文档内容
Verbal Analysis
材料1
A day of national mourning is a day marked by mourning and memorial activities observed
among the majority of a country's populace. Most are designated by the nation's government.
Sociologists claim that national mourning is both a symbolic political gesture as well as a
meaningful expression of grief. On the one hand, predetermined mourning days reflect and
create a national community, united in a feeling of sorrow.
On the other hand, many mourning days instigated by the people, such as the day of Princess
Diana's funeral,reflect a spontaneous outbreak of pure grief manifested in the closing of shops
and banks, the postponement of sports events, and the cancellation of theatre and cinema
performances. Although the fervour of the mourning can differ dramatically from one country to
another, there is no doubt that a day of collective grief is beneficial to national unity.
第一组 16题
1.Different countries have different manifestations of mourning.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：C
Although the passage describes two types of mourning days (predetermined and spontaneous),
it does not elaborate on the different ways they are expressed in different countries. Notice that
the word"fervour" does not mean manifestation.
2.What activity is most likely to be accomplished on a day of national mourning?
A. Buying a new dress B. Attending a football game
C. Taking out a loan D. Visiting the doctor
答案解析：D
According to the sentence describing a day of mourning, such as the day of Princess Diana's
funeral, manifestations may include: ..the closing of shops and banks,the postponement of sports
events and the cancellation of theatre and cinema performances." We can therefore deduce that
out of the four answer choices, the activity most likely to be accomplished on a day of national
mourning is visiting the doctor.
3.Which one of the following would best replace "fervour" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. intensity B. nature C. expression D. ambience
答案解析：A
The word"fervour means great intensity of feeling. In the context of the sentence,it conveys the
notion that the intensity of mourning differs from country to country.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of thepassage?
A. National mourning days usually have a pltical agenda.
B. A day of national mourning creates national unity.
C. Mourning days are designated by the government or instigated by the people.
D. A national day of mourning is a day marked by memorial activities.
答案解析：B
When summarising a passage, it is recommended that we answer the question:' What did the
author of the passage want to convey to the reader?
What is the take home- message?" Usually, this question helps us eliminate distracters, which
seem like a good summary of the text but in fact don't touch upon the main point of the
passage; for example, distracters A and D. They seem like a good summary of the
question,"What are mourning days?" or"How do mourning days differ from one another?"
However, we should ask ourselves,"IS that the message the author wanted us to go home
with?" It seems as though he has an agenda: twice in the passage he repeats the notion of unity
and community, finishing the passage with the sentence,"There is no doubt that a day of
collective grief is extremely good for national unity." Therefore, although the author does
mention the two types of mourning days, he does so in order to strengthen his argument that in
both cases the main function of mourning days, aside from the expression of grief, is creating a
united community.
Distracter C isn't relevant since it only describes the two types of mourning days (those
predetermined by the government), but it does not state the main point of the passage.
BMI lo-mas index)is a cheap and cheerful way of getting a handle on whether or not you might
be overweight The alternatives are rather more complicated and expensive. You can go for an
MRI scan or a dexa scan and those will measure your whole body fat but that rally is using a
sledgehammer to crack a nut. BMI does separate those people who are normal from those who
are obese and there is some area o uncertainty in the middle'
Tim Cole,Professor of Medial Statistics at University College London
The body-mass index that the National Health Service counts on to assess obesity is a bizarre
measure.We live in a three-dimensional world, yet the BMI is defined as weight divided by
height squared.It was invented in the 1840s before calculator,s when a formula had to be very
simple and usable As a consequence of this ill-founded definition,millions of short people think
they are thinner than they are, and million of tall people think they are fatter."
Nick Trefethen, Professor of numerical analysis, University of Oxford
5.According to Tim Cole, what are two of the benefits of the BMI?
A. Cheap B. Quick C. Accurate D. Accessible
A. A,D
B. A,B
C. B,D
D. C,D
答案解析：A
Cole refers to the BMI index as' cheap and cheerful," differentiating it from"other alternatives'
which are"complicated and expensive." Even without knowing the exact meaning of the idiom''cheap and cheerful," we can comprehend its meaning using the information given later in the
sentence: if alternatives are expensive and complicated then the BMI index must be (1)cheap
and (2) simple, easy, accessible.
6.Which one of the following would best replace' cheerful" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. happy B. amateur C. simple D. worthwhile
答案解析：C
Although'"cheerful" in its more widespread use means"happy," we have to be careful not to
judge its meaning prematurely and always try and pay attention to the context in which the
word appears. The word"cheerful" appears in the context of the idiom"cheap and cheerful,"
which can perhaps serve as a hint that the meaning of the word has deviated from its popular
meaning."Cheap and cheerful" is commonly used to describe something that is' simple and
inexpensive"; therefore, distracter C is the correct answer. Note that even without knowing the
exact meaning of the idiom"cheap and cheerful,"we can comprehend its meaning using the
information given later in the sentence: if alternatives are expensive and complicated then the
BMI index must be (1) cheap and (2) simple, easy, accessible.
7.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between both quotes?
A. The BMI is a simple-to-use measure of obesity.
The BMI as a means of assessing obesity is extremely limited.
There is no good alternative to the BMI.
Three-dimensional measures are preferred for assessing obesity accurately.
答案解析：A
When looking for common ground, one should keep in mind that we are looking for a
piece of information that appears or is inferred in both passages.
Perhaps you have already noticed that Cole and Trefethen have quite opposite ideas
regarding the BMI.
While Cole considers it to be a simple, cheap and sufficient measure of obesity,
Trefethen views it as inaccurate and out dated. This information can help us disqualify
distracters B and C, which seem to go hand in hand with Trefethen's opinion of the
BMI, yet contradict Cole's viewpoint. Distracter D may also be disqualified, since Cole
dismisses MRIs and other scans as a fitting measure for measuring obesity. Distracter A
is the correct answer- Cole explicitly speaks of the simplicity of the BMI, while Trefethen
speaks of it implicitly, when mentioning the origin of the BMI:"It was invented in the
1840s, before calculators, when a formula had to be very simple and usable."
8.Which passage is overtly critical of the BMI?
A. Tim Cole's quote
B. Nick Trefethen's quote
C. Both Tim Cole's quote and Nick Trefethen's quote
D. Neither Tim Cole's quote nor Nick Trefethen's quote
答案解析：B
Cole and Trefethen have quite opposite ideas regarding the BMI. While Cole considers it to be asimple, cheap and sufficient measure for obesity,Trefethen views it as inaccurate and out dated.
Trefethen even regards the measure as "bizarre" and elaborates on its disadvantages. Therefore,
we can conclude that Trefethen is overtly critical of the BMI.
Experts agree that arts and culture are an important part of the economy - but the precise
relationship is complicated. The main question is: does investment in the arts stimulate growth,
or are the arts the product of economic development? It would seem that the case for continued
arts funding is clear- cut - enjoying the arts (visiting art galleries and theatres) boosts the
economy. But some argue that the link between arts investment and economic output is
tenuous. Researchers today are exploring a different angle of this relationship: they are trying to
understand how the subjective value of the arts . the "happiness factor" . may translate into
economic benefits. According to the "happiness factor" hypothesis, when a place develops a
critical mass of arts and vibrancy it tends to attract talented people which, in turn, tends to raise
income.
9.Talented people contribute to economic growth.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：C
The passage deals with the directionality of the connection between the arts and the economy,
suggesting a possible happiness factor"hypothesis linking the arts to the attraction of talented
people, which in turn may contribute to economic growth (raising income). It does not lead to
the conclusion made in the assertion that:"Talented people contribute to economic growth" but
only suggests this directional connection.
10.What isn't mentioned in the passage as a means for improving the economy?
A. Visiting galleries B. Talented people C. Buying art D. Visiting theatres
答案解析：C
The passage describes, in two different places, the ways in which the arts and the economy are
related. In one place it suggests that: ... the case for continued arts funding is clear-cut - enjoying
the arts (visiting art galleries and theatres) boosts the economy,"eliminating distracters A and D.
In another place it offers a different connection:
"According to the 'happiness factor' hypothesis, when a place develops a critical mass of arts and
vibrancy it tends to attract talented people which, in turn, tends to raise income," eliminating
distracter B (as raising income is a way of improving the economy). Therefore, the correct
answer is C- buying art is not mentioned in the passage as a means of improving the economy.
11.Which one of the following would best replace' tenuous" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. reversed B. weak C. substantial D. exceptional
答案解析：B
The word'"tenuous" has several meanings. In the context of the sentence:"But some argue that
the link between arts investment and economic output is tenuous," its correct meaning is'
"insignificant" or"weak." A hint to understanding the meaning of the word can be found in thepreceding sentence:"It would seem that the case for continued arts funding is clear-cut -
enjoying the arts (visiting art galleries and theatres)boosts the economy. But." The first
connection offered in the passage is described as"clear-cut";
however, it is followed by the word"but," together with a description of a tenuous connection.
Therefore, "tenuous" must be an adjective opposite in meaning to"clear- cut.
12.Which one of the flowing provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. The rltionship between the arts and the economy is not as straightforward as previously
thought.
B. The happiness factor' mediates the rlationship between the arts and economic growth.
C. The arts contibute to economic growth, not the other way round.
D. Arts boost the economy.
答案解析：A
When summarising a passage, it is important to remember that the summary should encompass
all main aspects presented in the text. Sometimes a summary may emphasize a certain point but
neglect another equally important point. For example, distracter B relates to an important hy
pothesis described in the passage, but neglects to mention the equally important point
raised in the first half of the passage: the complex and unclear relationship between the arts and
the economy.
Another important recommendation is to try and avoid sentences that are too general, such as
distracter D. Always remember that a summary is a tool to help us retrieve the gist of the
information we have read in the past. An overly general summary will not help facilitate this
goal.
Distracter C is a false statement since the passage does not assert the direction of the
connection between the arts and the economy; rather it offers a few directions of research.
Therefore, the correct summary is A, which states the main point the author was trying to
convey in the passage.
Sales Report - Basic Clothing
This report displays actual vs. projected revenue for the basic clothing department. The sales
of the round-neck T-shirts for men far exceeded the projection, almost doubling since the
previous quarter. This rise follows our shift to a new packaging- 3 T-shirts in a single pack
instead of 2. However, a similar change was also made to the packaging of women's round-neck
and V-neck T-shirts, but no similar rise was reported-sales of these products remained static. The
rise in sales reflects an increase in profit,but profit was not doubled as in the new pack the price
was reduced by 10% per T-shirt.
Buyers' Feedback - Round-Neck T-shirts for Men
Following feedback from our major chain buyers, we have changed the packaging of the
round-neck T-shirts for men. Our buyers have noticed an increase in demand for bigger packs
and for packs that include different shades of the same colour rather than contrasting
colours. Following this feedback, we have switched from a pack of two T-shirts in contrasting
colours to a pack of three in corresponding colours. The new pricing reflects also a 10%
reduction in price per T-shirt. A similar change was made in women's round and V-neck T-shirts. For women's T-shirts, more colours were added- 2 new shades of pink and one of
yellow.
13.On which one of the following statements do the two paragraphs agree?
A. More colours added to the T-shirts resulted in sales increasing
B. The increase was unexpected
C. Feedback from buyers is very important
D. The packaging of men's T-shirts was changed
答案解析：D
For this answer, we need to find a statement that is mentioned in both paragraphs.
Answer choice (A) was only mentioned in the second paragraph with regard to women's T-shirts,
so cannot be the correct answer. Answer choice (B) is also not the correct answer- in the first
paragraph it says the increase exceeded the projection which means they did expect an increase
just not as big. Answer choice (C) is only discussed in the second paragraph. We are left with
answer choice (D). This is mentioned both in the first paragraph:"This rise follows our shift to a
new packaging - 3 T-shirts in a single pack instead of 2" and in the second paragraph:' we have
changed the packaging of the round-neck T-shirts for men"
14.The profit from men' s round neck T-shirts also increased
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：A
The answer to this question can be found in the last sentence of the first paragraph reads: "The
rise in sales reflects an increase in profit [.]. So the statement is true on the basis of the passage.
15.What changes were made other than the size of the package?
A. New colours were added to all products
B. Packs now include corresponding colours
C. T-shirts changed from V-neck to round neck
D. Women's T-shirts now include V-neck packs
答案解析：B
The answer to this question can be found in the second paragraph -"we have switched from a
pack of two T-shirts in contrasting colours to a pack of three in corresponding colours." This is
mentioned in answer choice (B), the correct answer. Answer choice (A) mentions a change that
was done only to women's T-shirts, and answer choices (C) and (D) are not mentioned in the text
at all.
16.Which one of the following statements is not true according to the passage?
A. Sales of products that are not men's T-shirts remained static
B. There is more demand for bigger packs
C. Contrasting colours packs decreased in sales
D. Adding more colours did not increase sales
答案解析：CThis is a negative phrase question. To answer this question we need to find a statement that is
not mentioned in the text or that contradicts it. Answer choice (A) is true according to the first
paragraph:"However, a similar change was also made to the packaging of women's round-neck
and V-neck T-shirts,but no similar rise was reported - sales of these products remained static" - so
cannot be the correct answer. Answer choice (B) can be found in the second sentence of the
second paragraph: 'an increase in demand for bigger packs [.].", so is also not true. Answer
choice (C), however, is not mentioned in the text- the text does not specify a reduction in sales
due to the contrasting colours. An increase in sales due to the switch is not equalto a decrease
in sales due to the original state! Thus, this option is not true and is the correct answer. As for
answer choice (D) -
The text does not mention an addition of new colours (only new shades for women's T-shirts).
Therefore, this option is also not true.
材料2
New research suggests that playing a musical instrument improves symptoms of ADHD, a neuro
behavioural disorder manifested in problems such as short attention span, impulsive behaviour
and hyperactivity. For more than a year, children at the city's Museum School have been taking
part in an experiment involving Gamelan, a percussion style of ensemble music from Indonesia
that emphasises synchronicity. Sensors attached to the instruments monitored the children's
ability to hit the beat precisely. A correlation was found between the children's ability to
synchronise and ADHD symptoms. What this could mean is that musical practice could possibly
become a non-pharmacological intervention for problems such as ADHD.
第二组 16题
1.Children with ADHD who took part in the experiment experienced symptom relief.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：C
The results of the experiment described in the passage are specified in this sentence."A
correlation was found between the children's' ability to synchronise and ADHD symptoms."
Although this sentence allows us to conclude that some children in the experiment experienced
an improvement in ADHD symptoms (such as short attention span, impulsive behaviour or
hyperactivity), nowhere in the passage is it mentioned that some of the children who took part
in the experiment were diagnosed with ADHD.
2.Danny has ADHD. Which isn't one of his symptoms?
A. Danny can't stay put in one place for more than 2 minutes
B. Danny doesn't listen to authority.
C. Danny is not able to concentrate in class
D. Danny finds it hard to postpone his wishes
答案解析：B
This question requires us to translate the list of ADHD symptoms presented in the passage into
actual behavior tendencies. The best way to solve this question is to go through the symptomsand possible answers and check their correspondence. There are three symptoms presented in
the passage and four possible answers, therefore, one will remain without a corresponding
symptom and will be the correct answer. List of symptoms: (1) Problem of short attention span -
corresponds with distracter C, having concentration problems in class. (2) Problem of impulsive
behavior -corresponds with distracter D, having trouble postponing wishes. (3) Hyperactivity -
corresponds with distracter A, not being able to stay put for more than a couple of minutes. We
are left with distracter B which is the correct answer, since it does not correspond to any of the
symptoms presented in the passage.
3.Which one of the following would best replace' 'percussion" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. musical B. original C. unusual D. drumming
答案解析：D
The meaning of the word' percussion'"is"a family of instruments in which sound arises from the
striking of materials with sticks, hammers, or the hands"; in other words it is a drumming style.
Since all distracters seem to fit well (if you do not recognise the word), you should try
eliminating distracters as the preferred way of solving this question and pay careful attention to
the sentence in which the word appears, as well as to the context of the entire passage.
First, by quickly scanning the distracters we can perhaps recognise that distracters A and D are
quite similar in meaning (D is a specific case of A) and that B and C are also quite similar (both
refer to the word as something out of the ordinary). Now, let's examine the sentence:" ..taking
part in an experiment involving Gamelan, a percussion style of ensemble music from Indonesia
that emphasises synchronicity."A percussion style" is basically a description of what Gamelan is,
and since it is already described as a musical style, one can only assume that' 'percussion"is
perhaps a description more specific than "musical," i.e. drumming.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Deficits in synchronicity were correlated with ADHD symptoms.
B. New research is trying to find non-pharmac ological interventions for treating ADHD.
C. Gamelan practice can improve ADHD symptoms
D. Music al practice helps reduce ADHD symptoms
答案解析：A
When summarising a passage, it is useful to scan it in order to learn whether some words or
ideas repeat themselves. Usually when an idea repeats itself in the passage it is a good
indication of its importance in the eyes of the author as a message they would like to convey to
readers. This idea usually touches upon the main point of the passage (and in many cases it is
the main point!).
This passage begins and ends with the same idea:"New research suggests that playing a musical
instrument improves symptoms of ADHD"and"What this could mean is that musical practice
could possibly become a non- pharmacological intervention for problems such as ADHD."
Recognising this repeated idea, we can now eliminate distracters B and C, which deal with more
specific aspects of the text; therefore we remain with distracters A and D. These distracters differ
on account of causality: distracter A describes a correlation between synchronicity and ADHDwhereas distracter D describes a causal relationship - music helps reduce ADHD symptoms. since
the paragraph presents only a correlative finding, the correct answer is A.
Arcane and beautiful, the Moon has been a source of awe and inspiration to humankind for
millennia. Space exploration has long been about reaching far off destinations but now there's a
race to exploit new frontiers by mining its minerals. When Neil Armstrong first stepped on the
Moon in 1969, it was part of a "flags and footprints" strategy to beat the Soviets, a triumph of
imagination and innovation, not an attempt to extract precious metals. No-one knew there was
water on that dusty, celestial body. What a difference a generation makes.
"We know that there's water on the Moon, which is a game-changer for the solar system. Water
is rocket fuel.
It can also support life and agriculture. So exploring the Moon commercially is a first step towards
making the Moon part of our world. The most important thing about the Moon is probably the
stuff we haven't even discovered. But what we do know is that there could be more platinum-
group metals on the surface of the Moon than all of the reserves of Earth. The race is on."
Bob Richards, CEO of Silicon Valley-based "Moon Express
5.1. What are two arguments Bob Richards offers in favor of utilizing the moon's
resources?
A). There is no life on the moon.
B). There is an abundance of resources on the moon.
C). The Moon's resources can help support life.
D). Resources on earth are becoming depleted.
A. A,B B. B,C C. C,D D. A,D
答案解析：B
Richards offers two arguments in favor of utilizing the moon's resources:
(1)"Water... can also support life and agriculture." Thus, distractor C is correct.
(2)"But what we do know is that there could be more platinum-group metals...than all of the
reserves of Earth."
This argument refers to the abundance of resources on the moon, and so distractor B is correct
as well. Note that although distractor D seems plausible,it requires us to make an inference such
as: Richards argues in favor of utilizing the Moon's resources because resources on Earth are
scarce. Since we are supposed to base our answers on the text and the text alone, this distracter
is false.
6.Which one of the following would best replace' 'arcane' 'while maintaining the meaning
of the passage?
A. Mysterious B. Impressive C. Odd D. Exquisite
答案解析：A
The meaning of the word"arcane" is obscure and mysterious. If you don't know it's meaning,
examine carefully the context in which the word appears:' 'Arcane and beautiful, the Moon has
been a source of awe and inspiration to mankind for millennia." It looks like "arcane" is a positive
adjective, which helps portray the moon as a source of awe and inspiration.
This may not help us solve this question with confidence, but it can provide a lead, byeliminating at least one distracter of a negative adjective (distracter C).
7.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between the paragraph and the quote?
A. Exploring the moon commercially is a controversial issue.
B. The moon has become a feasible object of research.
C. Finding natural resources such as water on the moon has changed the objective of
space exploration.
D. The moon is rich in natural resources.
答案解析：C
Exploring the moon commercially is a controversial issue.
The moon has become a feasible object of research.
Finding natural resources such as water on the moon has changed the
objective of space exploration.
The moon is rich in natural resources.
8.Which one of the following most accurately describes the attitude expressed
by the author of the first passage toward the overall argument of Bob Richards?
A. General ambivalence
B. Cautious agreement
C. Pointed scepticism
D. Subtle disapprovall
答案解析：D
Richards' quote exudes enthusiasm regarding utilising the Moon's resources for our own benefit.
In contrast, the author of the first paragraph seems to have some issues with this approach.
Although very subtly, the author does criticise it, insinuating the current approach emphasises
materialistic benefits("race to exploit new frontiers by mining its minerals", attempt to extract
precious metals") over an allegedly purer intellectual gain ("source of awe and inspiration",
"triumph of imagination and innovation"). The words "but [now there's a.]. and "not [an
attempt.]" help convey the contrast between the author's opinion and today's more common
approach. The author does not doubt Richards' argument, agree with it or is ambivalent toward
it, as he does have an opinion.
Although the disapproval isn't so explicit in the text, choice D seems to be the correct answer.
Studies have shown that women and men communicate differently. Women listen more,
encourage dialogue, and build consensus. Studies have also shown that women lead
differently than men. They're more likely t如be collaborative, inclusive and team-oriented, all
characteristics that tend to be effective, particularly in today's less-hierarchical, fast-paced,
innovation-driven world. Owing to these attributes, there is reason to believe that peace
agreements are more likely to take root with women operating in key positions.
"Not so long ago, the idea that women might rule the world seemed slightly outlandish- like
something out of science fiction. But that was then. In recent decades, attitudes and ideas
have changed - and fast. That's not to say that every corner of the world has welcomed
women moving from the traditional and private into the modern and public. But move theyhave. Business is more profitable. Governments are more representative. Families are
stronger, and communities are healthier. There is less violence and more peace, stability and
sustainability."
Political analyst and former White House press Secretary Dee Dee Myers
9.According to Dee Dee Myers, which of the following two aspects have
improved as a result of the progress of women?
A) Community
B) Internal affairs
C) Environmental quality
D) Economy
A. A,B B. C,D C. B,D D. A,D
答案解析：D
Myers mentions the following improvements as a result of the progress of
women: "Business is more profitable. Governments are more representative.
Families are stronger, and communities are healthier. There is less violence
and more peace, stability and sustainability." It is our job to try and translate
the distracters into the terminology of the text. Distracter A appears as it is in
the text- Myers explicitly talks about improvements in the community;
therefore it is the correct answer. Distracter B (internal affairs) and
distracter C (environmental quality) cannot be deduced from Myers' words.
Distracter D (economy), however, may be understood from the text: Myers
talks about businesses becoming more profitable, which, in turn, undoubtedly
improves the economy.
10.Which one of the following would best replace' outlandish" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. foreign B. bizarre C. perplexing D. conspicuous
答案解析：B
The meaning of the word "outlandish" is "strikingly unconventional" or
"bizarre." It is also possible to decipher the meaning of the word by paying
attention to its context: "Not so long ago, the idea that women might rule the
world seemed slightly outlandish - like something out of science fiction. You
may notice that the sentence actually offers an explanation to the meaning of
the word "outlandish"- "like something out of science fiction." This hint can
help guide us to the correct meaning of the word, which is "bizarre."
11.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between the paragraph and the quote?
A. A change in women's social status has allowed positive change.
B. Women's differences from men are what allow them to succeed in the world of
business.
C. Involving women in business and politics is beneficial to society
D. Women's involvement in the business world has increased in the past years.答案解析：C
In order to find the common ground between the two passages, it is recommended that you try
and summarize each passage on its own, taking into account the author's viewpoint. The first
paragraph focuses on the notion that women are different than men in that they are more
efficient in today's world and can (perhaps) contribute to peace. The Myers quote focuses on the
notion that women have now (compared to the past) moved to more key positions and that this
contrbutes greatly to society. Distracter A is not correct since the first passage doesn't talk about
the change in women's status but rather
the differences between men and women. This is also the reason distracter B is disqualified
(Myers doesn't talk about the differences between men and women).
Distracter C seems plausible since both passages present the notion that involving women in
world affairs is beneficial. The first passage claims it is because men and women are biologically
different, whereas Myers deals with this idea from a more historical stance (comparing now and
then). Distracter D is incorrect since its content is only mentioned in the second passage.
Therefore, distracter C is the correct answer.
12.Which passage is overtly critical of men?
A. Dee Dee Myers' quote
B. The first paragraph
C. Both the paragraph and Dee Dee Myers' quote
D. Neither the paragraph nor Dee Dee Myers' quote
答案解析：D
Both passages mention the benefits of women in state, business and community affairs, perhaps
hinting that women are somewhat better than men, yet either of them criticises men explicitly.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
From: Procurement
To: Production Manager
Subject: E 129
Today, after sending our regular order to Materials, we received a reply saying that, as of the
first of next month, they will stop distributing E129. the red dye we use for producing
raspberry scent CleansMill. As you know it is one of our most popular products. Materials
offered to replace it with their new red dye formula, which is based on cinnamon. The shade of
this formula is different and the product might have some traces of smell.Another solution will be
to start procuring E 129 from other sources.
From: Production Manager
To: Procurement
Subject: RE: E129
We've been using E 129 since we began producing CleansMill in Raspberry scent. The red hue
is an important part of the product's appeal. However, we're aware that E 129 colouring has
received some bad publicity lately, as it is a known Allergan. We might C onsider C hanging
the product's formula and replacing the E129 with a natural Colouring. with support from
the marketing team. Let's schedule a meeting with marketing and R&D and see if we can use thenew formula, and then consider if we need to start looking for new sources for E 129.
13.Which one of the following would best replace"hue" while maintaining the meaning of
the passage?
A. dye B. tone C. sort D. bright
答案解析：B
Answer choice (A) is incorrect as the" red hue" refers to the product's colour,and not to the
chemical used to produce it. "Dye" refers to the colouring material, not to its shade.
Answer choices (C)+(D) are not relevant at all-"sort" does not relate to the colour of the product,
and'"bright" is not relevant since it refers to another characteristics of the colour. This leaves us
with the correct answer - answer choice (B), red tone = red hue
14.Which one of the following statements directly contradicts Production Manager's
email?
A. E129 is a natural food colouring
B. E129 can cause allergies similar to Aspirin sensitivity
C. CleansMill Raspberry is a very popular product and no changes should be made to its formula
D. E129 is available from several sources
答案解析：A
This question is asking which answer contradicts that passage- so we need to find out which
answer clearly contradicts something that is said in the text.
Answer choice (B)
does not contradict the text, since it is mentioned that E129 is a known Allergan.
Answer choice (C) is also not correct, since we are told that changes can be made"with support
from the marketing team"- but that is not stated as a reason not to replace the E129.
Answer choice (D)
may not be true - but it does not contradict anything in the text. E129 might indeed be available
from several sources.
All this leaves us with answer choice (A), the correct answer. E129 is not a natural food colouring,
and we know that because the Production Manager offers to replace it with"a natural colouring"
- meaning E129 is not natural.
15.According to the passage, why should E129 not be replaced?
A. Replacing it will affect the factory's waste disposal
B. There is need for marketing support for any change in the product
C. The new formula's colour is not identical to the old one and the smell is different
D. There are other sources it can be procured from
答案解析：C
Using the information provided in both passages, the correct answer is (C). In
the first passage we read: "The shade of this formula is different and the
product might have some traces of smell." And in the second:"The red hue is
an important part of the product's appeal." Therefore, the prospect of any
changes made to the colour is not recommended.
Answer choice (A) is never mentioned in the text, so cannot be true. Answerchoice (B) may be true but we are not told that explicitly - the text only
mentions that changing the shade and smell for the product will
require' 'support from the marketing team'. Answer choice (D) is also not
mentioned in the text - but even if it did, it would only mean E129
CAN be replaced. So the correct answer is answer choice (C), that the smell
and colour of the product will be different.
16.Which paragraph suggests E129 should be replaced?
A. Procurement's email only [x]
B. Production Manager's email only
C. Both Procurement s email and Production Manager's email
D. Neither Procurement's email nor Production Manager's email
答案解析：B
The first email, Procurement's email, merely states the fact that the E129 will
not be distributed anymore, and offers alternative solutions - replacing it or .
procuring it from a different source. It does not suggest it should be replaced.
So Answer choices (A) and (C)
can be eliminated. In the second email, however, we read the following:"We
might consider changing the product's formula and replacing the E129 with
[.]"- a suggestion it should be replaced. So answer choice (D) can also be
eliminated, and the correct answer is (B) - only the Production Manager's
email suggests that.
材料3
Sinkholes are usually the result of what are known as karst processes They happen when a layer
of rock undemeath the ground is dissolved by acidic water.Usually this layer is a soluble
carbonate rock, such as limestone or its purer form,chalk.Typically rainfall sees though the sol,
absorbing carbon dioxide and eating with decaying vegetation.As a result,the water that reaches
the soluble rock is acidic. The acidic water causes erosion of the soluble rock layers beneath the
surface eventually creating cavernous spaces. The soil or sand over the limestone finally collapses
into a sinkhole when it is no longer supported because of the cavity below.
第三组 16题
1.Acidic water causes erosion of the soil beneath the limestone, causing cavities.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：B
This passage describes a sequence of events resulting in the creation of a
sinkhole. In order to prevent confusion (especially when working under time
pressure) you may want to create a little diagram that illustrates the sequence
of events in a concise way, for example: rain falls→ seeps through the
surface to layer of limestone→ becomes acidic→ erosion of limestone
(cavernous spaces) -→surface collapses → sinkhole created.Now we can see that the sentence presented in the question is false. Although
using terms from the passage, it mixes them up in a way that does not
coincide with the diagram we have just created. The correct description is:
acidic water causes erosion of the limestone (which is the layer underneath
the surface) causing cavities.
2.What is the final step in the creation of a sinkhole ?
A. The sand over the limestone collapses .
B. Acidic water causes erosion of the limestone
C. A cavernous space is created.
D. Rainfall turns into acidic water
答案解析：A
This passage describes a sequence of events resulting in the creation of a
sinkhole. In order to prevent confusion (especially when working under time
pressure) you may want to create a little diagram that illustrates the sequence
of events in a concise way, for example: rain falls→seeps through the surface
to layer of limestone→becomes acidic→erosion of limestone (cavernous
spaces)→surface collapses→sinkhole created.
Now it is easier to decipher that the last step in the creation of a sinkhole is A-
the sand over the limestone (the surface) collapses.
3.Which one of the following would best replace' 'soluble" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. solid B. dissolvable C. thin layer D. fine-grained
答案解析：B
The word"soluble" means easily dissolved. When going through the passage
we can find hints at the meaning of this word by following the sequence of
events:
rain falls - + seeps through the surface to layer of (soluble) limestone -+
becomes acidic - + erosion of limestone (cavernous spaces) - + surface
collapses - + sinkhole created.
Since we know that the limestone is described as"soluble" and later on we
discover that it is dissolved by acidic water, we can assume that the meaning
of the word "soluble' is dissolvable.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Sinkholes are a result of karst processes.
B. Sinkholes are cavermous spaces.
C. Sinkholes are caused by erosion of soluble rocks.
D. Sinkholes happen when rain dissolves underlying rock layers
答案解析：C
When summarising a passage detailing a sequence of events resulting in a
certain consequence (such as the creation of a sinkhole), we should try andincorporate the main description/key stages in the summary. An over-
simplified summary, like the one given in distracter A or a summary
emphasising a secondary stage, like the one given in distracter D, will not
suffice as they do not target the central mechanism described in
the text. As for distracter B, it offers a synonym for the term sinkhole, rather
than describing the development of a sinkhole. Therefore, the correct answer
is C, as it describes the main cause/stage of the process of creation of a
sinkhole.
In the past few years, the government has turned to shock tactics in order to fight the battle
against smokers and the burden they pose on the county's economy (manifested in sick days and
heath issues). The latest anti-smoking campaign showed tumours growing on a cigarette
Needless to say, this advert was contentious.
On the one hand, the advert has become a viral sensation since its launch and has attracted
plenty of attention to the subject. On the other hand, some argue that using a hard-hitting
approach doesn't really work because people become very afraid. If someone thinks they might
have cancer or a symptom of cancer, they’re likely to try to push it out of their mind.
5.The government is fighting the batle against smokers because of the burden they pose
on the county: economy. [explanation]
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：A
The passage begins with the sentence:"In the past few years, the government
has turned to shock tactics in order to fight the battle against smokers and the
burden they pose on the country's economy." In other words, the government is
targeting smokers as they pose a burden on the country's economy.
6.What is the possible negative effect of the latest antismoking campaign?
A. Attracting excessive attention to the subject
B. Contracting a computer virus
C. Increasing the number of smokers
D. Encouraging denial of the problem
答案解析：D
The passage describes a couple of contrasting outcomes of the latest anti-
smoking campaign: (1)"On the one hand, the advert has become a viral
sensation since its launch and has attracted plenty of attention to the
subject." (2)"On the other hand, some argue that using a hard-hitting approach
doesn't really work because people become very afraid. If someone thinks
they might have cancer or a symptom of cancer,
they're likely to try to push it out of their mind." The first sentence deals with a
positive effect of the campaign: attracting attention to the subject, therefore
distracter A is eliminated. The second sentence deals with a possible negativeeffect: the campaign might frighten people, encouraging them to avoid a
potential problem, therefore D is the correct answer. As for distracters B and C,
they are not even mentioned in the passage.
7.Which one of the flowing would best replace 'contentious" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. problematic B. unpopular C. controversial D. detested
答案解析：C
The word"contentious" means quarrelsome or debatable. In the context of the
passage it can be replaced with the word"controversial."A clue to the meaning
of this word can be found in the phrasing of the passage after its
use:"Needless to say, this advert was contentious. on the one hand... On the
other hand.." This phrasing helps us understand that the advert had positive
and negative effects, namely, that it was controversial. Also note that all three
distracters are very similar in meaning (negative adjectives), which can serve
as an additional hint to the correct meaning of the word in question.
8.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Tumours growing on a cigarette might not be the best anti-smoking campaign.
B. Anti-smoking campaigns are important to a nation's economy.
C. A hard-htting approach to fighting the battle against cigarettes isn't eficient.
D. Shock tactics have been found to be disputatious.
答案解析：D
When summarising a passage, it is important to identify the main subject of the text, as well as
the message the author wants to convey to readers. In this case, it seems the subject is shock
tactics, with the recent anti- smoking campaign serving as an example.
This information can help us eliminate distracter A, which focuses on the
campaign itself. Now we should focus on the main message of the passage:
is the author pro/against shock tactics? Perhaps the author is ambivalent?
Since the author introduces two sides to shock tactics, a positive one (attracting attention to
the subject) alongside a negative one (installing fear and promoting avoidance), we can conclude
that shock tactics are presented as disputable(distracter D). Distracters B and C offer a more
decisive stance towards shock tactics and are thus eliminated.
To survive and thrive in an era of the digital onslaught of e-books, bookstores of the future should
celebrate the book in all its forms: rare, second-hand, digital, self-printed and so on. Digital and
hybrid readers should have the option of buying e-books in-store, and novice authors should
have access to self-printing book machines. The latter idea has been slower to take off in Britain,
but in America bookstores are finding it to be an important source of revenue.
In response to the growing number of self-published authors seeking shelf space, US bookstores
have established programs enabling them to sell their books. The programs clearly define their
requirements and streamline the consignment process. Profitable programs range from a no-questions-asked spot in a store's consignment section to an elaborate, tiered event option,
including signings, readings, and publicity.
9.What is an important source of income for bookstores in the US?
A. Self-published books
B. Printing machines
C. Second-hand books
D. Consignment agreements
答案解析：A
The first passage states that:".. in America bookstores are finding it to be an
important source of revenue." The word "it" refers to the second part of the
previous sentence:
and budding authors should have access to self-printing book machines" So,
the important source of revenue talked about is authors who are given access
to self- printing book machines - distracter A. "Printing machines" is not the
correct answer since they alone are not a source of revenue; they serveas a
means to promote authors to self. publish their book.
10.Which one of the following would best replace' 'novice' while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. promising B. self-published C. prospering D. beginner
答案解析：D
The meaning of the word "novice" is"a person who has just started learning or doing
something."In the context of the passage it may be replaced with the word"beginner."
11.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between the two paragraphs?
A. In the US, bookstores enable self. published authors to sell their books.
B. It is imperative to help authors publish their books, in an era of e-book monopoly.
C. The two paragraphs have n0 common ground.
D. Bookstores in the UK are less supportive of self-publishing than the US.
答案解析：A
One should pay attention to the question: "Which one of the following provides
the best summary.. the wording of the question offers the possibility that
more than one answer may seem correct, yet our job is to find the answer that
refers to the most central common ground between both passages. Closer
inspection of the distracters shows us that: (1) Distracter B is an exaggeration
of the notion that self-published authors should be helped (use of the word
"imperative"). Moreover, the second passage doesn't concem itself with the e
book monopoly; rather it deals with the growing number of self- published
authors. (2) Distracter D describes a notion offered in
the first paragraph, yet not mentioned in the second paragraph. The correct
answer is A- both passages mention that in the US, bookstores enable self-
published authors to sell their books.12.On the basis of the two passages, which one of the following statements is not
accurate?
A. Passage B suggests a practical way of fighting the battle against e-books.
B. Passage A elaborates on the recommended ways bookstores should be
dealing with e-book competition.
C. Passage B elaborates on the way bookstores are dealing with the growing
number of self-published authors.
D. Passage A recommends celebrating the book in all its forms
答案解析：A
Looking at the distracters, we may realize that we are required to understand
the main points of each passage as well as the differences or similarities
between them. The focus of the first passage is recommended methods of
surviving the competition with e-books- distracter B is therefore correct.
Distracter D also appears in the first passage and so it is also a correct
distracter. The second passage deals with the successful way in which the US
is dealing with the growing number of self-published authors (note
that the focus of the second passage is not fighting the battle against e
books) - distracter C is also correct and SO we are left with distracter A.
Directive 77/486 obliges the member states to provide mother tongue teaching for minority
students in grade schools -with
the provision that minority languages as a term refers to the national languages of EU citizens,
but with the controversial
not binding, addition that this right could be extended to other minorities.
2.It seems that a Swedish initiative taken while Sweden was the chair of the EU intended to
automatically extend the directive. However, perhaps as a consequence of a change in Sweden's
government it may have become an effort to abrogate the extending of the directive.
13.According to Directive 77/486-
A. Member states will have their language taught in schools.
B. Spanish must be taught in German schools.
C. There must be integration between all foreign students.
D. Facilities to lear foreign languages will be provided to all member states' schools.
答案解析：A
The first paragraph deals with introducing the directive: (1)"Directive 7/486
obligates the member states to provide mother tongue teaching for minority
students in the grade schools" (2) "with the provision that "minority languages,
as a term, refers to the national languages of EU citizens." Namely, the
directive requires member states to provide mother tongue language teaching,
but excludes languages that aren't regarded as national languages of EU
citizens. Consequently, the correct answer is (A).
The directive requires member states to provide mother tongue languageteaching for all children, including immigrants, but excludes languages that
aren't regarded as national languages of EU citizens. consequently, we can
deduce that the mother language -the official language-of each state, should
be taught in its schools.
Distracter (B) is incorrect since Spanish should be taught in German schools
only if there are minority Spanish students in German schools. Distracters (C)
and (D) are further extrapolations of the subject the directive deals with, but
are not mentioned in the text.
14.Which one of the following would best replace' abrogate" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. expand B. approve C. destroy D. revoke
答案解析：D
The word "abrogate" has many meanings, however, in the context of this text
its meaning is' cancel"or "revoke." The context of the word may help us
understand its meaning without prior knowledge. The sentence in which the
word appears is: "It seems that a Swedish initiative... had the purpose of
automatically extending the directive,
However it may have become an effort to abrogate the extending of the
directive." To simplify the sentence: Sweden wanted to expand the directive,
however then the government changed in the country and this decision was
discontinued. Distracter C (destroy) has a similar negative meaning, but it is
not appropriate when dealing with directives. Therefore the correct answer is D.
15.Which one of the following best describes the relationship between the two
passages?
A. The first passage introduces a topic; the second passage offers further insight into that topic.
B. The first passage introduces a topic; the second passage opposes that topic.
C. The first passage describes a historical development; the second passage elaborates on the
subject.
D. The first passage describes a historical development; the second passage describes its
implications.
答案解析：A
The first passage introduces a topic: the directive - its main content and
controversial extension, while not elaborating on the controversial element of
the directive (what happens when a member state decides to extend the
directive?). The second passage deals with one member state's decision to
extend this directive. It does not target the directive itself; rather it expresses
further developments regarding extension of the directive in a certain country.
Thus, the second paragraph offers further insight into the extension of the directive.
16.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between both quotes?
A. The directive received ambivalent responses among member states.B. Member states prefer not to extend the directive to include other minorities.
C. The two paragraphs have no common ground.
D. Extending the directive to other minorities is debatable.
答案解析：D
When looking for common ground, sometimes it is easier to use the
distracters as an anchor and work through the elimination of options.
Distracter A sounds accurate yet is tricky: although we can assert that the second passage is in
agreement with this claim since it describes Sweden's response as ambivalent (changing its
decision regarding the extension of the directive), we have no objective information in the first
passage regarding the responses of other member states. All we know is that the
author offers an opinion that the extension of the directive is "controversial," but this is
insufficient information to deduce the stands of other state members. Therefore distracter
A does not offer a summary of common ground between the two passages.
Distracter B deals with the preference of state members not to extend the directive. Although
the
second passage does mention that Sweden decided not to extend the directive in the
end, the first passage offers no information in regard to this subject. Distracter C is best dealt
with last (after viewing all other distracters) and so we are left with distracter D.
Distracter D claims that extending the directive is a debatable matter. Note that as opposed to
distracter A, this time the distracter does not elaborate on the identity of the holder of this
debatable stand. The first passage relates to this claim by stating that the extension is
"controversial." The second passage also relates to this matter by describing the hesitations that
the Swedish government was having regarding extension of the directive. Consequently, we
can disregard distracter C as Dis the correct answer.
材料4
“Sharing economy”is on the rise, with millions of people renting beds,cars, boats and other
assets directly from each other,coordinating the transaction via the internet.Technology has
reduced transaction costs,making sharing assets cheaper and easier than ever, and therefore
possible on a much larger scale.The big change is the availability of more data about people and
things，which allows physical assets to be disaggregated and consumed as services.Smartphones
with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way
to check up on people and acquire additional information; and online payment systems handle
the billing.
第四组 16题
1.The main reason"sharing economy" is becoming more popular is reduced costs.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：B
This is a tricky question that requires meticulous examination of the statement presented in the
question.The statement involves the words"main reason" serving as a clue that perhaps there is
more than one reason offered in the passage as to why "sharing economy" is on the rise. In thisquestion we are asked whether or not reduced costs are the main reason.Although the
passage does mention this development as contributing to the popularity of""sharing economy,"
the main reason is presented later in the text:
"Technology has reduced transaction costs,making sharing assets cheaper and easier than
ever,and therefore possible on a much larger scale.The big change is the availability of more data
about people.." It is possible to decipher from these two sentences that although reduced costs
have contributed to the rise of"sharing economy," the availability of data about people is the
main development that has contributed to its popularity.Thus,the correct answer is B.
2.Which one of the following probably contributed the most to the rise of"sharing
economy"?
A. Information security B. Availability of information
C. Reduced transaction fees D. Internet speed
答案解析：B
This is a tricky question that requires us to examine the question meticulously.
The question asks what"probably contributed the most," serving as a clue that perhaps there is
more than one contributing factor; however, we are instructed to choose the one that
contributes the most.The passage mentions two of the options suggested above: reduced
transaction fees and availability of information.Reduced fees is mentioned in the context of
technological developments that made"sharing economy" possible on a larger scale,
whereas"availability of more data about people"is regarded in the passage as the"big change"
contributing to its popularity.
Hence, the correct answer is B.
3.Which one of the following would best replace"disaggregated" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. accumulated B. collected C. disassembled D. devalued
答案解析：C
The meaning of the word"disaggregated" is to separate into component parts,or to disassemble
(distracter C). In the context of the passage the word serves to explain the essence of"sharing
economy" - disassembling physical assets and consuming them as services.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Sharing economy is growing fast due to technology gadgets such as smartphones.
B. Sharing economy" is growing fast.
C. Technology development has contributed largely to the rise of "sharing economy"
D. Sharing economy" is the commerce of commodities via the internet
答案解析：C
Since the distracters are quite confusing, let's go over them one by one:(A)
The first part is true:"sharing economy" is growing fast; however,the second part is inaccurate
and overly specific.The popularity ofsharing economy" is not specifically due to smartphones.
(B)"Sharing economy" is indeed growing fast but we are left to decide whether this is a sufficient
summary of the text or perhaps there is an important aspect that has been excluded from it. Weshould be a little sceptical when encountering a very general summary and go over all the other
options before marking it as the best summary.(C)This seems like an upgrade of distracter B as it
offers the same idea("sharing economy" is growing) with an additional explanation, one that is
also offered as the key explanation of the"sharing economy" phenomenon in the passage.(D)
This is basically a dictionary entry to the question"'what is sharing economy?" and not a
summary of the text.Therefore, the best summary is provided in distracter C.
Ryanair and Aer Lingus are by far the most important carriers operating out of lreland,competing
on 46 routes.The vice president of the European Commission has prohibited,on the basis of the
EU MergerRegulation, the proposed takeover of the Irish fag carrier Aer Lingus by the low-cost
airline Ryanair. The market investigation showed that there was little prospect that any new
carrier would enter the Irish market after the merger.Ryanair proposed several remedial
arrangements during the process,including the divestiture of Aer Lingus's 43 overlap routes to
Flybe and the cession of take-off and landing slots to British Airways at London airports.The
commission，however，established that this set of measures wasn't sufficient due to the size of
the Flybe Company and their status in the aeronautical industry.
5.The main reason the merger was prohibited was to prevent abuse of dominant power.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：A
The passage mentions first that"Ryanair and Aer Lingus are by far the most
important carriers operating out of lreland" and then informs the reader that
Ryanair intended to take over Aer Lingus,but was prohibited from doing so,
due to the fact that:"there was little prospect that any new carrier would enter
the Irish market after the merger." We can understand from this information
that Ryanair taking over another big carrier would amount to an accumulation
of dominant power in its hands.Consequently,the merger was prohibited.
6.Which one of the following solutions was offered by Ryanair to the argument raised by
the vice president of the European Commission?
A. Downsizing the number of routes
B. Discontinuing the Dublin-London route
C. Sharing certain routes with other airlines
D. Instituting some remedial arrangements
答案解析：A
The vice president of the European Commission argued that"there was little
prospect that any new carrier would enter the Irish market after the
merger"and therefore "Ryanair proposed several remedial arrangements...
divestiture of Aer Lingus's 43 overlap routes to Flybe and the cession of take-
off and landing slots to British Airways at London airports." Basicaly,Ryanair
tried to offer remedies in order to alleviate the vice president's concern:(1)
transferring routes to Flybe;(2) relinquishing take-off and landing slots.Theseremedies imply that Ryanair were offering to reduce the number of
routes they control.Therefore, the correct answer is (A).Distracter(B) is
incorrect since relinquishing slots does not necessarily mean giving up the
Dublin-London route all together. Distracter(C) is incorrect since Ryanair
offered to surrender some of its routes, not share them with others.Distracter
(D) is incorrect because it misses the point of the question: the question asks
what specific action was offered as a solution by Ryanair,whereas distracter
(D) merely expresses the idea that Ryanair offered solutions.
7.Which one of the following would best replace"cession" while maintaining the meaning
of the passage?
A. seizing B. compromising C. relinquishment D. resistance
答案解析：C
The meaning of the word"cession" is "yielding to another." In the context of the
passage it means relinquishment(of control)of take-off and landing slots.
Even without knowing the exact meaning of the word, we can try and work out
the meaning using the context.The word appears in the context of remedies
offered by Ryanair in order to reduce the threat of becoming a monopoly.
Consequently, we can assume that Ryanair are trying to show flexibility and
openness to other carriers.
Distracters A and D refer to actions that might conflict with the purpose of
Ryanair's remedies.Since distracter B is not an action, it does not fit the
phrasing of the sentence; and so we are left with distracter C- the correct answer.
8.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Ryanair uiClL mneige wiuml AEl uingus UEldust 110 SuiiCient le1ieuics WElc Uieicu.l"
B. Ryanair was prohibited from merging with Aer Lingus.
C. Ryanair was prohibited from merging with Aer Lingus due to competition problems.
D. Ryanair was prohibited from merging with Aer Lingus due to the problematic status of Flybe.
答案解析：C
The sequence of events in this passage is as followed:Ryanair was planning
to take over Aer Lingus—+ this action was prohibited by the European
Commission because it might lead to a lack of competition (the creation of a
monopoly)-+Ryanair offered remedies -+the European Commission
established that this set of measures wasn't sufficient because of Flybe's size
and status.Notice that three of the distracters start with the wording"Ryanair
was prohibited from merging with Aer Lingus.. it is our job to figure out what
the passage is trying to convey regarding the prohibition on Ryanair
from taking over Aer Lingus.Distracter A, Cand D offer an explanation, while
distracter B does not.Since the passage does provide an explanation for the
prohibition, distracter B is eliminated.The main cause of the prohibition,as
presented in the text, is the European Commission's fear that Ryanair will
abuse its dominant power. So, the correct answer is C.Distracters A and Doffer a related idea, but miss the core reason for prohibition of the take-over:
not because of insufficient remedies or Flybe's status, but resistance in
principle to a monopoly of flights out of Ireland.
Work related relocation is not a matter of levity.The decision whether to relocate involves a
complex set of variables,mostly of a financial nature.Pay is one of the most important
ones.Undoubtedly, the new salary should allow maintenance of the life style the candidate is
used to in their current location.t is also advisable to compare the cost of living and real estate
prices in the candidate's current city with those of the new one.Beyond housing costs,one
should include the price of groceries,restaurant meals and petrol
When considering a work- related relocation, the growth of the candidate's career should be
thoughtfully considered. f the new position offers a noteworthy professional promotion, it can
be the right long-term move,counterweighing a possible pay cut or higher cost of living.
9.According to the first paragraph, in which case should a candidate clearly refuse work-
related relocation?
A. When the cost of living is higher than the candidate's current city.
B. When the price of groceries and gasoline is higher than the candidate s current city.
C. When the candidate is not able to maintain his previous lifestyle.
D. When the job offer doesn't involve career growth.
答案解析：C
Distracters A, B and Call appear in some sort of form in the passage, while
distracter D may easily be eliminated as it is connected to the second
passage.The key sentence to resolving this question is: "Undoubtedly, the
new salary should allow maintenance of the lifestyle the candidate is used to
in their current location." An understanding of this sentence will allow us to
realize that neither a higher cost of living nor the price of gasoline is a reason
to refuse a work-related relocation.Cost of living and gasoline prices should
be assessed in relation to the new salary. Despite a higher cost of living
or higher prices, if the pay is high enough, the candidate can maintain their
previous lifestyle, and that is the main point of this passage.Therefore, the
correct answer is C.
10.Which one of the following would best replace"levity"while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. frivolity B. inconsistency C. inappropriateness D. joke
答案解析：A
The meaning of the word "levity" is"lightness of manner"; therefore the correct
answer is A. Distracters C and D don't integrate well in the sentence while
distracter B is out of context.
11.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common groundbetween the two . paragraphs?
A. The two paragraphs have no common ground.
B. Costs of lving in the new location should be inspected.
C. Pay is a central factor one should consider when ofered relocation.
D. Work related relocation is something to be considered seriously.
答案解析：D
When looking for common ground, one should keep in mind that it is not enough to find a
sentence that is true for only one passage; the sentence has to be true for both
passages.Distracter A states that the paragraphs have nothing in common. It is recommended
that you first go over the remaining distracters before marking this one as correct.Remember
that even though you might not detect any common ground between the two passages,the
distracters may help you see otherwise.Distracter B is related to a notion offered in the first
paragraph only and is therefore eliminated.
Distracter C states that pay is a central factor when considering relocation.
This is the main idea expressed in the first passage;however the second passage deals mostly
with the promotion factor while acknowledging that pay is a factor (not necessarily a central
factor) to consider as well.Since the word "central"" appears in distracterC it is no longer true in
relation to the second passage and therefore distracter C is eliminated.Distracter D is the correct
answer since both passages state that: (1) Work related relocation is not a matter of levity,and
(2) When considering a work-related relocation, the growth of the candidate's career should be
thoughtfully considered.
12.Which one of the following best describes the relationship between the two
passages?
A. The first passage strengthens the claim made in the second passage.
B. The second passage weakens the claim made in the first passage.
C. The first passage weakens the claim made in the second passage.
D. The second passage strengthens the claim made in the first passage.
答案解析：B
In order to decide which claim strengthens/weakens the other claim, it is
advisable to recognise the claim made in each passage regarding the subject
of work-related relocation.Passage 1:Pay is the most important aspect to
consider Passage 2:
Professional promotion is an aspect to thoughtfully consider. It can reduce the
importance of pay (counterweighing a possible pay cut").
One can therefore say that the second paragraph weakens the claim made by
the first paragraph, since it argues that pay is not always the most important
aspect to consider; so, distracter B is the correct answer.
Employees working within organisations have a legislative obligation to monitor the
content of e-mails sent to external bodies and to eliminate potentially sensitive internal
information regardless of the perceived importance of that information.To guarantee that
employees fulfil their legislative obligation and to prevent the possible leak of exclusive
information,employers have prepared mandatory contracts stipulating this responsibility, tobe signed by all employees,and additionally,inserted a copyright section to every external
e-mail that emphasises the confidentiality of the information
provided.Employees'carelessness in handling information circulated via email may result in
serious punitive action.
13.Which statement does not follow from the passage?
A. Superisors should monitor employees' e-mails.
B. Leakage of information may result in punishment.
C. Employees are obligated to information confidentiality.
答案解析：A
In order to answer this question, we must go over each statement and decide
whether it follows from the passage or not.Statement A- according to the text:
'employees ....have (an) ....obligation to monitor the content of e-mail...'.
Nowhere in the text does it say that this is part of the supervisors' role.
Therefore, this statement does not follow from the passage.Statement B-
according to the text: 'employees' carelessness in handling
information circulated via email may result in serious punitive action.' In other
words, leakage of information will result in punishment and so statement B is correct.
Statement C- according to the text: 'employees working within organisations
have a legislative obligation to monitor the content of e-mails... and to
eliminate potentially sensitive internal information'.Thus, statement C is also correct.
14.Which one of the following would best replace stipulating' while maintaining
the meaning of the passage?
A. agreeing B. specifying
答案解析：B
The word 'to stipulate' means' to specify, often as a condition of an agreement.
In the context, the word is used to express that the contracts prepared by
employers specify the responsibility employees have to monitor their e-mails
and prevent leakage of classified information.All three remaining distracters
don't correspond with the meaning of the sentence.
15.What is the lgistvtete oligaton of an employee working in an oganiatio?
A. Sign a cntrcat splting his rosibiti.
B. Prevent leakage of sestve information.
C. Refrain form sending personal e-mails.
D. Accept puntve action when necessary,
答案解析：B
Legislative obligation' is used in the passage to express the requirement to
monitor e- mail content in order to prevent sensitive information from leaking
outside of the organisation: 'employees working within organisations have a
legislative obligation to monitor the content of e-mails..and to eliminate
potentially sensitive internal information'. Signing a contract(distracter A)and
accepting punitive measures (distracter D) are consequences of enforcing thislegislative obligation on employees.
Distracter C does not represent the essence of the meaning of legislative
obligation' in the text, as it does not specify the type of e-mails which are to be
monitored;rather it refers to certain content(sensitive information).
16.Which one of he following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Employee dcetion plies are ialuabl to an oanisation
B. Employees ane oigtedto montor emals
C. Lgslaitee ogations soudbe enored
D. Leakage of ecuse information is deimentato emplyers.
答案解析：B
All four distracters appear in the passage or follow from it.The task is to
clarify which distracter expresses the essence of the passage. It is usually
helpful to examine the first sentence of the passage as well as identify
recurring themes throughout it.The passage begins with:'employees working
within organisations have a legislative obligation to monitor the content of e-
mail...The passage continues by conveying the importance of fulfilling this
legislative obligation by elaborating on ways to guarantee employees'
compliance.Although one can deduce that the reason legislative
obligations should be enforced is because of their importance to
organisations, it is not explicitly mentioned in the text and so distracters A and
Dare eliminated.As for the two remaining distracters,although both are
salient in the passage, the message conveyed is that 'employees should
monitor their e-mails' (distracter B) rather than legislative obligations should
be reinforced' (distracter C), since the passage specifically focuses
on monitoring e-mail content.
材料5
Alternative fuels such as biofuels,natural gas or electricity have been pitched as a way to
overcome Europe's dependence on oil; no less than 94% of transport uses it,of which 84.3% is
imported. Alternative fuels might also be the solution to reducing the negative impact of
transport on the environment but they are being held back by low consumer demand caused by
high prices and a lack of recharging and refuelling stations,which in turn deter consumers from
buying green cars.The Commission believes that support is needed if vehicles running on these
alternative fuels are to take of.
Therefore,it is proposing a package of binding targets on member states for a minimum level of
infrastructure for clean
fuels,arguing that infrastructure needs to be in place to give consumers the confidence to buy
non-fossil fuel powered vehicles.
第五组 16题
1.Which of the following would be the most likely outcome if the Commission's
proposal is implemented?A. oil imports will decrease signific antly
B. Alternative fuel prices will decline
C. Consumer demands will rise
答案解析：C
The passage states that alternative fuels 'are being held back by low
consumer demand caused by...a lack of recharging and refuelling stations'.
The Commission suggests that member states should be obligated to provide
a minimum level of infrastructure in order to
'give consumers the confidence to buy non-fossil fuel powered vehicles'.Thus,
if the cause for low consumer demands is removed (infrastructure is
strengthened), then the likely result is a rise in consumer demands.Distracter
A isn't the most likely consequence
because we cannot assert that oil imports will be reduced significantly.As for
distracter B, we have no information in the passage regarding the connection
between the lack of infrastructure and fuel costs.Therefore it is not a likely
outcome of infrastructure improvements.
2.Because of low consumer demand, there is a shortage of recharging and refulling
stations.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：B
The statement above is derived from the sentence:'alternative fuels.are being
held back by low consumer demand caused by high prices and a lack of
recharging and refuelling stations'.High prices and lack of refuelling also
deters people from buying more green cars, thus reducing the demand even
more.But as the passage states,demand was low to begin with.
3.What are one or more possible benefits of using alternative fuels?
A) Reduce biofuel dependency
B) Reduce transportation costs
C) Reduce negative environmental effects
D) Reduce the use of oil
A. A,D B. A,B C. C D. C,D
答案解析：D
The question deals with the benefits of using alternative fuels,described at
the beginning of the passage:(1)'Alternative fuels...have been pitched as a
way to overcome Europe's dependence on oil; no less than 94% of transport
uses it, of which 84.3% is imported'.In
addition:(2) 'alternative fuels might also be the solution to reducing the
negative impact of transport on the environment'.The first part of the
sentence deals with Europe's dependency on oil and oil imports.Accordingly,
distracter D is correct since reducing oildependency is mentioned in the sentence as a benefit of using alternative
fuels.The second part of the sentence is pretty straightforward in its
meaning- alternative fuels are
offered as a solution to the negative impact of transport on the environment.
Therefore, distracter C is correct.Distracter A isn't correct since biofuels are
alternative fuels, and the passage deals with increasing their usage.Distracter
B isn't correct because the opposite is true- alternative fuels currently cost
more than oil, providing one of the reasons for low consumer demand for them.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Reducing Europe's dependence on oil is important.
B. Altermative fuels are the best solution to reducing environmental damage caused by oil
usage.
C. Infrastructure is essential to enc ourage consumers to buy green cars.
D. Transport has a negative impact on the environment.
答案解析：C
When summarising a passage it is useful to scan it in order to study the structure of the text,
which usually contains the main point/message.The first sentence in the passage introduces us
to alternative fuels and their benefits.The passage then goes on to describe the shortcomings of
these fuels and concludes with some recommendations that will encourage the use of these
fuels. Distracters A and D offer some important facts that were detailed in the passage but are
not the main issue dealt with in the passage, as we can see from its structure.Distracters B and C
both seem to deal with central issues presented in the passage.However, upon closer
examination of distracter B it is clear that this distracter goes beyond just summarising the
passage and actually offers a piece of information that is not evident in the passage itself (by
determining that alternative fuels are "the best solution").Therefore, we are left with distracter
C, which encompasses one of the main points of the passage- the popularity of alternative fuels
is contingent upon provision of a suitable infrastructure.
The dramatic increase in the number of nursing students in tertiary education institutes
indicates a definite boost in the number of expected graduates in a couple of years,which is in
direct contrast to the shrinking trend that characterised the previous decade.The problematic
issue of job placement following graduation is expected to get worse over the following years as
job demand exceeds supply.Hospitals,the main employer for nursing graduates,will need to
become creative in the way they absorb the new recruits to ensure proper experience is gained
whilst providing opportunities for most graduates.
5.Current graduates have no difficulty finding a nursing job.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：B
According to the text: 'The problematic issue of job placement followinggraduation is expected to get worse'- meaning job appointments are expected
to be harder to come by even more so than the current market situation. In
other words, graduates today also find it difficult to get a nursing job.
6.Which statement does not follow from the passage?
A. Hospitals are creative in finding solutions for the high demand
B. Ten years ago there was a decrease in the number of nursing graduates.
C. Job placement will become harder.
答案解析：A
In order to answer this question, we must go over each statement and decide
whether it follows from the passage or not.Statement A-the passage states
that 'hospitals..will need to become creative in the way they absorb the new
recruits', yet it does not state that hospitals
are currently creative in finding solutions for the high demand.Therefore,
statement A does not follow from the passage and is the correct answer.
Statement B-the passage states that the current boost in the number of
expected graduates is in direct contrast to the shrinking trend that
characterised the previous decade.Thus,we can conclude that a decade ago
there was a decrease in the number of nursing students and so the statement
follows from the passage.
Statement C- the passage states that over the next few years the problematic
issue of job placement following graduation is expected to get worse.The
number of graduates will increase while the
number of job openings will not.This means that statement C is correct - job
placement will become harder.
7.Which of the following statements is considered to be 'the problematic issue'
mentioned in the passage?
A. Too many nursing students
B. Too few nursing students in the past
C. Lack of job opportunities
D. Insufficient hospital rec ruits
答案解析：C
'The problematic issue' mentioned in the text is that of job placement
following graduation', which is expected to get worse as there are too many
nursing students and not enough work opportunities.
(A) cannot be correct as it is not clear that there are too many students for the
available positions - there could be too many for the population, for example.
(B) is not accurate since the text doesn't say there weren't enough students in
the past.(D)does not describe the actual problem, which is that there will be
too many nursing graduates and too few jobs in hospitals.That leaves us with
the correct answer,(c).
8.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point ofthe passage?
A. Job placement for nurses is expected to be problematic.
B. A dramatic rise in numbers of nursing students has been observed.
C. There is a contradictory trend in nursing schools today.
D. Hospitals will need to absorb new recruits creatively.
答案解析：A
The passage focuses on a future, emerging trend: In the next two years there
will be a greater amount of nursing school graduates looking for jobs; this will
create a problem due to the lack of job opportunities for nurses.The only
distracter targeting this trend is distracter A which is the correct answer.
Distracters B,C and D all describe different
aspects of this emerging trend but fail to describe the trend itself.
WATSON, an IBM supercomputer, spectacularly beat its human rivals in a 2011edition of
“jeopardyl" an American quiz show; and WATSON has gotten even smarter since.WATSON's
components have shrunk from room-size to briefcase-size and its processing speed has more
than tripled.The sleeker, faster Watson is now being put to commercial use with its first
application to suggest treatments in cancer clinics.Many people fear that Watson exemplifies a
trend toward the displacement of human workers by machines.
"Machines are starting to take over routine tasks like repeated number-crunching or the welding
of car parts.
Displaced human workers are then reassigned to do more improvisational or intuitive work.At
airline check-in counters, say, computers are displacing employees from mundane tasks like
printing boarding passes.That makes it easier for humans to respond to unexpected problems
like cancelled flights.Nonetheless, research claims that just because a skilled job can be
automated does not mean it will be.The relative cost of different types of workers matters for
firms as they choose how to deploy new technologies."
David Autor (MIT)
9.In which vocation are you less likely to find a machine replacing a human worker?
A. Medicine B. Accounting C. Retail D. Metal industry
答案解析：C
Machines replacing humans in different vocations is a notion presented in both passages.The
first passage mentions that WATSON has been put into use in cancer clinics.This piece of
information eliminates distracter A.Autor mentions at the beginning of the second passage that,
"Machines are starting to take over routine tasks like repeated number-crunching or the welding
of car parts." Number crunching is associated with accounting, eliminating distracter B, while
welding of car parts is associated with the metal industry, eliminating distracter D.Therefore, the
correct answer is distracter C- retail is not mentioned in either of the passages.
10.Which one of the following would best replace 'mundane" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. predictable B. temporal C. dull D. simple答案解析：C
The meaning of "mundane" is"lacking interest or excitement," or"dull." It is
possible to eliminate some of the possible answers by understanding the
meaning of the word from its context.Autor mentions that"machines are
starting to take over routine tasks,"
allowing human workers to be reassigned to do"more improvisational or
intuitive work.' By comparing the type of work machines are assigned to do
with the work humans are given we can deduce that the type of tasks
machines do is neither intuitive nor creative;rather it is either dull or predictable routine.
11.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common
ground between the paragraph and the quote?
A. Technology has made it possible for machines to replace human workers.
B. Machines can replace human workers in simple tasks
C. Human employees are at risk of losing their jobs
D. Machines have lately been put into commercial use.
答案解析：A
When looking for common ground, sometimes it helps to use the distracters as an anchor and
work through them by eliminating options.DistracterA seems like a possible answer since both
passages touch upon the subject of technological developments as the reason for the
involvement of machines in the vocational world.
Distracter B also seems like an option at first glance but further inspection reveals that the first
passage does not talk about the nature of the tasks that are being taking over by machines.
Thus, distracter B is eliminated.Distracter C is also incorrect since Autor claims the exact
opposite.
Distracter D is misleading.At first it sounds like the correct answer; however,closer inspection of
the phrasing of the sentence reveals that the distracter is incorrect;machines came into
commercial use hundreds of years ago, not lately.
Perhaps if the distracter was phrased:"Machines have lately been put to commercial use in the
vocational world," then it would have been the correct answer.Consequently, we are left with
distracter A as the correct answer.
12.Which one of the following best describes the relationship between the two
passages?
A. The first passage downplays the severity of the claim made in the second passage.
B. The second passage alleviates a concerm expressed in the first passage.
C. The first passage presents a specific case and the second passage makes a generalized
statement.
D. The second passage develops the main issue presented in the first passage
答案解析：B
The first passage presents a certain phenomenon: machines,such has WATSON, have become
smarter and are now being incorporated into the vocational world.The passage ends with a
concern:"Many people fear that Watson exemplifies a trend toward the
displacement of human workers by machines." Autors quote deals with thesubject of machines being incorporated into the vocational world,
emphasizing that humans will not necessarily be dismissed from their jobs.In other words,Autor
alleviates the concern expressed at the end of the first passage.Thus,the correct answer is B.
Settling a dispute over something you bought can often seem like a David vs. Goliath battle minus
the sling.Legal action might be just a minor inconvenience to multinationals,but small traders or
ordinary customers often find it a lengthy and costly process.Nowadays there are other
expedient options such as the alternative dispute resolution system.The purpose of this system is
to find a solution outside court by using a third party, such as a mediator, to negotiate between
consumers and traders.
During the conciliation process,both you and the supplier will be asked to give witten details of
the complaint, including any evidence, and the conciliator will give an opinion on the best
solution.Any decision is not binding and wont prevent you from taking court action. If you
disagree with the opinion offered, you can then proceed to the arbitration stage or consider
suing in court.
13.Joshua took part in a conciliation process.T his most likely means that he is-
A. At the end stage of a negotiation process
B. Pursuing charges against a supplier
C. lnvolved in a dispute with a supplier
D. Prevented from taking court action
答案解析：C
Part 2 describes a conciliation process.We may choose to create a simple diagram that illustrates
the sequence of events that occur before, during and after a conciliation process has taken
place: dispute between you and a supplier- conciliation (you provide evidence and the
conciliator offers solution)—) If you disagree then you proceed to either legal action or
arbitration.After examining the diagram, we can exclude distracter A as the correct answer-
conciliation is not necessarily
the end stage of a negotiation process.
Distracter B is also incorrect since pursuing charges against the supplier is a possible result at the
end of a conciliation process but is not part of the conciliation process itself.
Distracter D is also incorrect since Joshua is not prevented from taking court action.The correct
answer is:Joshua is involved in a dispute with a supplier.
14.Which one of the following would best replace 'expedient' while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. positive B. suitable C. time saving D. clever
答案解析：B
The meaning of the word 'expedient' is fit or suitable for the purpose'.The word appears in the
context of presenting alternative dispute resolutions as an expedient substitute for legal action,
despite its disadvantages.The most fitting meaning in this context is 'suitable'.
15.Why is it probably advisable to use a third party when setling a dispute?A. The decision is not binding.
B. The process is shorter than a legal process.
C. You can stop the process whenever you like.
D. A third party is more lenient towards the customer.
答案解析：B
Using a third party to settle a dispute is mentioned in the passage as a form of 'alternative
dispute resolution'.This system is offered as an alternative because legal action is described as
lengthy and costly.Therefore, we can deduce from the text that the process of alternative
dispute resolution is shorter than the legal process(distracter B).
Distracters A and C are incorrect since they apply to the conciliation process and we have
insufficient information to deduce their true value for other stages of the process.
Distracter D is not mentioned in the text and therefore is also excluded.
16.Which one of the following best describes the relationship between the two
passages?
A. The first paragraph describes a problem and the second paragraph describes a possible
solution.
B. The second paragraph describes a problem and the first paragraph describes a possible
solution.
C. The first paragraph describes a system and the second paragraph describes one of its stages
D. The second paragraph describes a system and the first paragraph describes one of its stages.
答案解析：C
Part two describes a conciliation process and from the passage we come to understand that it is
part of a more general process of settling a dispute.This information alone excludes distracters B
and D since part 2 doesn't describe a problem or a system.We can now focus on distracter A and
C and the way in which they relate to the first paragraph.
Distracter A claims that the first paragraph describes a problem while distracter C states that the
first paragraph describes a system. A brief look at part 1 tells us that it does, in fact, describe a
system:'Nowadays there are other options such as the alternative dispute resolution system.The
purpose of this system is to find a solution outside court by using a third party, such as a
mediator, to negotiate between consumers and traders'.Thus,the correct answer is c.
材料6
Admired university lecturers that benefit from a good reputation amongst students tend to
concentrate on core subjects and have a carefully planned and an inflexible developmental
trajectory while their teaching methods and class requirements continuously adapt to
contemporary themes.Distinguished lecturers differentiate between invulnerable resources and
ephemeral themes.They blend topical substances into their long established course material but
will never eliminate a focal topic due to low current relevance. Having both the experience to
concentrate on the essence and the motivation to stimulate students is what make these
lecturers successful.
第六组 15题
1.The main reason"sharing economy" is becoming more popular is reduced costs.A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：B
This is a tricky question that requires meticulous examination of the statement presented in the
question.The statement involves the words"main reason" serving as a clue that perhaps there is
more than one reason offered in the passage as to why "sharing economy" is on the rise.In this
question we are asked whether or not reduced costs are the main reason.Although the passage
does mention this development as contributing to the popularity of"sharing economy," the main
reason is presented later in the text:"Technology has reduced transaction costs, making sharing
assets cheaper and easier than ever,and therefore possible on a much larger scale.The big
change is the availability of more data about people.." It is possible to decipher from these two
sentences that although reduced costs have contributed to the rise of"sharing economy," the
availability of data about people is the main development that has contributed to its
popularity.Thus, the correct answer is B.
2.Which one of the following probably contributed the most to the rise of sharing
economy"?
A. Information security B. Availability of information
C. Reduced transaction fees D. Internet speed
答案解析：B
This is a tricky question that requires us to examine the question meticulously.
The question asks what"probably contributed the most," serving as a clue that perhaps there is
more than one contributing factor; however, we are instructed to choose the one that
contributes the most.The passage mentions two of the options suggested above: reduced
transaction fees and availability of information.Reduced fees is mentioned in the context of
technological developments that made"sharing economy" possible on a larger scale,
whereas"availability of more data about people"is regarded in the passage as the"big change"
contributing to its popularity.Hence,the correct answer is B.
3.Which one of the following would best replace"disaggregated" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. accumulated B. collected C. disassembled D. devalued
答案解析：C
The meaning of the word"disaggregated" is to separate into component parts,
or to disassemble (distracter C).In the context of the passage the word serves
to explain the essence of"sharing economy" - disassembling physical assets
and consuming them as services.
4.What is not necessarily a feature of a good lecturer?
A. concentration B. motivation C. adaptation
答案解析：A
Although all the distracters appear in the text, it is important to examine the
context in which they appear in order to select the correct answer: Distracter A:'experience to concentrate on the essence'-concentration appears in this
context in a narrow sense (concentrating on the essence), which is different
from the wider sense of having 'complete attention'. It is an associative
distracter and therefore the correct answer
(meaning it is NOT a feature of a good lecturer).Distracter B:'motivation to
stimulate students'- motivation appears in this context in its broad meaning of
desire to do something', 'interest' or 'drive', and therefore it is a feature of a
good lecturer.
Distracter C: ...their teaching methods and class requirements continuously
adapt to contemporary themes'- a good lecturer needs the ability to adapt in
order to incorporate current themes in pre-planned course materials and so
adaptation is a feature of a good lecturer.
Companies wishing to increase their growth rate occasionally employed the method of
franchising,which provides a new owner with a permit to use their business identity and in
return they purchase products exclusively from the company.However, today most companies
aim to minimise use of this method and often prefer expansion of the companies' own
branches.Companies that have previously used franchising have learnt the necessity of
monitoring the business operation of the franchised branch. Inadequate attention to the
monitoring of franchisees on the part of the companies was typically the cause of sundry
problems.
Difficulties arose from franchisees and companies disagreeing on business policies such as
customer care,service delivery efficiency and quality of human interaction.
5.Companies are now more aware of the need to monitor franchisees.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：A
The passage describes a shift from using franchising as a method of
company growth to preferring the expansion of the companies' own branches.
The reason given for this change in preference is: 'companies who have
previously used franchising have learnt the necessity of monitoring the
business operation of the franchised branch'.Namely, companies are now
more aware of the need to monitor franchisees.
6.Which one statement flows from the passage?
A. The problem with franchising is lack of monitoring.
B. In the past,companies used only tanching as a method of exansion.
C. Companies today geraly avid rncnin.n
答案解析：C
In order to answer this question,we must go over each statement and decide
whether it follows from the passage or not.Statement A- according to the
passage,the problem with franchising was 'Inadequate attention to themonitoring',not necessarily lack of it.
Therefore,statement A is incorrect.Statement B- the passage states that
'companies wishing to increase their growth rate occasionally employed the
method of franchising', so we cannot conclude that franchising was the only
expansion method used in the past.Statement C- according to the passage,
companies in the past used franchising;
'However, today most companies aim to minimise use of this method'. In other
words, companies today generally avoid franchising. Statement C is correct.
7.Which one of the following rflects a problem related to lack of monitoring?
A. Deterioration in the quality of poducts
B. Poor customer semice
C. supply exceeding demand
D. Lack of delivery services
答案解析：B
Problems related to lack of monitoring are elaborated at the end of the passage:
'Difficulties arose from franchisees and companies disagreeing on business policies such as
customer care,service delivery efficiency and quality of human interaction'.
Three problems areas are described in this sentence concerning disagreement over business
policies: (1) customer service (2)service delivery efficiency (3) quality of human interaction.Two
distracters correspond to one of these three problem areas- distracter B and D;however,
distracter D describes a lack of delivery services whereas the passage only states a problem with
delivery efficiency and so distracter D is eliminated.
8.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Companies today aim to minimize the use of tanchising
B. Franchising has many problems.
C. Franchising is no longer considered a method of expansion.
D. Disagrement On plis is the dwfll of franchising
答案解析：A
When summarising a passage, it is important to identify all the main aspects in order to choose
the best summary of the text.We can do that by summarising the text in points (this seems like a
time-consuming task at first,but with practice you may find it to be an efficient way of dealing
with questions of this sort):(1)In the past, companies used franchising but now they are
minimising the use of it(trend).(2)The reason for this trend (abandoning the use of franchising) is
lack of monitoring.Now let us examine the distracters: Distracter B is too general,failing to
provide a good summary of the main points of the passage. Distracter Cis not true- franchising is
still considered a method of expansion; however,companies prefer to minimize its use.
Distracter D describes the reason franchising is no longer a popular method of expansion but
fails to acknowledge another important aspect presented in the text (the ongoing trend today).
Distracter A only describes the ongoing trend,neglecting to mention the reason for it.So,
between distracters D and A, both targeting one but not both points emphasized in the text,
which one provides a better summary?Although both points are important, one is slightly more relevant than the other and since no
other option is available, we have to decide which point is of more significance in the text.Since
the text introduces a trend and only then goes on to explain the reasons underlying it,
the more important point is the emerging trend itself.Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Major websites have developed a new-and legal-technique to track users’ online activities,known
as a 'supercookie', a powerful device capable of re-creating user profiles even after people
delete the regular cookies and which is impossible for computer users to detect.While many
companies have been criticized for selling private data online, some sites that use supercookies
said supercookie tracking was inadvertent and they would cease using it. Some websites，which
were notified that they had been using supercookies,announced Wednesday they would
immediately investigate the technique.Knowing Web-browsing history can provide advertisers
with information about people's interests, locations and finances,Parliament has debated ways
to protect consumer privacy.
9.There are certain privacy laws that protect online activities of users.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：C
The answer is Cannot say.
We know that supercookies are legal, and we also know that Parliament has
debated ways to protect consumer privacy.However, we cannot infer that
there are any specific rules that restrict the use of information tracking
technologies, nor rules that protect online user activities.
10.Why are supercookies' supposedly so widespread?
A. They are hard to detect.
B. They are a powerful device.
C. They provide useful information.
D. They provide private information.
答案解析：A
Although not explicitly mentioned in the text, we are asked to use information given in it in order
to supply a solid reason for the widespread use of 'supercookies'.All distracters present a feature
of 'supercookies': distracters C and D explain why 'supercookies' are being used at all (the
passage describes them as a 'technique to track users' online activities').Distracter B presents
another prominent feature of 'supercookies', yet it does not offer an explanation as to why
'supercookies' are so widespread.Distracter A, however,offers a sound explanation -
'supercookies' are widespread because they are hard to detect.Moreover, the passage states
that 'some sites that use supercookies said supercookie tracking was inadvertent', meaning that
some sites use 'supercookies' without even knowing it, contributing to their extensive use.
11.Which one of the following would best replace 'inadvertent' while maintaining
the meaning of the passage?A. misguided B. deliberate C. random D. unintentional
答案解析：D
The meaning of the word inadvertent' is 'unintentional'.A hint to the meaning of this word can
be found in its context: 'While many companies have been criticized for selling private data
online, some sites that use supercookies said supercookie tracking was inadvertent and they
would cease using it'.This is a contrast sentence- some companies did x while other did not. In
other words,although some companies have knowingly utilized supercookies to make a profit(by
selling private information), other companies did not use supercookies deliberately.
Therefore, the correct answer is D.
12.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. The use of 'supercookies' is a violation of privacy.
B. 'Supercookies' recreate user profiles and are impossible to detect
C. 'Supercookies' have been targeted by the Parliament.
D. 'Supercookies' have been criticised for providing private data
答案解析：D
The main message of the text can be summarised in points:(1)There is a new legal technique to
track online activity (called supercookies).(2)Companies have been criticised for using it.
(3)Parliament is trying to prevent violation of customer privacy.
Examining the distracters we can detect that distracters A and C focus on one aspect described in
the text(3), yet neglect to incorporate further important aspects.Distracter B describes how
supercookies operate, targeting an insignificant aspect in the passage.Distracter D incorporates
all 3 main points:(1) there is a new technique called supercookies (2) it has been criticised (3) it
violates costumer privacy by providing private data.
Online video watching
Online video is one of the most growing segments of the Internet. It accounts for 64% of all
Internet traffic,and that percentage is expected to grow to 80% in the next 3 years.This growth
rate even approaches that of mobile traffic.People watch videos online more and more，and the
content they watch is becoming increasingly diverse. It includes marketing content, personal
content, commercial TV and more.Users watch videos over all available platforms
-websites,social and even dedicated apps on their mobile devices.The quality is also improving-
HD traffic Is already 60% of all video traffic, and Is likely to increase even more.
Online video marketing
The increase in video traffic presents a great marketing opportunity.With more and more users
watching videos online, the marketing content can be delivered in different ways and include
additional data and better engagement，An engaging campaign can reach over a hundred million
different viewers,and a very high percentage of users will have watched the entire video and
shared it with others ，creating high reach and spreading positive attitude towards your
brand.Bear in mind that production costs have also decreased,making videos more accessible to
any business.13.What is the online video marketing writer' S attitude towards online video marketing?
A. It should be used more
B. It is beneficial to marketing
C. It adds little value to marketing
D. There is room for it to improve
答案解析：B
This question is asking you to infer the writer's attitude.How does the writer of
the second paragraph feel about online video watching?
The answer here is answer choice (B)- the paragraph lists several advantages
of online video, therefore the writer believes it is good for marketing.
Answer choice(A) is not correct.Although there are many advantages to
using online video, it is not mentioned that it should be used more.Answer
choices(C) and(D) are negative in attitude - and reading the paragraph, the
writer's attitude is positive.
14.Which of the below options best summarises the Online Video Watching paragraph?
A. More people are watching online video but are less engaged
B. Online video can be used for marketing purposes with great success
C. People are watching more video online, in more platforms and better quality
D. More people will watch online video in the future
答案解析：C
This question asks about a summary of the text.Note the key points of the passage when
reading, and see which answer choice includes them all:
Answer choice(A) cannot be the correct answer as it only lists one key point, and its second half
is also not true as we are told this is an engaging method.
Answer choice(B)-We are told in the paragraph that the videos reach many people but whether
they are in fact successful is not specified.Answer choice
(C)-The first part of the paragraph details the increase in viewers watching online videos using a
variety of platforms and at the end we are also told that the quality of these videos is increasing.
Therefore, this option summarises the first paragraph well and is the correct answer.
Answer choice (D) is true according to the first paragraph but it does not provide a good
summary - it only mentions one aspect presented in it.
15.Which one of the statements is most accurate, according to the Online Video
Watching paragraph?
A. Growth rate of video watching rivals that of mobile data
B. Decrease in production costs makes video reachable for smaller businesses
C. Online video will account for more than half of Internet trafic soon
D. Online video is not good quality video
答案解析：A
For this question, we will need to find which answer choice is mentioned in the text.
Answer choice (A) is true according to the 3rd sentence in the first paragraph:
"This growth rate even approaches that of mobile traffic." Answer choice (B) is not true
according to the last sentence of the passage, which states the reduction in costs makes videosmore accessible to businesses without specifying their size.Answer choice(C)is not true as
according to the first paragraph online video already exceeds half the traffic!Answer choice (D) is
also not correct- in the first paragraph we are told that videos can be in HD quality.
材料7
Science reporters today work within an evolving science media ecosystem that is more pluralistic,
participatory and social. It is mostly an online environment that has challenged the historically
dominant and exceptional role of science reporters as privileged conveyers of specialist
information to general audiences.Compared to a decade ago, this occupational group,driven by
economic imperatives and technological changes,is performing a wider plurality of roles,including
those of curator,.convener,and public,intellectual and civic educator, in addition to more
traditional journalistic roles. Online science journalists have a more collaborative relationship
with their audiences and sources and are generally adopting a more critical and interpretative
stance towards the scientific community, industry,and policy-oriented organizations.
第七组 16题
1.Today's consumer of science-related news tends to take a more active stance
than in the past.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：A
The gist of the passage is that the roles of both science reporters and consumers have changed
since news has gone online.While the passage describes the new reality from the perspective of
the science reporter, words like 'participatory , 'social' and 'collaborative' are two-way, so if one
person is being more collaborative, the other person has to be more engaged in the matter as
well.The word "more" suggests that this is true to a larger extent today than it was in the
past.Therefore, today's consumer is more active.
2.Which one of the following sentences corresponds with the emerging trend in
the journalistic world described in the last sentence?
The answer options are examples of journalistic quotes about gold.
explanation
A. 'An ounce of gold costs $1031.51'
B. 'Gold is a dense,soft and overly-priced metal'
C. 'Gold has traditionally been Considered attractive'
D. 'Today,gold mining output is declining'
答案解析：B
The passage elaborates on a new emerging trend in the journalistic world,
namely that: 'Online science journalists (today)... are generally adopting a
more critical and interpretative stance towards the scientific community'.
Distracter B is the only distracter that offers a subjective critical statement
regarding gold by stating that it is'overly- priced'.Other distracters merely offer
an objective description of different aspects of gold.3.The job of a 'curator' is most commonly related to:
A. Museums B. Politics C. Schools D. The police
答案解析：A
The meaning of 'curator' is a 'caretaker of collection' or 'conservator',
commonly used in the context of museums.
4.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. Reporters today are more critical.
B. Technology has contributed to a more pluralistic environment.
C. Online media has changed traditional journalistic roles.
D. There is a reciprocal relationship between journalistic and their audience.
答案解析：C
The passage describes a development in the journalistic world.Sometimes an examination of the
structure of the passage allows us to identify the main points more easily.First,the passage
presents the trend:'Science reporters today work within an evolving science media
ecosystem'.Then it goes on to describe the reason for this new development: 'It is mostly an
online environment that has challenged the historically dominant and exceptional role of science
reporters', concluding with a characteristic of this new development:'Compared to a decade ago,
this occupational group...is performing a wider plurality of roles..!'. So, the passage focuses on a
new trend in the journalistic world and provides a reason for its emergence.Distracters A and D
focus only on the change itself,without providing the reason for it, while distracters B and C
focus both on the trend and the reason underlying it.However,between these two distracters,
distracter B is more general, mentioning 'technology' as the reason and 'pluralistic environment'
as the consequence, while distracter C remains more faithful to the text,stating online media' as
the reason and 'change in traditional journalist roles' as the consequence.
A growing body of research suggests that the regular,high-level use of more than one
language may actually improve early brain development. According to several different
studies, command of two or more languages aggrandizes the ability to focus in the face
of distraction, decide between competing alternatives,and disregard irrelevant
information.These essential skills are grouped together, known in brain terms as
'executive function' and research suggests they develop ahead of time in bilingual
children.While no one has yet identified the exact mechanism by which bilingualism
boosts brain development,the advantage likely stems from the bilingual's need to
continually select the right language for a given situation.
5.The research suggests that 'executive function' increases with the number of languages
mastered.
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：CThe passage mentions differences expected in 'executive functions' of the
brain between children who have command of a single language and children
who have mastered more than one.However, it is not clear that such a
distinction is also present between children who have command of two
languages and children who have command of more than two languages.
6.Which of the following is most accurate based on the passage?
A. Language contibutes to brain development.
B. Bilinguals have difficulties selecting the right language.
C. "Executive functions' develop earier in blingual children.
答案解析：C
In order to answer this question, we must go over each statement and decide whether(1) it
follows from the passage (2) it is accurate.Statement A- the passage does link improvement in
brain development and the acquisition of language,so the statement does follow from the
passage.However, the passage more specifically links improvement in 'executive functions' with
command of two or more languages.
Consequently,statement A might not necessarily be the most accurate answer and it is advisable
to go over the remaining distracters before making a decision.Statement B- does not follow from
the passage,as the passage states that bilinguals 'need to continually select the right language'
however it doesn't state that they have difficulties doing so.
Statement C-does follow from the passage and is more accurate than statement A, therefore it is
the correct answer.
7.What is not an example of an 'executive function ?
A. Lydia calculated the expected yearly revenue of her store with ease.
B. Marvin can easily summarize a complex text.
C. Alan weighed his different options before choosing to study Agriculture.
D. Despite the fire alam going off in the midst of taking her test,Maria got an A.
答案解析：A
‘Executive functions', as presented in the passage are: the ability to focus in the face of
distraction, decide between competing alternatives, and disregard irrelevant information.
After identifying the 'executive functions', we are left to translate the distracters into the
corresponding abilities:The ability to summarize a complex text(distracter B) is a practical
translation of the ability to disregard irrelevant information.The ability to weigh in different
options before making a decision (distracter C) corresponds with the ability to decide between
competing alternatives.The ability to continue concentrating during an exam despite background
noise accords with the ability to focus in the face of distraction.Distracter A does not correspond
with any of the three 'executive functions' mentioned in the text and is therefore the correct
answer.
8.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of the
passage?
A. It is rec ommended to know more than one language.
B. Bilingualism has signific ant advantages.C. Alan weighed his different options before choosing to study Agriculture.
D. Bilingualism enhances 'executive functions'.
答案解析：D
The passage introduces two main themes: bilingualism and 'executive
functions', emphasizing how the two are connected.The only distracter that
offers an insight into this connection is D.All three remaining distracters
focus either on bilingualism or 'executive functions', failing to acknowledge the
essence of the passage.
For the past six months, the National Union of Teachers(NUT) has been engaged in action short of
striking in protest over workloads，working hours,pay and pensions.They have refused to
supervise children in the playground or attend some meetings after school.Teachers have
recently called for the time they spend teaching pupils to be capped at 20 hours a week, a
drastic reduction in teachers' hours.In the annual NUT conference,teachers have claimed that in
the past year, the number of hours they work has risen dramatically as a result of pressure from
the government and the school inspectorate.
'Teachers undermine the respect of the general public by behaving as an old-fashioned trade
union and making unrealistic demands. Clearly, teaching depends on good preparation and
arduous marking of pupils' work and there needs to be an allowance of time for that, but to
attempt to limit the number of teaching hours when there is a great strain on finances is a
ridiculous request".
Spokesman for the Centre for Education and Employment Research(CEER)
9.According to the NUT-
A. Teachers undermine the respect of the general public.
B. Teachers have been engaged in action just short of striking.
C. In the past year, the number of work hours has risen dramatic ally.
D. Teachers should refuse to supervise children in the playground
答案解析：C
The question deals with the NUT's stand regarding the issue described in the passage.In other
words,the question presents the teachers' stand,at the end of the first passage: 'In the annual
NUT conference teachers have claimed that in the past year,the number of hours they work has
risen dramatically...
Therefore, the correct answer is C.Distracter A isn't correct since it presents the opinion
displayed in the second passage by CEER spokesman. Distracter B isn't correct since it describes
objectively the teachers' actions, thus not providing a stand.Distracter D is a combination of an
action that took place by the teachers (refusing to supervise children in the playground) and a
recommendation that is not mentioned in the text ('should').
10.Which one of the following would best replace 'arduous' while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. brutal
B. indifferentC. gruelling
D. comprehensive
答案解析：C
The meaning of the word 'arduous' is 'requiring great exertion','laborious',difficult'.
Utilizing the context in which the word appears: Clearly, teaching depends on good preparation
and arduous marking of pupils' work and there needs to be an allowance of time for that', one
can notice that distracters A and B do not fit the meaning of the sentence, leaving us to
deliberate between two instead of four distracters.
11.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the common ground
between both quotes?
A. Teaching depends on good preparation.
B. Teachers are attempting to limit the number of teaching hours
C. Teachers are pressured by the government to work more hours.
D. Teachers are protesting over workloads
答案解析：B
When looking for common ground, one should keep in mind that it is not enough to find a
sentence that is true for one paragraph/passage but untrue for the other, or that is true for one
passage but not mentioned in the other(although it might be inferred). In neither case would the
sentence describe the common ground between the passages.Our task is to find a sentence that
represents an idea existing in both passages.Distracter A, for example, is true in respect to the
CEER spokesman,but the notion is not mentioned in the first paragraph, although it can perhaps
be inferred from it.Distracters C and D are both mentioned in the first paragraph but not in the
quotation of the CEER spokesman.Distracter B is the correct answer since the idea that
'Teachers are attempting to limit the number of teaching hours' appears both in the first
passage:'Teachers have recently called for the time they spend teaching pupils to be capped at
20 hours a week', as well as in the second passage: 'but to attempt to limit the number of
teaching hours...is a ridiculous request' .
12.Which one of the following most accurately describes the atitude expressed by the
CEER spokesman toward the teachers' demands?
A. Ambivalence B. Misunderstanding C. Scepticism D. Contempt
答案解析：D
The CEER spokesman uses quite a few negative adjectives and descriptions when referring to the
teachers' demands:'Teachers undermine the respect of the general public by behaving as an old-
fashioned trade union and making unrealistic demand...to attempt to limit the number of
teaching hours when there is a great strain on finances is a ridiculous request'. It can be inferred
from the spokesman's words that his attitude towards the teachers' demands is neither
ambivalent nor sceptical; nor does it lack understanding. It is downright negative; therefore the
correct answer is contempt'.
To deliver secure supplies of high-quality food while protecting the environment better, the new
EU farm policy must make "greening"measures mandatory but flexible and help farmers to cope
with market volatility.Members of the European Parliament(MEPs) agree that 30% of national budgets for direct
payments should be made conditional upon compliance with mandatory greening measures, but
stress that these measures must be made more flexible and should be brought in gradually.The
three key measures - crop diversification,maintaining permanent pasture and grassland and
creating "ecologically-focused areas", would remain but with certain exceptions,e.g. to reflect
the size of the farm.
13.A farmer with a small piece of land will not be required to comply with the greening
measures
A. True on the basis of the passage
B. False on the basis of the passage
C. Not possible to say if the statement is true or false on the basis of the passage
答案解析：C
Although this statement seems like a plausible exception to the mandatory
greening measures, we don't really have enough information to conclude that
this statement is true/false.All the passage states is that: "The three key
measures... would remain but with certain exceptions,e.g. to reflect the size
of the farm." We know that probably small, less profitable farms will enjoy
some flexibility in the implementation of the three mandatory greening
measures, but we don't know what the exact meaning of "certain exceptions" is.
14.Which one of the following would meet one of the mandatory greening measures?
A. Create a new species of cucumbers
B. Close 10% of active farms
C. Enclose tracts of farmland for grazing
D. Allocate 10% of farm products to export
答案解析：C
This question requires that we focus on the three greening measures mentioned in the passage
and try to understand how each measure would be implemented in practice.The three greening
measures presented in the text are:(1) crop diversification-from the word "diversity" we can
deduce that this measure is aimed at creating a greater variety of farm products.In other words,
farms should produce a range of products(not only tomatoes, but cucumbers too).
(2)Maintaining permanent pasture and grassland - this measure is aimed at preserving the
natural pasture of farmland,probably by encouraging farmers to monitor the amount of pasture
on their land and making sure it isn't consumed completely.(3)Creating"ecologically-focused
areas"- this measure probably obligates farmers to keep a certain part of their land free of
exploitation,allowing the land to regenerate.Distracter C seems to go well with the second
greening measure as it offers a practical method of preserving the natural pasture by enclosing
farm areas for grazing,leaving other areas in a natural state.Distracters B and D are not related to
the three mandatory greening measures mentioned in the text, while distracter A relates in a
way to the first greening measure; however,it is not an accurate translation of that measure.
15.Which one of the following provides the best summary of the main point of thepassage?
A. Direct payments should be Contingent upon farmers' compliance with mandatory greening
measures.
B. Greening measures are mandatory yet flexible.
C. MEPs agree that protection of the environment is a key to high quality food.
D. MEPs agree that there should be certain exceptions to the implementation of greening
measures.
答案解析：A
The first sentence in the passage introduces us to the main focus of the text:
EU farm policy must make "greening" measures (1) mandatory(2) flexible.
The passage then goes on to elaborate on how the MEPS are planning to carry out this new
policy.They agree that(1) direct payments should be contingent upon compliance with greening
measures;
(2) greening measures should include certain exceptions in order to
accommodate smaller farms.Seemingly, distracter B is the correct answer.
However, notice the wording of the sentence:"greening measures ar."The passage does not
focus on presenting the idea of greening measures,but of what the policy should be regarding
implementing greening measures.Therefore, we are left with distracters A and D.Since distracter
A focuses on a slightly more central issue in the passage (which is elaborated on more in the
text), it is the correct answer.
16.Which one of the following would best replace"volatility" while maintaining the
meaning of the passage?
A. immobility B. arbitrariness C. hazardousness D. instability
答案解析：D
The word"volatility" is usually used in the economic world.Mainly,'volatility" refers to the
amount of uncertainty or risk about the size of changes in a security's value.A higher volatility
means that a security's value can potentially be spread out over a larger range of values.This
means that the price of the security can change dramatically over a short period in either
direction.In other words, "volatility" means instability (of the prices of farm products).
