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How to Write a WPS as per ASME Section IX 如何按照 ASME 第 IX 卷编写

How to Write a WPS as per ASME Section IX 如何按照 ASME 第 IX 卷编写

🔍 How to Write a WPS as per ASME Section IX

🔍 如何按照 ASME 第 IX 卷编写 WPS

A Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) is not paperwork…

焊接工艺规程(WPS)不是一纸文书……

It’s the blueprint that controls weld quality, consistency, and compliance.

它是控制焊接质量、一致性和合规性的蓝图。

If the WPS is weak, even a skilled welder cannot save the outcome.

如果 WPS 存在缺陷,即使是有经验的焊工也无法挽救结果。

Let’s break it down step-by-step 👇

让我们一步一步拆解 👇

1. Joint Design (QW-402)

1. 接头设计(QW-402)

🔹This defines how the weld will physically form

🔹 这定义了焊缝将如何物理成形

🔹Joint type

🔹 接头类型

🔹Groove design

🔹 坡口设计

🔹Root opening, root face, backing (if any)

🔹 根部间隙、钝边、垫板(如有)

🔹Fit-up tolerances

🔹 组对公差

👉 Poor joint design = lack of fusion, penetration issues, distortion

👉 接头设计不良 = 未熔合、未熔透问题、变形

2. Base Metal (QW-403)

2. 母材(QW-403)

🔹Everything starts with material understanding.

🔹 一切都始于对材料的理解。

🔹Material specification (ASME Sec II-A)

🔹 材料规格(ASME 第 II-A 卷)

🔹P-No. & Group No. (QW-422)

🔹 P-No.(材料编号)及 Group No.(组别编号)(QW-422)

🔹Thickness qualification range

🔹 厚度评定范围

🔹Pipe diameter (if applicable)

🔹 管子直径(如适用)

👉 Incorrect P-No. grouping can invalidate the entire WPS

👉 P-No.(材料编号)分组错误可能导致整个 WPS 失效

3. Filler Metal (QW-404)

3. 填充金属(QW-404)

🔹This controls weld metal chemistry and properties.

🔹 这控制着焊缝金属的化学成分和性能。

🔹F-No. & A-No.

🔹 F-No.(填充材料编号)及 A-No.(分析编号)

🔹Electrode classification

🔹 焊材分类

🔹Diameter / size range

🔹 直径/尺寸范围

🔹Consumable control requirements

🔹 焊材控制要求

👉 Wrong filler = mismatch in strength, toughness, corrosion resistance

👉 焊材错误 = 强度、韧性、耐腐蚀性的不匹配

4. Welding Position (QW-405)

4. 焊接位置(QW-405)

🔹Position directly impacts weld difficulty and quality.

🔹 焊接位置直接影响焊接难度和质量。

🔹Plate: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G

🔹 板件:1G、2G、3G、4G

🔹Pipe: 1G, 2G, 5G, 6G

🔹 管子:1G、2G、5G、6G

🔹Vertical progression (uphill / downhill)

🔹 立焊方向(上坡/下坡)

👉 WPS must reflect actual field welding position

👉 WPS 必须反映实际的现场焊接位置

5. Preheat & Interpass Temperature (QW-406)

5. 预热及道间温度(QW-406)

🔹Critical for controlling hydrogen-induced cracking.

🔹 对控制氢致开裂至关重要。

🔹Minimum preheat temperature

🔹 最低预热温度

🔹Maximum interpass temperature

🔹 最高道间温度

🔹Monitoring method

🔹 监控方法

👉 Driven by carbon equivalent, thickness, and restraint level

👉 由碳当量、厚度和约束程度决定

6. PWHT – Post Weld Heat Treatment (QW-407)

6. PWHT – 焊后热处理(QW-407)

🔹Controls residual stress and improves toughness.

🔹 控制残余应力并提高韧性。

🔹Temperature range

🔹 温度范围

🔹Holding time

🔹 保温时间

🔹Heating/cooling rates

🔹 加热/冷却速率

🔹Method (furnace / local PWHT)

🔹 方法(炉内/局部 PWHT)

👉 Mandatory for many pressure equipment applications

👉 对许多压力设备应用是强制要求

7. Shielding / Backing Gas (QW-408)

7. 保护/背面气体(QW-408)

🔹Essential for weld integrity—especially in GTAW.

🔹 对焊缝完整性至关重要——尤其是在 GTAW(钨极氩弧焊)中。

🔹Gas type (Argon, CO₂, mixtures)

🔹 气体类型(氩气、CO₂、混合气)

🔹Flow rate

🔹 流量

🔹Back purging requirements

🔹 背面吹扫要求

🔹Gas purity (critical for SS / alloy steels)

🔹 气体纯度(对不锈钢/合金钢至关重要)

👉 Poor purging = oxidation, loss of corrosion resistance

👉 吹扫不良 = 氧化、耐腐蚀性丧失

8. Electrical Characteristics (QW-409)

8. 电特性(QW-409)

🔹Controls heat input and arc behavior.

🔹 控制热输入和电弧行为。

🔹Current type (AC / DC)

🔹 电流类型(交流/直流)

🔹Polarity (DCEP / DCEN)

🔹 极性(直流反接/直流正接)

🔹Amperage & voltage range

🔹 电流及电压范围

🔹Heat input limits

🔹 热输入限值

👉 Directly impacts penetration, distortion, and microstructure

👉 直接影响熔深、变形和显微组织

9. Welding Technique (QW-410)

9. 焊接技术(QW-410)

🔹Where procedure meets execution.

🔹 规程与执行相遇之处。

🔹Stringer vs weave bead

🔹 直线焊道 vs 摆动焊道

🔹Number of passes & sequence

🔹 焊道数量及顺序

🔹Travel speed

🔹 焊接速度

🔹Cleaning between passes

🔹 道间清理

🔹Back gouging (if required)

🔹 背面碳弧气刨(如需要)

👉 Technique variation = inconsistent weld quality

👉 技术变化 = 焊接质量不一致

10. Essential Variables (Often Overlooked)

10. 重要变量(常被忽视)

🔹Changes in these require requalification:

🔹 这些变量的变更需要重新评定:

🔹P-No., F-No., thickness

🔹 P-No.(材料编号)、F-No.(填充材料编号)、厚度

🔹Welding process

🔹 焊接工艺

🔹Heat input, gas composition

🔹 热输入、气体成分

🔹PWHT conditions

🔹 PWHT 条件

👉 Ignoring this = WPS becomes invalid

👉 忽视这一点 = WPS 失效

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