专题03阅读理解之推理判断题（讲义）（原卷版）_3.2025英语总复习_2024年新高考资料_2.2024二轮复习_2024年高考英语二轮复习讲练测（新教材新高考）_第二部分阅读

专题 03 阅读理解之推理判断题(讲义) 目 录 考点 阅读理解之推理判断题 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1页 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4页 【真题研析·规律探寻】-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 页 考向1 考查引申推断-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 页 考向2 考查目的和意图--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 页 考向3 考查文章出处-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 页 考向4 考查写作态度-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 页 考向5 考查预测文章走势-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 页 考向6 考查写作手法-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 页 考向7 考查描述人物或事件特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 页 考向8 考查读者对象----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 页 考向 9 考查文章结构-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 页 【核心提炼·考向探究】---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 页 1．命题规律-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 页 2．常用解题方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 页 【题型特训·命题预测】------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 页 预测考向1 考查引申推断--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 页 预测考向2 考查写作目的和意图----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 页 预测考向3 考查对事件和人物的描述----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 页 预测考向4 考查写作方法--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 页 预测考向5 考查文章出处--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 页 预测考向6 考查作者写作态度--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22 页考点 阅读理解之推理判断题 考情分析：分析2021-2023年新高考阅读理解推理判断题考向分布。 （1）引申推断 考点 推理判断之引申推断 题型 试卷类型 设问 考点 [2023·新高考全国Ⅰ ( )24.What can we learn about John from the first two 引申推断 卷]B paragraphs? 2 [2023·新高考全国Ⅱ ( )34.What can we learn from the example given in 引申推断 0 卷]D Paragraph 5? 2 [2023年1月·浙江卷]B 26．What can we infer about the author? 引申推断 3 [2023·全国甲卷]D ( )35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? 引申推断 [2023·全国乙卷]B ( )26.What can we infer from the author’s trip with 引申推断 friends to Devil’s Lake? 阅读理解 2 2022·新高考I卷 阅读A23.3. What will happen if you submit an essay 引申推断 0 one week after the due date? 2 C篇31. What can we learn about the project from the 2 last two paragraphs? 2 2021·全国新高考I卷 C篇30．What is a direct result of the Act passed in 引申推断 1 1934? 2021·全国新高考II卷 D篇34．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to 引申推断 watch cattle? （2）文章出处 考点 推理判断之文章出处题型 2023 试卷类型 设问 考点 阅读理解 [2023·全国乙卷]D 35.Which of the following books is the text most 文章出处 likely selected from? [2023·新高考全国Ⅱ 28.Where is the text most probably taken from? 文章出处 卷]C 2022 2022·新高考I卷 阅读A21. Where is this text probably taken from? 文章出处 2022·全国高考乙卷 阅读B27. What is the text? 文章出处 2021 2021·英语全国甲卷 A篇23．Where can the text be found? 文章出处 [2022年1月（浙江 26．What is the text? 文章出处 卷）] （3）写作态度 考点 推理判断之写作态度 题型 2023 试卷类型 设问 考点 阅读理解 [2023·新高考全国Ⅰ 35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ 写作态度 卷]D studies? [2023 年 1 月·浙江 25．What was the attitude of the author’s father 写作态度 卷]B toward buying groceries with jars? 2021 2021·新高考I卷 阅读 D34. What is the author’s attitude to the 写作态度 popularization of emotional intelligence? 2020 2020年新课标Ⅰ卷 C篇31. Which word best describes the author’s 写作态度 attitude to race walking? （4）目的和意图 考点 推理判断之目的和意图 题型 2023 试卷类型 设问 考点 [2023 年 1 月·浙江 28．Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the 目的和意图 卷] first paragraph? C 34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in 阅读理解 paragraph 4? D [2023·新高考全国Ⅰ 26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning 目的和意图 卷] Fuzhou? B 28.What is the book aimed at? C[2023·新高考全国Ⅱ 31.What does the author want to say by mentioning 目的和意图 卷] the e-reader? C 2022 2022·新高考I卷 阅读 B24.What does the author want to show by 目的和意图 telling the arugula story? 2021·全国新高考I D篇33．Why does the author mention “doctor” and 目的和意图 “cheater” in paragraph 2? 2021·全国新高考 II D篇34．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to 目的和意图 卷 watch cattle? （5）预测文章走势 考点 预测文章走势 题型 2023 试卷类型 设问 考点 阅读理解 [2023·全国乙卷]C 31.What might the author continue talking about? 预测文章 走势 总结高考考点，探究推理判断题的命题规律。 近年来，高考阅读理解推理判断题主要考查：引申推断、目的和意图、作者态度、文章出处和文章走 势。 考点要求 考题统计 考情分析 【命题规律】 引申推断 3年15考 根据新高考三年的考情分析，推理判断题主要集中考查：引 文章出处 3年6考 申推断、目的和意图、作者态度。有时考查文章出处、文 章走势、读者对象、文章结构、写作方法等。所有这些都 是新课标中明确指出的考试形式，我们都不能忽视，切勿 目的和意图 3年12考 掉以轻心。 【命题预测】 2024年高考还会考查推理判断题，一般在试卷中考查占50% 预测文章走势 3年1考 以上的阅读理解小题的比率。以考查引申推断、目的和意 图、作者态度为主。 写作态度 3年4考考向1 考查引申推断题 1.（2023年1月•浙江卷·阅读理解B篇节选） Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire. 26．What can we infer about the author? A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others’ privacy. C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person. 2.(2023•全国甲卷·阅读理解D篇) Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. ( )35.What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C.A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.关键词句细推敲: 第一步：定位细节——根据题干提供的信息，抓住某一段话的关键信息(关键词语)。 第二步：揣摩细节——对原文中的信息进行分析，推理判断，利用逆向思维和正向推理，从而推断出这 句话所隐含的深层含义。 注意：1.切勿拿文章中的某一个细节内容作为推理的结论。2.切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。 考向2 考查目的和意图 1.（2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解B） When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge ( 污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fibreglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage(污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” ( )26.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John􀆳s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 2.（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇） Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughouthistory, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses— absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. ( )31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. 此类题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图及应用某种写作手法的目的。这类题型要求考 生不仅能理解文章的内容，还要具备对作者所阐述的问题及使用的写作手法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。 考向3 考查文章出处 1.（2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解C篇） Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses— absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. ( )28.Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C.A guidebook to a museum. D.A review of modern paintings. “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： 旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游 客来访。 广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微 型海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随 有图片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. 新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖 性、突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。 第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作 特色以及个人好恶等内容。 科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海 洋、创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 2.（2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解D篇） If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the Englishside, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. ( )35.Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from? A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World. B. A Short History of Australia. C. A History of the World in 100 Objects. D. How Art Works Tell Stories. 考向4 考查写作态度 （2023•新高考全国Ⅰ卷·阅读理解D篇） In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. ( )35.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 句中Although是重要的解题信息，它表达了一种语气，预示着作者是正能力的态度，而选项中只有 D approving是褒义词。 考向5 考查预测文章走势 （2023•全国乙卷·阅读理解C篇） What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner ofmeat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less- than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists. It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat- and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料) than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK's obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking. ( )31.What might the author continue talking about? A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes. C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters. 做这类题时，应把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系，对比关 系来叙述)，从而作出比较科学的，合情合理的猜测。和原文中表达一致的答案，一定不能选。 考向6 考查写作手法 （2012•全国卷Ⅰ·阅读理解D篇） Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn. The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly thethings that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood. The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. 68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________. A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是 议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和 “例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功 能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 考向7 考查描述人物或事件特征 （2023•新高考全国Ⅱ卷·阅读理解B） Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden programme at four low-income schools. The programme aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles. Jaramillo’s students live in neighbourhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new. Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools. Programme evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.“We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says. She adds that the programme’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.” ( )26.Which of the following best describes the impact of the programme? A. Far-reaching. B. Predictable. C. Short-lived.D. Unidentifiable. 【描写人物事物特征的形容词】 generous慷慨的；brave勇敢的；demanding要求高的; 苛求的; 费力的; 要求极严的; 难满足的； impatient不耐烦的； outgoing外向的；easy-going随和的；organized有条理的；modest谦虚的； optimistic乐观的；cautious小心，谨慎的；caring乐于助人的; 关心他人的; 体贴人的； skillful熟练的; 灵巧的; 擅长于 (at; in); 制作精巧的；responsible负责任的； determined有决心的；modest谦虚的； creative有创造力的；ambitious有雄心的；adventurous冒险的；cooperative 有合作意识的；honest诚实 的；capable adj. 有能力的,有才能的；confident adj.自信的；diligent adj.勤奋的；voluntary adj.自愿的, 主动的；energetic adj. 精力旺盛的；humorous adj.幽默的；enthusiastic adj.热情的；experienced adj.有 经验的；intelligent聪明的; 智能的; 有才智的; 悟性强的; 有智力的; grateful感激的；helpful有帮助的； talkative健谈的；athletic运动型; 体育运动的; 健壮的；patient有耐心的；innovative创新的；tolerant忍 受的；positive 积极的；committed坚信的; 尽心尽力的; 坚定的；considerate 体贴的；ashamed惭愧的; regretful后悔的；disappointed失望的；amazed吃惊的；satisfied满意的；disappointed失望的；shocked 震惊的；overjoyed过度高兴的；pleased满意的；indifferent冷漠的；sorrowful悲伤的；sympathetic同情 的；hardworking勤劳的；embarrassed尴尬的；proud自豪的； courageous勇敢的; 无畏的；independent 独立的；sensitive敏感的。 考向8 考查读者对象 （湖南、江西、安徽等地）高三联考·阅读理解A） Write a one-page report titled “The Best Book I Read This Year” and enter it in the Boys’ Life 2020 “Say Yes to Reading!” contest. The book can be fiction or nonfiction. But the report has to be in your own words — 500words tops. Enter in one of these three age categories: 8 years old and younger 9 and 10 years old 11 years old and older First-place winners in each age category will receive a $100 gift card from Amazon.com. Second-place winners will receive a $75 gift card; third-place winners, a $50 gift card.Everyone who enters will get a free patch like the one on this page. The patch is a temporary sign, so it can be worn on the right pocket of the Scout uniform shirt. Proudly display it there or on another item such as a vest, plaque or trophy! In coming years, you’ll have the opportunity to earn other patches. The contest is open to all Boys’ Life readers. Be sure to include your name, address, age and grade in school on the entry. Send your report, along with a business-size, self-addressed, stamped envelope, to: Boys’ Life Reading Contest S306 P.O. Box 152079 Irving, TX 75015-2079 Entries must be postmarked by Dec. 31, 2020 and must include entry information and a self-addressed, stamped envelope. Who are the contest intended for? A．All school students.B．Only teenagers. C．Boy’s Life readers. D．Boy students. 如何解决读者对象题？ 做此类题目通常从文章内容入手，明确所谈话题及具体内容，体会作者使用的语言适合于哪一群体，这 样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，从而得出正确判断。 考向9 考查文章结构 （北京卷·阅读理解） Wilderness “In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr.Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm. This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) : Conclusion 1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙 事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最 后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。 2、议论文总体上可以分为四类： 第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”； 第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”； 第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”； 第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。 3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是 为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。 阅读理解之推理判断题考点的必备知识： 一、命题规律： 1．命题规律：推理判断题考查考生推理和判断的能力，以及深层次的阅读理解能力。 2．考查类型：主要考查推断隐含意义、推断观点态度、推断文章出处、推断目标读者、推断人物性格等。 3．考查趋势：考题以考查引申推断为主，兼顾考查文章写作目的和意图，文章的写作方 法，作者的写作态度，文章的出处，文章的写作对象，文章结构等。 二、 常用的解题方法 1. 如何进行引申推断 根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容进行引申推断得出推断结果。引申推断的方法：1.通过分析文章 内容，推断出文章中事实的结论，得出新的判断；2.推理判断的结论不是文章中的原句，而是在文章基础上，通过逻辑推理得出的结论。 （1）思维导图 （2）引申推断的设问方式 1. What can be inferred about the ......? 2．What can be inferred about ......from the last paragraph? 3．What can we learn from ......? 4．What can we infer about ...... from the text? （3）错误选项的特点 1. 似是而非：只是对原文信息简单重述，而不是依据文章提供事实依据推断出来的结论。 2. 夸大事实：对文章的事实或证据进行夸大；有时，选项内容与原文一致无需推断。 3. 推理过度：选项往往过于绝对化或片面化(以偏概全)，有时会出现only, all等词语。 4. 掺入常识：根据考生已有常识是正确的，但不是根据文章中的证据推断出来的结论。 （4）解题技巧： 引申推断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内 在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替 作者的观点。 1．定位信息：通过寻读找到相关信息点。 2．字面理解：理解相关信息点字面意义。 3．深层理解：进而理解作者的言外之意。 2. 如何判断观点态度题 （1）思维导图（2） 观点态度题的设问方式 1.What is the author’s attitude to ......? 2. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to......? 3. The author’s attitude towards ....... may best be described as . （3）解题方法： 做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观； 反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表 达，如possible, impossible, seem, strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、 态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正 确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。 褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)； disappointed(失望的)等。 中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。 3. 如何判断写作目的和意图 （1）思维导图（2）目的意图题的设问方式 What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to _______. The writer of the story wants to tell us that________. The fact…is mentioned by the author to show________. The author writers the last paragraph in order to ________. （3）解题技巧： 写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作 者一般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题 型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。 一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者 的写作意图。 4. 如何判断文章出处题 （1）思维导图 （2）文章出处的设问方式 ①Where is this text probably taken from? ②In which section of a website can the text appear? （3）解题技巧 “推断文章出处”类试题应从文章的内容或结构入手来判断其出处： 旅游指南类文章(a travel guide)：此类文章旨在介绍某一旅游景点的自然景观和人文特色，目的是吸引游客来访。 广告英语类文章(an advertisement)：现代生活中广告无处不在，英语阅读理解也是如此。有时会考查微型 海报、通知、启示、时刻表、图表等。 课件展示类文章(a class presentation)：此类文章往往紧扣主题，口语性强、语言活泼，形式新颖，伴随有图 片、图表、文字介绍等信息。 网络网页类文章(an Internet page)：此类文章往往会提供超级链接标志，如For more information, please click here. 新闻报道类文章(a news report)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及人物、时政、教育、体育、科技等，突出新颖性、 突发性和真实性。新闻呈“倒金字塔”结构，第一段概括全文内容最重要。 研究报告类文章(a research paper)：此类文章重点介绍科技领域最新研究成果：新发现、新思想、新发明。 第一段概括介绍，然后分段陈述。文章结构严谨，语言规范，句式复杂。 图书评论类文章(a book review)：书评、影评类文章涉及到作者介绍，内容梗概、人物性格评论，写作特色 以及个人好恶等内容。 科普杂志类文章(a science magazine)：此类文章内容广泛，涉及到日常生活习惯、健康饮食、太空与海洋、 创造与发明、计算机发展、人类未来、动物世界等。其重点是普及科学知识，提高科学素养。 5. 如何判断人物和事件的特征 （1）思维导图 （2）人物和事件特征的设问方式 1．Which of the following best describes......? 2．According to the text, which words can best describe ......? 3.Which of the following best describe ...... according to Paragraph ...? 4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event? 5.What did the author think of ......? （3）解题技巧 把描述人物的性格特征的词一一列出，基本上考题不会超出这些词汇，考前把它们的意思记熟。预测每个 词需要和什么样的事迹相对应，这样在考场上就能迅速地找到答案。对这种题要迅速解决，以给其他试题提供做题时间。 6. 如何判断文章走势 （1）思维导图 （2）文章走势的设问方式 1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph? 2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph? 3．What would the author most probably discuss next? 4．Where does the article go next? 5.What would the following paragraph talk about? （3）解题技巧 对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思 路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合 情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。 【2024年高考命题预测】 根据高考考情分析2024年高考将主要考查：（1）引申推断；（2）作者态度；（3）目的和意图。兼顾 文章走势、文章出处、文章结构、写作手法等。占阅读理解的50%以上小题份额。 预测考向1 考查引申推断 1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解C节选） Speeches by important official men and women were introduced later, as more emphasis was placed upon the economic and civil significance of the holiday. Still later, by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909,the Sunday before Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to (致力于) the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. American labor has raised the nation’s standard of living and contributed to the greatest production the world has ever known and the labor movement has brought us closer to the realization of our traditional ideals of economic and political democracy. 31．Which of the following does the author agree with?A．It is known that America develops very fast. B．The original meaning of Labor Day changes C．It is worthwhile to set a day for the laborer D．The labor movement makes the life unsteady 2.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选） For the rest of our visit to Thailand we stayed at the Novotel in Rangsit. Since we were there for a long period of time we became familiar with a few of the staff. They paid attention to our needs and did their best to ensure our stay was a pleasant one. They were also happy to stop and chat with us, asking questions about our stay, what we had done that day, recommending things for us to do and sharing parts of their personal lives with us. Again, it may be said that their friendliness was part of their job but somehow, I did not feel that was the case. It felt natural, open and honest and I would like to think that they enjoyed our conversations as much as we enjoyed theirs. 25．What can we know about the author from paragraph 2? A．He tried to know more about life in Thailand. B．He wanted to show what life he lived to the staff. C．He was getting along well with the staff in the hotel. D．He liked to know more about other people’s secrets. 预测考向2 考查写作目的和意图 1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解D节选） The ocean is a huge body of saltwater that covers about 71 percent of Earth’s surface. An estimated 97 percent of the world’s water is found in the ocean. Because of this, the ocean has considerable impact on weather, temperature, and the food supply of humans and other organisms. The ocean remains a mystery. More than 80 percent of the ocean has never been mapped, explored, or even seen by humans. A far greater percentage of the surfaces of the moon and the planet Mars has been mapped and studied than of our own ocean floor. 32．Why does the author mention the moon and Mars? A．To indicate people’s determination to know space. B．To show people know quite little about the ocean. C．To remind us that we need more knowledge about space. D．To tell space exploration is more crucial than that of oceans. 2.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选） We travelled in Thailand. The staff at the hotels we stayed in went out of their way to make us feel welcome. You may say that they were just doing their jobs, but this is not how it felt to us. At the iuDia Hotel in Ayutthaya the staff went above and beyond what we would have expected. The dining room was not open in the evening and when we asked where we could get a takeaway meal the front desk girl walked us to the nearby restaurant. She explained that the hotel staff would provide us with plates and dishes once we returned. Not only did they provide what we needed, but they also put our food in servicing bowls and took care of the clean-up while we slept. We were grateful and deeply touched by their kindness and care. 24．Why does the author give the dining room as an example?A．To tell us when the usual dinner starts in Thailand. B．To explain how considerate the staff in the hotel are. C．To tell us where to eat when the dining room is closed. D．To show it is hard to get a takeaway meal in Thailand. 预测考向3 考查对事件和人物的描述 1.（2024•河北省石家庄市部分名校高三上学期三调·阅读理解B节选） We travelled in Thailand. The staff at the hotels we stayed in went out of their way to make us feel welcome. You may say that they were just doing their jobs, but this is not how it felt to us. At the iuDia Hotel in Ayutthaya the staff went above and beyond what we would have expected. The dining room was not open in the evening and when we asked where we could get a takeaway meal the front desk girl walked us to the nearby restaurant. She explained that the hotel staff would provide us with plates and dishes once we returned. Not only did they provide what we needed, but they also put our food in servicing bowls and took care of the clean-up while we slept. We were grateful and deeply touched by their kindness and care. 27．Which can best describe the author’s experience in Thailand? A．Exciting. B．Dangerous. C．Disappointing. D．Pleasant. 2.（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选） I went inside, grabbing my raincoat and heading to the barn to secure the animals. The cows were nervous, sensing the approaching storm. I quickly tied them up and ran back to the house, just as the rain started to pour down. The wind was howling and the rain was pounding against the windows. Lightning and thunder followed, making the atmosphere even more electric. I sat by the window, watching the raging storm and praying that everything would be okay. 5．How did the author feel after the storm passed? A．Angry B．Relieved C．Scared D．Sad 预测考向4 考查写作方法 1.（2024•吉林省吉林市高三上学期一模·阅读理解B节选） About half of all lifetime mental illness begins by age 14 and 75% before age 25, according to researchers. Yet access to mental health care in the U.S. is lacking. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, some 30 million adults and children with mental health conditions go without treatment, and 129 million people live in areas with shortages of mental health professionals. 25．How does the author prove the lack of mental health care in the US? A．By giving examples. B．By listing data. C．By showing comparison. D．By analyzing cause and effect. 2.（2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选） It was a typical summer day in my small town, with the sun shining and the sky clear. I was sitting on my porch, enjoying the peaceful view of the rolling hills and the calm lake, when suddenly a strong wind blew in from the west. The peaceful sky turned dark as a storm approached. I went inside, grabbing my raincoat and heading to the barn to secure the animals. The cows were nervous,sensing the approaching storm. I quickly tied them up and ran back to the house, just as the rain started to pour down. The wind was howling and the rain was pounding against the windows. Lightning and thunder followed, making the atmosphere even more electric. I sat by the window, watching the raging storm and praying that everything would be okay. After what seemed like hours, but was only a few minutes, the storm passed. The clouds moved away, revealing a bright and sunny sky. I walked outside, taking in the fresh air and surveying the damage. The trees were bent over and some branches had been blown off. Our vegetable garden was flooded, but other than that, everything seemed to be fine. I breathed a sigh of relief as I realized that no serious damage had been done. That evening, as I sat by the fireplace with a cup of hot coffee, I reflected on the experience. It reminded me that nature can be both powerful and unpredictable, but that we must persevere and adapt to whatever it throws at us. The next morning, as I watched the sun rise over the now-calm landscape, I felt a sense of pride knowing that my family and I had weathered the storm together. 6．How is the passage organized? A．Problem and solution B．Cause and effect C．in order time D．by Comparison 预测考向5 考查文章出处 （2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解A） China now has 53sites included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Let's have a look at four of them, which may give you some advice on your next travel plan. Huangshan Mountain Huangshan, known as “the loveliest mountain of China”, lies in the south of Anhui Province in eastern China. The scenic area covers 154 square kilometers, and is famous for its peaks, rocks, pines, clouds and springs. It also has a rich cultural heritage. Longmen Grottoes The Longmen Grottoes(石窟) lies in the south of Luoyang city, Henan Province. It includes the largest collection of Chinese art of the late Northern Wei and Tang dynasties, and show the achievements of Chinese stone carving(雕刻). Gulangyu Island Located on the entry of the Jiulong River, the island was occupied by at least a dozen countries, including Great Britain, France and Japan. With such a harmonious mixture of Western music and Eastern culture, Gulangyu is naturally referred to as the “island of music”. It is famous for its outstanding musicians and musical instruments. Ancient villages in southern Anhui Lying in southern Anhui, Xidi and Hongcun have a high historical and artistic value in architecture. The villages show the architectural features of the Huizhou-styled living houses in the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Xidi and Hongcun were added onto the list on November 30,2000. 3．Where does the passage most probably come from? A．A travel guidebook B．A history textbook C．A scientific fiction D．An entertainment magazine预测考向6 考查作者写作态度 （2024•江西省景德镇市高三上学期第一次质量检测·阅读理解B节选）The PAL-V Liberty is a two-seater hybrid car and gyroplane, which means it has a three-wheeled chassis and a foldable rotor on top. It can switch between driving mode and flying mode in about 10 minutes, with the help of a semi-automatic system. It has a top speed of 160 km/h on the road and 180 km/h in the air, and can fly up to 500 km on a single tank of fuel. It uses regular gasoline, and can be refueled at any gas station. The PAL-V Liberty is expected to be delivered to customers in 2023, alter obtaining the necessary certifications from aviation authorities. The company claims that the vehicle meets the existing regulations of both cars and aircrafts, and that it is safe and easy to operate. However, the PAL-V Liberty is not a cheap vehicle, nor is it accessible to everyone. It costs599,000 euros (about 4.7 million yuan) for the Pioneer Edition, which includes flight training courses, power heating and personalization options. There is also a cheaper Sport Edition, which costs 299,000 euros (about 2.3 million yuan), but it has less features and requires the buy er to pay an additional 10,000 euros(about 78,000 yuan) for flight training. 10．What's the author’s attitude towards the PAL-V Liberty? A．favorable B．skeptical C．objective D．indifference