
same.
句意为：这种效应利用了这样一个事实: 当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“This effect capitalizes on the fact”，其中同位语从句
“when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same”作fact的同位语，对其进行解
释说明。
4. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that
were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those
from an equal number of independent individuals.
句意为：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组
的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“The key finding of the study was”，其中表语从句“that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of
independent individuals.”，在表语从句中，定语从句“that were allowed to have a discussion”
修饰前面的名词groups。
5. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential
implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
句意为：虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性，仍然存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的
潜在影响是巨大的。
句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“the potential implications for group discussion and
decision-making are enormous”，由although引导的让步状语从句“Although the studies led by
Navajas have limitations and many questions remain”，其中非谓语结构“led by Navajas”作后置
定语修饰前面代名词studies。
【答案与解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下
大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.B主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t
always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are
averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make
the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of
the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人
常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估
计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求
人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐
述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立
估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻
辑。故选B。
13.D细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be
independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the
study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages
from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the
average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average
obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，
这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显
比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，
说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.C推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better
sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their
estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追
随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什
么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。
15.D推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain,
the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，
仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性
也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持
故选D。
5.（2023·新课标Ⅱ卷）D
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re
lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in
urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a
written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and
listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the
coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include
encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities
that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be
satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more
domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for
that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类
健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出
一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。
12. B细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in
a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的
话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述
了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
13. A推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary
online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions,
coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，
描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，
研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320
submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all
submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被
研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最
重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。
14. C推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people
recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of
walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back
downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their
lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意
义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工
作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造
一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与
自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满
足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
15. B推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions
back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter
Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要
做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·
卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
6.（2023·全国乙卷）D
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do
it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has
not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies
recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in
many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first
conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have
scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾)dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that
day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately
twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things
to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom
appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a
history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate
societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the
other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific. B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay. D. His record was one-sided.
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem. B. History. C. Voice. D. Society.
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects D. How Art Works Tell Stories
语篇解读
主旨概要 本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将
物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。本文论述了要客观公正地讲述历
史，我们不仅仅需要文字资料，也需要实物史料加以佐证。
原文出处 https://app.engxam.com/cpe/reading/5/
选自Erenow网站名为Introduction: Signals from the Past的文章。
Botany Bay植物学湾，是澳大利亚新南威尔士州的一片海湾，位于悉尼附近。植物学
湾在澳大利亚历史上具有重要的意义，因为它是1770年英国第一批船只抵达澳大利亚
时的第一个登陆点。由于随船植物学家约瑟夫·班克斯和丹尼尔·索兰德在该处发现不少
百科知识
独特的物种，因此库克船长又将该处命名为“植物学湾”。
Captain Cook指的是詹姆斯·库克，是英国皇家海军军官航海家、探险家和制图师。
1768年8月25日，库克率领考察队乘坐奋进号船只从英格兰普利茅夫出发向西横越大
西洋，经南美洲南端合恩角进入太平洋。1770年4月19日，他们抵达今澳大利亚新南
威尔士州植物学湾，立下欧洲人首次抵达澳洲东岸的创举。
Australian Aboriginals澳大利亚土著，指于四万多年前定居澳大利亚大陆的澳洲原住
民。他们与世界上的其他地方完全隔绝，以打猎和采集为生，没有固定的居住点。他们
是澳大利亚最早的居民，分散在整个澳大利亚。
语言知识
privilege v [正式用语]给予特权;humanity n[派生词]人类;
alone adv [不用于名词前]单单，仅;
achievement n成就;
fairly adv[派生词] 相当地;
record v记录，记载;
concern n(对人、组织等)重要的事情;
重难点词汇
ideally adv[句子副词] 最理想的情况是;
object n实物，物品;
chapter n [学术词] (书的)章，篇，回:
simply adv[用于强调[根本，简直;
clear adj明显的;
conflict n [学术词]冲突;
voyage n航行;
record n记录，记载;
reconstruct v[学术词][派生词](由零碎的信息)重现(事情的全貌);
question v对……提出质疑;
interpret v[学术词]解释，说明;
miscomprehension n [派生词]误解;
accidentally adv偶然地;
deliberately adv故意地; twist v(故意)歪曲，曲解;
voice n发言权;
first-hand adj[合成词[只用于名词前] 第一手的;
account n叙述，描述;
necessarily adv 必然地，必定;
dialogue n对话;
present v (以某种方式)展现，表现;
reliable adi [学术词]真实可信的;
indicate v [学术词]暗示，示意;
represent v代表;
one-sided adj [合成词] 片面的，偏颇的
in many cases在许多情况下;
in addition to除了;beon
the losing side 处于失败一方;
重点短语
speak of sth 谈及某事;
give sb back sth 使某人重新获得某物;
be concerned about 对……关心的;
rule over 统治;
Facts speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals the African people of Benin and the Incas, all ofwhom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through
长难句分析 the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.
句意为:在本书中出现的加勒比地区的泰诺人、澳大利亚土著、非洲贝宁人和印加人，现在
都可以通过他们实物讲述历史，让他们重获发言权。
句子的主干是 The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin
and the Incas can speak of their past achievements.句中的 all of whom appear in this book
是非限制性定语从句，whom 指代句子的主语 The Caribbean Taino, the Australian
Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the In case they made是定语从句，修饰先行词
objects. told through things 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰history。
【答案与解析】
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史
叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。本文论述了要客观公正地讲述历史，我们不仅仅需要文字资料，也需要
实物史料加以佐证。
32. A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and
until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上
只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到
最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的
是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33. D 推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some
chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物
品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史应
该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side,
we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a
wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和
船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后
在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选
D。
34. B 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些
人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品讲述的
历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料
都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to
read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，
我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。
35. C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分
为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多
数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have
to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，
本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而
推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
7.D【2023年1月浙江卷】
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the
past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and
though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what
they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The
result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and
Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the
agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on
establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is
providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past
couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator
habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens,
businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter
for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms
can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32．What do solar developers often ignore?
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
33．What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A．Improve the productivity of local farms.
B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development.
C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy.35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．A 35．D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农场
更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to
control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特别是在农业地区，
将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能板安装后产生的问题，导致
人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故
选B项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development,
which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.(InSPIRE正在研究“低影响”
太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方
式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide
use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与保护传粉者栖息
地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space
under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction.
(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的庇护所，从而改善了土
壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也
变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题
是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
8.D【2022·新高考I卷】
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some
southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study
shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”,
were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the
University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to
produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite
structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period.
Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after
the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are
still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolvedaround 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of
human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of
things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity.D. Its development.
13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
12. D细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds
called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team
of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30
多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。
现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian
Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
13. C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were
aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our
jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙
是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结
构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
14. A主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in
the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last
few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据
库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用
显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结
果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
15. C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since
the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex
interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研
究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C
项。
9.【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】D
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people
the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and
easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.
Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape
now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were
otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of
nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity
aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw
remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason
they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during
exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has
flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened
to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But
the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an
exercise routine make the biggest difference.
12．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack.
C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart.
13．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A．Diet plan. B．Professional background.
C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition.
14．What does Levine’s research find?
A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
15．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?
A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants.
C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【答案】12．D13．C14．A15．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
12．推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20
years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’swhat happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易
破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心
脏的老化过程，故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and
weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer
for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每
周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。
14．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer
for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教
练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的
““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把
这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变
得更年轻，故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to
determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大
的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的
研究。故选C。
10.2021年新高考I卷之D篇
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intellingence. Many people
now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by
an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown
that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional
intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.
The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients,
while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a
moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the
overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a
new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-
being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality
of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a
greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science
will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its
focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
32.细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these
qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。
33.推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a
doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准
确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作
者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道
德的人。故选B项。
34.推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。
这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。
情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。
35.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and
scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from
which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我
们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对
未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
11.2021年新高考II卷之D篇
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring
big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He
is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the
animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals
will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质
地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring
of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds
doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have
convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years
ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's
Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remoteplaces and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。
12. B细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades
but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能
会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，
畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
13. A细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture
(质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的
质量。故选A。
14. B细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the
industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a
horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查
牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选
B。
15. D细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association,
said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·
凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可
以防止牛被偷。故选D。
12.2021年全国甲卷之D篇
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go
beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative
than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a
surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.
When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were
unacknowledged and rejected by others.A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that
members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around
age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any
great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of
genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and
class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence,
creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
12. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
13. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
.
C They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
14. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
15. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】12. A 13. D 14. A 15. B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天
才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
12. A 推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for
admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different
color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入
天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认
并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或
者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
13. D推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to
avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事
的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的
影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
14. A细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see
flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可
知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
15. B主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses,
who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够
改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。
由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
13.2021年全国乙卷之D篇
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level
of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street
— so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout
（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They
were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50
decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant;
however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a
coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative
thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise —
not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background
noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it
impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from
getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face
interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain
level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音
最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can
focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,
the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop -
significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为 70分贝的
那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段“But since the
results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise - not too loud and not
total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适
当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70
分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our
offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed, the
researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a
coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.（那么，为什么我们中有那
么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷
入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在
提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不
断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
35.推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think
about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采
访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
14.2021年6月天津卷之C篇
In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been described as so advanced that it is
indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and
feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of
language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not
quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition
enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response.
Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates
aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "felt" and "expressed" by its "digital people".
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're humanlike in
their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you
think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design.
Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then
continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways
that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and
commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might
be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to createdigital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such platforms is to
popularize Al," Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about
where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of
communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals."
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A. leams to make proper emotional responses
B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D. processes the natural language it hears
48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B. Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It's well planned.
B. It is promising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It's quite hopeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科
学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。
46.细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the
screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技
公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬
起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故
选D项。
47.细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach,
with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital
people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项
技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
48.推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being
human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them
down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just
instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。
“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式
可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在 Mohan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选
C项。
49.细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across
the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more
efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用
率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落
后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
50.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital
beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后
的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。
15.2021年6月天津卷之D篇
Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and
beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at school, insignificant to wider society, a
waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates money and
holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they are paying for
music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible experience, a unique atmosphere
and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want material things anymore, they want to
experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover（交迭）between culture and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social bonds
are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and their expression
of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who
frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not;
more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public Health
discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing stress, anxiety
and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with drama have
greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and languages. Kids with
preference for the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future. Participating in the arts is essential for
child development; encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional
responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without art would
be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.51. Art products differ from most other commercial products because .
A. most people purchase them for collection
B. they are more expensive and less accessible
C. they have both commercial and cultural values
D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can .
A. keep the community safe from illnesses
B. develop a stronger tie between them
.
C learn to appreciate their own works of art
D. offer honourable solutions to their problems
53. What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A. They enjoy better living conditions.
B. They like to compare themselves with others.
C. They are particularly good at both music and art.
D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps to make responsible people out of them.
55. What is the best title for this passage?
A. How Art Cures Our Hearts
B. Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C. How Art Benefits Communities
D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。从赋予
商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
51.细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional and
beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can connect culture with
commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多
东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。
52.细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through
reflection and discussion,, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor of events significant to a
nation's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对
一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种
特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
53.细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more
likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经
常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康。故
选择D。54.细节理解题。根据第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education”（参
与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express themselves in constructive ways
could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺
术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。
55.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various
purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, for art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术对人类的生命
至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类
的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所以短文的最佳标题为
“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
16.2020年新课标Ⅰ卷之D篇
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found
positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city
experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were
decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual
composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have
sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in
groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,
＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s
team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of the amount
needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree
into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off
treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂where the
glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from
the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost
during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】32. D 33. A 34. C 35. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一
种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代
路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32.主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas
of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces
were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较
低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一段的
主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when they're
short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感器来显示植物
缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶
片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
34.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知发
光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗。
故选C。
35.主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since
lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote
highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save
energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传
输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对
人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这
种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植
物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
17.2020年新课标ⅠII卷之D篇
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper
into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in
Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have
gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or to
food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these
people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionallylived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger
to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers,
spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She
wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.
“it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were
likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin. D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys. B. Near rivers. C. On the beach. D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day. B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater. D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research D. The World’s Best Divers
【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最
近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years
ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand
years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人
类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人
类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in Indonesia,
Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts
in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近
他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D. Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法，
故选D项。
34.细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人
能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。
35.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of
researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇
文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的
进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled
for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。18.2020年山东卷之D篇
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating
companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier
people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
,
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95
undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly( 表面上)participate in a study about movie
viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers
grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially
designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food
than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she
took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy
when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits.
But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food.
【答案】12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。
文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size
and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志最近的一项
研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选
D。
13.词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier
people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to可推断出，画线词和heavier
people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people正好相反。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two
experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，
在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时
候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I
see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why
can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的
人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：
如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
19.2020年天津卷之D篇
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great
achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked
either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious
when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo,
all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop
asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It
encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how
terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and
discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers
to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower
arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a
few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet
Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain
was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are
at this moment.
51. In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A. propose a definition
B. make a comparison
C. reach a conclusion
D. present an argument
52. What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A. Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.B. Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C. Creativity results from challenging authority.
D. Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
53. What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A. Observe the unknown around you.
B. Develop a questioning mind.
C. Lead a life of adventure.
D. Follow the fashion.
54. What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A. Gaining success helps you become an expert.
B. The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C. Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D. You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
55. What could be the best tile or the passage?
A. Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B. Reflections on Human Nature
C. The Keys to Achievement
D. Never Too Late to Learn
【答案】51. D 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。
51.推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the
difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never
known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong
together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两者
是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。
52.推理判断题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,
“Why? Why? Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什
么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。
53.细节理解题。根据第二段中的Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,
“Why? Why? Why?”及第四段中的“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet
most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd.可知，历史上所有
的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的
人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，
你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。
54.推理判断题。根据第六段中的How she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.及第七段中
的You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good,
because it’s always the people with no time who get things done.以及列举了Thomas Costain在57岁时出版了他的第一
部小说，Grandma Moses在78岁时展示了她的第一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是
不采取行动的理由”。故选C。
55.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the
difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have neverknown an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong
together.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项The
Keys to Achievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。
20.2019年全国卷I之D篇
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my
high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They
rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I
soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the
popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen
schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.
Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were
highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in
dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most
liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become
more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while
likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness,
openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive
life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new
kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益
影响。
32.C 推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了
高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；
generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。
33.A 主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:
the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位
的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢
迎的分类，故选A。
34.B 推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表
明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更
强，故选B。
35.A主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活
的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
21.2019年全国卷II之D篇
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably
on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA
overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on
NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High
School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s
students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案). “We
don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you
working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to
NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business
review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids are
so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are
emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of. B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms. D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity. D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product. B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules. D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform.
【解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技
术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms form our
bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each
week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地
生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括
“bacteria”。由此可知， A项符合题意。
33.D 推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.
Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的
工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。结合最后一段中的“Gordon students
are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨
（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCH program的目的把空间技术与学校教育
相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。
34.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the year ,present it to
NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business
review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。
35.B 主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径 —— 借助
美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生
们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最
适合做文章的标题。故选B。
22.2019年全国卷I之D篇
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers
and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined
—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In
their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the
other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the
other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops
of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half
the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to
underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for
example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeysalways paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this
experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和
分析。
32.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then
tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C选项正确。
33.B 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screen…If the monkeys
touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops…; if they went for the circle, they would be
rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端
（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B选
项正确。
34.A细节理解题。根据第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating
that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的“When adding
two numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一
个组合的值。由此可知，A选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。
35.D 推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研
究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故D
选项正确。
23.2019年北京卷之D篇
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，
according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way
light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies
from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of
phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off
oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the
global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the
ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but alsonutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects
changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the colour
of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer.
But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas
will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of
phytoplankton is changing. ”
42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive. B. Beneficial C. Significant D. Unnoticeable
44. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【解析】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这一现象是因
为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。但是浮
游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长。
42. B 段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener
thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果
不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the heart phenomenon lie tiny marine
microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create
colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可
知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。
海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物
是海洋颜色变化的原因。分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B。
43. A词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”可知，气候变暖
会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s
wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。可知A项正确。
44. D推理判断题。根据第四段“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could
become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper forphytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测，目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可
能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更
绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项
可知D项符合题意。
45. C目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be
bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。一项新的研究表明，由于气
候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合第三段“But phytoplankton are vulnerable to
the ocean’s warning trendWarming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，
“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本
文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
24.2018年全国II卷之D篇
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply
focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that none
of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next
time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an invaluable social
practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great love
story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is learning how
to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee
shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The
results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee
shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But
interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with
others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good
manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生
人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有
很多好处。
32.C 主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞
机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏
沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项
意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。
33.B 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The
key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的关键是
学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意
为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。
34.D 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务
员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。
B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D
项。
35.C 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通
交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。
A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。
25.2018年全国III卷之D篇
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it
comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more
with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of
our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for
her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the
money into her school fund(基金）(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we train
ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own
theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy
would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball-simple, universally available.
We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally,
completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little
experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better. B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries. D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?A. Saving up for her holiday B. Raising money for a poor girl
C. Adding the money to her fund D. Giving the money to a sick mother
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea
B. To show a parent's love
C. To train his attention
D. To help him start a hobby
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。
32.A 【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live
more with less可以推断出，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。
33.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used
when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金
里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。
34.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked
for both of us.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。
35.C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子how to live more with less，而二三段是
作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。
26.2018年北京卷之D篇
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the
real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April
for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out
self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way
here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be
everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems
and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also
should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more
convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are
environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults
own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they
can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an
appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to
pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take
public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide
with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost oftransportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty
appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services,
considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless
car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend
the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement
presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more
affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety. B. Side effects.
C. Affordability. D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed. B. Replaced.
C. Shared. D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful. B. Positive.
C. Disapproving. D. Sympathetic.
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47.A 推理判断题。根据第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and
rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut
emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮
助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮
助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48.D推理判断题。根据文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our
transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可知，不
管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如
何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 可知，我们需要为其做
好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49.A 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by
ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护
问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线
词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed被应用；B. Replaced被取代；C. Shared被分享；D. Reduced被减少。故选
A。
50.B观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states
to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We
just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以及plan for it可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
27.2018年江苏卷之D篇
Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often through
“likes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web.
The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专员）Anne Longfield.
She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary
school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least 13.The
youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and friends of friends
— to demand “likes” for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media posts
quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to 12 age
group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition that gets stronger
the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and image as a
result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off due to the constant
demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary school.
But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely damaging
in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will you miss
out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in a huge way at
once." "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner for England's study—
life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward
their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and
felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they might feel if
they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they also faced pressure to
respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional
minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more responsibility". They should
either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs
of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age- appropriate relationship and sex
education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?
A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C. They were required to give quick responses.
D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.
66. Some social app companies were to blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A. less friendliness to each other
B. lower self-identity and confidence
C. an increase in online cheating
D. a stronger desire to stay online
68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A. circulate their posts quickly B. know the qualities of their posts
C. use mobile phones for play D. get more public approval
69. What should parents do to solve the problem?
A. Communicate more with secondary schools.
B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C. Keep track of children's use of social media.
D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.
70. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The influence of social media on children.
B. The importance of social media to children.
C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.
【解析】本文为说明文，主要介绍了社交媒体(social media ) 使得8-12 岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了原
因，提出了建议。
65.B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话She said social media firms were exposing children to major
emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they
faced online.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故B正确。
66.A推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Some social apps were popular among the children even though they
supposedly require users to be at least 13.可知一些apps 很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13岁，言外之
意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。
67.B细节理解题。根据文章第九段children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely
damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop
themselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B正确。
68.D推理判断题。根据文章第12段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—
suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more
aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出他
们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。故选D。
69.C细节理解题。根据文章最后一段It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are
using.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app的使用。故选C。
70.A 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their
sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens 变得越来越依赖社交媒体。再
根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A正确。
28.（2017·全国I卷）A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas
where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent
water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural
substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5＇×5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic
tube, and a container— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack
and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the
hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the
tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center
down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet
must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the
sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can
suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
1．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A．It’s delicate. B．It’s expensive.
C．It’s complex. D．It’s portable.
2．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The tube. B．The still.
C．The hole. D．The cup.
3．What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A．Dig a hole of a certain size. B．Put the cup in place.
C．Weight the sheet’s center down. D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
4．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________.
A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole
C．the open air D．beneath the sheet
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇科普文章。文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的
工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
可知，制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包，系在腰间。说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，portable表示“轻便的;手提的”，故选D。
2．猜测词义题。根据文章Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知，最好在
潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方
用覆盖膜遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D。就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也
可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with
dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知，最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a
rock“放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去”，故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water
form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知，地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯
子里。覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里。所以水滴是凝聚在覆盖膜的下面。故选D。
29.（2017·全国II卷）When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that
neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the
plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But
is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes
designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The
attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more
serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to
do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or
was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to
“overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles Darwin, over 150
years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate (亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses
are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
5．What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A．It makes noises. B．It gets help from other plants.
C．It stands quietly D．It sends out certain chemicals.
6．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A．The attackers get attacked.
B．The insects gather under the table.
C．The plants get ready to fight back.
D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.
7．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ________.
A．predict natural disasters
B．protect themselves against insects
C．talk to one another intentionallyD．help their neighbors when necessary
8．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．The world is changing faster than ever.
B．People have stronger senses than before
C．The world is more complex than it seems
D．People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．B 8．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现，当多叶植物受到攻击时，它们不会坐以待毙，会发出挥发性有机化合物，
以此来保护自己或者与周围的植物通过化学物质进行交流。
5．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple
trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the
injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as
volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.”（早在1983年，两位科学家杰克·舒尔茨和伊恩·鲍德温就报告说，小枫
树被昆虫咬后会散发出一种特殊的气味，邻近的植物也能闻到。这些化学物质来自植物受损的部分，似乎是一种
警报。植物排出的是一种被称为挥发性有机化合物(简称VOCs)的化学混合物。）可知，当植物受到伤害时，会分
泌一种特殊的化学物质。故选D项。
6．词义猜测题。根据第三段最后一句“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.”（正在吃午餐的攻击者
现在变成了植物的午餐）可推知，此处为一旦它们到达这里，局面就反转了然后这些攻击者就会成为植物的午餐。
故可猜测划线短语the tables are turned为“形势发生了逆转”的意思，即“攻击者受到攻击”。故选A项。
7．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being
attacked.”（科学家们发现，所有种类的植物在受到攻击时都会释放出挥发性有机化合物。）以及第三段第一句
“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.”（有些植物会排出有气味的化学物质来驱赶昆虫。）
可知，植物通过在受到攻击时释放有味的化学物质来让昆虫远离它，所以植物能保护自己不受昆虫攻击。故选B
项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more
intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.”（150多年前，
查尔斯·达尔文设想了一个比我们所能看到和听到的世界更繁忙、更嘈杂、更亲密的世界。我们的感官很弱。发生
了很多事情。）可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续
发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。由此可推知，世界比看起来要复杂得多。故选C项。
30.（2016·新课标I卷）The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they
may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or
worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill
every gap( 间 隙 ) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for
understanding a person's needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some
traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly
stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In
these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in
relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use
silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence wheninstructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another
use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the
personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction
of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands
the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other
cultures.
13．What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A．It implies anger.
B．It promotes friendship.
C．It is culture-specific.
D．It is content-based.
14．Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A．The Chinese.
B．The French.
C．The Mexicans.
D．The Russians.
15．What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A．Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B．Break it while treating patients.
C．Evaluate its harm to patients.
D．Make use of its healing effects.
16．What may be the best title for the text?
A．Sound and Silence
B．What It Means to Be Silent
C．Silence to Native Americans
D．Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
【答案】13．C 14．A 15．D 16．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. A silence in a conversation may also
show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. 可知，沉默的含义因文化群体而异，交谈中的沉默也可能表示固执、不安
或担忧。所以作者认为谈话中的沉默是有文化特性的。故选C项。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating
among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is
speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said
before continuing可知，许多印第安人珍视沉默，认为这是人与人之间交流的基本组成部分，就像一些传统的中国
人和泰国人一样。因此，当一个来自其中一种文化的人说话时突然停下来，暗示说话者想要倾听者在继续之前思
考一下所说过的话。所以中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是为了让别人思考。故选A项。
15．细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this understanding to assist
in the care of patients 可知，了解沉默的治疗价值的护士可以利用这种了解来帮助护理病人。所以作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D 。
16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups”可知， 沉默的含义因文化群体
而异。以及先问介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义。所以短文的最佳标题是“沉默意味着什
么”。故选B 。
