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1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A].[B].[C].and
[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They_1 that in
the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they
insisted that its_3_ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery
for the4_of the English population.5 contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from
1650 to 1750, when England was still a6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and
prosperity.。
This view, 7, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists_8 history and economics, have9
two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty,and that industrialization
certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the
populace.
1.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted
2.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal
3.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate
4.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude
5.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By
6.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely
7.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover
8.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for
9. [A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated
10.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] marked
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers
marked [A],[B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the
questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets. (40 points)
第1页 共 13页Text 1
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is
humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the
waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several
giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.
The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful.It doesn't help that building a big,
powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert
themselves.Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey's bid
for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.
But big dams tend not to work as intended.The Aswan Dam, for example,stopped the Nile
flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of
disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe,
Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on
the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is
bidding for independence from the Czechs,and now needs a dam to prove itself.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed
Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship
for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far
from guaranteed.
Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water
can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible
without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or
scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.
第2 页 共 13 页11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that____
[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality
[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted
[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things
[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight
12.In Paragraph 5,"the powerless"probably refers to__
[A] areas short of electricity
[B] dams without power stations
[C] poor countries around India
[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
[B] They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as__
[A]"It's no use crying over spilt milk"
[B]"More haste,less speed"
[C]"Look before you leap"
[D]"He who laughs last laughs best"
第3页 共 13页Text 2
Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in
America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity
revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and
services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2since 1987.That is somewhat faster than
the average during the previous decade.And since 1991,productivity has increased by about 2 year,
which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is
due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle,and so is not conclusive evidence
of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a
"disjunction"between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the
picture reflected by the statistics.
Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that
re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy,
which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new
technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover,most of the changes that companies
make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:
switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.
Two other explanations are more speculative. First,some of the business restructuring of recent
years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less
widely than people suppose.
Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly
growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much"re-engineering"has been crude. In many cases, he
believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer,
says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out
costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He
dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- "the worst sort of
ambulance-chasing"
第4页共 13页15. According to the author,the American economic situation is_____.
[A] not as good as it seems
[B] at its turning point
[C] much better than it seems
[D] near to complete recovery
16.The official statistics on productivity growth__
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle
[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation
[C] meet the expectation of business people
[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy
17. The author raises the question"what about pain without gain?"because____
[A] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"
[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works
[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading
[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses
18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?
[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.
[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.
[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.
[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.
第5 页 共 13页Text.3
Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo'
17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harsh
remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the
humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics--
but no longer.As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "anti-science"in several
books, notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and
Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan
of Cornell University.
Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as"The Flight from
Science and Reason", held in New York City in 1995,and"Science in the Age of (Mis) information",
which assembled last June near Buffalo.
Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault
primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's
objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other
phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other
groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of
smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.
Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995,
scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean
environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US
News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.
The environmentalists,inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues
Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the
evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of
industrial growth.
Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.
"The term 'anti-science'can lump together too many, quite different things,"notes Harvard University
philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science."They have in common only
one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."
第6页共13页19.The word"schism"(Line 3,Paragraph 1)in the context probably means___
[A] confrontation
[B] dissatisfaction
[C] separation
[D] contempt
20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to __
[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power
[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists
[C] explain the way in which science develops
[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities
21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.
[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.
[C] The "more enlightened"tend to tag others as anti-science.
[D] Tagging environmentalists as"anti-science"is justifiable.
22. The author'satitude toward the issue of "science vs.anti-science"is_
[A] impartial
[B]subjective
[C]biased
[D]puzzling
第7页共13页Text:4
Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional
competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.
This development-- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead--has
enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the
nation's head counting.
Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the
third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent,
lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.
Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War I, and the
patten still prevails.
Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more
people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San
Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington D.C.,dropping out of the top 10.
Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say.
Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's
"baby boom"generation reached its child-bearing years.
Moreover,demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer
phenomenon: More and more,Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but
with fewer people, too. Some instances:
■Regionally,the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate--37.1 percent since
1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.
■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all:63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively.
Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5
million people --about 9 per square mile.
The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than
in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s,more than any other
state.
In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the
West. Often they chose--and still are choosing-- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho
and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.
As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent--little more than
two thirds the 1960s'growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.
第8 页 共 13 页23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America
in 1970s___
[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history
[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population
[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth
[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World WarII
24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that___
[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution
[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants
[C] it reveals the Americans'new pursuit of spacious living
[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's"baby boom"
25. We can see from the available statistics that_
[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US
[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West
[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration
[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population
26.The word"demographers"(Line 1,Paragraph 7) most probably means_
[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy
[B] advocates of migration between states
[C] scientists engaged in the study of population
[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of life
第9页 共 13页Text 5
Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to
geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the
boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary,many of them
lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the
movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic
trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.
That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example,are
moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The
complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of
where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents
has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be
translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both
continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is
drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring
instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that
the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears
that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across
the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer
creates a broad dome.As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the
continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of
a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots
may explain their mutability (inconstancy).
第10 页 共 13页27. The author believes that _
[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior
[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true
[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions
[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart
28.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that___
[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions
[B] they have been found to share certain geological features
[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years
[D]over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe
29. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____
[A] the structure of the African plates
[B] the revival of dead volcanoes
[C] the mobility of the continents
[D] the formation of new oceans
30. The passage is mainly about_
[A] the features of volcanic activities
[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates
[C]the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies
[D] the process of the formation of volcanoes
第 11 页 共 13页Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your
translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)
They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of
enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth.31)But even more important.it was
the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past. for what they were seeing were the
patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the
universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US
National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite --Cobe-- had
discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has
become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single
mass of energy).
32)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang. first put forward in
the 1920s. to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory,
the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic,unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew
outward in all directions,emitting radiation as it went,condensing into particles and then into atoms of
gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars,plants and
eventually, even humans.
Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much
smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies.They
shouldn't have long to wait. 33)Astrophvsicists working with ground-based detectors at the South
Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures.and may report their findings
sOOn.
34)If the small hot spots look as expected.that will be a triumph for vet another scientific idea.a
refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the
universe expanded in size by more than a rilliontrillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second,
propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35)Odd though it sounds.cosmic inflation is a scientifically
plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics. and many
astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
第12 页 共13页Section III Writing
36.Directions:
A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.
B. Youressay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)
C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:
1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.
2. Give your comments.
本母鸡承诺∶ 加此永诺
本鸡下蛋
各行各业兴承诺
不晃提克角;
2保证有餐 欢迎监督不推托
成、要清和 草本肯为分内事
等。
问孩高唱"文明索"
第 13页共13页温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
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FFeeeelliinngg tthhrreeaatteenneedd,, ccoommppaanniieess rreessppoonnddeedd bbyy wwrriittiinngg eevveerr--lloonnggeerr wwaarrnniinngg llaabbeellss,, ttrryyiinngg ttoo
aannttiicciippaattee eevveerryy ppoossssiibbllee aacccciiddeenntt.. TTooddaayy,,sstteeppllaaddddeerrss ccaarrrryy llaabbeellss sseevveerraall iinncchheess lloonngg tthhaatt wwaarrnn,,
aammoonngg ootthheerr tthhiinnggss,, tthhaatt yyoouu mmiigghhtt——ssuurrpprriissee!!——ffaallll ooffff.. TThhee llaabbeell oonn aa cchhiilldd''ss BBaattmmaann ccaappee ccaauuttiioonnss
tthhaatt tthhee ttooyy ""ddooeess nnoott eennaabbllee uusseerr ttoo ffllyy""..
WWhhiillee wwaarrnniinnggss aarree oofftteenn aapppprroopprriiaattee aanndd nneecceessssaarryy——tthhee ddaannggeerrss ooff ddrruugg iinntteerraaccttiioonnss,, ffoorr
eexxaammppllee——aanndd mmaannyy aarree rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy ssttaattee oorr ffeeddeerraall rreegguullaattiioonnss,, iitt iissnn''tt cclleeaarr tthhaatt tthheeyy aaccttuuaallllyy pprrootteecctt
tthhee mmaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss aanndd sseelllleerrss ffrroomm lliiaabbiilliittyy iiff aa ccuussttoommeerr iiss iinnjjuurreedd..AAbboouutt 5500 ppeerrcceenntt ooff tthhee ccoommppaanniieess
lloossee wwhheenn iinnjjuurreedd ccuussttoommeerrss ttaakkee tthheemm ttoo ccoouurrtt..
NNooww tthhee ttiiddee aappppeeaarrss ttoo bbee ttuurrnniinngg..AAss ppeerrssoonnaall iinnjjuurryy ccllaaiimmss ccoonnttiinnuuee aass bbeeffoorree,,ssoommee ccoouurrttss aarree
bbeeggiinnnniinngg ttoo ssiiddee wwiitthh ddeeffeennddaannttss,, eessppeecciiaallllyy iinn ccaasseess wwhheerree aa wwaarrnniinngg llaabbeell pprroobbaabbllyy wwoouullddnn''tt hhaavvee
cchhaannggeedd aannyytthhiinngg.. IInn MMaayy,, JJuulliiee NNiimmmmoonnss,, pprreessiiddeenntt ooff SScchhuutttt SSppoorrttss iinn IIlllliinnooiiss,,ssuucccceessssffuullllyy ffoouugghhtt aa
llaawwssuuiitt iinnvvoollvviinngg aa ffoooottbbaallll ppllaayyeerr wwhhoo wwaass ppaarraallyyzzeedd iinn aa ggaammee wwhhiillee wweeaarriinngg aa SScchhuutttt hheellmmeett..
""WWee''rree rreeaallllyy ssoorrrryy hhee hhaass bbeeccoommee ppaarraallyyzzeedd,, bbuutt hheellmmeettss aarreenn''tt ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo pprreevveenntt tthhoossee kkiinnddss ooff
iinnjjuurriieess,,""ssaayyss NNiimmmmoonnss.. TThhee jjuurryy aaggrreeeedd tthhaatt tthhee nnaattuurree ooff tthhee ggaammee,, nnoott tthhee hheellmmeett,, wwaass tthhee rreeaassoonn
ffoorr tthhee aatthhlleettee''ss iinnjjuurryy..AAtt tthhee ssaammee ttiimmee,,tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann LLaaww IInnssttiittuuttee——aa ggrroouupp ooff jjuuddggeess,,llaawwyyeerrss,, aanndd
aaccaaddeemmiiccss wwhhoossee rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss ccaarrrryy ssuubbssttaannttiiaall wweeiigghhtt——iissssuueedd nneeww gguuiiddeelliinneess ffoorr ttoorrtt llaaww
ssttaattiinngg tthhaatt ccoommppaanniieess nneeeedd nnoott wwaarrnn ccuussttoommeerrss ooff oobbvviioouuss ddaannggeerrss oorr bboommbbaarrdd tthheemm wwiitthh aa lleennggtthhyy
lliisstt ooff ppoossssiibbllee oonneess.. ""IImmppoorrttaanntt iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccaann ggeett bbuurriieedd iinn aa sseeaa ooff ttrriivviiaalliittiieess,,""ssaayyss aa llaaww
pprrooffeessssoorr aatt CCoorrnneellll LLaaww SScchhooooll wwhhoo hheellppeedd ddrraafftt tthhee nneeww gguuiiddeelliinneess.. IIff tthhee mmooddeerraattee eenndd ooff tthhee lleeggaall
ccoommmmuunniittyy hhaass iittss wwaayy,,tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn pprroodduuccttss mmiigghhtt aaccttuuaallllyy bbee pprroovviiddeedd ffoorr tthhee bbeenneeffiitt ooff
ccuussttoommeerrss aanndd nnoott aass pprrootteeccttiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt lleeggaall lliiaabbiilliittyy..
第第22页页 共共 1133页页1111..WWhhaatt wweerree tthhiinnggss lliikkee iinn 11998800ss wwhheenn aacccciiddeennttss hhaappppeenneedd??
[[AA]] CCuussttoommeerrss mmiigghhtt bbee rreelliieevveedd ooff tthheeiirr ddiissaasstteerrss tthhrroouugghh llaawwssuuiittss..
[[BB]] IInnjjuurreedd ccuussttoommeerrss ccoouulldd eexxppeecctt pprrootteeccttiioonn ffrroomm tthhee lleeggaall ssyysstteemm..
[[CC]] CCoommppaanniieess wwoouulldd aavvooiidd bbeeiinngg ssuueedd bbyy pprroovviiddiinngg nneeww wwaarrnniinnggss..
______..
[[DD]] JJuurriieess tteennddeedd ttoo ffiinndd ffaauulltt wwiitthh tthhee ccoommppeennssaattiioonnss ccoommppaanniieess pprroommiisseedd..
1122.. MMaannuuffaaccttuurreerrss aass mmeennttiioonneedd iinn tthhee ppaassssaaggee tteenndd ttoo
[[AA]] ssaattiissffyy ccuussttoommeerrss bbyy wwrriittiinngg lloonngg wwaarrnniinnggss oonn pprroodduuccttss
[[BB]] bbeeccoommee hhoonneesstt iinn ddeessccrriibbiinngg tthhee iinnaaddeeqquuaacciieess ooff tthheeiirr pprroodduuccttss
[[CC]]mmaakkee tthhee bbeesstt uussee ooff llaabbeellss ttoo aavvooiidd lleeggaall lliiaabbiilliittyy
[[DD]] ffeeeell oobblliiggeedd ttoo vviieeww ccuussttoommeerrss''ssaaffeettyy aass tthheeiirr ffiirrsstt ccoonncceerrnn
1133.. TThhee ccaassee ooff SScchhuutttt hheellmmeett ddeemmoonnssttrraatteedd tthhaatt ________..
[[AA]] ssoommee iinnjjuurryy ccllaaiimmss wweerree nnoo lloonnggeerr ssuuppppoorrtteedd bbyy llaaww
[[BB]] hheellmmeettss wweerree nnoott ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo pprreevveenntt iinnjjuurriieess
[[CC]] pprroodduucctt llaabbeellss wwoouulldd eevveennttuuaallllyy bbee ddiissccaarrddeedd
[[DD]] ssoommee ssppoorrttss ggaammeess mmiigghhtt lloossee ppooppuullaarriittyy wwiitthh aatthhlleetteess
1144..TThhee aauutthhoorr''ss aattttiittuuddee ttoowwaarrddss tthhee iissssuuee sseeeemmss ttoo bbee__
[[AA]] bbiiaasseedd
[[BB]] iinnddiiffffeerreenntt
[[CC]]ppuuzzzzlliinngg
[[DD]] oobbjjeeccttiivvee
第第33 页页 共共 1133 页页TTeexxtt 22
IInn tthhee ffiirrsstt yyeeaarr oorr ssoo ooff WWeebb bbuussiinneessss,, mmoosstt ooff tthhee aaccttiioonn hhaass rreevvoollvveedd aarroouunndd eeffffoorrttss ttoo ttaapp tthhee
ccoonnssuummeerr mmaarrkkeett.. MMoorree rreecceennttllyy,,aass tthhee WWeebb pprroovveedd ttoo bbee mmoorree tthhaann aa ffaasshhiioonn,, ccoommppaanniieess hhaavvee ssttaarrtteedd
ttoo bbuuyy aanndd sseellll pprroodduuccttss aanndd sseerrvviicceess wwiitthh oonnee aannootthheerr.. SSuucchh bbuussiinneessss--ttoo--bbuussiinneessss ssaalleess mmaakkee sseennssee
bbeeccaauussee bbuussiinneessss ppeeooppllee ttyyppiiccaallllyy kknnooww wwhhaatt pprroodduucctt tthheeyy''rree llooookkiinngg ffoorr..
NNoonneetthheelleessss,, mmaannyy ccoommppaanniieess ssttiillll hheessiittaattee ttoo uussee tthhee WWeebb bbeeccaauussee ooff ddoouubbttss aabboouutt iittss rreelliiaabbiilliittyy..
""BBuussiinneesssseess nneeeedd ttoo ffeeeell tthheeyy ccaann ttrruusstt tthhee ppaatthhwwaayy bbeettwweeeenn tthheemm aanndd tthhee ssuupppplliieerr,,""ssaayyss sseenniioorr
aannaallyysstt BBllaannee EErrwwiinn ooff FFoorrrreesstteerr RReesseeaarrcchh.. SSoommee ccoommppaanniieess aarree lliimmiittiinngg tthhee rriisskk bbyy ccoonndduuccttiinngg oonnlliinnee
ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss oonnllyy wwiitthh eessttaabblliisshheedd bbuussiinneessss ppaarrttnneerrss wwhhoo aarree ggiivveenn aacccceessss ttoo tthhee ccoommppaannyy''ss pprriivvaattee
iinnttrraanneett..
AAnnootthheerr mmaajjoorr sshhiifftt iinn tthhee mmooddeell ffoorr IInntteerrnneett ccoommmmeerrccee ccoonncceerrnnss tthhee tteecchhnnoollooggyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ffoorr
mmaarrkkeettiinngg.. UUnnttiill rreecceennttllyy,, IInntteerrnneett mmaarrkkeettiinngg aaccttiivviittiieess hhaavvee ffooccuusseedd oonn ssttrraatteeggiieess ttoo""ppuullll""ccuussttoommeerrss
iinnttoo ssiitteess.. IInn tthhee ppaasstt yyeeaarr,, hhoowweevveerr,,ssooffttwwaarree ccoommppaanniieess hhaavvee ddeevveellooppeedd ttoooollss tthhaatt aallllooww ccoommppaanniieess ttoo
""ppuusshh""iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ddiirreeccttllyy oouutt ttoo ccoonnssuummeerrss,, ttrraannssmmiittttiinngg mmaarrkkeettiinngg mmeessssaaggeess ddiirreeccttllyy ttoo ttaarrggeetteedd
ccuussttoommeerrss..MMoosstt nnoottaabbllyy,, tthhee PPooiinnttccaasstt NNeettwwoorrkk uusseess aa ssccrreeeenn ssaavveerr ttoo ddeelliivveerr aa ccoonnttiinnuuaallllyy uuppddaatteedd
ssttrreeaamm ooff nneewwss aanndd aaddvveerrttiisseemmeennttss ttoo ssuubbssccrriibbeerrss''ccoommppuutteerr mmoonniittoorrss.. SSuubbssccrriibbeerrss ccaann ccuussttoommiizzee tthhee
iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn tthheeyy wwaanntt ttoo rreecceeiivvee aanndd pprroocceeeedd ddiirreeccttllyy ttoo aa ccoommppaannyy''ss WWeebb ssiittee.. CCoommppaanniieess ssuucchh aass
VViirrttuuaall VViinneeyyaarrddss aarree aallrreeaaddyy ssttaarrttiinngg ttoo uussee ssiimmiillaarr tteecchhnnoollooggiieess ttoo ppuusshh mmeessssaaggeess ttoo ccuussttoommeerrss aabboouutt
ssppeecciiaall ssaalleess,,pprroodduucctt ooffffeerriinnggss,, oorr ootthheerr eevveennttss.. BBuutt ppuusshh tteecchhnnoollooggyy hhaass eeaarrnneedd tthhee ccoonntteemmpptt ooff mmaannyy
WWeebb uusseerrss.. OOnnlliinnee ccuullttuurree tthhiinnkkss hhiigghhllyy ooff tthhee nnoottiioonn tthhaatt tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn fflloowwiinngg oonnttoo tthhee ssccrreeeenn
ccoommeess tthheerree bbyy ssppeecciiffiicc rreeqquueesstt.. OOnnccee ccoommmmeerrcciiaall pprroommoottiioonn bbeeggiinnss ttoo ffiillll tthhee ssccrreeeenn uunniinnvviitteedd.. tthhee
ddiissttiinnccttiioonn bbeettwweeeenn tthhee WWeebb aanndd tteelleevviissiioonn ffaaddeess.. TThhaatt''ss aa pprroossppeecctt tthhaatt hhoorrrriiffiieess NNeett ppuurriissttss..
BBuutt iitt iiss hhaarrddllyy iinneevviittaabbllee tthhaatt ccoommppaanniieess oonn tthhee WWeebb wwiillll nneeeedd ttoo rreessoorrtt ttoo ppuusshh ssttrraatteeggiieess ttoo
mmaakkee mmoonneeyy.. TThhee eexxaammpplleess ooff VViirrttuuaall VViinneeyyaarrddss,, AAmmaazzoonn ..ccoomm,,aanndd ootthheerr ppiioonneeeerrss sshhooww tthhaatt aa WWeebb
ssiittee sseelllliinngg tthhee rriigghhtt kkiinndd ooff pprroodduuccttss wwiitthh tthhee rriigghhtt mmiixx ooff iinntteerraaccttiivviittyy,, hhoossppiittaalliittyy,, aanndd sseeccuurriittyy wwiillll
aattttrraacctt oonnlliinnee ccuussttoommeerrss..AAnndd tthhee ccoosstt ooff ccoommppuuttiinngg ppoowweerr ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo ffrreeee ffaallll,, wwhhiicchh iiss aa ggoooodd ssiiggnn
ffoorr aannyy eenntteerrpprriissee sseettttiinngg uupp sshhoopp iinn ssiilliiccoonn..PPeeooppllee llooookkiinngg bbaacckk 55 oorr 1100 yyeeaarrss ffrroomm nnooww mmaayy wweellll
wwoonnddeerr wwhhyy ssoo ffeeww ccoommppaanniieess ttooookk tthhee oonnlliinnee pplluunnggee..
第第44页页 共共 1133页页__
1155..WWee lleeaarrnn ffrroomm tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee ppaassssaaggee tthhaatt WWeebb bbuussiinneessss ____
[[AA]] hhaass bbeeeenn ssttrriivviinngg ttoo eexxppaanndd iittss mmaarrkkeett
[[BB]] iinntteennddeedd ttoo ffoollllooww aa ffaanncciiffuull ffaasshhiioonn
__
[[CC]] ttrriieedd bbuutt iinn vvaaiinn ttoo ccoonnttrrooll tthhee mmaarrkkeett
[[DD]] hhaass bbeeeenn bboooommiinngg ffoorr oonnee yyeeaarr oorr ssoo
1166..SSppeeaakkiinngg ooff tthhee oonnlliinnee tteecchhnnoollooggyy aavvaaiillaabbllee ffoorr mmaarrkkeettiinngg,, tthhee aauutthhoorr iimmpplliieess tthhaatt____..
[[AA]] tthhee tteecchhnnoollooggyy iiss ppooppuullaarr wwiitthh mmaannyy WWeebb uusseerrss
[[BB]] bbuussiinneesssseess hhaavvee ffaaiitthh iinn tthhee rreelliiaabbiilliittyy ooff oonnlliinnee ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss
[[CC]] tthheerree iiss aa rraaddiiccaall cchhaannggee iinn ssttrraatteeggyy
[[DD]] iitt iiss aacccceessssiibbllee lliimmiitteeddllyy ttoo eessttaabblliisshheedd ppaarrttnneerrss
1177..IInn tthhee vviieeww ooff NNeett ppuurriissttss,,
[[AA]] tthheerree sshhoouulldd bbee nnoo mmaarrkkeettiinngg mmeessssaaggeess iinn oonnlliinnee ccuullttuurree
[[BB]] mmoonneeyy mmaakkiinngg sshhoouulldd bbee ggiivveenn pprriioorriittyy ttoo oonn tthhee WWeebb
[[CC]] tthhee WWeebb sshhoouulldd bbee aabbllee ttoo ffuunnccttiioonn aass tthhee tteelleevviissiioonn sseett
[[DD]] tthheerree sshhoouulldd bbee nnoo oonnlliinnee ccoommmmeerrcciiaall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn wwiitthhoouutt rreeqquueessttss
1188.. WWee lleeaarrnn ffrroomm tthhee llaasstt ppaarraaggrraapphh tthhaatt
[[AA]] ppuusshhiinngg iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn tthhee WWeebb iiss eesssseennttiiaall ttoo IInntteerrnneett ccoommmmeerrccee
[[BB]]iinntteerraaccttiivviittyy,, hhoossppiittaalliittyy aanndd sseeccuurriittyy aarree iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo oonnlliinnee ccuussttoommeerrss
[[CC]] lleeaaddiinngg ccoommppaanniieess bbeeggaann ttoo ttaakkee tthhee oonnlliinnee pplluunnggee ddeeccaaddeess aaggoo
[[DD]] sseettttiinngg uupp sshhooppss iinn ssiilliiccoonn iiss iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ooff tthhee ccoosstt ooff ccoommppuuttiinngg ppoowweerr
第第55页页 共共 1133页页TTeexxtt 33
AAnn iinnvviissiibbllee bboorrddeerr ddiivviiddeess tthhoossee aarrgguuiinngg ffoorr ccoommppuutteerrss iinn tthhee ccllaassssrroooomm oonn tthhee bbeehhaallff ooff ssttuuddeennttss''
ccaarreeeerr pprroossppeeccttss aanndd tthhoossee aarrgguuiinngg ffoorr ccoommppuutteerrss iinn tthhee ccllaassssrroooomm ffoorr bbrrooaaddeerr rreeaassoonnss ooff rraaddiiccaall
eedduuccaattiioonnaall rreeffoorrmm.. VVeerryy ffeeww wwrriitteerrss oonn tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt hhaavvee eexxpplloorreedd tthhiiss ddiissttiinnccttiioonn——iinnddeeeedd,,
ccoonnttrraaddiiccttiioonn——wwhhiicchh ggooeess ttoo tthhee hheeaarrtt ooff wwhhaatt iiss wwrroonngg wwiitthh tthhee ccaammppaaiiggnn ttoo ppuutt ccoommppuutteerrss iinn tthhee
ccllaassssTToooomm..
AAnn eedduuccaattiioonn tthhaatt aaiimmss aatt ggeettttiinngg aa ssttuuddeenntt aa cceerrttaaiinn kkiinndd ooff jjoobb iiss aa tteecchhnniiccaall eedduuccaattiioonn,,jjuussttiiffiieedd
ffoorr rreeaassoonnss rraaddiiccaallllyy ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm wwhhyy eedduuccaattiioonn iiss uunniivveerrssaallllyy rreeqquuiirreedd bbyy llaaww.. IItt iiss nnoott ssiimmppllyy ttoo
rraaiissee eevveerryyoonnee''ss jjoobb pprroossppeeccttss tthhaatt aallll cchhiillddrreenn aarree lleeggaallllyy rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo aatttteenndd sscchhooooll iinnttoo tthheeiirr tteeeennss..
RRaatthheerr,, wwee hhaavvee aa cceerrttaaiinn ccoonncceeppttiioonn ooff tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann cciittiizzeenn,, aa cchhaarraacctteerr wwhhoo iiss iinnccoommpplleettee iiff hhee
ccaannnnoott ccoommppeetteennttllyy aasssseessss hhooww hhiiss lliivveelliihhoooodd aanndd hhaappppiinneessss aarree aaffffeecctteedd bbyy tthhiinnggss oouuttssiiddee ooff hhiimmsseellff..
BBuutt tthhiiss wwaass nnoott aallwwaayyss tthhee ccaassee;; bbeeffoorree iitt wwaass lleeggaallllyy rreeqquuiirreedd ffoorr aallll cchhiillddrreenn ttoo aatttteenndd sscchhooooll uunnttiill
aa cceerrttaaiinn aaggee,, iitt wwaass wwiiddeellyy aacccceepptteedd tthhaatt ssoommee wweerree jjuusstt nnoott eeqquuiippppeedd bbyy nnaattuurree ttoo ppuurrssuuee tthhiiss
kkiinndd ooff eedduuccaattiioonn.. WWiitthh ooppttiimmiissmm cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff aallll iinndduussttrriiaalliizzeedd ccoouunnttrriieess,, wwee ccaammee ttoo aacccceepptt
tthhaatt eevveerryyoonnee iiss ffiitt ttoo bbee eedduuccaatteedd.. CCoommppuutteerr--eedduuccaattiioonn aaddvvooccaatteess ffoorrssaakkee tthhiiss ooppttiimmiissttiicc nnoottiioonn ffoorr
aa ppeessssiimmiissmm tthhaatt bbeettrraayyss tthheeiirr ootthheerrwwiissee cchheeeerryy oouuttllooookk.. BBaannkkiinngg oonn tthhee ccoonnffuussiioonn bbeettwweeeenn
eedduuccaattiioonnaall aanndd vvooccaattiioonnaall rreeaassoonnss ffoorr bbrriinnggiinngg ccoommppuutteerrss iinnttoo sscchhoooollss,, ccoommppuutteerreedd aaddvvooccaatteess oofftteenn
eemmpphhaassiizzee tthhee jjoobb pprroossppeeccttss ooff ggrraadduuaatteess oovveerr tthheeiirr eedduuccaattiioonnaall aacchhiieevveemmeenntt..
TThheerree aarree ssoommee ggoooodd aarrgguummeennttss ffoorr aa tteecchhnniiccaall eedduuccaattiioonn ggiivveenn tthhee rriigghhtt kkiinndd ooff ssttuuddeenntt.. MMaannyy
EEuurrooppeeaann sscchhoooollss iinnttrroodduuccee tthhee ccoonncceepptt ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaall ttrraaiinniinngg eeaarrllyy oonn iinn oorrddeerr ttoo mmaakkee ssuurree cchhiillddrreenn
aarree pprrooppeerrllyy eeqquuiippppeedd ffoorr tthhee pprrooffeessssiioonnss tthheeyy wwaanntt ttoo jjooiinn.. IItt iiss,, hhoowweevveerr,, pprreessuummppttuuoouuss ttoo iinnssiisstt tthhaatt
tthheerree wwiillll oonnllyy bbee ssoo mmaannyy jjoobbss ffoorr ssoo mmaannyy sscciieennttiissttss,, ssoo mmaannyy bbuussiinneessssmmeenn,, ssoo mmaannyy aaccccoouunnttaannttss..
BBeessiiddeess,, tthhiiss iiss uunnlliikkeellyy ttoo pprroodduuccee tthhee nneeeeddeedd nnuummbbeerr ooff eevveerryy kkiinndd ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaall iinn aa ccoouunnttrryy aass
llaarrggee aass oouurrss aanndd wwhheerree tthhee eeccoonnoommyy iiss sspprreeaadd oovveerr ssoo mmaannyy ssttaatteess aanndd iinnvvoollvveess ssoo mmaannyy iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall
CCoorrppoorraattiioonnss..
BBuutt,, ffoorr aa ssmmaallll ggrroouupp ooff ssttuuddeennttss,, pprrooffeessssiioonnaall ttrraaiinniinngg mmiigghhtt bbee tthhee wwaayy ttoo ggoo ssiinnccee
wweellll--ddeevveellooppeedd sskkiillllss,,aallll ootthheerr ffaaccttoorrss bbeeiinngg eeqquuaall,, ccaann bbee tthhee ddiiffffeerreennccee bbeettwweeeenn hhaavviinngg aa iioobb aanndd nnoott
OOff ccoouurrssee,, tthhee bbaassiiccss ooff uussiinngg aannyy ccoommppuutteerr tthheessee ddaayyss aarree vveerryy ssiimmppllee.. IItt ddooeess nnoott ttaakkee aa lliiffeelloonngg
aaccqquuaaiinnttaannccee ttoo ppiicckk uupp vvaarriioouuss ssooffttwwaarree pprrooggrraammss.. IIff oonnee wwaanntteedd ttoo bbeeccoommee aa ccoommppuutteerr eennggiinneeeerr,, tthhaatt
iiss,, ooff ccoouurrssee,, aann eennttiirreellyy ddiiffffeerreenntt ssttoorryy.. BBaassiicc ccoommppuutteerr sskkiillllss ttaakkee——aatt tthhee vveerryy lloonnggeesstt——aa ccoouuppllee ooff
mmoonntthhss ttoo lleeaarrnn.. IInn aannyy ccaassee,, bbaassiicc ccoommppuutteerr sskkiillllss aarree oonnllyy ccoommpplleemmeennttaarryy ttoo tthhee hhoosstt ooff rreeaall sskkiillllss
tthhaatt aarree nneecceessssaarryy ttoo bbeeccoommiinngg aannyy kkiinndd ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaall.. IItt sshhoouulldd bbee oobbsseerrvveedd,, ooff ccoouurrssee,, tthhaatt nnoo
sscchhooooll,, vvooccaattiioonnaall oorr nnoott,, iiss hheellppeedd bbyy aa ccoonnffuussiioonn oovveerr iittss ppuurrppoossee..
第第66页页 共共 1133 页页1199.. TThhee aauutthhoorr tthhiinnkkss tthhee pprreesseenntt rruusshh ttoo ppuutt ccoommppuutteerrss iinn tthhee ccllaassssrroooomm iiss____..
[[AA]]ffaarr--rreeaacchhiinngg
[[BB]] dduubbiioouussllyy oorriieenntteedd
[[CC]] sseellff--ccoonnttrraaddiiccttoorryy
[[DD]] rraaddiiccaallllyy rreeffoorrmmaattoorryy
2200.. TThhee bbeelliieeff tthhaatt eedduuccaattiioonn iiss iinnddiissppeennssaabbllee ttoo aallll cchhiillddrreenn______
[[AA]] iiss iinnddiiccaattiivvee ooff aa ppeessssiimmiissmm iinn ddiissgguuiissee
[[BB]] ccaammee iinnttoo bbeeiinngg aalloonngg wwiitthh tthhee aarrrriivvaall ooff ccoommppuutteerrss
[[CC]] iiss ddeeeeppllyy rrooootteedd iinn tthhee mmiinnddss ooff ccoommppuutteerr--eedd aaddvvooccaatteess
[[DD]] oorriiggiinnaatteedd ffrroomm tthhee ooppttiimmiissttiicc aattttiittuuddee ooff iinndduussttrriiaalliizzeedd ccoouunnttrriieess
2211.. IItt ccoouulldd bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm tthhee ppaassssaaggee tthhaatt iinn tthhee aauutthhoorr''ss ccoouunnttrryy tthhee EEuurrooppeeaann mmooddeell ooff
pprrooffeessssiioonnaall ttrraaiinniinngg iiss __
[[AA]] ddeeppeennddeenntt uuppoonn tthhee ssttaarrttiinngg aaggee ooff ccaannddiiddaatteess
[[BB]] wwoorrtthh ttrryyiinngg iinn vvaarriioouuss ssoocciiaall sseeccttiioonnss
[[CC]] ooff lliittttllee pprraaccttiiccaall vvaalluuee
[[DD]] aattttrraaccttiivvee ttoo eevveerryy kkiinndd ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaall
2222..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee aauutthhoorr,, bbaassiicc ccoommppuutteerr sskkiillllss sshhoouulldd bbee____
[[AA]] iinncclluuddeedd aass aann aauuxxiilliiaarryy ccoouurrssee iinn sscchhooooll
[[BB]] hhiigghhlliigghhtteedd iinn aaccqquuiissiittiioonn ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaall qquuaalliiffiiccaattiioonnss
[[CC]] mmaasstteerreedd tthhrroouugghh aa lliiffee--lloonngg ccoouurrssee
[[DD]] eeqquuaallllyy eemmpphhaassiizzeedd bbyy aannyy sscchhooooll,, vvooccaattiioonnaall oorr ootthheerrwwiissee
第第77页页 共共 1133页页TTeexxtt 44
WWhheenn aa SSccoottttiisshh rreesseeaarrcchh tteeaamm ssttaarrttlleedd tthhee wwoorrlldd bbyy rreevveeaalliinngg 33 mmoonntthhss aaggoo tthhaatt iitt hhaadd cclloonneedd aann
aadduulltt sshheeeepp.. PPrreessiiddeenntt CClliinnttoonn mmoovveedd sswwiiffttllyy.. DDeeccllaarriinngg tthhaatt hhee wwaass ooppppoosseedd ttoo uussiinngg tthhiiss uunnuussuuaall
aanniimmaall hhuussbbaannddrryy tteecchhnniiqquuee ttoo cclloonnee hhuummaannss,, hhee oorrddeerreedd tthhaatt ffeeddeerraall ffuunnddss nnoott bbee uusseedd ffoorr ssuucchh aann
eexxppeerriimmeenntt——aalltthhoouugghh nnoo oonnee hhaadd pprrooppoosseedd ttoo ddoo ssoo——aanndd aasskkeedd aann iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ppaanneell ooff eexxppeerrttss
cchhaaiirreedd bbyy PPrriinncceettoonn PPrreessiiddeenntt HHaarroolldd SShhaappiirroo ttoo rreeppoorrtt bbaacckk ttoo tthhee WWhhiittee HHoouussee iinn 9900 ddaayyss wwiitthh
rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss ffoorr aa nnaattiioonnaall ppoolliiccyy oonn hhuummaann cclloonniinngg.. TThhaatt ggrroouupp —— tthhee NNaattiioonnaall BBiiooeetthhiiccss
AAddvviissoorryy CCoommmmiissssiioonn ((NNBBAACC))——hhaass bbeeeenn wwoorrkkiinngg ffeevveerriisshhllyy ttoo ppuutt iittss wwiissddoomm oonn ppaappeerr,, aanndd aatt aa
mmeeeettiinngg oonn 1177 MMaayy,, mmeemmbbeerrss aaggrreeeedd oonn aa nneeaarr--ffiinnaall ddrraafftt ooff tthheeiirr rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss..
NNBBAACC wwiillll aasskk tthhaatt CClliinnttoonn''ss 9900--ddaayy bbaann oonn ffeeddeerraall ffuunnddss ffoorr hhuummaann cclloonniinngg bbee eexxtteennddeedd
iinnddeeffiinniitteellyy,, aanndd ppoosssiibbllyy tthhaatt iitt bbee mmaaddee llaaww.. BBuutt NNBBAACC mmeemmbbeerrss aarree ppllaannnniinngg ttoo wwoorrdd tthhee
rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonn nnaarrrroowwllyy ttoo aavvooiidd nneeww rreessttrriiccttiioonnss oonn rreesseeaarrcchh tthhaatt iinnvvoollvveess tthhee cclloonniinngg ooff hhuummaann
DDNNAA oorr cceellllss——rroouuttiinnee iinn mmoolleeccuullaarr bbiioollooggyy.. TThhee ppaanneell hhaass nnoott yyeett rreeaacchheedd aaggrreeeemmeenntt oonn aa ccrruucciiaall
qquueessttiioonn,, hhoowweevveerr,, wwhheetthheerr ttoo rreeccoommmmeenndd lleeggiissllaattiioonn tthhaatt wwoouulldd mmaakkee iitt aa ccrriimmee ffoorr pprriivvaattee ffuunnddiinngg ttoo
bbee uusseedd ffoorr hhuummaann cclloonniinngg..
IInn aa ddrraafftt pprreeffaaccee ttoo tthhee rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss,, ddiissccuusssseedd aatt tthhee 1177 MMaayy mmeeeettiinngg,, SShhaappiirroo ssuuggggeesstteedd
tthhaatt tthhee ppaanneell hhaadd ffoouunndd aa bbrrooaadd ccoonnsseennssuuss tthhaatt iitt wwoouulldd bbee""mmoorraallllyy uunnaacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo aatttteemmpptt ttoo ccrreeaattee
aa hhuummaann cchhiilldd bbyy aadduulltt nnuucclleeaarr cclloonniinngg.."" SShhaappiirroo eexxppllaaiinneedd dduurriinngg tthhee mmeeeettiinngg tthhaatt tthhee mmoorraall ddoouubbtt
sstteemmss mmaaiinnllyy ffrroomm ffeeaarrss aabboouutt tthhee rriisskk ttoo tthhee hheeaalltthh ooff tthhee cchhiilldd.. TThhee ppaanneell tthheenn iinnffoorrmmaallllyy aacccceepptteedd
sseevveerraall ggeenneerraall ccoonncclluussiioonnss,, aalltthhoouugghh ssoommee ddeettaaiillss hhaavvee nnoott bbeeeenn sseettttlleedd..
NNBBAACC ppllaannss ttoo ccaallll ffoorr aa ccoonnttiinnuueedd bbaann oonn ffeeddeerraall ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ffuunnddiinngg ffoorr aannyy aatttteemmpptt ttoo cclloonnee
bbooddyy cceellll nnuucclleeii ttoo ccrreeaattee aa cchhiilldd..BBeeccaauussee ccuurrrreenntt ffeeddeerraall llaaww aallrreeaaddyy ffoorrbbiiddss tthhee uussee ooff ffeeddeerraall ffuunnddss
ttoo ccrreeaattee eemmbbrryyooss((tthhee eeaarrlliieesstt ssttaaggee ooff hhuummaann ooffffsspprriinngg bbeeffoorree bbiirrtthh))ffoorr rreesseeaarrcchh oorr ttoo kknnoowwiinnggllyy
eennddaannggeerr aann eemmbbrryyoo''ss lliiffee,, NNBBAACC wwiillll rreemmaaiinn ssiilleenntt oonn eemmbbrryyoo rreesseeaarrcchh..
NNBBAACC mmeemmbbeerrss aallssoo iinnddiiccaatteedd tthhaatt tthheeyy wwoouulldd aappppeeaall ttoo pprriivvaatteellyy ffuunnddeedd rreesseeaarrcchheerrss aanndd cclliinniiccss
nnoott ttoo ttrryy ttoo cclloonnee hhuummaannss bbyy bbooddyy cceellll nnuucclleeaarr ttrraannssffeerr.. BBuutt tthheeyy wweerree ddiivviiddeedd oonn wwhheetthheerr ttoo ggoo
ffuurrtthheerr bbyy ccaalllliinngg ffoorr aa ffeeddeerraall llaaww tthhaatt wwoouulldd iimmppoossee aa ccoommpplleettee bbaann oonn hhuummaann cclloonniinngg.. SShhaappiirroo aanndd
mmoosstt mmeemmbbeerrss ffaavvoorreedd aann aappppeeaall ffoorr ssuucchh lleeggiissllaattiioonn,, bbuutt iinn aa pphhoonnee iinntteerrvviieeww,, hhee ssaaiidd tthhiiss iissssuuee wwaass
ssttiillll ""uupp iinn tthhee aaiirr""..
第第88 页页共共1133 页页____
2233.. WWee ccaann lleeaarrnn ffrroomm tthhee ffiirrsstt ppaarraaggrraapphh tthhaatt ______..
[[AA]] ffeeddeerraall ffuunnddss hhaavvee bbeeeenn uusseedd iinn aa pprroojjeecctt ttoo cclloonnee hhuummaannss
[[BB]] tthhee WWhhiittee HHoouussee rreessppoonnddeedd ssttrroonnggllyy ttoo tthhee nneewwss ooff cclloonniinngg
[[CC]]NNBBAACC wwaass aauutthhoorriizzeedd ttoo ccoonnttrrooll tthhee mmiissuussee ooffcclloonniinngg tteecchhnniiqquuee
[[DD]] tthhee WWhhiittee HHoouussee hhaass ggoott tthhee ppaanneell''ss rreeccoommmmeennddaattiioonnss oonn cclloonniinngg
2244..TThhee ppaanneell aaggrreeeedd oonn aallll ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg eexxcceepptt tthhaatt
[[AA]] tthhee bbaann oonn ffeeddeerraall ffuunnddss ffoorr hhuummaann cclloonniinngg sshhoouulldd bbee mmaaddee aa llaaww
[[BB]] tthhee cclloonniinngg ooff hhuummaann DDNNAA iiss nnoott ttoo bbee ppuutt uunnddeerr mmoorree ccoonnttrrooll
[[CC]] iitt iiss ccrriimmiinnaall ttoo uussee pprriivvaattee ffuunnddiinngg ffoorr hhuummaann cclloonniinngg
[[DD]] iitt wwoouulldd bbee aaggaaiinnsstt eetthhiiccaall vvaalluueess ttoo cclloonnee aa hhuummaann bbeeiinngg
2255..NNBBAACC wwiillll lleeaavvee tthhee iissssuuee ooff eemmbbrryyoo rreesseeaarrcchh uunnddiissccuusssseedd bbeeccaauussee________
[[AA]] eemmbbrryyoo rreesseeaarrcchh iiss jjuusstt aa ccuurrrreenntt ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff cclloonniinngg
[[BB]] tthhee hheeaalltthh ooff tthhee cchhiilldd iiss nnoott tthhee mmaaiinn ccoonncceerrnn ooff eemmbbrryyoo rreesseeaarrcchh
[[CC]] aann eemmbbrryyoo''ss lliiffee wwiillll nnoott bbee eennddaannggeerreedd iinn eemmbbrryyoo rreesseeaarrcchh
[[DD]] tthhee iissssuuee iiss eexxpplliicciittllyy ssttaatteedd aanndd sseettttlleedd iinn tthhee llaaww
__,,
2266..IItt ccaann bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm tthhee llaasstt ppaarraaggrraapphh tthhaatt
[[AA]] ssoommee NNBBAACC mmeemmbbeerrss hheessiittaattee ttoo bbaann hhuummaann cclloonniinngg ccoommpplleetteellyy
[[BB]] aa llaaww bbaannnniinngg hhuummaann cclloonniinngg iiss ttoo bbee ppaasssseedd iinn nnoo ttiimmee
[[CC]] pprriivvaatteellyy ffuunnddeedd rreesseeaarrcchheerrss wwiillll rreessppoonndd ppoossiittiivveellyy ttoo NNBBAACC''ss aappppeeaall
[[DD]] tthhee iissssuuee ooff hhuummaann cclloonniinngg wwiillll ssoooonn bbee sseettttlleedd
第第99页页 共共1133 页页TTeexxtt 55
SScciieennccee,, iinn pprraaccttiiccee,, ddeeppeennddss ffaarr lleessss oonn tthhee eexxppeerriimmeennttss iitt pprreeppaarreess tthhaann oonn tthhee pprreeppaarreeddnneessss ooff
tthhee mmiinnddss ooff tthhee mmeenn wwhhoo wwaattcchh tthhee eexxppeerriimmeennttss.. SSiirr IIssaaaacc NNeewwttoonn ssuuppppoosseeddllyy ddiissccoovveerreedd ggrraavviittyy
tthhrroouugghh tthhee ffaallll ooff aann aappppllee.. AApppplleess hhaadd bbeeeenn ffaalllliinngg iinn mmaannyy ppllaacceess ffoorr cceennttuurriieess aanndd tthhoouussaannddss ooff
ppeeooppllee hhaadd sseeeenn tthheemm ffaallll.. BBuutt NNeewwttoonn ffoorr yyeeaarrss hhaadd bbeeeenn ccuurriioouuss aabboouutt tthhee ccaauussee ooff tthhee oorrbbiittaall mmoottiioonn
ooff tthhee mmoooonn aanndd ppllaanneettss.. WWhhaatt kkeepptt tthheemm iinn ppllaaccee?? WWhhyy ddiiddnn''tt tthheeyy ffaallll oouutt ooff tthhee sskkyy?? TThhee ffaacctt tthhaatt
tthhee aappppllee ffeellll ddoowwnn ttoowwaarrdd tthhee eeaarrtthh aanndd nnoott uupp iinnttoo tthhee ttrreeee aannsswweerreedd tthhee qquueessttiioonn hhee hhaadd bbeeeenn aasskkiinngg
hhiimmsseellff aabboouutt tthhoossee llaarrggeerr ffrruuiittss ooff tthhee hheeaavveennss,, tthhee mmoooonn aanndd tthhee ppllaanneettss..
HHooww mmaannyy mmeenn wwoouulldd hhaavvee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd tthhee ppoossssiibbiilliittyy ooff aann aappppllee ffaalllliinngg uupp iinnttoo tthhee ttrreeee??
NNeewwttoonn ddiidd bbeeccaauussee hhee wwaass nnoott ttrryyiinngg ttoo pprreeddiicctt aannyytthhiinngg.. HHee wwaass jjuusstt wwoonnddeerriinngg.. HHiiss mmiinndd wwaass rreeaaddyy
ffoorr tthhee uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbllee.. UUnnpprreeddiiccttaabbiilliittyy iiss ppaarrtt ooff tthhee eesssseennttiiaall nnaattuurree ooff rreesseeaarrcchh.. IIff yyoouu ddoonn''tt hhaavvee
uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbllee tthhiinnggss,, yyoouu ddoonn''tt hhaavvee rreesseeaarrcchh.. SScciieennttiissttss tteenndd ttoo ffoorrggeett tthhiiss wwhheenn wwrriittiinngg tthheeiirr ccuutt aanndd
ddrriieedd rreeppoorrttss ffoorr tthhee tteecchhnniiccaall jjoouurrnnaallss,, bbuutt hhiissttoorryy iiss ffiilllleedd wwiitthh eexxaammpplleess ooff iitt..
IInn ttaallkkiinngg ttoo ssoommee sscciieennttiissttss,, ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy yyoouunnggeerr oonneess,, yyoouu mmiigghhtt ggaatthheerr tthhee iimmpprreessssiioonn tthhaatt tthheeyy
ffiinndd tthhee""sscciieennttiiffiicc mmeetthhoodd""aa ssuubbssttiittuuttee ffoorr iimmaaggiinnaattiivvee tthhoouugghhtt.. II''vvee aatttteennddeedd rreesseeaarrcchh ccoonnffeerreenncceess
wwhheerree aa sscciieennttiisstt hhaass bbeeeenn aasskkeedd wwhhaatt hhee tthhiinnkkss aabboouutt tthhee aaddvviissaabbiilliittyy ooff ccoonnttiinnuuiinngg aa cceerrttaaiinn
eexxppeerriimmeenntt.. TThhee sscciieennttiisstt hhaass ffrroowwnneedd,,llooookkeedd aatt tthhee ggrraapphhss,, aanndd ssaaiidd,, ""tthhee ddaattaa aarree ssttiillll iinnccoonncclluussiivvee..""
""WWee kknnooww tthhaatt,,""tthhee mmeenn ffrroomm tthhee bbuuddggeett ooffffiiccee hhaavvee ssaaiidd,, ""bbuutt wwhhaatt ddoo yyoouu tthhiinnkk??IIss iitt wwoorrtthhwwhhiillee
ggooiinngg oonn?? WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu tthhiinnkk wwee mmiigghhtt eexxppeecctt??"" TThhee sscciieennttiisstt hhaass bbeeeenn sshhoocckkeedd aatt hhaavviinngg eevveenn bbeeeenn
aasskkeedd ttoo ssppeeccuullaattee..
WWhhaatt tthhiiss aammoouunnttss ttoo,,ooff ccoouurrssee,, iiss tthhaatt tthhee sscciieennttiisstt hhaass bbeeccoommee tthhee vviiccttiimm ooff hhiiss oowwnn wwrriittiinnggss..
HHee hhaass ppuutt ffoorrwwaarrdd uunnqquueessttiioonneedd ccllaaiimmss ssoo ccoonnssiisstteennttllyy tthhaatt hhee nnoott oonnllyy bbeelliieevveess tthheemm hhiimmsseellff,, bbuutt hhaass
ccoonnvviinncceedd iinndduussttrriiaall aanndd bbuussiinneessss mmaannaaggeemmeenntt tthhaatt tthheeyy aarree ttrruuee.. IIff eexxppeerriimmeennttss aarree ppllaannnneedd aanndd
ccaarrrriieedd oouutt aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo ppllaann aass ffaaiitthhffuullllyy aass tthhee rreeppoorrttss iinn tthhee sscciieennccee jjoouurrnnaallss iinnddiiccaattee,, tthheenn iitt iiss
ppeerrffeeccttllyy llooggiiccaall ffoorr mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo eexxppeecctt rreesseeaarrcchh ttoo pprroodduuccee rreessuullttss mmeeaassuurraabbllee iinn ddoollllaarrss aanndd cceennttss..
IItt iiss eennttiirreellyy rreeaassoonnaabbllee ffoorr aauuddiittoorrss ttoo bbeelliieevvee tthhaatt sscciieennttiissttss wwhhoo kknnooww eexxaaccttllyy wwhheerree tthheeyy aarree ggooiinngg
aanndd hhooww tthheeyy wwiillll ggeett tthheerree sshhoouulldd nnoott bbee ddiissttrraacctteedd bbyy tthhee nneecceessssiittyy ooff kkeeeeppiinngg oonnee eeyyee oonn tthhee ccaasshh
rreeggiisstteerr wwhhiillee tthhee ootthheerr eeyyee iiss oonn tthhee mmiiccrroossccooppee.. NNoorr,, iiff rreegguullaarriittyy aanndd ccoonnffoorrmmiittyy ttoo aa ssttaannddaarrdd
ppaatttteerrnn aarree aass ddeessiirraabbllee ttoo tthhee sscciieennttiisstt aass tthhee wwrriittiinngg ooff hhiiss ppaappeerrss wwoouulldd aappppeeaarr ttoo rreefflleecctt,, iiss
mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ttoo bbee bbllaammeedd ffoorr ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiinngg aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee ""oodddd bbaallllss""aammoonngg rreesseeaarrcchheerrss iinn ffaavvoorr ooff
mmoorree ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall tthhiinnkkeerrss wwhhoo ""wwoorrkk wweellll wwiitthh tthhee tteeaamm""..
第第 1100 页页 共共 1133 页页__
2277.. TThhee aauutthhoorr wwaannttss ttoo pprroovvee wwiitthh tthhee eexxaammppllee ooff IIssaaaacc NNeewwttoonn tthhaatt ____
[[AA]] iinnqquuiirriinngg mmiinnddss aarree mmoorree iimmppoorrttaanntt tthhaann sscciieennttiiffiicc eexxppeerriimmeennttss
[[BB]] sscciieennccee aaddvvaanncceess wwhheenn ffrruuiittffuull rreesseeaarrcchheess aarree ccoonndduucctteedd
[[CC]] sscciieennttiissttss sseellddoomm ffoorrggeett tthhee eesssseennttiiaall nnaattuurree ooff rreesseeaarrcchh
[[DD]] uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbiilliittyy wweeiigghhss lleessss tthhaann pprreeddiiccttiioonn iinn sscciieennttiiffiicc rreesseeaarrcchh
2288.. TThhee aauutthhoorr aasssseerrttss tthhaatt sscciieennttiissttss
[[AA]] sshhoouullddnn''tt rreeppllaaccee""sscciieennttiiffiicc mmeetthhoodd""wwiitthh iimmaaggiinnaattiivvee tthhoouugghhtt
[[BB]] sshhoouullddnn''tt nneegglleecctt ttoo ssppeeccuullaattee oonn uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbllee tthhiinnggss
[[CC]] sshhoouulldd wwrriittee mmoorree ccoonncciissee rreeppoorrttss ffoorr tteecchhnniiccaall jjoouurrnnaallss
[[DD]] sshhoouulldd bbee ccoonnffiiddeenntt aabboouutt tthheeiirr rreesseeaarrcchh ffiinnddiinnggss
2299.. IItt sseeeemmss tthhaatt ssoommee yyoouunngg sscciieennttiissttss __________
[[AA]] hhaavvee aa kkeeeenn iinntteerreesstt iinn pprreeddiiccttiioonn
[[BB]] oofftteenn ssppeeccuullaattee oonn tthhee ffuuttuurree
[[CC]] tthhiinnkk hhiigghhllyy ooff ccrreeaattiivvee tthhiinnkkiinngg
[[DD]] ssttiicckk ttoo ""sscciieennttiiffiicc mmeetthhoodd""""
3300..TThhee aauutthhoorr iimmpplliieess tthhaatt tthhee rreessuullttss ooff sscciieennttiiffiicc rreesseeaarrcchh______
[[AA]] mmaayy nnoott bbee aass pprrooffiittaabbllee aass tthheeyy aarree eexxppeecctteedd
[[BB]] ccaann bbee mmeeaassuurreedd iinn ddoollllaarrss aanndd cceennttss
[[CC]] rreellyy oonn ccoonnffoorrmmiittyy ttoo aa ssttaannddaarrdd ppaatttteerrnn
[[DD]] aarree mmoossttllyy uunnddeerreessttiimmaatteedd bbyy mmaannaaggeemmeenntt
第第 1111 页页 共共 1133 页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppaassssaaggee ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn mmuusstt bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..((1155 ppooiinnttss))
3311))WWhhiillee tthheerree aarree aallmmoosstt aass mmaannyy ddeeffiinniittiioonnss ooff hhiissttoorryy aass tthheerree aarree hhiissttoorriiaannss..mmooddeerrnn pprraaccttiiccee
mmoosstt cclloosseellyy ccoonnffoorrmmss ttoo oonnee tthhaatt sseeeess hhiissttoorryy aass tthhee aatttteemmpptt ttoo rreeccrreeaattee aanndd eexxppllaaiinn tthhee ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt
eevveennttss ooff tthhee ppaasstt..CCaauugghhtt iinn tthhee wweebb ooff iittss oowwnn ttiimmee aanndd ppllaaccee,, eeaacchh ggeenneerraattiioonn ooff hhiissttoorriiaannss
ddeetteerrmmiinneess aanneeww wwhhaatt iiss ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt ffoorr iitt iinn tthhee ppaasstt.. IInn tthhiiss sseeaarrcchh tthhee eevviiddeennccee ffoouunndd iiss aallwwaayyss
iinnccoommpplleettee aanndd ssccaatttteerreedd;; iitt iiss aallssoo ffrreeqquueennttllyy ppaarrttiiaall oorr ppaarrttiissaann.. TThhee iirroonnyy ooff tthhee hhiissttoorriiaann''ss ccrraafftt iiss
tthhaatt iittss pprraaccttiittiioonneerrss aallwwaayyss kknnooww tthhaatt tthheeiirr eeffffoorrttss aarree bbuutt ccoonnttrriibbuuttiioonnss ttoo aann uunneennddiinngg pprroocceessss..
3322))IInntteerreesstt iinn hhiissttoorriiccaall mmeetthhooddss hhaass aarriisseenn lleessss tthhrroouugghh eexxtteerrnnaall cchhaalllleennggee ttoo tthhee vvaalliiddiittyy ooff
hhiissttoorryy aass aann iinntteelllleeccttuuaall ddiisscciipplliinnee aanndd mmoorree ffrroomm iinntteerrnnaall qquuaarrrreellss aammoonngg hhiissttoorriiaannss tthheemmsseellvveess..
WWhhiillee hhiissttoorryy oonnccee rreevveerreedd iittss aaffffiinniittyy ttoo lliitteerraattuurree aanndd pphhiilloossoopphhyy,, tthhee eemmeerrggiinngg ssoocciiaall sscciieenncceess
sseeeemmeedd ttoo aaffffoorrdd ggrreeaatteerr ooppppoorrttuunniittiieess ffoorr aasskkiinngg nneeww qquueessttiioonnss aanndd pprroovviiddiinngg rreewwaarrddiinngg aapppprrooaacchheess
ttoo aann uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg ooff tthhee ppaasstt.. SSoocciiaall sscciieennccee mmeetthhooddoollooggiieess hhaadd ttoo bbee aaddaapptteedd ttoo aa ddiisscciipplliinnee
ggoovveerrnneedd bbyy tthhee pprriimmaaccyy ooff hhiissttoorriiccaall ssoouurrcceess rraatthheerr tthhaann tthhee iimmppeerraattiivveess ooff tthhee ccoonntteemmppoorraarryy wwoorrlldd..
3333))DDuurriinngg tthhiiss ttrraannssffeerr.. ttrraaddiittiioonnaall hhiissttoorriiccaall mmeetthhooddss wweerree aauuggmmeenntteedd bbyy aaddddiittiioonnaall mmeetthhooddoollooggiieess
ddeessiiggnneedd ttoo iinntteerrpprreett tthhee nneeww ffoorrmmss ooff eevviiddeennccee iinn tthhee hhiissttoorriiccaall ssttuuddvv..
MMeetthhooddoollooggyy iiss aa tteerrmm tthhaatt rreemmaaiinnss iinnhheerreennttllyy aammbbiigguuoouuss iinn tthhee hhiissttoorriiccaall pprrooffeessssiioonn..3344))TThheerree
iiss nnoo aaggrreeeemmeenntt wwhheetthheerr mmeetthhooddoollooggyy rreeffeerrss ttoo tthhee ccoonncceeppttss ppeeccuulliiaarr ttoo hhiissttoorriiccaall wwoorrkk iinn ggeenneerraall oorr ttoo
tthhee rreesseeaarrcchh tteecchhnniiqquueess aapppprroopprriiaattee ttoo tthhee vvaarriioouuss bbrraanncchheess ooff hhiissttoorriiccaall iinnqquuiirryy.. HHiissttoorriiaannss,, eessppeecciiaallllyy
tthhoossee ssoo bblliinnddeedd bbyy tthheeiirr rreesseeaarrcchh iinntteerreessttss tthhaatt tthheeyy hhaavvee bbeeeenn aaccccuusseedd ooff""ttuunnnneell mmeetthhoodd,,"" ffrreeqquueennttllyy
ffaallll vviiccttiimm ttoo tthhee""tteecchhnniiccaall ffaallllaaccyy.."" AAllssoo ccoommmmoonn iinn tthhee nnaattuurraall sscciieenncceess,, tthhee tteecchhnniicciisstt ffaallllaaccyy
mmiissttaakkeennllyy iiddeennttiiffiieess tthhee ddiisscciipplliinnee aass aa wwhhoollee wwiitthh cceerrttaaiinn ppaarrttss ooff iittss tteecchhnniiccaall iimmpplleemmeennttaattiioonn..
3355))IItt aapppplliieess eeqquuaallllyy ttoo ttrraaddiittiioonnaall hhiissttoorriiaannss wwhhoo vviieeww hhiissttoorryy aass oonnllyy tthhee eexxtteerrnnaall aanndd iinntteerrnnaall
ccrriittiicciissmm ooff ssoouurrcceessaanndd ttoo ssoocciiaall sscciieennccee hhiissttoorriiaannss wwhhoo eeqquuaattee tthheeiirr aaccttiivviittyy wwiitthh ssppeecciiffiicc tteecchhnniiqquueess..
第第 1122 页页 共共 1133 页页SSeeccttiioonn IIIIII WWrriittiinngg
3366..DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
AA.. SSttuuddyy tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ggrraapphhss ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd wwrriittee aann eessssaayy iinn aatt lleeaasstt 115500 wwoorrddss..
BB.. YYoouurr eessssaayy mmuusstt bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..
CC.. YYoouurr eessssaayy sshhoouulldd ccoovveerr tthhrreeee ppooiinnttss::
aa.. eeffffeecctt ooff tthhee ccoouunnttrryy''ss ggrroowwiinngg hhuummaann ppooppuullaattiioonn oonn iittss wwiillddlliiffee,, bb..ppoossssiibbllee rreeaassoonnss ffoorr tthhee
eeffffeecctt,,cc..yyoouurr ssuuggggeessttiioonn ffoorr wwiillddlliiffee pprrootteeccttiioonn ((1155 ppooiinnttss))..
TThhee UUppss aanndd DDoowweess ooff PPppuullaattiioonn GGrroowwtthh
..SSPPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONN GGRROOWWTTHH OOVVEERR TTIIMMEE
NNOOTTTTUUIIII））llaaOOII 00 羽羽33NN
2266
224400
承承局局高高 UU..ss ssWWEECCIIEESSEExxTTNNCCnnoott
OOVVEE TTWWEE
弧弧瞩瞩““翩翩圆圆翩翩阁阁侧侧轴轴置置””
1100oorr
叠叠
LL11ssvvss ，， 乙乙
4444 》》
11ttccoo33 117700 118800 11990000
作作AA系系
11880000 11882200 11884400 1188kk00 11888800 11990000 11992200 11994400 11996600 119988 220000oo
YYEEAANN
第第 1133 页页 共共 1133 页页温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
“左页原文，右页选项”22000000年年全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题
SSeeccttiioonn II UUssee ooff EEnngglliisshh
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
FFoorr eeaacchh nnuummbbeerreedd bbllaannkk iinn tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppaassssaaggee,, tthheerree aarree ffoouurr cchhooiicceess mmaarrkkeedd [[AA]],, [[BB]],, [[CC]] aanndd [[DD]]..
CChhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt oonnee aanndd mmaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerr oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11 bbyy bbllaacckkeenniinngg tthhee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg
lleetttteerr iinn tthhee bbrraacckkeettss wwiitthh aa ppeenncciill.. ((1100 ppooiinnttss))
IIff aa ffaarrmmeerr wwiisshheess ttoo ssuucccceeeedd,, hhee mmuusstt ttrryy ttoo kkeeeepp aa wwiiddee ggaapp bbeettwweeeenn hhiiss ccoonnssuummppttiioonn aanndd hhiiss
pprroodduuccttiioonn..HHee mmuusstt ssttoorree aa llaarrggee qquuaannttiittyy ooff ggrraaiinn11____ccoonnssuummiinngg aallll hhiiss ggrraaiinn iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy.. HHee ccaann
ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo ssuuppppoorrtt hhiimmsseellff aanndd hhiiss ffaammiillyy__22 hhee pprroodduucceess aa ssuurrpplluuss.. HHee mmuusstt uussee tthhiiss ssuurrpplluuss iinn
tthhrreeee wwaayyss:: aass sseeeedd ffoorr ssoowwiinngg,, aass aann iinnssuurraannccee33 tthhee uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbllee eeffffeeccttss ooff bbaadd wweeaatthheerr aanndd aass aa
ccoommmmooddiittyy wwhhiicchh hhee mmuusstt sseellll iinn oorrddeerr ttoo____44____oolldd aaggrriiccuullttuurraall iimmpplleemmeennttss aanndd oobbttaaiinn cchheemmiiccaall
ffeerrttiilliizzeerrss ttoo55tthhee ssooiill.. HHee mmaayy aallssoo nneeeedd mmoonneeyy ttoo ccoonnssttrruucctt iirrrriiggaattiioonn66 __aanndd iimmpprroovvee hhiiss ffaarrmm
iinn ootthheerr wwaayyss.. IIff nnoo ssuurrpplluuss iiss aavvaaiillaabbllee,, aa ffaarrmmeerr ccaannnnoott bbee 77__.. HHee mmuusstt eeiitthheerr sseellll ssoommee ooff hhiiss
pprrooppeerrttyy oorr88____eexxttrraa ffuunnddss iinn tthhee ffoorrmm ooff llooaannss.. NNaattuurraallllyy hhee wwiillll ttrryy ttoo bboorrrrooww mmoonneeyy aatt aa llooww 99
ooff iinntteerreesstt,, bbuutt llooaannss ooff tthhiiss kkiinndd aarree nnoott__1100____oobbttaaiinnaabbllee..
11..[[AA]] ootthheerr tthhaann [[BB]] aass wweellll aass [[CC]] iinnsstteeaadd ooff [[DD]] mmoorree tthhaann
22..[[AA]] oonnllyy iiff [[BB]] mmuucchh aass [[CC]] lloonngg bbeeffoorree [[DD]] eevveerr ssiinnccee
33..[[AA]] ffoorr [[BB]] aaggaaiinnsstt [[CC]] ooff [[DD]] ttoowwaarrddss
44..[[AA]] rreeppllaaccee [[BB]] ppuurrcchhaassee [[CC]] ssuupppplleemmeenntt [[DD]] ddiissppoossee
55..[[AA]] eennhhaannccee [[BB]] mmiixx [[CC]] ffeeeedd [[DD]] rraaiissee
66..[[AA]] vveesssseellss [[BB]] rroouutteess [[CC]] ppaatthhss [[DD]] cchhaannnneellss
77..[[AA]] sseellff--ccoonnffiiddeenntt [[BB]] sseellff--ssuuffffiicciieenntt [[CC]] sseellff--ssaattiissffiieedd [[DD]] sseellff--rreessttrraaiinneedd
88..[[AA]] sseeaarrcchh [[BB]] ssaavvee [[CC]] ooffffeerr [[DD]] sseeeekk
99..[[AA]] pprrooppoorrttiioonn [[BB]] ppeerrcceennttaaggee [[CC]] rraattee [[DD]] rraattiioo
[[CC]] pprreessuummaabbllyy
1100..[[AA]] ggeennuuiinneellyy [[BB]] oobbvviioouussllyy [[DD]] ffrreeqquueennttllyy
SSeeccttiioonn IIII RReeaaddiinngg CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn
PPaarrtt AA
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
EEaacchh ooff tthhee ppaassssaaggeess bbeellooww iiss ffoolllloowweedd bbyy ssoommee qquueessttiioonnss.. FFoorr eeaacchh qquueessttiioonn tthheerree aarree ffoouurr aannsswweerrss
mmaarrkkeedd [[AA]],,[[BB]],, [[CC]] aanndd [[DD]].. RReeaadd tthhee ppaassssaaggeess ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd cchhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt aannsswweerr ttoo eeaacchh ooff tthhee
qquueessttiioonnss.. TThheenn mmaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerr oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11 bbyy bbllaacckkeenniinngg tthhee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg lleetttteerr iinn
tthhee bbrraacckkeettss.. ((4400 ppooiinnttss))
第第11 页页 共共 1133 页页TTeexxtt 11
AA hhiissttoorryy ooff lloonngg aanndd eeffffoorrttlleessss ssuucccceessss ccaann bbee aa ddrreeaaddffuull hhaannddiiccaapp,, bbuutt,, iiff pprrooppeerrllyy hhaannddlleedd,, iitt
mmaayy bbeeccoommee aa ddrriivviinngg ffoorrccee.. WWhheenn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess eenntteerreedd jjuusstt ssuucchh aa gglloowwiinngg ppeerriioodd aafftteerr tthhee eenndd
ooff tthhee SSeeccoonndd WWoorrlldd WWaarr,, iitt hhaadd aa mmaarrkkeett eeiigghhtt ttiimmeess llaarrggeerr tthhaann aannyy ccoommppeettiittoorr,, ggiivviinngg iittss iinndduussttrriieess
uunnppaarraalllleelleedd eeccoonnoommiieess ooff ssccaallee.. IIttss sscciieennttiissttss wweerree tthhee wwoorrlldd''ss bbeesstt;; iittss wwoorrkkeerrss tthhee mmoosstt sskkiilllleedd..
AAmmeerriiccaa aanndd AAmmeerriiccaannss wweerree pprroossppeerroouuss bbeeyyoonndd tthhee ddrreeaammss ooff tthhee EEuurrooppeeaannss aanndd AAssiiaannss wwhhoossee
eeccoonnoommiieess tthhee wwaarr hhaadd ddeessttrrooyyeedd..
IItt wwaass iinneevviittaabbllee tthhaatt tthhiiss pprriimmaaccyy sshhoouulldd hhaavvee nnaarrrroowweedd aass ootthheerr ccoouunnttrriieess ggrreeww rriicchheerr.. JJuusstt aass
iinneevviittaabbllyy,, tthhee rreettrreeaatt ffrroomm pprreeddoommiinnaannccee pprroovveedd ppaaiinnffuull.. BByy tthhee mmiidd--11998800ss AAmmeerriiccaannss hhaadd ffoouunndd
tthheemmsseellvveess aatt aa lloossss oovveerr tthheeiirr ffaaddiinngg iinndduussttrriiaall ccoommppeettiittiivveenneessss.. SSoommee hhuuggee AAmmeerriiccaann iinndduussttrriieess,, ssuucchh
aass ccoonnssuummeerr eelleeccttrroonniiccss,, hhaadd sshhrruunnkk oorr vvaanniisshheedd iinn tthhee ffaaccee ooff ffoorreeiiggnn ccoommppeettiittiioonn..BByy 11998877 tthheerree wwaass
oonnllyy oonnee AAmmeerriiccaann tteelleevviissiioonn mmaakkeerr lleefftt,, ZZeenniitthh..((NNooww tthheerree iiss nnoonnee:: ZZeenniitthh wwaass bboouugghhtt bbyy SSoouutthh
KKoorreeaa''ss LLGG EElleeccttrroonniiccss iinn JJuullyy..))FFoorreeiiggnn--mmaaddee ccaarrss aanndd tteexxttiilleess wweerree sswweeeeppiinngg iinnttoo tthhee ddoommeessttiicc
mmaarrkkeett.. AAmmeerriiccaa''ss mmaacchhiinnee--ttooooll iinndduussttrryy wwaass oonn tthhee rrooppeess.. FFoorr aa wwhhiillee iitt llooookkeedd aass tthhoouugghh tthhee mmaakkiinngg
ooff sseemmiiccoonndduuccttoorrss,, wwhhiicchh AAmmeerriiccaa hhaadd iinnvveenntteedd aanndd wwhhiicchh ssaatt aatt tthhee hheeaarrtt ooff tthhee nneeww ccoommppuutteerr aaggee,,
wwaass ggooiinngg ttoo bbee tthhee nneexxtt ccaassuuaallttyy..
AAllll ooff tthhiiss ccaauusseedd aa ccrriissiiss ooff ccoonnffiiddeennccee.. AAmmeerriiccaannss ssttooppppeedd ttaakkiinngg pprroossppeerriittyy ffoorr ggrraanntteedd.. TThheeyy
bbeeggaann ttoo bbeelliieevvee tthhaatt tthheeiirr wwaayy ooff ddooiinngg bbuussiinneessss wwaass ffaaiilliinngg,, aanndd tthhaatt tthheeiirr iinnccoommeess wwoouulldd tthheerreeffoorree
sshhoorrttllyy bbeeggiinn ttoo ffaallll aass wweellll..TThhee mmiidd--11998800ss bbrroouugghhtt oonnee iinnqquuiirryy aafftteerr aannootthheerr iinnttoo tthhee ccaauusseess ooff
AAmmeerriiccaa''ss iinndduussttrriiaall ddeecclliinnee.. TThheeiirr ssoommeettiimmeess sseennssaattiioonnaall ffiinnddiinnggss wweerree ffiilllleedd wwiitthh wwaarrnniinnggss aabboouutt
tthhee ggrroowwiinngg ccoommppeettiittiioonn ffrroomm oovveerrsseeaass..
HHooww tthhiinnggss hhaavvee cchhaannggeedd!! IInn 11999955 tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ccaann llooookk bbaacckk oonn ffiivvee yyeeaarrss ooff ssoolliidd ggrroowwtthh
wwhhiillee JJaappaann hhaass bbeeeenn ssttrruugggglliinngg.. FFeeww AAmmeerriiccaannss aattttrriibbuuttee tthhiiss ssoolleellyy ttoo ssuucchh oobbvviioouuss ccaauusseess aass aa
ddeevvaalluueedd ddoollllaarr oorr tthhee ttuurrnniinngg ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss ccyyccllee.. SSeellff--ddoouubbtt hhaass yyiieellddeedd ttoo bblliinndd pprriiddee..""AAmmeerriiccaann
iinndduussttrryy hhaass cchhaannggeedd iittss ssttrruuccttuurree,, hhaass ggoonnee oonn aa ddiieett,, hhaass lleeaarrnntt ttoo bbee mmoorree qquuiicckk--wwiitttteedd,,"" aaccccoorrddiinngg
ttoo RRiicchhaarrdd CCaavvaannaagghh,,eexxeeccuuttiivvee ddeeaann ooff HHaarrvvaarrdd''ss KKeennnneeddyy SScchhooooll ooff GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt..""IItt mmaakkeess mmee
pprroouudd ttoo bbee aann AAmmeerriiccaann jjuusstt ttoo sseeee hhooww oouurr bbuussiinneesssseess aarree iimmpprroovviinngg tthheeiirr pprroodduuccttiivviittyy,,""ssaayyss SStteepphheenn
MMoooorree ooff tthhee CCaattoo IInnssttiittuuttee,, aa tthhiinnkk--ttaannkk iinn WWaasshhiinnggttoonn,, DDCC.. AAnndd WWiilllliiaamm SSaahhllmmaann ooff tthhee HHaarrvvaarrdd
BBuussiinneessss SScchhooooll bbeelliieevveess tthhaatt ppeeooppllee wwiillll llooookk bbaacckk oonn tthhiiss ppeerriioodd aass""aa ggoollddeenn aaggee ooff bbuussiinneessss
mmaannaaggeemmeenntt iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess..""
第第22 页页 共共1133页页1111..TThhee UU..SS..aacchhiieevveedd iittss pprreeddoommiinnaannccee aafftteerr WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIll bbeeccaauussee ________
[[AA]] iitt hhaadd mmaaddee ppaaiinnssttaakkiinngg eeffffoorrttss ttoowwaarrddss tthhiiss ggooaall
[[BB]] iittss ddoommeessttiicc mmaarrkkeett wwaass eeiigghhtt ttiimmeess llaarrggeerr tthhaann bbeeffoorree
[[CC]] tthhee wwaarr hhaadd ddeessttrrooyyeedd tthhee eeccoonnoommiieess ooff mmoosstt ppootteennttiiaall ccoommppeettiittoorrss
[[DD]] tthhee uunnppaarraalllleelleedd ssiizzee ooff iittss wwoorrkkffoorrccee hhaadd ggiivveenn aann iimmppeettuuss ttoo iittss eeccoonnoommyy
____
1122.. TThhee lloossss ooff UU..SS..pprreeddoommiinnaannccee iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd eeccoonnoommyy iinn tthhee 11998800ss iiss mmaanniiffeesstteedd iinn tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt tthhee
AAmmeerriiccaann ____
[[AA]] TTVV iinndduussttrryy hhaadd wwiitthhddrraawwnn ttoo iittss ddoommeessttiicc mmaarrkkeett
[[BB]] sseemmiiccoonndduuccttoorr iinndduussttrryy hhaadd bbeeeenn ttaakkeenn oovveerr bbyy ffoorreeiiggnn eenntteerrpprriisseess
[[CC]] mmaacchhiinnee--ttooooll iinndduussttrryy hhaadd ccoollllaappsseedd aafftteerr ssuuiicciiddaall aaccttiioonnss
[[DD]] aauuttoo iinndduussttrryy hhaadd lloosstt ppaarrtt ooff iittss ddoommeessttiicc mmaarrkkeett
1133.. WWhhaatt ccaann bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm tthhee ppaassssaaggee??
[[AA]] IItt iiss hhuummaann nnaattuurree ttoo sshhiifftt bbeettwweeeenn sseellff--ddoouubbtt aanndd bblliinndd pprriiddee
[[BB]] IInntteennssee ccoommppeettiittiioonn mmaayy ccoonnttrriibbuuttee ttoo eeccoonnoommiicc pprrooggrreessss
[[CC]] TThhee rreevviivvaall ooff tthhee eeccoonnoommyy ddeeppeennddss oonn iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ccooooppeerraattiioonn
[[DD]] AA lloonngg hhiissttoorryy ooff ssuucccceessss mmaayy ppaavvee tthhee wwaayy ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
1144.. TThhee aauutthhoorr sseeeemmss ttoo bbeelliieevvee tthhee rreevviivvaall ooff tthhee UU..SS.. eeccoonnoommyy iinn tthhee 11999900ss ccaann bbee aattttrriibbuutteedd ttoo
??tthhee
[[AA]] ttuurrnniinngg ooff tthhee bbuussiinneessss ccyyccllee
[[BB]] rreessttrruuccttuurriinngg ooff iinndduussttrryy
[[CC]] iimmpprroovveedd bbuussiinneessss mmaannaaggeemmeenntt
[[DD]] ssuucccceessss iinn eedduuccaattiioonn
第第33 页页 共共 1133 页页TTeexxtt 22
BBeeiinngg aa mmaann hhaass aallwwaayyss bbeeeenn ddaannggeerroouuss.. TThheerree aarree aabboouutt 110055 mmaalleess bboorrnn ffoorr eevveerryy 110000 ffeemmaalleess,,
bbuutt tthhiiss rraattiioo ddrrooppss ttoo nneeaarr bbaallaannccee aatt tthhee aaggee ooff mmaattuurriittyy,, aanndd aammoonngg 7700--yyeeaarr--oollddss tthheerree aarree ttwwiiccee aass
mmaannyy wwoommeenn aass mmeenn.. BBuutt tthhee ggrreeaatt uunniivveerrssaall ooff mmaallee mmoorrttaalliittyy iiss bbeeiinngg cchhaannggeedd.. NNooww,, bbooyy bbaabbiieess
ssuurrvviivvee aallmmoosstt aass wweellll aass ggiirrllss ddoo..TThhiiss mmeeaannss tthhaatt,,ffoorr tthhee ffiirrsstt ttiimmee,, tthheerree wwiillll bbee aann eexxcceessss ooff bbooyyss iinn
tthhoossee ccrruucciiaall yyeeaarrss wwhheenn tthheeyy aarree sseeaarrcchhiinngg ffoorr aa mmaattee.. MMoorree iimmppoorrttaanntt,, aannootthheerr cchhaannccee ffoorr nnaattuurraall
sseelleeccttiioonn hhaass bbeeeenn rreemmoovveedd.. FFiiffttyy yyeeaarrss aaggoo,, tthhee cchhaannccee ooff aa bbaabbyy((ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy aa bbooyy bbaabbyy)) ssuurrvviivviinngg
ddeeppeennddeedd oonn iittss wweeiigghhtt..AA kkiillooggrraamm ttoooo lliigghhtt oorr ttoooo hheeaavvyy mmeeaanntt aallmmoosstt cceerrttaaiinn ddeeaatthh.. TTooddaayy iitt mmaakkeess
aallmmoosstt nnoo ddiiffffeerreennccee.. SSiinnccee mmuucchh ooff tthhee vvaarriiaattiioonn iiss dduuee ttoo ggeenneess,, oonnee mmoorree aaggeenntt ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn hhaass
ggoonnee..
TThheerree iiss aannootthheerr wwaayy ttoo ccoommmmiitt eevvoolluuttiioonnaarryy ssuuiicciiddee:: ssttaayy aalliivvee,, bbuutt hhaavvee ffeewweerr cchhiillddrreenn.. FFeeww
ppeeooppllee aarree aass ffeerrttiillee aass iinn tthhee ppaasstt..EExxcceepptt iinn ssoommee rreelliiggiioouuss ccoommmmuunniittiieess,, vveerryy ffeeww wwoommeenn hhaavvee 1155
cchhiillddrreenn.. NNoowwaaddaayyss tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff bbiirrtthhss,, lliikkee tthhee aaggee ooff ddeeaatthh,, hhaass bbeeccoommee aavveerraaggee.. MMoosstt ooff uuss hhaavvee
rroouugghhllyy tthhee ssaammee nnuummbbeerr ooff ooffffsspprriinngg.. AAggaaiinn,,ddiiffffeerreenncceess bbeettwweeeenn ppeeooppllee aanndd tthhee ooppppoorrttuunniittyy ffoorr
nnaattuurraall sseelleeccttiioonn ttoo ttaakkee aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff iitt hhaavvee ddiimmiinniisshheedd..IInnddiiaa sshhoowwss wwhhaatt iiss hhaappppeenniinngg.. TThhee ccoouunnttrryy
ooffffeerrss wweeaalltthh ffoorr aa ffeeww iinn tthhee ggrreeaatt cciittiieess aanndd ppoovveerrttyy ffoorr tthhee rreemmaaiinniinngg ttrriibbaall ppeeoopplleess.. TThhee ggrraanndd
mmeeddiiooccrriittyy ooff ttooddaayy——eevveerryyoonnee bbeeiinngg tthhee ssaammee iinn ssuurrvviivvaall aanndd nnuummbbeerr ooff ooffffsspprriinngg——mmeeaannss tthhaatt
nnaattuurraall sseelleeccttiioonn hhaass lloosstt 8800ooff iittss ppoowweerr iinn uuppppeerr--mmiiddddllee--ccllaassss IInnddiiaa ccoommppaarreedd ttoo tthhee ttrriibbeess..
FFoorr uuss,, tthhiiss mmeeaannss tthhaatt eevvoolluuttiioonn iiss oovveerr;; tthhee bbiioollooggiiccaall UUttooppiiaa hhaass aarrrriivveedd..SSttrraannggeellyy,, iitt hhaass
iinnvvoollvveedd lliittttllee pphhyyssiiccaall cchhaannggee.. NNoo ootthheerr ssppeecciieess ffiillllss ssoo mmaannyy ppllaacceess iinn nnaattuurree.. BBuutt iinn tthhee ppaasstt 110000,,
000000 yyeeaarrss——eevveenn tthhee ppaasstt 110000 yyeeaarrss——oouurr lliivveess hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttrraannssffoorrmmeedd bbuutt oouurr bbooddiieess hhaavvee nnoott.. WWee ddiidd
nnoott eevvoollvvee,, bbeeccaauussee mmaacchhiinneess aanndd ssoocciieettyy ddiidd iitt ffoorr uuss..DDaarrwwiinn hhaadd aa pphhrraassee ttoo ddeessccrriibbee tthhoossee iiggnnoorraanntt
ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn:: tthheeyy""llooookk aatt aann oorrggaanniicc bbeeiinngg aass aa ssaavvaaggee llooookkss aatt aa sshhiipp,, aass aatt ssoommeetthhiinngg wwhhoollllyy
bbeeyyoonndd hhiiss ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn..""NNoo ddoouubbtt wwee wwiillll rreemmeemmbbeerr aa 2200tthh cceennttuurryy wwaayy ooff lliiffee bbeeyyoonndd
ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn ffoorr iittss uugglliinneessss.. BBuutt hhoowweevveerr aammaazzeedd oouurr ddeesscceennddaannttss mmaayy bbee aatt hhooww ffaarr ffrroomm UUttooppiiaa
wwee wweerree,, tthheeyy wwiillll llooookk jjuusstt lliikkee uuss..
第第44 页页 共共 1133页页1155.. WWhhaatt uusseedd ttoo bbee tthhee ddaannggeerr iinn bbeeiinngg aa mmaann aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee ffiirrsstt ppaarraaggrraapphh??
[[AA]] AA llaacckk ooff mmaatteess..
[[BB]] AA ffiieerrccee ccoommppeettiittiioonn..
[[CC]] AA lloowweerr ssuurrvviivvaall rraattee..
[[DD]] AA ddeeffeeccttiivvee ggeennee..
1166..WWhhaatt ddooeess tthhee eexxaammppllee ooff IInnddiiaa iilllluussttrraattee??
[[AA]] WWeeaalltthhyy ppeeooppllee tteenndd ttoo hhaavvee ffeewweerr cchhiillddrreenn tthhaann ppoooorr ppeeooppllee..
[[BB]] NNaattuurraall sseelleeccttiioonn hhaarrddllyy wwoorrkkss aammoonngg tthhee rriicchh aanndd tthhee ppoooorr..
[[CC]] TThhee mmiiddddllee ccllaassss ppooppuullaattiioonn iiss 8800ssmmaalllleerr tthhaann tthhaatt ooff tthhee ttrriibbeess..
[[DD]] IInnddiiaa iiss oonnee ooff tthhee ccoouunnttrriieess wwiitthh aa vveerryy hhiigghh bbiirrtthh rraattee..
1177.. TThhee aauutthhoorr aarrgguueess tthhaatt oouurr bbooddiieess hhaavvee ssttooppppeedd eevvoollvviinngg bbeeccaauussee__
[[AA]] lliiffee hhaass bbeeeenn iimmpprroovveedd bbyy tteecchhnnoollooggiiccaall aaddvvaannccee
[[BB]] tthhee nnuummbbeerr ooff ffeemmaallee bbaabbiieess hhaass bbeeeenn ddeecclliinniinngg
[[CC]] oouurr ssppeecciieess hhaass rreeaacchheedd tthhee hhiigghheesstt ssttaaggee ooff eevvoolluuttiioonn
[[DD]] tthhee ddiiffffeerreennccee bbeettwweeeenn wweeaalltthh aanndd ppoovveerrttyy iiss ddiissaappppeeaarriinngg
1188..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg wwoouulldd bbee tthhee bbeesstt ttiittllee ffoorr tthhee ppaassssaaggee??
[[AA]] SSeexx RRaattiioo CChhaannggeess iinn HHuummaann EEvvoolluuttiioonn..
[[BB]] WWaayyss ooff CCoonnttiinnuuiinngg MMaann''ss EEvvoolluuttiioonn..
[[CC]] TThhee EEvvoolluuttiioonnaarryy FFuuttuurree ooff NNaattuurree..
[[DD]] HHuummaann EEvvoolluuttiioonn GGooiinngg NNoowwhheerree..
第第 55 页页 共共 1133页页TTeexxtt 33
WWhheenn aa nneeww mmoovveemmeenntt iinn aarrtt aattttaaiinnss aa cceerrttaaiinn ffaasshhiioonn,, iitt iiss aaddvviissaabbllee ttoo ffiinndd oouutt wwhhaatt iittss
aaddvvooccaatteess aarree aaiimmiinngg aatt,, ffoorr,, hhoowweevveerr ffaarrffeettcchheedd aanndd uunnrreeaassoonnaabbllee tthheeiirr pprriinncciipplleess mmaayy sseeeemm ttooddaayy,, iitt
iiss ppoossssiibbllee tthhaatt iinn yyeeaarrss ttoo ccoommee tthheeyy mmaayy bbee rreeggaarrddeedd aass nnoorrmmaall.. WWiitthh rreeggaarrdd ttoo FFuuttuurriisstt ppooeettrryy..
hhoowweevveerr,, tthhee ccaassee iiss rraatthheerr ddiiffffiiccuulltt,, ffoorr wwhhaatteevveerr FFuuttuurriisstt ppooeettrryy mmaayy bbee——eevveenn aaddmmiittttiinngg tthhaatt tthhee
tthheeoorryy oonn wwhhiicchh iitt iiss bbaasseedd mmaayy bbee rriigghhtt——iitt ccaann hhaarrddllyy bbee ccllaasssseedd aass LLiitteerraattuurree..
TThhiiss,, iinn bbrriieeff,, iiss wwhhaatt tthhee FFuuttuurriisstt ssaayyss:: ffoorr aa cceennttuurryy,, ppaasstt ccoonnddiittiioonnss ooff lliiffee hhaavvee bbeeeenn
ccoonnddiittiioonnaallllyy ssppeeeeddiinngg uupp,,ttiillll nnooww wwee lliivvee iinn aa wwoorrlldd ooff nnooiissee aanndd vviioolleennccee aanndd ssppeeeedd..CCoonnsseeqquueennttllyy,,
oouurr ffeeeelliinnggss,, tthhoouugghhttss aanndd eemmoottiioonnss hhaavvee uunnddeerrggoonnee aa ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg cchhaannggee..TThhiiss ssppeeeeddiinngg uupp ooff
lliiffee,,ssaayyss tthhee FFuuttuurriisstt,, rreeqquuiirreess aa nneeww ffoorrmm ooff eexxpprreessssiioonn.. WWee mmuusstt ssppeeeedd uupp oouurr lliitteerraattuurree ttoooo,, iiff wwee
wwaanntt ttoo iinntteerrpprreett mmooddeerrnn ssttrreessss.. WWee mmuusstt ppoouurr oouutt aa llaarrggee ssttrreeaamm ooff eesssseennttiiaall wwoorrddss,, uunnhhaammppeerreedd bbyy
ssttooppss,, oorr qquuaalliiffyyiinngg aaddjjeeccttiivveess,, oorr ffiinniittee vveerrbbss.. IInnsstteeaadd ooff ddeessccrriibbiinngg ssoouunnddss wwee mmuusstt mmaakkee uupp wwoorrddss
tthhaatt iimmiittaattee tthheemm;; wwee mmuusstt uussee mmaannyy ssiizzeess ooff ttyyppee aanndd ddiiffffeerreenntt ccoolloorreedd iinnkkss oonn tthhee ssaammee ppaaggee,,aanndd
sshhoorrtteenn oorr lleennggtthheenn wwoorrddss aatt wwiillll..
CCeerrttaaiinnllyy tthheeiirr ddeessccrriippttiioonnss ooff bbaattttlleess aarree ccoonnffuusseedd.. BBuutt iitt iiss aa lliittttllee uuppsseettttiinngg ttoo rreeaadd iinn tthhee
eexxppllaannaattoorryy nnootteess tthhaatt aa cceerrttaaiinn lliinnee ddeessccrriibbeess aa ffiigghhtt bbeettwweeeenn aa TTuurrkkiisshh aanndd aa BBuullggaarriiaann ooffffiicceerr oonn aa
bbrriiddggee ooffff wwhhiicchh tthheeyy bbootthh ffaallll iinnttoo tthhee rriivveerr ——aanndd tthheenn ttoo ffiinndd tthhaatt tthhee lliinnee ccoonnssiissttss ooff tthhee nnooiissee ooff
tthheeiirr ffaalllliinngg aanndd tthhee wweeiigghhttss ooff tthhee ooffffiicceerrss::""PPlluuffff!! PPlluuffff!! AA hhuunnddrreedd aanndd eeiigghhttyy--ffiivvee kkiillooggrraammss..""
TThhiiss,, tthhoouugghh iitt ffuullffiillllss tthhee llaawwss aanndd rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff FFuuttuurriisstt ppooeettrryy,, ccaann hhaarrddllyy bbee ccllaasssseedd aass
LLiitteerraattuurree.. AAllll tthhee ssaammee,, nnoo tthhiinnkkiinngg mmaann ccaann rreeffuussee ttoo aacccceepptt tthheeiirr ffiirrsstt pprrooppoossiittiioonn:: tthhaatt aa ggrreeaatt
cchhaannggee iinn oouurr eemmoottiioonnaall lliiffee ccaallllss ffoorr aa cchhaannggee ooff eexxpprreessssiioonn.. TThhee wwhhoollee qquueessttiioonn iiss rreeaallllyy tthhiiss:: hhaavvee
wwee eesssseennttiiaallllyy cchhaannggeedd??
第第66 页页 共共 1133 页页1199.. TThhiiss ppaassssaaggee iiss mmaaiinnllyy __
[[AA]] aa ssuurrvveeyy ooff nneeww aapppprrooaacchheess ttoo aarrtt
[[BB]] aa rreevviieeww ooff FFuuttuurriisstt ppooeettrryy
[[CC]] aabboouutt mmeerriittss ooff tthhee FFuuttuurriisstt mmoovveemmeenntt
[[DD]] aabboouutt llaawwss aanndd rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss ooff lliitteerraattuurree
2200..WWhheenn aa nnoovveell lliitteerraarryy iiddeeaa aappppeeaarrss,, ppeeooppllee sshhoouulldd ttrryy ttoo________
[[AA]] ddeetteerrmmiinnee iittss ppuurrppoosseess
[[BB]] iiggnnoorree iittss ffllaawwss
[[CC]] ffoollllooww tthhee nneeww ffaasshhiioonnss
[[DD]] aacccceepptt tthhee pprriinncciipplleess
2211.. FFuuttuurriissttss ccllaaiimm tthhaatt wwee mmuusstt__
[[AA]] iinnccrreeaassee tthhee pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff lliitteerraattuurree
[[BB]] uussee ppooeettrryy ttoo rreelliieevvee mmooddeerrnn ssttrreessss
[[CC]] ddeevveelloopp nneeww mmooddeess ooff eexxpprreessssiioonn
[[DD]] aavvooiidd uussiinngg aaddjjeeccttiivveess aanndd vveerrbbss
2222..TThhee aauutthhoorr bbeelliieevveess tthhaatt FFuuttuurriisstt ppooeettrryy iiss ____
[[AA]] bbaasseedd oonn rreeaassoonnaabbllee pprriinncciipplleess
[[BB]] nneeww aanndd aacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo oorrddiinnaarryy ppeeooppllee
[[CC]] iinnddiiccaattiivvee ooff aa bbaassiicc cchhaannggee iinn hhuummaann nnaattuurree
[[DD]] mmoorree ooff aa ttrraannssiieenntt pphheennoommeennoonn tthhaann lliitteerraattuurree
第第77页页 共共 1133 页页TTeexxtt 44
AAiimmlleessssnneessss hhaass hhaarrddllyy bbeeeenn ttyyppiiccaall ooff tthhee ppoossttwwaarr JJaappaann wwhhoossee pprroodduuccttiivviittyy aanndd ssoocciiaall hhaarrmmoonnyy
aarree tthhee eennvvyy ooff tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess aanndd EEuurrooppee.. BBuutt iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy tthhee JJaappaanneessee aarree sseeeeiinngg aa ddeecclliinnee ooff tthhee
ttrraaddiittiioonnaall wwoorrkk--mmoorraall vvaalluueess.. TTeenn yyeeaarrss aaggoo yyoouunngg ppeeooppllee wweerree hhaarrddwwoorrkkiinngg aanndd ssaaww tthheeiirr jjoobbss aass
tthheeiirr pprriimmaarryy rreeaassoonn ffoorr bbeeiinngg,, bbuutt nnooww JJaappaann hhaass llaarrggeellyy ffuullffiilllleedd iittss eeccoonnoommiicc nneeeeddss,, aanndd yyoouunngg
ppeeooppllee ddoonn''tt kknnooww wwhheerree tthheeyy sshhoouulldd ggoo nneexxtt..
TThhee ccoommiinngg ooff aaggee ooff tthhee ppoossttwwaarr bbaabbyy bboooomm aanndd aann eennttrryy ooff wwoommeenn iinnttoo tthhee mmaallee--ddoommiinnaatteedd jjoobb
mmaarrkkeett hhaavvee lliimmiitteedd tthhee ooppppoorrttuunniittiieess ooff tteeeenn--aaggeerrss wwhhoo aarree aallrreeaaddyy qquueessttiioonniinngg tthhee hheeaavvyy ppeerrssoonnaall
ssaaccrriiffiicceess iinnvvoollvveedd iinn cclliimmbbiinngg JJaappaann''ss rriiggiidd ssoocciiaall llaaddddeerr ttoo ggoooodd sscchhoooollss aanndd jjoobbss..IInn aa rreecceenntt ssuurrvveeyy,,
iitt wwaass ffoouunndd tthhaatt oonnllyy 2244..55 ppeerrcceenntt ooff JJaappaanneessee ssttuuddeennttss wweerree ffuullllyy ssaattiissffiieedd wwiitthh sscchhooooll lliiffee,, ccoommppaarreedd
wwiitthh 6677..22 ppeerrcceenntt ooff ssttuuddeennttss iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess.. IInn aaddddiittiioonn.. ffaarr mmoorree JJaappaanneessee wwoorrkkeerrss eexxpprreesssseedd
ddiissssaattiissffaaccttiioonn wwiitthh tthheeiirr jjoobbss tthhaann ddiidd tthheeiirr ccoouunntteerrppaarrttss iinn tthhee 1100 ootthheerr ccoouunnttrriieess ssuurrvveeyyeedd..
WWhhiillee oofftteenn pprraaiisseedd bbyy ffoorreeiiggnneerrss ffoorr iittss eemmpphhaassiiss oonn tthhee bbaassiiccss,, JJaappaanneessee eedduuccaattiioonn tteennddss ttoo
ssttrreessss tteesstt ttaakkiinngg aanndd mmeecchhaanniiccaall lleeaarrnniinngg oovveerr ccrreeaattiivviittyy aanndd sseellff--eexxpprreessssiioonn..""TThhoossee tthhiinnggss tthhaatt ddoo
nnoott sshhooww uupp iinn tthhee tteesstt ssccoorreess——ppeerrssoonnaalliittyy,, aabbiilliittyy,, ccoouurraaggee oorr hhuummaanniittyy——aarree ccoommpplleetteellyy iiggnnoorreedd,,""
ssaayyss TToosshhiikkii KKaaiiffuu,, cchhaaiirrmmaann ooff tthhee rruulliinngg LLiibbeerraall DDeemmooccrraattiicc PPaarrttyy''ss eedduuccaattiioonn ccoommmmiitttteeee..
""FFrruussttrraattiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt tthhiiss kkiinndd ooff tthhiinngg lleeaaddss kkiiddss ttoo ddrroopp oouutt aanndd rruunn wwiilldd..""LLaasstt yyeeaarr JJaappaann
eexxppeerriieenncceedd 22,,112255 iinncciiddeennttss ooff sscchhooooll vviioolleennccee,, iinncclluuddiinngg 992299 aassssaauullttss oonn tteeaacchheerrss..AAmmiidd tthhee oouuttccrryy,,
mmaannyy ccoonnsseerrvvaattiivvee lleeaaddeerrss aarree sseeeekkiinngg aa rreettuurrnn ttoo tthhee pprreewwaarr eemmpphhaassiiss oonn mmoorraall eedduuccaattiioonn.. LLaasstt yyeeaarr
MMiittssuuoo SSeettooyyaammaa,, wwhhoo wwaass tthheenn eedduuccaattiioonn mmiinniisstteerr,, rraaiisseedd eeyyeebbrroowwss wwhheenn hhee aarrgguueedd tthhaatt lliibbeerraall
rreeffoorrmmss iinnttrroodduucceedd bbyy tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann ooccccuuppaattiioonn aauutthhoorriittiieess aafftteerr WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIII hhaadd wweeaakkeenneedd tthhee
""JJaappaanneessee mmoorraalliittyy ooff rreessppeecctt ffoorr ppaarreennttss..""
BBuutt tthhaatt mmaayy hhaavvee mmoorree ttoo ddoo wwiitthh JJaappaanneessee lliiffee--ssttyylleess..""IInn JJaappaann,,"" ssaayyss eedduuccaattoorr YYookkoo MMuurroo,,
""iitt''ss nneevveerr aa qquueessttiioonn ooff wwhheetthheerr yyoouu eennjjooyy yyoouurr jjoobb aanndd yyoouurr lliiffee,, bbuutt oonnllyy hhooww mmuucchh yyoouu ccaann
eenndduurree..""WWiitthh eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh hhaass ccoommee cceennttrraalliizzaattiioonn;; ffuullllyy 7766 ppeerrcceenntt ooff JJaappaann''ss 111199 mmiilllliioonn
cciittiizzeennss lliivvee iinn cciittiieess wwhheerree ccoommmmuunniittyy aanndd tthhee eexxtteennddeedd ffaammiillyy hhaavvee bbeeeenn aabbaannddoonneedd iinn ffaavvoorr ooff
iissoollaatteedd,, ttwwoo--ggeenneerraattiioonn hhoouusseehhoollddss.. UUrrbbaann JJaappaanneessee hhaavvee lloonngg eenndduurreedd lleennggtthhyy ccoommmmuutteess((ttrraavveellss ttoo
aanndd ffrroomm wwoorrkk)) aanndd ccrroowwddeedd lliivviinngg ccoonnddiittiioonnss,, bbuutt aass tthhee oolldd ggrroouupp aanndd ffaammiillyy vvaalluueess wweeaakkeenn,, tthhee
ddiissccoommffoorrtt iiss bbeeggiinnnniinngg ttoo tteellll..IInn tthhee ppaasstt ddeeccaaddee,,tthhee JJaappaanneessee ddiivvoorrccee rraattee,, wwhhiillee ssttiillll wweellll bbeellooww tthhaatt
ooff tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess,, hhaass iinnccrreeaasseedd bbyy mmoorree tthhaann 5500 ppeerrcceenntt,,aanndd ssuuiicciiddeess hhaavvee iinnccrreeaasseedd bbyy nneeaarrllyy
oonnee--qquuaarrtteerr..
第第88页页 共共1133页页2233.. IInn tthhee WWeesstteerrnneerrss''eeyyeess,, tthhee ppoossttwwaarr JJaappaann wwaass ____
[[AA]] uunnddeerr aaiimmlleessss ddeevveellooppmmeenntt
[[BB]] aa ppoossiittiivvee eexxaammppllee
[[CC]] aa rriivvaall ttoo tthhee WWeesstt
[[DD]] oonn tthhee ddeecclliinnee
2244..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee aauutthhoorr,, wwhhaatt mmaayy cchhiieeffllyy bbee rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee mmoorraall ddeecclliinnee ooff JJaappaanneessee
SSssoocciieettyy??
[[AA]] WWoommeenn''ss ppaarrttiicciippaattiioonn iinn ssoocciiaall aaccttiivviittiieess iiss lliimmiitteedd..
[[BB]] MMoorree wwoorrkkeerrss aarree ddiissssaattiissffiieedd wwiitthh tthheeiirr jjoobbss..
[[CC]]EExxcceessssiivvee eemmpphhaassiiss hhaass bbeeeenn ppllaacceedd oonn tthhee bbaassiiccss..
[[DD]] TThhee lliiffee--ssttyyllee hhaass bbeeeenn iinnfflluueenncceedd bbyy WWeesstteerrnn vvaalluueess..
2255..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iiss ttrruuee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee aauutthhoorr __________??
[[AA]] JJaappaanneessee eedduuccaattiioonn iiss pprraaiisseedd ffoorr hheellppiinngg tthhee yyoouunngg cclliimmbb tthhee ssoocciiaall llaaddddeerr..
[[BB]] JJaappaanneessee eedduuccaattiioonn iiss cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy mmeecchhaanniiccaall lleeaarrnniinngg aass wweellll aass ccrreeaattiivviittyy..
[[CC]] MMoorree ssttrreessss sshhoouulldd bbee ppllaacceedd oonn tthhee ccuullttiivvaattiioonn ooff ccrreeaattiivviittyy..
[[DD]] DDrrooppppiinngg oouutt lleeaaddss ttoo ffrruussttrraattiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt tteesstt ttaakkiinngg..
2266..TThhee cchhaannggee iinn JJaappaanneessee lliiffee--ssttyyllee iiss rreevveeaalleedd iinn tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt ____
[[AA]] tthhee yyoouunngg aarree lleessss ttoolleerraanntt ooff ddiissccoommffoorrttss iinn lliiffee
[[BB]] tthhee ddiivvoorrccee rraattee iinn JJaappaann eexxcceeeeddss tthhaatt iinn tthhee UU..SS..
[[CC]] tthhee JJaappaanneessee eenndduurree mmoorree tthhaann eevveerr bbeeffoorree
[[DD]] tthhee JJaappaanneessee aapppprreecciiaattee tthheeiirr pprreesseenntt lliiffee
第第99页页 共共 1133页页TTeexxtt 55
IIff aammbbiittiioonn iiss ttoo bbee wweellll rreeggaarrddeedd,, tthhee rreewwaarrddss ooff aammbbiittiioonn——wweeaalltthh,, ddiissttiinnccttiioonn,, ccoonnttrrooll oovveerr oonnee''
ss ddeessttiinnyy——mmuusstt bbee ddeeeemmeedd wwoorrtthhyy ooff tthhee ssaaccrriiffiicceess mmaaddee oonn aammbbiittiioonn''ss bbeehhaallff.. IIff tthhee ttrraaddiittiioonn ooff
aammbbiittiioonn iiss ttoo hhaavvee vviittaalliittyy,, iitt mmuusstt bbee wwiiddeellyy sshhaarreedd;; aanndd iitt eessppeecciiaallllyy mmuusstt bbee hhiigghhllyy rreeggaarrddeedd bbyy
ppeeooppllee wwhhoo aarree tthheemmsseellvveess aaddmmiirreedd,, tthhee eedduuccaatteedd nnoott lleeaasstt aammoonngg tthheemm..IInn aann oodddd wwaayy,, hhoowweevveerr,, iitt iiss
tthhee eedduuccaatteedd wwhhoo hhaavvee ccllaaiimmeedd ttoo hhaavvee ggiivveenn uupp oonn aammbbiittiioonn aass aann iiddeeaall.. WWhhaatt iiss oodddd iiss tthhaatt tthheeyy hhaavvee
ppeerrhhaappss mmoosstt bbeenneeffiitteedd ffrroomm aammbbiittiioonn —— iiff nnoott aallwwaayyss tthheeiirr oowwnn tthheenn tthhaatt ooff tthheeiirr ppaarreennttss aanndd
ggrraannddppaarreennttss.. TThheerree iiss aa hheeaavvyy nnoottee ooff hhyyppooccrriissyy iinn tthhiiss,, aa ccaassee ooff cclloossiinngg tthhee bbaarrnn ddoooorr aafftteerr tthhee hhoorrsseess
hhaavvee eessccaappeedd——wwiitthh tthhee eedduuccaatteedd tthheemmsseellvveess rriiddiinngg oonn tthheemm..
CCeerrttaaiinnllyy ppeeooppllee ddoo nnoott sseeeemm lleessss iinntteerreesstteedd iinn ssuucccceessss aanndd iittss ssiiggnnss nnooww tthhaann ffoorrmmeerrllyy.. SSuummmmeerr
hhoommeess,, EEuurrooppeeaann ttrraavveell,, BBMMWWss——tthhee llooccaattiioonnss,, ppllaaccee nnaammeess aanndd nnaammee bbrraannddss mmaayy cchhaannggee,, bbuutt ssuucchh
iitteemmss ddoo nnoott sseeeemm lleessss iinn ddeemmaanndd ttooddaayy tthhaann aa ddeeccaaddee oorr ttwwoo yyeeaarrss aaggoo..WWhhaatt hhaass hhaappppeenneedd iiss tthhaatt
ppeeooppllee ccaannnnoott ccoonnffeessss ffuullllyy ttoo tthheeiirr ddrreeaammss,, aass eeaassiillyy aanndd ooppeennllyy aass oonnccee tthheeyy ccoouulldd,, lleesstt tthheeyy bbee
tthhoouugghhtt ppuusshhiinngg,, aaccqquuiissiittiivvee aanndd vvuullggaarr..IInnsstteeaadd,, wwee aarree ttrreeaatteedd ttoo ffiinnee hhyyppooccrriittiiccaall ssppeeccttaacclleess,, wwhhiicchh
nnooww mmoorree tthhaann eevveerr sseeeemm iinn aammppllee ssuuppppllyy:: tthhee ccrriittiicc ooff AAmmeerriiccaann mmaatteerriiaalliissmm wwiitthh aa SSoouutthhaammppttoonn
ssuummmmeerr hhoommee;; tthhee ppuubblliisshheerr ooff rraaddiiccaall bbooookkss wwhhoo ttaakkeess hhiiss mmeeaallss iinn tthhrreeee--ssttaarr rreessttaauurraannttss;; tthhee
jjoouurrnnaalliisstt aaddvvooccaattiinngg ppaarrttiicciippaattoorryy ddeemmooccrraaccyy iinn aallll pphhaasseess ooff lliiffee,, wwhhoossee oowwnn cchhiillddrreenn aarree eennrroolllleedd iinn
pprriivvaattee sscchhoooollss.. FFoorr ssuucchh ppeeooppllee aanndd mmaannyy mmoorree ppeerrhhaappss nnoott ssoo eexxcceeppttiioonnaall,, tthhee pprrooppeerr ffoorrmmuullaattiioonn iiss,,
""SSuucccceeeedd aatt aallll ccoossttss bbuutt aavvooiidd aappppeeaarriinngg aammbbiittiioouuss..""
TThhee aattttaacckkss oonn aammbbiittiioonn aarree mmaannyy aanndd ccoommee ffrroomm vvaarriioouuss aanngglleess;; iittss ppuubblliicc ddeeffeennddeerrss aarree ffeeww aanndd
uunniimmpprreessssiivvee,, wwhheerree tthheeyy aarree nnoott eexxttrreemmeellyy uunnaattttrraaccttiivvee.. AAss aa rreessuulltt,, tthhee ssuuppppoorrtt ffoorr aammbbiittiioonn aass aa
hheeaalltthhyy iimmppuullssee,,aa qquuaalliittyy ttoo bbee aaddmmiirreedd aanndd ffiixxeedd iinn tthhee mmiinndd ooff tthhee yyoouunngg,, iiss pprroobbaabbllyy lloowweerr tthhaann iitt
hhaass eevveerr bbeeeenn iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess.. TThhiiss ddooeess nnoott mmeeaann tthhaatt aammbbiittiioonn iiss aatt aann eenndd,, tthhaatt ppeeooppllee nnoo lloonnggeerr
ffeeeell iittss ssttiirrrriinnggss aanndd pprroommppttiinnggss,, bbuutt oonnllyy tthhaatt,, nnoo lloonnggeerr ooppeennllyy hhoonnoorreedd,, iitt iiss lleessss ooppeennllyy pprrooffeesssseedd..
CCoonnsseeqquueenncceess ffoollllooww ffrroomm tthhiiss,, ooff ccoouurrssee,,ssoommee ooff wwhhiicchh aarree tthhaatt aammbbiittiioonn iiss ddrriivveenn uunnddeerrggrroouunndd,, oorr
mmaaddee ssllyy.. SSuucchh,, tthheenn,,iiss tthhee wwaayy tthhiinnggss ssttaanndd:: oonn tthhee lleefftt aannggrryy ccrriittiiccss,, oonn tthhee rriigghhtt ssttuuppiidd ssuuppppoorrtteerrss,,
aanndd iinn tthhee mmiiddddllee,,aass uussuuaall,, tthhee mmaajjoorriittyy ooff eeaarrnneesstt ppeeooppllee ttrryyiinngg ttoo ggeett oonn iinn lliiffee..
第第1100 页页 共共1133 页页2277..IItt iiss ggeenneerraallllyy bbeelliieevveedd tthhaatt aammbbiittiioonn mmaayy bbee wweell rreeggaarrddeedd iiff____
[[AA]] iittss rreettuurrnnss wweellll ccoommppeennssaattee ffoorr tthhee ssaaccrriiffiicceess
[[BB]] iitt iiss rreewwaarrddeedd wwiitthh mmoonneeyy,, ffaammee aanndd ppoowweerr
[[CC]] iittss ggooaallss aarree ssppiirriittuuaall rraatthheerr tthhaann mmaatteerriiaall
[[DD]] iitt iiss sshhaarreedd bbyy tthhee rriicchh aanndd tthhee ffaammoouuss
2288..TThhee llaasstt sseenntteennccee ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt ppaarraaggrraapphh mmoosstt pprroobbaabbllyy iimmpplliieess tthhaatt iitt iiss______
[[AA]] ccuussttoommaarryy ooff tthhee eedduuccaatteedd ttoo ddiissccaarrdd aammbbiittiioonn iinn wwoorrddss
[[BB]] ttoooo llaattee ttoo cchheecckk aammbbiittiioonn oonnccee iitt hhaass bbeeeenn lleett oouutt
[[CC]] ddiisshhoonneesstt ttoo ddeennyy aammbbiittiioonn aafftteerr tthhee ffuullffiillllmmeenntt ooff tthhee ggooaall
[[DD]] iimmpprraaccttiiccaall ffoorr tthhee eedduuccaatteedd ttoo eennjjooyy bbeenneeffiittss ffrroomm aammbbiittiioonn
2299..SSoommee ppeeooppllee ddoo nnoott ooppeennllyy aaddmmiitt tthheeyy hhaavvee aammbbiittiioonn bbeeccaauussee______
[[AA]] tthheeyy tthhiinnkk ooff iitt aass iimmmmoorraall
[[BB]] tthheeiirr ppuurrssuuiittss aarree nnoott ffaammee oorr wweeaalltthh
[[CC]] aammbbiittiioonn iiss nnoott cclloosseellyy rreellaatteedd ttoo mmaatteerriiaall bbeenneeffiittss
[[DD]] tthheeyy ddoo nnoott wwaanntt ttoo aappppeeaarr ggrreeeeddyy aanndd ccoonntteemmppttiibbllee
3300..FFrroomm tthhee llaasstt ppaarraaggrraapphh tthhee ccoonncclluussiioonn ccaann bbee ddrraawwnn tthhaatt aammbbiittiioonn sshhoouulldd bbee mmaaiinnttaaiinneedd..
[[AA]] sseeccrreettllyy aanndd vviiggoorroouussllyy
[[BB]] ooppeennllyy aanndd eenntthhuussiiaassttiiccaallllyy
[[CC]] eeaassiillyy aanndd mmoommeennttaarriillyy
[[DD]] vveerrbbaallllyy aanndd ssppiirriittuuaallllyy
第第 1111页页 共共 1133页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppaassssaaggee ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn mmuusstt bbee wwrriitttteenn nneeaattllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22.. ((1155 ppooiinnttss))
GGoovveerrnnmmeennttss tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhee wwoorrlldd aacctt oonn tthhee aassssuummppttiioonn tthhaatt tthhee wweellffaarree ooff tthheeiirr ppeeooppllee ddeeppeennddss
llaarrggeellyy oonn tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc ssttrreennggtthh aanndd wweeaalltthh ooff tthhee ccoommmmuunniittyy.. 3311))UUnnddeerr mmooddeerrnn ccoonnddiittiioonnss.. tthhiiss
rreeqquuiirreess vvaarryyiinngg mmeeaassuurreess ooff cceennttrraalliizzeedd ccoonnttrrooll aanndd hheennccee tthhee hheellpp ooff ssppeecciiaalliizzeedd sscciieennttiissttss ssuucchh aass
eeccoonnoommiissttss aanndd ooppeerraattiioonnaall rreesseeaarrcchh eexxppeerrttss..3322))FFuurrtthheerrmmoorree.. iitt iiss oobbvviioouuss tthhaatt tthhee ssttrreennggtthh ooff aa
ccoouunnttrryy''ss eeccoonnoommyy iiss ddiirreeccttllyy bboouunndd uupp wwiitthh tthhee eeffffiicciieennccyy ooff iittss aaggrriiccuullttuurree aanndd iinndduussttrryy..aanndd tthhaatt tthhiiss
iinn ttuurrnn rreessttss uuppoonn tthhee eeffffoorrttss ooff sscciieennttiissttss aanndd tteecchhnnoollooggiissttss ooff aallll kkiinnddss.. IItt aallssoo mmeeaannss tthhaatt ggoovveerrnnmmeennttss
aarree iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy ccoommppeelllleedd ttoo iinntteerrffeerree iinn tthheessee sseeccttoorrss iinn oorrddeerr ttoo sstteepp uupp pprroodduuccttiioonn aanndd eennssuurree tthhaatt iitt
iiss uuttiilliizzeedd ttoo tthhee bbeesstt aaddvvaannttaaggee.. FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, tthheeyy mmaayy eennccoouurraaggee rreesseeaarrcchh iinn vvaarriioouuss wwaayyss,, iinncclluuddiinngg
tthhee ssttttiinngg uupp ooff tthheeiirr oowwnn rreesseeaarrcchh cceenntteerrss;; tthheeyy mmaayy aalltteerr tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff eedduuccaattiioonn,, oorr iinntteerrffeerree iinn
oorrddeerr ttoo rreedduuccee tthhee wwaassttaaggee ooff nnaattuurraall rreessoouurrcceess oorr ttaapp rreessoouurrcceess hhiitthheerrttoo uunneexxppllooiitteedd;; oorr tthheeyy mmaayy
ccooooppeerraattee ddiirreeccttllyy iinn tthhee ggrroowwiinngg nnuummbbeerr ooff iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall pprroojjeeccttss rreellaatteedd ttoo sscciieennccee,, eeccoonnoommiiccss aanndd
iinndduussttrryy.. IInn aannyy ccaassee,, aallll ssuucchh iinntteerrvveennttiioonnss aarree hheeaavviillyy ddeeppeennddeenntt oonn sscciieennttiiffiicc aaddvviiccee aanndd aallssoo
sscciieennttiiffiicc aanndd tteecchhnnoollooggiiccaall mmaannppoowweerr ooff aallll kkiinnddss..
3333))OOwwiinngg ttoo tthhee rreemmaarrkkaabbllee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn mmaassss--ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss.. ppeeooppllee eevveerryywwhheerree aarree
ffeeeelliinngg nneeww wwaannttss aanndd aarree bbeeiinngg eexxppoosseedd ttoo nneeww ccuussttoommss aanndd iiddeeaass.. wwhhiillee ggoovveerrnnmmeennttss aarree oofftteenn
ffoorrcceedd ttoo iinnttrroodduuccee ssttiillll ffuurrtthheerr iinnnnoovvaattiioonnss ffoorr tthhee rreeaassoonnss ggiivveenn aabboovvee.. AAtt tthhee ssaammee ttiimmee,, tthhee nnoorrmmaall
rraattee ooff ssoocciiaall cchhaannggee tthhrroouugghhoouutt tthhee wwoorrlldd iiss ttaakkiinngg ppllaaccee aatt aa vvaassttllyy aacccceelleerraatteedd ssppeeeedd ccoommppaarreedd wwiitthh
tthhee ppaasstt..FFoorr eexxaammppllee,,3344)) iinn tthhee eeaarrllyy iinndduussttrriiaalliizzeedd ccoouunnttrriieess ooff EEuurrooppee tthhee pprroocceessss ooff
iinndduussttrriiaalliizzaattiioonn——wwiitthh aallll tthhee ffaarr--rreeaacchhiinngg cchhaannggeess iinn ssoocciiaall ppaatttteerrnnss tthhaatt ffoolllloowweedd——wwaass sspprreeaadd oovveerr
nneeaarrllyy aa cceennttuurryy.. wwhheerreeaass nnoowwaaddaayyss aa ddeevveellooppiinngg nnaattiioonn mmaayy uunnddeerrggoo tthhee ssaammee pprroocceessss iinn aa ddeeccaaddee oorr
ssoo.. AAllll tthhiiss hhaass tthhee eeffffeecctt ooff bbuuiillddiinngg uupp uunnuussuuaall pprreessssuurreess aanndd tteennssiioonnss wwiitthhiinn tthhee ccoommmmuunniittyy aanndd
ccoonnsseeqquueennttllyy pprreesseennttss sseerriioouuss pprroobblleemmss ffoorr tthhee ggoovveerrnnmmeennttss ccoonncceerrnneedd..3355))AAddddiittiioonnaall ssoocciiaallssttrreesssseess
mmaayy aallssoo ooccccuurr bbeeccaauussee ooff tthhee ppooppuullaattiioonn eexxpplloossiioonn oorr pprroobblleemmss aarriissiinngg ffrroomm mmaassss mmiiggrraattiioonn
mmoovveemmeennttss--tthheemmsseellvveess mmaaddee rreellaattiivveellyy eeaassyy nnoowwaaddaavvss bbyy mmooddeerrnn mmeeaannss ooff ttrraannssppoorrtt.. AAss aa rreessuulltt ooff
aallll tthheessee ffaaccttoorrss,, ggoovveerrnnmmeennttss aarree bbeeccoommiinngg iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy ddeeppeennddeenntt oonn bbiioollooggiissttss aanndd ssoocciiaall sscciieennttiissttss
ffoorr ppllaannnniinngg tthhee aapppprroopprriiaattee pprrooggrraammss aanndd ppuuttttiinngg tthheemm iinnttoo eeffffeecctt..
第第1122 页页 共共1133页页SSeeccttiioonn IIII WWrriittiinngg
3366..DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
AA..SSttuuddyy tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ttwwoo ppiiccttuurreess ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd wwrriittee aann eessssaayy ooff aatt lleeaasstt 115500 wwoorrddss..
BB..YYoouurr eessssaayy mmuusstt bbee wwrriitttteenn nneeaattllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..
CC.. YYoouurr eessssaayy sshhoouulldd mmeeeett tthhee rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss bbeellooww::
11)) DDeessccrriibbee tthhee ppiiccttuurreess,,
22))DDeedduuccee tthhee ppuurrppoossee ooff tthhee ppaaiinntteerr ooff tthhee ppiiccttuurreess,,
33))SSuuggggeesstt ccoouunntteerr--mmeeaassuurreess..((1155 ppooiinnttss))
母母
AA BBrriieeff HHiissttoorryy ooff WWoorrlldd CCoommmmeerreeiiaall FFiisshhiinngg
第第1133页页 共共 1133页页温馨提示
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2001年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名22000011年年全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题
SSeeccttiioonn II UUssee ooff EEnngglliisshh
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
FFoorr eeaacchh nnuummbbeerreedd bbllaannkk iinn tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppaassssaaggee,, tthheerree aarree ffoouurr cchhooiicceess mmaarrkkeedd [[AA]],, [[BB]],, [[CC]] aanndd [[DD]]..
CChhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt oonnee aanndd mmaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerr oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11 bbyy bbllaacckkeenniinngg tthhee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg
lleetttteerr iinn tthhee bbrraacckkeettss wwiitthh aa ppeenncciill.. ((1100 ppooiinnttss))
TThhee ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt iiss ttoo bbaann ppaayymmeennttss ttoo wwiittnneesssseess bbyy nneewwssppaappeerrss sseeeekkiinngg ttoo bbuuyy uupp ppeeooppllee
iinnvvoollvveedd iinn pprroommiinneenntt ccaasseess__ll____tthhee ttrriiaall ooff RRoosseemmaarryy WWeesstt..
IInn aa ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt__22__ooff lleeggaall ccoonnttrroollss oovveerr tthhee pprreessss,, LLoorrdd IIrrvviinnee,, tthhee LLoorrdd CChhaanncceelllloorr,, wwiillll
iinnttrroodduuccee aa33bbiillll tthhaatt wwiillll pprrooppoossee mmaakkiinngg ppaayymmeennttss ttoo wwiittnneesssseess44aanndd wwiillll ttrriiccttllyy ccoonnttrrooll tthhee
aammoouunntt ooff__55__tthhaatt ccaann bbee ggiivveenn ttoo aa ccaassee__66__aa ttrriiaall bbeeggiinnss..
IInn aa lleetttteerr ttoo GGeerraalldd KKaauuffmmaann,, cchhaaiirrmmaann ooff tthhee HHoouussee ooff CCoommmmoonnss mmeeddiiaa sseelleecctt ccoommmmiitttteeee.. LLoorrdd
IIrrvviinnee ssaaiidd hhee____ZZ____wwiitthh aa ccoommmmiitttteeee rreeppoorrtt tthhiiss yyeeaarr wwhhiicchh ssaaiidd tthhaatt sseellff rreegguullaattiioonn ddiidd nnoott
88__ssuuffffiicciieenntt ccoonnttrrooll..
99__ooff tthhee lleetttteerr ccaammee ttwwoo ddaayyss aafftteerr LLoorrdd IIrrvviinnee ccaauusseedd aa__1100__ooff mmeeddiiaa pprrootteesstt wwhheenn hhee
ssaaiidd tthhee____11ll____ooff pprriivvaaccyy ccoonnttrroollss ccoonnttaaiinneedd iinn EEuurrooppeeaann lleeggiissllaattiioonn wwoouulldd bbee lleefftt ttoo jjuuddggeess__1122____ttoo
PPaarrlliiaammeenntt..
TThhee LLoorrdd CChhaanncceelllloorr ssaaiidd iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn ooff tthhee HHuummaann RRiigghhttss BBiillll,, wwhhiicchh1133__tthhee EEuurrooppeeaann
CCoonnvveennttiioonn oonn HHuummaann RRiigghhttss lleeggaallllyy__1144 iinn BBrriittaaiinn,,llaaiidd ddoowwnn tthhaatt eevveerryybbooddyy wwaass__1155 ttoo pprriivvaaccyy
aanndd tthhaatt ppuubblliicc ffiigguurreess ccoouulldd ggoo ttoo ccoouurrtt ttoo pprrootteecctt tthheemmsseellvveess aanndd tthheeiirr ffaammiilliieess..
""PPrreessss ffrreeeeddoommss wwiillll bbee iinn ssaaffee hhaannddss__1166__oouurr BBrriittiisshh jjuuddggeess,,""hhee ssaaiidd..
WWiittnneessss ppaayymmeennttss bbeeccaammee aann__1177____aafftteerr WWeesstt wwaass sseenntteenncceedd ttoo 1100 lliiffee sseenntteenncceess iinn 11999955..UUpp
ttoo 1199 wwiittnneesssseess wweerree 88 ttoo hhaavvee rreecceeiivveedd ppaayymmeennttss ffoorr tteelllliinngg tthheeiirr ssttoorriieess ttoo nneewwssppaappeerrss..
CCoonncceerrnnss wweerree rraaiisseedd____1199wwiittnneesssseess mmiigghhtt bbee eennccoouurraaggeedd ttoo eexxaaggggeerraattee tthheeiirr ssttoorriieess iinn ccoouurrtt ttoo
2200gguuiillttyy vveerrddiiccttss..
第第11 页页 共共1144页页11..[[AA]] aassttoo [[BB]] ffoorr iinnssttaannccee [[CC]]iinn ppaarrttiiccuullaarr [[DD]] ssuucchh aass
22..[[AA]] ttiigghhtteenniinngg BB]]iinntteennssiiffyyiinngg [[CC]] ffooccuussiinngg [[DD]] ffaasstteenniinngg
33..[[AA]]sskkeettcchh [[BB]] rroouugghh [[CC]] pprreelliimmiinnaarryy [[DD]] ddrraafftt
44..[[AA]] iillooggiiccaall [[BB]] iilleeggaall [[CC]] iimmpprroobbaabbllee [[DD]] iimmpprrooppeerr
55..[[AA]] ppuubblliicciittyy [[BB]] ppeennaallttyy [[CC]] ppooppuullaarriittyy [[DD]] ppeeccuuiiaarriittyy
66..[[AA]] ssiinnccee [[BB]] iiff [[CC]]bbeeffoorree [[DD]] aass
77..[[AA]] ssiiddeedd [[BB]] sshhaarreedd [[CC]] ccoommpplliieedd [[DD]] aaggrreeeedd
88..[[AA]] pprreesseenntt [[BB]]ooffffeerr [[CC]] mmaanniiffeesstt DD]] iinnddiiccaattee
99..[[AA]]RReelleeaassee [[BB]] PPuubblliiccaattiioonn [[CC]] PPrriinnttiinngg DD]] EExxppoossuurree
1100..[[AA]]ssttoorrmm [[BB]] rraaggee [[CC]] ffllaarree DD]] ffllaasshh
1111..[[AA]] ttrraannssllaattiioonn [[BB]] iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn [[CC]] eexxhhiibbiittiioonn [[DD]] ddeemmoonnssttrraattiioonn
1122..[[AA]] bbeetttteerr tthhaann [[BB]] ootthheerr tthhaann [[CC]] rraatthheerr tthhaann [[DD]]ssoooonneerr tthhaann
1133..[[AA]]cchhaannggeess [[BB]] mmaakkeess [[CC]] sseettss [[DD]] ttuurrnnss
1144..[[AA]] bbiinnddiinngg [[BB]] ccoonnvviinncciinngg [[CC]] rreessttrraaiinniinngg [[DD]]ssuussttaaiinniinngg
1155..[[AA]] aauutthhoorriizzeedd [[BB]] ccrreeddiitteedd [[CC]] eennttiittlleedd [[DD]] qquuaalliiffiieedd
1166..[[AA]] wwiitthh [[BB]] ttoo [[CC]] ffrroomm [[DD]] bbyy
1177..[[AA]] iimmppaacctt [[BB]] iinncciiddeenntt [[CC]] iinnffeerreennccee [[DD]] iissssuuee
1188..[[AA]] ssttaatteedd [[BB]] rreemmaarrkkeedd [[CC]] ssaaiidd [[DD]]ttoolldd
1199..[[AA]] wwhhaatt [[BB]] wwhheenn [[CC]] wwhhiicchh [[DD]] tthhaatt
2200..[[AA]]aassssuurree [[BB]]ccoonnffiiddee [[CC]] eennssuurree [[DD]] gguuaarraanntteeee
SSeeccttiioonn IIII RReeaaddiinngg CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn
PPaarrtt AA
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
EEaacchh ooff tthhee ppaassssaaggeess bbeellooww iiss ffoolllloowweedd bbyy ssoommee qquueessttiioonnss.. FFoorr eeaacchh qquueessttiioonn tthheerree aarree ffoouurr aannsswweerrss
mmaarrkkeedd [[AA]],, [[BB]],, [[CC]] aanndd [[DD]].. RReeaadd tthhee ppaassssaaggeess ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd cchhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt aannsswweerr ttoo eeaacchh ooff tthhee
qquueessttiioonnss.. TThheenn mmaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerr oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT II bbyy bbllaacckkeenniinngg tthhee ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg lleetttteerr iinn
tthhee bbrraacckkeettss.. ((4400 ppooiinnttss))
第第22页页 共共 1144 页页TTeexxtt 11
SSppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn ccaann bbee sseeeenn aass aa rreessppoonnssee ttoo tthhee pprroobblleemm ooff aann iinnccrreeaassiinngg aaccccuummuullaattiioonn ooff
sscciieennttiiffiicc kknnoowwlleeddggee.. BByy sspplliittttiinngg uupp tthhee ssuubbjjeecctt mmaatttteerr iinnttoo ssmmaalllleerr uunniittss,, oonnee mmaann ccoouulldd ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo
hhaannddllee tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn aanndd uussee iitt aass tthhee bbaassiiss ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr rreesseeaarrcchh.. BBuutt ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn wwaass oonnllyy oonnee ooff aa
sseerriieess ooff rreellaatteedd ddeevveellooppmmeennttss iinn sscciieennccee aaffffeeccttiinngg tthhee pprroocceessss ooff ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn..AAnnootthheerr wwaass tthhee
ggrroowwiinngg pprrooffeessssiioonnaalliissaattiioonn ooff sscciieennttiiffiicc aaccttiivviittyy..
NNoo cclleeaarr--ccuutt ddiissttiinnccttiioonn ccaann bbee ddrraawwnn bbeettwweeeenn pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss aanndd aammaatteeuurrss iinn sscciieennccee::eexxcceeppttiioonnss
ccaann bbee ffoouunndd ttoo aannyy rruullee.. NNeevveerrtthheelleessss,, tthhee wwoorrdd ""aammaatteeuurr""ddooeess ccaarrrryy aa ccoonnnnoottaattiioonn tthhaatt tthhee ppeerrssoonn
ccoonncceerrnneedd iiss nnoott ffuullllyy iinntteeggrraatteedd iinnttoo tthhee sscciieennttiiffiicc ccoommmmuunniittyy aanndd,, iinn ppaarrttiiccuullaarr,, mmaayy nnoott ffuullllyy sshhaarree
iittss vvaalluueess.. TThhee ggrroowwtthh ooff ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn iinn tthhee nniinneetteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy,, wwiitthh iittss ccoonnsseeqquueenntt rreeqquuiirreemmeenntt ooff aa
lloonnggeerr,, mmoorree ccoommpplleexx ttrraaiinniinngg,, iimmpplliieedd ggrreeaatteerr pprroobblleemmss ffoorr aammaatteeuurr ppaarrttiicciippaattiioonn iinn sscciieennccee.. TThhee
ttrreenndd wwaass nnaattuurraallllyy mmoosstt oobbvviioouuss iinn tthhoossee aarreeaass ooff sscciieennccee bbaasseedd eessppeecciiaallllyy oonn aa mmaatthheemmaattiiccaall oorr
llaabboorraattoorryy ttrraaiinniinngg,, aanndd ccaann bbee iilllluussttrraatteedd iinn tteerrmmss ooff tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff ggeeoollooggyy iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd
KKiinnggddoomm..
AA ccoommppaarriissoonn ooff BBrriittiisshh ggeeoollooggiiccaall ppuubblliiccaattiioonnss oovveerr tthhee llaasstt cceennttuurryy aanndd aa hhaallff rreevveeaallss nnoott
ssiimmppllyy aann iinnccrreeaassiinngg eemmpphhaassiiss oonn tthhee pprriimmaaccyy ooff rreesseeaarrcchh,, bbuutt aallssoo aa cchhaannggiinngg ddeeffiinniittiioonn ooff wwhhaatt
ccoonnssttiittuutteess aann aacccceeppttaabbllee rreesseeaarrcchh ppaappeerr.. TThhuuss,, iinn tthhee nniinneetteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy,,llooccaall ggeeoollooggiiccaall ssttuuddiieess
rreepprreesseenntteedd wwoorrtthhwwhhiillee rreesseeaarrcchh iinn tthheeiirr oowwnn rriigghhtt;; bbuutt,, iinn tthhee ttwweennttiieetthh cceennttuurryy,, llooccaall ssttuuddiieess hhaavvee
iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy bbeeccoommee aacccceeppttaabbllee ttoo pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss oonnllyy iiff tthheeyy iinnccoorrppoorraattee,,aanndd rreefflleecctt oonn,, tthhee wwiiddeerr
ggeeoollooggiiccaall ppiiccttuurree..AAmmaatteeuurrss,, oonn tthhee ootthheerr hhaanndd,, hhaavvee ccoonnttiinnuueedd ttoo ppuurrssuuee llooccaall ssttuuddiieess iinn tthhee oolldd wwaayy..
TThhee oovveerraallll rreessuulltt hhaass bbeeeenn ttoo mmaakkee eennttrraannccee ttoo pprrooffeessssiioonnaall ggeeoollooggiiccaall jjoouurrnnaallss hhaarrddeerr ffoorr aammaatteeuurrss,, aa
rreessuulltt tthhaatt hhaass bbeeeenn rreeiinnffoorrcceedd bbyy tthhee wwiiddeesspprreeaadd iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn ooff rreeffeerreeeeiinngg,, ffiirrsstt bbyy nnaattiioonnaall jjoouurrnnaallss
iinn tthhee nniinneetteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy aanndd tthheenn bbyy sseevveerraall llooccaall ggeeoollooggiiccaall jjoouurrnnaallss iinn tthhee ttwweennttiieetthh cceennttuurryy..AAss aa
llooggiiccaall ccoonnsseeqquueennccee ooff tthhiiss ddeevveellooppmmeenntt,, sseeppaarraattee jjoouurrnnaallss hhaavvee nnooww aappppeeaarreedd aaiimmeedd mmaaiinnllyy ttoowwaarrddss
eeiitthheerr pprrooffeessssiioonnaall oorr aammaatteeuurr rreeaaddeerrsshhiipp.. AA rraatthheerr ssiimmiillaarr pprroocceessss ooff ddiiffffeerreennttiiaattiioonn hhaass lleedd ttoo
pprrooffeessssiioonnaall ggeeoollooggiissttss ccoommiinngg ttooggeetthheerr nnaattiioonnaallllyy wwiitthhiinn oonnee oorr ttwwoo ssppeecciiffiicc ssoocciieettiieess,, wwhheerreeaass tthhee
aammaatteeuurrss hhaavvee tteennddeedd eeiitthheerr ttoo rreemmaaiinn iinn llooccaall ssoocciieettiieess oorr ttoo ccoommee ttooggeetthheerr nnaattiioonnaallllyy iinn aa ddiiffffeerreenntt
wwaayy..
AAlltthhoouugghh tthhee pprroocceessss ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaalliissaattiioonn aanndd ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn wwaass aallrreeaaddyy wweellll uunnddeerr wwaayy iinn
BBrriittiisshh ggeeoollooggyy dduurriinngg tthhee nniinneetteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy,, iittss ffuullll ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess wweerree tthhuuss ddeellaayyeedd uunnttiill tthhee
ttwweennttiieetthh cceennttuurryy.. IInn sscciieennccee ggeenneerraallllyy,, hhoowweevveerr,, tthhee nniinneetteeeenntthh cceennttuurryy mmuusstt bbee rreecckkoonneedd aass tthhee
ccrruucciiaall ppeerriioodd ffoorr tthhiiss cchhaannggee iinn tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff sscciieennccee..
第第33页页共共1144页页2211.. TThhee ggrroowwtthh ooff ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn iinn tthhee 1199tthh cceennttuurryy mmiigghhtt bbee mmoorree cclleeaarrllyy sseeeenn iinn sscciieenncceess ssuucchh aass
[[AA]] ssoocciioollooggyy aanndd cchheemmiissttrryy
[[BB]] pphhyyssiiccss aanndd ppssyycchhoollooggyy
[[CC]] ssoocciioollooggyy aanndd ppssyycchhoollooggyy
[[DD]] pphhyyssiiccss aanndd cchheemmiissttrryy
2222..WWee ccaann iinnffeerr ffrroomm tthhee ppaassssaaggee tthhaatt______
[[AA]] tthheerree iiss lliittllee ddiissttiinnccttiioonn bbeettwweeeenn ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn aanndd pprrooffeessssiioonnaalliissaattiioonn
[[BB]] aammaatteeuurrss ccaann ccoommppeettee wwiitthh pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss iinn ssoommee aarreeaass ooff sscciieennccee
[[CC]] pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss tteenndd ttoo wweellccoommee aammaatteeuurrss iinnttoo tthhee sscciieennttiiffiicc ccoommmmuunniittyy
[[DD]] aammaatteeuurrss hhaavvee nnaattiioonnaall aaccaaddeemmiicc ssoocciieettiieess bbuutt nnoo llooccaall oonneess
2233..TThhee aauutthhoorr wwrriitteess ooff tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff ggeeoollooggyy ttoo ddeemmoonnssttrraattee ________
[[AA]] tthhee pprroocceessss ooff ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn aanndd pprrooffeessssiioonnaalliissaattiioonn
[[BB]] tthhee hhaarrddsshhiipp ooff aammaatteeuurrss iinn sscciieennttiiffiicc ssttuuddyy
[[CC]] tthhee cchhaannggee ooff ppoolliicciieess iinn sscciieennttiiffiicc ppuubblliiccaattiioonnss
[[DD]] tthhee ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss aaggaaiinnsstt aammaatteeuurrss
2244..TThhee ddiirreecctt rreeaassoonn ffoorr ssppeecciiaalliissaattiioonn iiss______
[[AA]] tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt iinn ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn
[[BB]] tthhee ggrroowwtthh ooff pprrooffeessssiioonnaalliissaattiioonn
[[CC]] tthhee eexxppaannssiioonn ooff sscciieennttiiffiicc kknnoowwlleeddggee
[[DD]] tthhee sspplliittttiinngg uupp ooff aaccaaddeemmiicc ssoocciieettiieess
第第 44页页 共共1144页页TTeexxtt 22
AA ggrreeaatt ddeeaall ooff aatttteennttiioonn iiss bbeeiinngg ppaaiidd ttooddaayy ttoo tthhee ssoo--ccaalllleedd ddiiggiittaall ddiivviiddee--tthhee ddiivviissiioonn ooff tthhee
wwoorrlldd iinnttoo tthhee iinnffoo ((iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn)) rriicchh aanndd tthhee iinnffoo ppoooorr..AAnndd tthhaatt ddiivviiddee ddooeess eexxiisstt ttooddaayy.. MMyy wwiiffee aanndd
II lleeccttuurreedd aabboouutt tthhiiss lloooommiinngg ddaannggeerr ttwweennttyy yyeeaarrss aaggoo.. WWhhaatt wwaass lleessss vviissiibbllee tthheenn,, hhoowweevveerr,, wweerree tthhee
nneeww,, ppoossiittiivvee ffoorrcceess tthhaatt wwoorrkk aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee ddiiggiittaall ddiivviiddee.. TThheerree aarree rreeaassoonnss ttoo bbee ooppttiimmiissttiicc..
TThheerree aarree tteecchhnnoollooggiiccaall rreeaassoonnss ttoo hhooppee tthhee ddiiggiittaall ddiivviiddee wwiillll nnaarrrrooww.. AAss tthhee IInntteerrnneett bbeeccoommeess
mmoorree aanndd mmoorree ccoommmmeerrcciiaalliizzeedd,, iitt iiss iinn tthhee iinntteerreesstt ooff bbuussiinneessss ttoo uunniivveerrssaalliizzee aacccceessss--aafftteerr aallll,, tthhee
mmoorree ppeeooppllee oonnlliinnee,, tthhee mmoorree ppootteennttiiaall ccuussttoommeerrss tthheerree aarree.. MMoorree aanndd mmoorree ggoovveerrnnmmeennttss,, aaffrraaiidd tthheeiirr
ccoouunnttrriieess wwiillll bbee lleefftt bbeehhiinndd,, wwaanntt ttoo sspprreeaadd IInntteerrnneett aacccceessss.. WWiitthhiinn tthhee nneexxtt ddeeccaaddee oorr ttwwoo,, oonnee ttoo ttwwoo
bbiilllliioonn ppeeooppllee oonn tthhee ppllaanneett wwiillll bbee nneetttteedd ttooggeetthheerr.. AAss aa rreessuulltt,, II nnooww bbeelliieevvee tthhee ddiiggiittaall ddiivviiddee wwiillll
nnaarrrrooww rraatthheerr tthhaann wwiiddeenn iinn tthhee yyeeaarrss aahheeaadd..AAnndd tthhaatt iiss vveerryy ggoooodd nneewwss bbeeccaauussee tthhee IInntteerrnneett mmaayy wweellll
bbee tthhee mmoosstt ppoowweerrffuull ttooooll ffoorr ccoommbbaattiinngg wwoorrlldd ppoovveerrttyy tthhaatt wwee''vvee eevveerr hhaadd..
OOff ccoouurrssee,, tthhee uussee ooff tthhee IInntteerrnneett iissnn''tt tthhee oonnllyy wwaayy ttoo ddeeffeeaatt ppoovveerrttyy..AAnndd tthhee IInntteerrnneett iiss nnoott tthhee
oonnllyy ttooooll wwee hhaavvee.. BBuutt iitt hhaass eennoorrmmoouuss ppootteennttiiaall..
TToo ttaakkee aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff tthhiiss ttooooll,, ssoommee iimmppoovveerriisshheedd ccoouunnttrriieess wwiillll hhaavvee ttoo ggeett oovveerr tthheeiirr oouuttddaatteedd
aannttii--ccoolloonniiaall pprreejjuuddiicceess wwiitthh rreessppeecctt ttoo ffoorreeiiggnn iinnvveessttmmeenntt.. CCoouunnttrriieess tthhaatt ssttiillll tthhiinnkk ffoorreeiiggnn iinnvveessttmmeenntt
iiss aann iinnvvaassiioonn ooff tthheeiirr ssoovveerreeiiggnnttyy mmiigghhtt wweellll ssttuuddyy tthhee hhiissttoorryy ooff iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree ((tthhee bbaassiicc ssttrruuccttuurraall
ffoouunnddaattiioonnss ooff aa ssoocciieettyy))iinn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess.. WWhheenn tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess bbuuiilltt iittss iinndduussttrriiaall iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree,,
iitt ddiiddnn''tt hhaavvee tthhee ccaappiittaall ttoo ddoo ssoo.. AAnndd tthhaatt iiss wwhhyy AAmmeerriiccaa''ss SSeeccoonndd WWaavvee iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree--iinncclluuddiinngg
rrooaaddss,, hhaarrbboorrss,, hhiigghhwwaayyss,, ppoorrttss aanndd ssoo oonn--wweerree bbuuiilltt wwiitthh ffoorreeiiggnn iinnvveessttmmeenntt.. TThhee EEnngglliisshh,,tthhee
GGeerrmmaannss,, tthhee DDuuttcchh aanndd tthhee FFrreenncchh wweerree iinnvveessttiinngg iinn BBrriittaaiinn''ss ffoorrmmeerr ccoolloonnyy.. TThheeyy ffiinnaanncceedd tthheemm..
IImmmmiiggrraanntt AAmmeerriiccaannss bbuuiilltt tthheemm.. GGuueessss wwhhoo oowwnnss tthheemm nnooww?? TThhee AAmmeerriiccaannss.. II bbeelliieevvee tthhee ssaammee
tthhiinngg wwoouulldd bbee ttrruuee iinn ppllaacceess lliikkee BBrraazziill oorr aannyywwhheerree eellssee ffoorr tthhaatt mmaatttteerr.. TThhee mmoorree ffoorreeiiggnn ccaappiittaall yyoouu
hhaavvee hheellppiinngg yyoouu bbuuiilldd yyoouurr TThhiirrdd WWaavvee iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree,, wwhhiicchh ttooddaayy iiss aann eelleeccttrroonniicc iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree,, tthhee
bbeetttteerr ooffff yyoouu''rree ggooiinngg ttoo bbee.. TThhaatt ddooeessnn''tt mmeeaann llyyiinngg ddoowwnn aanndd bbeeccoommiinngg ffoooolleedd,, oorr lleettttiinngg ffoorreeiiggnn
ccoorrppoorraattiioonnss rruunn uunnccoonnttrroolllleedd.. BBuutt iitt ddooeess mmeeaann rreeccooggnniizziinngg hhooww iimmppoorrttaanntt tthheeyy ccaann bbee iinn bbuuiillddiinngg tthhee
eenneerrggyy aanndd tteelleeccoomm iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurreess nneeeeddeedd ttoo ttaakkee ffuullll aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff tthhee IInntteerrnneett..
第第55页页 共共1144 页页2255..DDiiggiittaall ddiivviiddee iiss ssoommeetthhiinngg ______
[[AA]] ggeettttiinngg wwoorrssee bbeeccaauussee ooff tthhee IInntteerrnneett
[[BB]] tthhee rriicchh ccoouunnttrriieess aarree rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr
[[CC]] tthhee wwoorrlldd mmuusstt gguuaarrdd aaggaaiinnsstt
[[DD]] ccoonnssiiddeerreedd ppoossiittiivvee ttooddaayy
2266..GGoovveerrnnmmeennttss aattttaacchh iimmppoorrttaannccee ttoo tthhee IInntteerrnneett bbeeccaauussee iitt____..
[[AA]] ooffffeess eeccoonnoommiicc ppootteennttiiaallss
[[BB]] ccaann bbrriinngg ffoorreeiiggnn ffuunnddss
[[CC]] ccaann ssoooonn wwiippee oouutt wwoorrlldd ppoovveerrttyy
[[DD]] ccoonnnneeccttss ppeeooppllee aallll oovveerr tthhee wwoorrlldd
2277..TThhee wwrriitteerr mmeennttiioonneedd tthhee ccaassee ooff tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ttoo jjuussttiiffyy tthhee ppoolliiccyy ooff______
[[AA]] pprroovviiddiinngg ffiinnaanncciiaall ssuuppppoorrtt oovveerrsseeaass
[[BB]] pprreevveennttiinngg ffoorreeiiggnn ccaappiittaall''ss ccoonnttrrooll
[[CC]] bbuuiillddiinngg iinndduussttrriiaall iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree
[[DD]] aacccceeppttiinngg ffoorreeiiggnn iinnvveessttmmeenntt
2288..IItt sseeeemmss tthhaatt nnooww aa ccoouunnttrryy''ss eeccoonnoommyy ddeeppeennddss mmuucchh oonn__________..
[[AA]] hhooww wweellll--ddeevveellooppeedd iitt iiss eelleeccttrroonniiccaallllyy
[[BB]] wwhheetthheerr iitt iiss pprreejjuuddiicceedd aaggaaiinnsstt iimmmmiiggrraannttss
[[CC]] wwhheetthheerr iitt aaddooppttss AAmmeerriiccaa''ss iinndduussttrriiaall ppaatttteerrnn
[[DD]] hhooww mmuucchh ccoonnttrrooll iitt hhaass oovveerr ffoorreeiiggnn ccoorrppoorraattiioonnss
第第66 页页 共共1144页页TTeexxtt 33
WWhhyy ddoo ssoo mmaannyy AAmmeerriiccaannss ddiissttrruusstt wwhhaatt tthheeyy rreeaadd iinn tthheeiirr nneewwssppaappeerrss?? TThhee AAmmeerriiccaann SSoocciieettyy
ooff NNeewwssppaappeerr EEddiittoorrss iiss ttrryyiinngg ttoo aannsswweerr tthhiiss ppaaiinnffuull qquueessttiioonn.. TThhee oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn iiss ddeeeepp iinnttoo aa lloonngg
sseellff--aannaallyyssiiss kknnoowwnn aass tthhee jjoouurrnnaalliissmm ccrreeddiibbiilliittyy pprroojjeecctt..
SSaadd ttoo ssaayy,, tthhiiss pprroojjeecctt hhaass ttuurrnneedd oouutt ttoo bbee mmoossttllyy llooww--lleevveell ffiinnddiinnggss aabboouutt ffaaccttuuaall eerrrroorrss aanndd
ssppeelllliinngg aanndd ggrraammmmaarr mmiissttaakkeess,, ccoommbbiinneedd wwiitthh lloottss ooff hheeaadd--ssccrraattcchhiinngg ppuuzzzzlleemmeenntt aabboouutt wwhhaatt iinn tthhee
wwoorrlldd tthhoossee rreeaaddeerrss rreeaallllyy wwaanntt..
BBuutt tthhee ssoouurrcceess ooff ddiissttrruusstt ggoo wwaayy ddeeeeppeerr..MMoosstt jjoouurrnnaalliissttss lleeaarrnn ttoo sseeee tthhee wwoorrlldd tthhrroouugghh aa sseett ooff
ssttaannddaarrdd tteemmppllaatteess ((ppaatttteerrnnss))iinnttoo wwhhiicchh tthheeyy pplluugg eeaacchh ddaayy''ss eevveennttss.. IInn ootthheerr wwoorrddss,, tthheerree iiss aa
ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall ssttoorryy lliinnee iinn tthhee nneewwssrroooomm ccuullttuurree tthhaatt pprroovviiddeess aa bbaacckkbboonnee aanndd aa rreeaaddyy--mmaaddee nnaarrrraattiivvee
ssttrruuccttuurree ffoorr ootthheerrwwiissee ccoonnffuussiinngg nneewwss..
TThheerree eexxiissttss aa ssoocciiaall aanndd ccuullttuurraall ddiissccoonnnneecctt bbeettwweeeenn jjoouurrnnaalliissttss aanndd tthheeiirr rreeaaddeerrss,, wwhhiicchh hheellppss
eexxppllaaiinn wwhhyy tthhee""ssttaannddaarrdd tteemmppllaatteess""ooff tthhee nneewwssrroooomm sseeeemm aalliieenn ttoo mmaannyy rreeaaddeerrss..IInn aa rreecceenntt ssuurrvveeyy,,
qquueessttiioonnnnaaiirreess wweerree sseenntt ttoo rreeppoorrtteerrss iinn ffiivvee mmiiddddllee--ssiizzee cciittiieess aarroouunndd tthhee ccoouunnttrryy,, pplluuss oonnee llaarrggee
mmeettrrooppoolliittaann aarreeaa.. TThheenn rreessiiddeennttss iinn tthheessee ccoommmmuunniittiieess wweerree pphhoonneedd aatt rraannddoomm aanndd aasskkeedd tthhee ssaammee
qquueessttiioonnss..
RReepplliieess sshhooww tthhaatt ccoommppaarreedd wwiitthh ootthheerr AAmmeerriiccaannss,, jjoouurrnnaalliissttss aarree mmoorree lliikkeellyy ttoo lliivvee iinn uuppssccaallee
nneeiigghhbboorrhhooooddss,, hhaavvee mmaaiiddss,, oowwnn MMeerrcceeddeesseess,, aanndd ttrraaddee ssttoocckkss,, aanndd tthheeyy''rree lleessss lliikkeellyy ttoo ggoo ttoo cchhuurrcchh,,
ddoo vvoolluunntteeeerr wwoorrkk,, oorr ppuutt ddoowwnn rroooottss iinn aa ccoommmmuunniittyy..
RReeppoorrtteerrss tteenndd ttoo bbee ppaarrtt ooff aa bbrrooaaddllyy ddeeffiinneedd ssoocciiaall aanndd ccuullttuurraall eelliittee,, ssoo tthheeiirr wwoorrkk tteennddss ttoo
rreefflleecctt tthhee ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall vvaalluueess ooff tthhiiss eelliittee.. TThhee aassttoonniisshhiinngg ddiissttrruusstt ooff tthhee nneewwss mmeeddiiaa iissnn''tt rrooootteedd iinn
iinnaaccccuurraaccyy oorr ppoooorr rreeppoorrttoorriiaall sskkiillllss bbuutt iinn tthhee ddaaiillyy ccllaasshh ooff wwoorrlldd vviieewwss bbeettwweeeenn rreeppoorrtteerrss aanndd tthheeiirr
rreeaaddeerrss..
TThhiiss iiss aann eexxpplloossiivvee ssiittuuaattiioonn ffoorr aannyy iinndduussttrryy,, ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy aa ddeecclliinniinngg oonnee.. HHeerree iiss aa ttrroouubblleedd
bbuussiinneessss tthhaatt kkeeeeppss hhiirriinngg eemmppllooyyeeeess wwhhoossee aattiittuuddeess vvaassttllyy aannnnooyy tthhee ccuussttoommeerrss.. TThheenn iitt ssppoonnssoorrss lloottss
ooff ssyymmppoossiiuummss aanndd aa ccrreeddiibbiilliittyy pprroojjeecctt ddeeddiiccaatteedd ttoo wwoonnddeerriinngg wwhhyy ccuussttoommeerrss aarree aannnnooyyeedd aanndd
fflleeeeiinngg iinn llaarrggee nnuummbbeerrss.. BBuutt iitt nneevveerr sseeeemmss ttoo ggeett aarroouunndd ttoo nnoottiicciinngg tthhee ccuullttuurraall aanndd ccllaassss bbiiaasseess tthhaatt
ssoo mmaannyy ffoorrmmeerr bbuuyyeerrss aarree ccoommppllaaiinniinngg aabboouutt.. IIff iitt ddiidd,,iitt wwoouulldd ooppeenn uupp iittss ddiivveerrssiittyy pprrooggrraamm,, nnooww
ffooccuusseedd nnaarrrroowwllyy oonn rraaccee aanndd ggeennddeerr,,aanndd llooookk ffoorr rreeppoorrtteerrss wwhhoo ddiiffffeerr bbrrooaaddllyy bbyy oouuttllooookk,, vvaalluueess..
eedduuccaattiioonn,, aanndd ccllaassss..
第第 77 页页 共共 1144 页页2299..WWhhaatt iiss tthhee ppaassssaaggee mmaaiinnllyy aabboouutt??
[[AA]] nneeeeddss ooff tthhee rreeaaddeerrss aallll oovveerr tthhee wwoorrlldd..
[[BB]] ccaauusseess ooff tthhee ppuubblliicc ddiissaappppooiinnttmmeenntt aabboouutt nneewwssppaappeerrss..
[[CC]] oorriiggiinnss ooff tthhee ddeecclliinniinngg nneewwssppaappeerr iinndduussttrryy..
[[DD]] aaiimmss ooff aa jjoouurrnnaalliissmm ccrreeddiibbiilliittyy pprroojjeecctt..
3300..TThhee rreessuullttss ooff tthhee jjoouurrnnaalliissmm ccrreeddiibbiilliittyy pprroojjeecctt ttuurrnneedd oouutt ttoo bbee____..
[[AA]] qquuiittee ttrruussttwwoorrtthhyy
[[BB]] ssoommeewwhhaatt ccoonnttrraaddiiccttoorryy
[[CC]] vveerryy iilllluummiinnaattiinngg
[[DD]] rraatthheerr ssuuppeerrffiicciiaall
3311..TThhee bbaassiicc pprroobblleemm ooff jjoouurrnnaalliissttss aass ppooiinntteedd oouutt bbyy tthhee wwrriitteerr lliieess iinn tthheeiirr..
[[AA]] wwoorrkkiinngg aattttiittuuddee
[[BB]] ccoonnvveennttiioonnaall lliiffeessttyyllee
[[CC]] wwoorrlldd oouuttllooookk
[[DD]] eedduuccaattiioonnaall bbaacckkggrroouunndd
3322.. DDeessppiittee iittss eeffffoorrttss,, tthhee nneewwssppaappeerr iinndduussttrryy ssttiillll ccaannnnoott ssaattiissffyy tthhee rreeaaddeerrss oowwiinngg ttoo iittss__..
[[AA]] ffaaiilluurree ttoo rreeaalliizzee iittss rreeaall pprroobblleemm
[[BB]] tteennddeennccyy ttoo hhiirree aannnnooyyiinngg rreeppoorrtteerrss
[[CC]] lliikkeelliinneessss ttoo ddoo iinnaaccccuurraattee rreeppoorrttiinngg
[[DD]]pprreejjuuddiiccee iinn mmaatttteerrss ooff rraaccee aanndd ggeennddeerr
第第 88页页 共共1144页页TTeexxtt 44
TThhee wwoorrlldd iiss ggooiinngg tthhrroouugghh tthhee bbiiggggeesstt wwaavvee ooff mmeerrggeerrss aanndd aaccqquuiissiittiioonnss eevveerr wwiittnneesssseedd.. TThhee
pprroocceessss sswweeeeppss ffrroomm hhyyppeerraaccttiivvee AAmmeerriiccaa ttoo EEuurrooppee aanndd rreeaacchheess tthhee eemmeerrggiinngg ccoouunnttrriieess wwiitthh
uunnssuurrppaasssseedd mmiigghhtt.. MMaannyy iinn tthheessee ccoouunnttrriieess aarree llooookkiinngg aatt tthhiiss pprroocceessss aanndd wwoorrrryyiinngg::""WWoonn''tt tthhee wwaavvee
ooff bbuussiinneessss ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn ttuurrnn iinnttoo aann uunnccoonnttrroollllaabbllee aannttii--ccoommppeettiittiivvee ffoorrccee??""
TThheerree''ss nnoo qquueessttiioonn tthhaatt tthhee bbiigg aarree ggeettttiinngg bbiiggggeerr aanndd mmoorree ppoowweerrffuull.. MMuullttiinnaattiioonnaall ccoorrppoorraattiioonnss
aaccccoouunntteedd ffoorr lleessss tthhaann 2200ooff iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ttrraaddee iinn 11998822.. TTooddaayy tthhee ffiigguurree iiss mmoorree tthhaann 2255nndd
ggrroowwiinngg rraappiiddllyy.. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall aaffffiilliiaatteess aaccccoouunntt ffoorr aa ffaasstt--ggrroowwiinngg sseeggmmeenntt ooff pprroodduuccttiioonn iinn
eeccoonnoommiieess tthhaatt ooppeenn uupp aanndd wweellccoommee ffoorreeiiggnn iinnvveessttmmeenntt.. IInn AArrggeennttiinnaa,, ffoorr iinnssttaannccee,, aafftteerr tthhee rreeffoorrmmss
ooff tthhee eeaarrllyy 11999900ss,, mmuullttiinnaattiioonnaallss wweenntt ffrroomm 4433ttoo aallmmoosstt 7700ooff tthhee iinndduussttrriiaall pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff tthhee
220000 llaarrggeesstt ffiirrmmss.. TThhiiss pphheennoommeennoonn hhaass ccrreeaatteedd sseerriioouuss ccoonncceerrnnss oovveerr tthhee rroollee ooff ssmmaalllleerr eeccoonnoommiicc
ffiirrmmss,, ooff nnaattiioonnaall bbuussiinneessssmmeenn aanndd oovveerr tthhee uullttiimmaattee ssttaabbiilliittyy ooff tthhee wwoorrlldd eeccoonnoommyy..
IIbbeelliieevvee tthhaatt tthhee mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt ffoorrcceess bbeehhiinndd tthhee mmaassssiivvee MM&&AA wwaavvee aarree tthhee ssaammee tthhaatt uunnddeerrlliiee
tthhee gglloobbaalliizzaattiioonn pprroocceessss:: ffaalllliinngg ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn aanndd ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn ccoossttss,, lloowweerr ttrraaddee aanndd iinnvveessttmmeenntt
bbaarrrriieerrss aanndd eennllaarrggeedd mmaarrkkeettss tthhaatt rreeqquuiirree eennllaarrggeedd ooppeerraattiioonnss ccaappaabbllee ooff mmeeeettiinngg ccuussttoommeerrss''ddeemmaannddss..
AAllll tthheessee aarree bbeenneeffiicciiaall,, nnoott ddeettrriimmeennttaall,, ttoo ccoonnssuummeerrss.. AAss pprroodduuccttiivviittyy ggrroowwss,, tthhee wwoorrlldd''ss wweeaalltthh
iinnccrreeaasseess..
EExxaammpplleess ooff bbeenneeffiittss oorr ccoossttss ooff tthhee ccuurrrreenntt ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn wwaavvee aarree ssccaannttyy..YYeett iitt iiss hhaarrdd ttoo
iimmaaggiinnee tthhaatt tthhee mmeerrggeerr ooff aa ffeeww ooiill ffiirrmmss ttooddaayy ccoouulldd rree--ccrreeaattee tthhee ssaammee tthhrreeaattss ttoo ccoommppeettiittiioonn tthhaatt
wweerree ffeeaarreedd nneeaarrllyy aa cceennttuurryy aaggoo iinn tthhee UU..SS..,, wwhheenn tthhee SSttaannddaarrdd OOiill ttrruusstt wwaass bbrrookkeenn uupp.. TThhee mmeerrggeerrss
ooff tteelleeccoomm ccoommppaanniieess,, ssuucchh aass WWoorrllddCCoomm,, hhaarrddllyy sseeeemm ttoo bbrriinngg hhiigghheerr pprriicceess ffoorr ccoonnssuummeerrss oorr aa
rreedduuccttiioonn iinn tthhee ppaaccee ooff tteecchhnniiccaall pprrooggrreessss.. OOnn tthhee ccoonnttrraarryy,, tthhee pprriiccee ooff ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss iiss ccoommiinngg
ddoowwnn ffaasstt..IInn ccaarrss,, ttoooo,, ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn iiss iinnccrreeaassiinngg--wwiittnneessss DDaaiimmlleerr aanndd CChhrryysslleerr,, RReennaauulltt aanndd
NNiissssaann--bbuutt iitt ddooeess nnoott aappppeeaarr tthhaatt ccoonnssuummeerrss aarree bbeeiinngg hhuurrtt..
YYeett tthhee ffaacctt rreemmaaiinnss tthhaatt tthhee mmeerrggeerr mmoovveemmeenntt mmuusstt bbee wwaattcchheedd.. AA ffeeww wweeeekkss aaggoo,, AAllaann
GGrreeeennssppaann wwaarrnneedd aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee mmeeggaammeerrggeerrss iinn tthhee bbaannkkiinngg iinndduussttrryy.. WWhhoo iiss ggooiinngg ttoo ssuuppeerrvviissee,,
rreegguullaattee aanndd ooppeerraattee aass lleennddeerr ooff llaasstt rreessoorrtt wwiitthh tthhee ggiiggaannttiicc bbaannkkss tthhaatt aarree bbeeiinngg ccrreeaatteedd?? WWoonn''tt
mmuullttiinnaattiioonnaallss sshhiifftt pprroodduuccttiioonn ffrroomm oonnee ppllaaccee ttoo aannootthheerr wwhheenn aa nnaattiioonn ggeettss ttoooo ssttrriicctt aabboouutt
iinnffrriinnggeemmeennttss ttoo ffaaiirr ccoommppeettiittiioonn?? AAnndd sshhoouulldd oonnee ccoouunnttrryy ttaakkee uuppoonn iittsseellff tthhee rroollee ooff ""ddeeffeennddiinngg
ccoommppeettiittiioonn""oonn iissssuueess tthhaatt aaffffeecctt mmaannyy ootthheerr nnaattiioonnss,, aass iinn tthhee UU..SS..vvss.. MMiiccrroossoofftt ccaassee ??
第第99页页 共共1144 页页3333..WWhhaatt iiss tthhee ttyyppiiccaall ttrreenndd ooff bbuussiinneesssseess ttooddaayy??
[[AA]] ttoo ttaakkee iinn mmoorree ffoorreeiiggnn ffuunnddss..
[[BB]] ttoo iinnvveesstt mmoorree aabbrrooaadd..
[[CC]] ttoo ccoommbbiinnee aanndd bbeeccoommee bbiiggggeerr..
[[DD]] ttoo ttrraaddee wwiitthh mmoorree ccoouunnttrriieess..
3344..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee aauutthhoorr,, oonnee ooff tthhee ddrriivviinngg ffoorrcceess bbeehhiinndd MM&&AA wwaavvee iiss __..
[[AA]] tthhee ggrreeaatteerr ccuussttoommeerr ddeemmaannddss
[[BB]] aa ssuurrpplluuss ssuuppppllyy ffoorr tthhee mmaarrkkeett
[[CC]] aa ggrroowwiinngg pprroodduuccttiivviittyy
[[DD]] tthhee iinnccrreeaassee ooff tthhee wwoorrlldd''ss wweeaalltthh
3355..FFrroomm ppaarraaggrraapphh 44 wwee ccaann iinnffeerr tthhaatt__
[[AA]] tthhee iinnccrreeaassiinngg ccoonncceennttrraattiioonn iiss cceerrttaaiinn ttoo hhuurrtt ccoonnssuummeerrss
[[BB]] WWoorrllddCCoomm sseerrvveess aass aa ggoooodd eexxaammppllee ooff bbootthh bbeenneeffiittss aanndd ccoossttss
[[CC]] tthhee ccoossttss ooff tthhee gglloobbaalliizzaattiioonn pprroocceessss aarree eennoorrmmoouuss
[[DD]] tthhee SSttaannddaarrdd OOiill ttrruusstt mmiigghhtt hhaavvee tthhrreeaatteenneedd ccoommppeettiittiioonn
3366..TToowwaarrdd tthhee nneeww bbuussiinneessss wwaavvee,, tthhee wwrriitteerr''ss aattttiittuuddee ccaann bbee ssaaiidd ttoo bbee____..··
[[AA]]ooppttiimmiissttii
[[BB]] oobbjjeeccttiivvee
[[CC]] ppeessssiimmiissttiicc
[[DD]] bbiiaasseedd
第第 1100 页页 共共1144 页页TTeexxtt 55
WWhheenn II ddeecciiddeedd ttoo qquuiitt mmyy ffuullll ttiimmee eemmppllooyymmeenntt iitt nneevveerr ooccccuurrrreedd ttoo mmee tthhaatt II mmiigghhtt bbeeccoommee aa
ppaarrtt ooff aa nneeww iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ttrreenndd..AA llaatteerraall mmoovvee tthhaatt hhuurrtt mmyy pprriiddee aanndd bblloocckkeedd mmyy pprrooffeessssiioonnaall
pprrooggrreessss pprroommpptteedd mmee ttoo aabbaannddoonn mmyy rreellaattiivveellyy hhiigghh pprrooffiillee ccaarreeeerr aalltthhoouugghh,, iinn tthhee mmaannnneerr ooff aa
ddiissggrraacceedd ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt mmiinniisstteerr,, II ccoovveerreedd mmyy eexxiitt bbyy ccllaaiimmiinngg""II wwaanntteedd ttoo ssppeenndd mmoorree ttiimmee wwiitthh mmyy
ffaammiillyy""
CCuurriioouussllyy,, ssoommee ttwwoo--aanndd--aa--hhaallff yyeeaarrss aanndd ttwwoo nnoovveellss llaatteerr,, mmyy eexxppeerriimmeenntt iinn wwhhaatt tthhee AAmmeerriiccaannss
tteerrmm ""ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg""hhaass ttuurrnneedd mmyy ttiirreedd eexxccuussee iinnttoo aann aabbssoolluuttee rreeaalliittyy.. II hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttrraannssffoorrmmeedd ffrroomm
aa ppaassssiioonnaattee aaddvvooccaattee ooff tthhee pphhiilloossoopphhyy ooff ""hhaavviinngg iitt aallll"",,pprreeaacchheedd bbyy LLiinnddaa KKeellsseeyy ffoorr tthhee ppaasstt
sseevveenn yyeeaarrss iinn tthhee ppaaggeess ooff SShhee mmaaggaazziinnee,,iinnttoo aa wwoommaann wwhhoo iiss hhaappppyy ttoo sseettttllee ffoorr aa bbiitt ooff eevveerryytthhiinngg..
II hhaavvee ddiissccoovveerreedd,, aass ppeerrhhaappss KKeellsseeyy wwiillll aafftteerr hheerr mmuucchh--ppuubblliicciizzeedd rreessiiggnnaattiioonn ffrroomm tthhee
eeddiittoorrsshhiipp ooff SShhee aafftteerr aa bbuuiilldd--uupp ooff ssttrreessss,, tthhaatt aabbaannddoonniinngg tthhee ddooccttrriinnee ooff""jjuugggglliinngg yyoouurr lliiffee"",,aanndd
mmaakkiinngg tthhee aalltteerrnnaattiivvee mmoovvee iinnttoo""ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg""bbrriinnggss wwiitthh iitt ffaarr ggrreeaatteerr rreewwaarrddss tthhaann ffiinnaanncciiaall
ssuucccceessss aanndd ssoocciiaall ssttaattuuss.. NNootthhiinngg ccoouulldd ppeerrssuuaaddee mmee ttoo rreettuurrnn ttoo tthhee kkiinndd ooff lliiffee KKeellsseeyy uusseedd ttoo
aaddvvooccaattee aanndd II oonnccee eennjjooyyeedd::1122--hhoouurr wwoorrkkiinngg ddaayyss,, pprreessssuurreedd ddeeaaddlliinneess,, tthhee ffeeaarrffuull ssttrraaiinn ooff ooffffiiccee
ppoolliittiiccss aanndd tthhee lliimmiittaattiioonnss ooff bbeeiinngg aa ppaarreenntt oonn ""qquuaalliittyy ttiimmee""..
IInn AAmmeerriiccaa,, tthhee mmoovvee aawwaayy ffrroomm jjuugggglliinngg ttoo aa ssiimmpplleerr,, lleessss mmaatteerriiaalliissttiicc lliiffeessttyyllee iiss aa
wweellll--eessttaabblliisshheedd ttrreenndd..DDoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg--aallssoo kknnoowwnn iinn AAmmeerriiccaa aass""vvoolluunnttaarryy ssiimmpplliicciittyy""——hhaass,, iirroonniiccaallllyy,,
eevveenn bbrreedd aa nneeww aarreeaa ooff wwhhaatt mmiigghhtt bbee tteerrmmeedd aannttii--ccoonnssuummeerriissmm.. TThheerree aarree aa nnuummbbeerr ooff bbeessttsseelllliinngg
ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg sseellff--hheellpp bbooookkss ffoorr ppeeooppllee wwhhoo wwaanntt ttoo ssiimmpplliiffyy tthheeiirr lliivveess;;tthheerree aarree nneewwsslleetttteerrss,, ssuucchh aass
TThhee TTiigghhttwwaadd GGaazzeettttee,,tthhaatt ggiivvee hhuunnddrreeddss ooff tthhoouussaannddss ooff AAmmeerriiccaannss uusseeffuull ttiippss oonn aannyytthhiinngg ffrroomm
rreeccyycclliinngg tthheeiirr cclliinngg--ffiillmm ttoo mmaakkiinngg tthheeiirr oowwnn ssooaapp;;tthheerree aarree eevveenn ssuuppppoorrtt ggrroouuppss ffoorr tthhoossee wwhhoo wwaanntt
ttoo aacchhiieevvee tthhee mmiidd--''9900ss eeqquuiivvaalleenntt ooff ddrrooppppiinngg oouutt..
WWhhiillee iinn AAmmeerriiccaa tthhee ttrreenndd ssttaarrtteedd aass aa rreeaaccttiioonn ttoo tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc ddeecclliinnee —— aafftteerr tthhee mmaassss
rreedduunnddaanncciieess ccaauusseedd bbyy ddoowwnnssiizziinngg iinn tthhee llaattee''8800ss——aanndd iiss ssttiillll lliinnkkeedd ttoo tthhee ppoolliittiiccss ooff tthhrriifftt,, iinn
BBrriittaaiinn,,aatt lleeaasstt aammoonngg tthhee mmiiddddllee--ccllaassss ddoowwnnsshhiifftteerrss ooff mmyy aaccqquuaaiinnttaannccee,, wwee hhaavvee ddiiffffeerreenntt rreeaassoonnss
ffoorr sseeeekkiinngg ttoo ssiimmpplliiffyy oouurr lliivveess..
FFoorr tthhee wwoommeenn ooff mmyy ggeenneerraattiioonn wwhhoo wweerree uurrggeedd ttoo kkeeeepp jjuugggglliinngg tthhrroouugghh tthhee''8800ss,, ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg
iinn tthhee mmiidd--''9900ss iiss nnoott ssoo mmuucchh aa sseeaarrcchh ffoorr tthhee mmyytthhiiccaall ggoooodd lliiffee—— ggrroowwiinngg yyoouurr oowwnn oorrggaanniicc
vveeggeettaabblleess,,aanndd rriisskkiinngg ttuurrnniinngg iinnttoo oonnee——aass aa ppeerrssoonnaall rreeccooggnniittiioonn ooff yyoouurr lliimmiittaattiioonnss..
第第1111 页页 共共 1144 页页3377..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iiss ttrruuee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo ppaarraaggrraapphh 11??
[[AA]] FFuullll--ttiimmee eemmppllooyymmeenntt iiss aa nneeww iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ttrreenndd..
[[BB]] TThhee wwrriitteerr wwaass ccoommppeelllleedd bbyy cciirrccuummssttaanncceess ttoo lleeaavvee hheerr jjoobb..
[[CC]]""AA llaatteerraall mmoovvee""mmeeaannss sstteeppppiinngg oouutt ooff ffuullll--ttiimmee eemmppllooyymmeenntt..
[[DD]] TThhee wwrriitteerr wwaass oonnllyy ttoooo eeaaggeerr ttoo ssppeenndd mmoorree ttiimmee wwiitthh hheerr ffaammiillyy..
3388..TThhee wwrriitteerr''ss eexxppeerriimmeenntt sshhoowwss tthhaatt ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg ______..
[[AA]] eennaabblleess hheerr ttoo rreeaalliizzee hheerr ddrreeaamm
[[BB]] hheellppss hheerr mmoolldd aa nneeww pphhiilloossoopphhyy ooff lliiffee
[[CC]] pprroommppttss hheerr ttoo aabbaannddoonn hheerr hhiigghh ssoocciiaall ssttaattuuss
[[DD]] lleeaaddss hheerr ttoo aacccceepptt tthhee ddooccttrriinnee ooff SShhee mmaaggaazziinnee
3399..""JJuugggglliinngg oonnee''ss lliiffee""pprroobbaabbllyy mmeeaannss lliivviinngg aa lliiffee cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy____
[[AA]] nnoonn--mmaatteerriiaalliissttiicc lliiffeessttyyllee
[[BB]] aa bbiitt ooff eevveerryytthhiinngg
[[CC]] eexxttrreemmee ssttrreessss
[[DD]] aannttii--ccoonnssuummeerriissmm
4400..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee ppaassssaaggee,,ddoowwnnsshhiiffttiinngg eemmeerrggeedd iinn tthhee UU..SS..aass aa rreessuulltt ooff______..
[[AA]] tthhee qquuiicckk ppaaccee ooff mmooddeerrnn lliiffee
[[BB]] mmaann''ss aaddvveennttuurroouuss ssppiirriitt
[[CC]] mmaann''ss sseeaarrcchh ffoorr mmyytthhiiccaall eexxppeerriieenncceess
[[DD]] tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc ssiittuuaattiioonn
第第 1122 页页 共共 1144 页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn sshhoouulldd bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22.. ((1155 ppooiinnttss))
IInn lleessss tthhaann 3300 yyeeaarrss''ttiimmee tthhee SSttaarr TTrreekk hhoollooddeecckk wwiillll bbee aa rreeaalliittyy.. DDiirreecctt lliinnkkss bbeettwweeeenn tthhee
bbrraaiinn''ss nneerrvvoouuss ssyysstteemm aanndd aa ccoommppuutteerr wwiillll aallssoo ccrreeaattee ffuullll sseennssoorryy vviirrttuuaall eennvviirroonnmmeennttss,,aalllloowwiinngg
vviirrttuuaall vvaaccaattiioonnss lliikkee tthhoossee iinn tthhee ffiillmm TToottaall RReeccaallll..
4411))TThheerree wwiillll bbee tteelleevviissiioonn cchhaatt sshhoowwss hhoosstteedd bbyy rroobboottss..aanndd ccaarrss wwiitthh ppoolllluuttiioonn mmoonniittoorrss tthhaatt
wwiillll ddiissaabbllee tthheemm wwhheenn tthheeyy ooffffeenndd..4422))CChhiillddrreenn wwiillll ppllaayy wwiitthh ddoollllss eeqquuiippppeedd wwiitthh ppeerrssoonnaalliittyy cchhiippss..
ccoommppuutteerrss wwiitthh iinn--bbuuiilltt ppeerrssoonnaalliittiieess wwiillll bbee rreeggaarrddeedd aass wwoorrkkmmaatteess rraatthheerr tthhaann ttoooollss.. rreellaaxxaattiioonn wwiillll
bbee iinn ffrroonntt ooff ssmmeellll--tteelleevviissiioonn,,aanndd ddiiggiittaall aaggee wwiillll hhaavvee aarrrriivveedd..
AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo BBTT''ss ffuuttuurroollooggiisstt,,llaann PPeeaarrssoonn,,tthheessee aarree aammoonngg tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeennttss sscchheedduulleedd ffoorr tthhee
ffiirrsstt ffeeww ddeeccaaddeess ooff tthhee nneeww mmiilllleennnniiuumm ((aa ppeerriioodd ooff 11,,000000 yyeeaarrss)),, wwhheenn ssuuppeerrccoommppuutteerrss wwiillll
ddrraammaattiiccaallllyy aacccceelleerraattee pprrooggrreessss iinn aallll aarreeaass ooff lliiffee..
4433)) PPeeaarrssoonn hhaass ppiieecceedd ttooggeetthheerr tthhee wwoorrkk ooff hhuunnddrreeddss ooff rreesseeaarrcchheerrss aarroouunndd tthhee wwoorrlldd ttoo pprroodduuccee
aa uunniiqquuee mmiilllleennnniiuumm tteecchhnnoollooggyy ccaalleennddaarr tthhaatt ggiivveess tthhee llaatteesstt ddaatteess wwhheenn wwee ccaann eexxppeecctt hhuunnddrreeddss ooff
kkeeyy bbrreeaakktthhrroouugghhss aanndd ddiissccoovveerriieess ttoo ttaakkee ppllaaccee.. SSoommee ooff tthhee bbiiggggeesstt ddeevveellooppmmeennttss wwiillll bbee iinn
mmeeddiicciinnee,, iinncclluuddiinngg aann eexxtteennddeedd lliiffee eexxppeeccttaannccyy aanndd ddoozzeennss ooff aarrttiiffiicciiaall oorrggaannss ccoommiinngg iinnttoo uussee
bbeettwweeeenn nnooww aanndd 22004400..
PPeeaarrssoonn aallssoo pprreeddiiccttss aa bbrreeaakktthhrroouugghh iinn ccoommppuutteerr--hhuummaann lliinnkkss..""BByy lliinnkkiinngg ddiirreeccttllyy ttoo oouurr
nneerrvvoouuss ssyysstteemm,, ccoommppuutteerrss ccoouulldd ppiicckk uupp wwhhaatt wwee ffeeeell aanndd,,hhooppeeffuullllyy,, ssiimmuullaattee ffeeeelliinngg ttoooo ssoo tthhaatt wwee
ccaann ssttaarrtt ttoo ddeevveelloopp ffuullll sseennssoorryy eennvviirroonnmmeennttss,, rraatthheerr lliikkee tthhee hhoolliiddaayyss iinn TToottaall RReeccaallll oorr tthhee SSttaarr TTrreekk
hhoollooddeecckk,,""hhee ssaayyss..4444))BBuutt tthhaatt.. PPeeaarrssoonn ppooiinnttss oouutt,,iiss oonnllyy tthhee ssttaarrtt ooff mmaann--mmaacchhiinnee iinntteeggrraattiioonn::""IItt
wwiillll bbee tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff tthhee lloonngg pprroocceessss ooff iinntteeggrraattiioonn tthhaatt wwiillll uullttiimmaatteellyy lleeaadd ttoo aa ffuullllyy eelleeccttrroonniicc
hhuummaann bbeeffoorree tthhee eenndd ooff tthhee nneexxtt cceennttuurryy..""
TThhrroouugghh hhiiss rreesseeaarrcchh,, PPeeaarrssoonn iiss aabbllee ttoo ppuutt ddaatteess ttoo mmoosstt ooff tthhee bbrreeaakktthhrroouugghhss tthhaatt ccaann bbee
pprreeddiicctteedd.. HHoowweevveerr,, tthheerree aarree ssttiillll nnoo ffoorreeccaassttss ffoorr wwhheenn ffaasstteerr--tthhaann--lliigghhtt ttrraavveell wwiillll bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee,,oorr
wwhheenn hhuummaann cclloonniinngg wwiillll bbee ppeerrffeecctteedd,, oorr wwhheenn ttiimmee ttrraavveell wwiillll bbee ppoossssiibbllee..BBuutt hhee ddooeess eexxppeecctt ssoocciiaall
pprroobblleemmss aass aa rreessuulltt ooff tteecchhnnoollooggiiccaall aaddvvaanncceess.. AA bboooomm iinn nneeiigghhbboorrhhoooodd ssuurrvveeiillllaannccee ccaammeerraass wwiillll,,ffoorr
eexxaammppllee,, ccaauussee pprroobblleemmss iinn 22001100,, wwhhiillee tthhee aarrrriivvaall ooff ssyynntthheettiicc lliiffeelliikkee rroobboottss wwiillll mmeeaann ppeeooppllee mmaayy
nnoott bbee aabbllee ttoo ddiissttiinngguuiisshh bbeettwweeeenn tthheeiirr hhuummaann ffrriieennddss aanndd tthhee ddrrooiiddss..
4455))AAnndd hhoommee aapppplliiaanncceess wwiillll aallssoo bbeeccoommee ssoo ssmmaarrtt tthhaatt ccoonnttrroolllliinngg aanndd ooppeerraattiinngg tthheemm wwiillll rreessuulltt iinn
tthhee bbrreeaakkoouutt ooff aa nneeww ppssyycchhoollooggiiccaall ddiissoorrddeerr——kkiittcchheenn rraaggee..
第第 1133 页页 共共1144 页页SSeeccttiioonn ⅢⅢ WWrriittiinngg
4466..DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
AAmmoonngg aallll tthhee wwoorrtthhyy ffeeeelliinnggss ooff mmaannkkiinndd,, lloovvee iiss pprroobbaabbllyy tthhee nnoobblleesstt,, bbuutt eevveerryyoonnee hhaass hhiiss//hheerr
oowwnn uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg ooff iitt..
TThheerree hhaass bbeeeenn aa ddiissccuussssiioonn rreecceennttllyy oonn tthhee iissssuuee iinn aa nneewwssppaappeerr.. WWrriittee aann eessssaayy ttoo tthhee nneewwssppaappeerr
ttoo
11))sshhooww yyoouurr uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg ooff tthhee ssyymmbboolliicc mmeeaanniinngg ooff tthhee ppiiccttuurree bbeellooww,,
22)) ggiivvee aa ssppeecciiffiicc eexxaammppllee,, aanndd
33)) ggiivvee yyoouurr ssuuggggeessttiioonn aass ttoo tthhee bbeesstt wwaayy ttoo sshhooww lloovvee..
99
啉啉
00
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2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名22000022年年全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题
SSeeccttiioonn II UUssee ooff EEnngglliisshh
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt.. CChhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt wwoorrdd((ss))ffoorr eeaacchh nnuummbbeerreedd bbllaannkk aanndd mmaarrkk AA,, BB,, CC oorr DD oonn
AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11.. ((1100 ppooiinnttss))..
CCoommppaarriissoonnss wweerree ddrraawwnn bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff tteelleevviissiioonn iinn tthhee 2200tthh cceennttuurryy aanndd tthhee
ddiiffffuussiioonn ooff pprriinnttiinngg iinn tthhee 1155tthh aanndd 1166tthh cceennttuurriieess.. YYeett mmuucchh hhaadd hhaappppeenneedd____11____..AAss wwaass ddiissccuusssseedd
bbeeffoorree,, iitt wwaass nnoott 22 tthhee 1199tthh cceennttuurryy tthhaatt tthhee nneewwssppaappeerr bbeeccaammee tthhee ddoommiinnaanntt pprree--eelleeccttrroonniicc
33,, ffoolllloowwiinngg iinn tthhee wwaakkee ooff tthhee ppaammpphhlleett aanndd tthhee bbooookk aanndd iinn tthhee 44 __ooff tthhee ppeerriiooddiiccaall..IItt
wwaass dduurriinngg tthhee ssaammee ttiimmee tthhaatt tthhee ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss rreevvoolluuttiioonn 55uupp,, bbeeggiinnnniinngg wwiitthh ttrraannssppoorrtt,, tthhee
rraaiillwwaayy,, aanndd lleeaaddiinngg 66tthhrroouugghh tthhee tteelleeggrraapphh,, tthhee tteelleepphhoonnee,,rraaddiioo,, aanndd mmoottiioonn ppiiccttuurreess__77__tthhee
2200tthh--cceennttuurryy wwoorrlldd ooff tthhee mmoottoorr ccaarr aanndd tthhee aaiirr ppllaannee.. NNoott eevveerryyoonnee sseeeess tthhaatt pprroocceessss iinn88..IItt iiss
iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo ddoo ssoo..
IItt iiss ggeenneerraallllyy rreeccooggnniizzeedd,, 99,, tthhaatt tthhee iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn ooff tthhee ccoommppuutteerr iinn tthhee eeaarrllyy 2200tthh cceennttuurryy,,
1100____bbyy tthhee iinnvveennttiioonn ooff tthhee iinntteeggrraatteedd cciirrccuuiitt dduurriinngg tthhee 11996600ss,, rraaddiiccaallllyy cchhaannggeedd tthhee pprroocceessss,,11ll
iittss iimmppaacctt oonn tthhee mmeeddiiaa wwaass nnoott iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy 1122.. AAss ttiimmee wweenntt bbyy,, ccoommppuutteerrss bbeeccaammee ssmmaalllleerr aanndd
mmoorree ppoowweerrffuull,, aanndd tthheeyy bbeeccaammee ""ppeerrssoonnaallttoooo,,aass wweellll aass1133,, wwiitthh ddiissppllaayy bbeeccoommiinngg sshhaarrppeerr aanndd
ssttoorraaggee 1144 iinnccrreeaassiinngg.. TThheeyy wweerree tthhoouugghhtt ooff,, lliikkee ppeeooppllee,,1155__ggeenneerraattiioonnss,, wwiitthh tthhee ddiissttaannccee
bbeettwweeeenn ggeenneerraattiioonnss mmuucchh____1166
IItt wwaass wwiitthhiinn tthhee ccoommppuutteerr aaggee tthhaatt tthhee tteerrmm""iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ssoocciieettyy""bbeeggaann ttoo bbee wwiiddeellyy uusseedd ttoo
ddeessccrriibbee tthhee1177__wwiitthhiinn wwhhiicchh wwee nnooww lliivvee.. TThhee ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonnss rreevvoolluuttiioonn hhaass__1188bbootthh wwoorrkk
aanndd lleeiissuurree aanndd hhooww wwee tthhiinnkk aanndd ffeeeell bbootthh aabboouutt ppllaaccee aanndd ttiimmee,,bbuutt tthheerree hhaavvee bbeeeenn__1199vviieewwss
aabboouutt iittss eeccoonnoommiicc,,ppoolliittiiccaall,,ssoocciiaall aanndd ccuullttuurraall iimmpplliiccaattiioonnss..""BBeenneeffiittss""hhaavvee bbeeeenn wweeiigghheedd__2200
""hhaarrmmffuull""oouuttccoommeess.. AAnndd ggeenneerraalliizzaattiioonnss hhaavvee pprroovveedd ddiiffffiiccuulltt..
第第11 页页 共共1122 页页11..[[AA]] bbeettwweeeenn [[BB]] bbeeffoorree [[CC]] ssiinnccee [[DD]] llaatteerr
22..[[AA]] aafftteerr [[BB]] bbyy [[CC]] dduurriinngg [[DD]] uunnttiill
33..[[AA]] mmeeaannss [[BB]] mmeetthhoodd [[CC]]mmeeddiiuumm [[DD]] mmeeaassuurree
44..[[AA]] pprroocceessss [[BB]] ccoommppaannyy [[CC]] lliigghhtt [[DD]] ffoorrmm
55.. [[AA]] ggaatthheerreedd [[BB]]ssppeeeeddeedd [[CC]] wwoorrkkeedd [[DD]] ppiicckkeedd
66..[[AA]] oonn [[BB]] oouutt [[CC]] oovveerr [[DD]] ooffff
77..[[AA]]ooff [[BB]]ffoorr [[CC]] bbeeyyoonndd [[DD]] iinnttoo
88..[[AA]] ccoonncceepptt [[BB]] ddiimmeennssiioonn [[CC]]eeffffeecctt [[DD]] ppeerrssppeeccttiivvee
99..[[AA]] iinnddeeeedd [[BB]] hheennccee [[CC]] hhoowweevveerr [[DD]] tthheerreeffoorree
1100..[[AA]] bbrroouugghhtt [[BB]]ffoolllloowweedd [[CC]] ssttiimmuullaatteedd [[DD]] cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd
1111..[[AA]] uunnlleessss [[BB]] ssiinnccee [[CC]] lleesstt [[DD]] aalltthhoouugghh
1122..[[AA]] aappppaarreenntt [[BB]] ddeessiirraabbllee [[CC]] nneeggaattiivvee [[DD]] ppllaauussiibbllee
1133..[[AA]] iinnssttiittuuttiioonnaallll [[BB]] uunniivveerrssaall [[CC]] ffuunnddaammeennttaall [[DD]] iinnssttrruummeennttaall
1144..[[AA]] aabbiilliittyy [[BB]] ccaappaabbiilliittyy [[CC]] ccaappaacciittyy [[DD]] ffaaccuullttyy
1155..[[AA]]bbyy mmeeaannss ooff [[BB]] iinn tteerrmmss ooff [[CC]] wwiitthh rreeggaarrdd ttoo [[DD]] iinn lliinnee wwiitthh
1166..[[AA]] ddeeeeppeerr [[BB]] ffeewweerr [[CC]]nneeaarreerr [[DD]] ssmmaalllleerr
1177.. [[AA]] ccoonntteexxtt [[BB]] rraannggee [[CC]] ssccooppee [[DD]] tteerriittoorryy
1188.. [[AA]] rreeggaarrddeedd [[BB]] iimmpprreesssseedd [[CC]] iinnfflluueenncceedd [[DD]] eeffffcctteedd
1199..[[AA]] ccoommppeettiittiivvee[[BB]] ccoonnttrroovveerrssiiaall [[CC]] ddiissttrraccttiinngg [[DD]]iirrrraattiioonnaall
2200..[[AA]] aabboovvee [[BB]] uuppoonn [[CC]]aaggaaiinnsstt [[DD]] wwiitthh
SSeeccttiioonn IIII RReeaaddiinngg CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn
PPaarrtt AA
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ffoouurr tteexxttss..AAnnsswweerr tthhee qquueessttiioonnss bbeellooww eeaacchh tteexxtt bbyy cchhoooossiinngg [[AA]],,[[BB]],,[[CC]] oorr [[DD]]..
MMaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerrss oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11.. ((4400 ppooiinnttss))
第第22 页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 11
IIff yyoouu iinntteenndd uussiinngg hhuummoorr iinn yyoouurr ttaallkk ttoo mmaakkee ppeeooppllee ssmmiillee,, yyoouu mmuusstt kknnooww hhooww ttoo iiddeennttiiffyy
sshhaarreedd eexxppeerriieenncceess aanndd pprroobblleemmss.. YYoouurr hhuummoorr mmuusstt bbee rreelleevvaanntt ttoo tthhee aauuddiieennccee aanndd sshhoouulldd hheellpp ttoo
sshhooww tthheemm tthhaatt yyoouu aarree oonnee ooff tthheemm oorr tthhaatt yyoouu uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthheeiirr ssiittuuaattiioonn aanndd aarree iinn ssyymmppaatthhyy wwiitthh
tthheeiirr ppooiinntt ooff vviieeww.. DDeeppeennddiinngg oonn wwhhoomm yyoouu aarree aaddddrreessssiinngg,, tthhee pprroobblleemmss wwiillll bbee ddiiffffeerreenntt.. IIff yyoouu aarree
ttaallkkiinngg ttoo aa ggrroouupp ooff mmaannaaggeerrss,, yyoouu mmaayy rreeffeerr ttoo tthhee ddiissoorrggaanniizzeedd mmeetthhooddss ooff tthheeiirr sseeccrreettaarriieess;;
aalltteerrnnaattiivveellyy iiff yyoouu aarree aaddddrreessssiinngg sseeccrreettaarriieess,, yyoouu mmaayy wwaanntt ttoo ccoommmmeenntt oonn tthheeiirr ddiissoorrggaanniizzeedd bboosssseess..
HHeerree iiss aann eexxaammppllee,, wwhhiicchh II hheeaarrdd aatt aa nnuurrsseess''ccoonnvveennttiioonn,, ooff aa ssttoorryy wwhhiicchh wwoorrkkss wweellll bbeeccaauussee
tthhee aauuddiieennccee aallll sshhaarreedd tthhee ssaammee vviieeww ooff ddooccttoorrss..AA mmaann aarrrriivveess iinn hheeaavveenn aanndd iiss bbeeiinngg sshhoowwnn aarroouunndd
bbyy SStt.. PPeetteerr.. HHee sseeeess wwoonnddeerrffuull aaccccoommmmooddaattiioonnss,, bbeeaauuttiiffuull ggaarrddeennss,,ssuunnnnyy wweeaatthheerr,, aanndd ssoo oonn..
EEvveerryyoonnee iiss vveerryy ppeeaacceeffuull,, ppoolliittee aanndd ffrriieennddllyy uunnttiill,, wwaaiittiinngg iinn aa lliinnee ffoorr lluunncchh,, tthhee nneeww aarrrriivvaall iiss
ssuuddddeennllyy ppuusshheedd aassiiddee bbyy aa mmaann iinn aa wwhhiittee ccooaatt,, wwhhoo rruusshheess ttoo tthhee hheeaadd ooff tthhee lliinnee,, ggrraabbss hhiiss ffoooodd aanndd
ssttoommppss oovveerr ttoo aa ttaabbllee bbyy hhiimmsseellff..""WWhhoo iiss tthhaatt??"" tthhee nneeww aarrrriivvaall aasskkeedd SStt..PPeetteerr..""OOhh,, tthhaatt''ss GGoodd..""
ccaammee tthhee rreeppllyy,,""bbuutt ssoommeettiimmeess hhee tthhiinnkkss hhee''ss aa ddooccttoorr..""""
IIff yyoouu aarree ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ggrroouupp wwhhiicchh yyoouu aarree aaddddrreessssiinngg,, yyoouu wwiillll bbee iinn aa ppoossiittiioonn ttoo kknnooww tthhee
eexxppeerriieenncceess aanndd pprroobblleemmss wwhhiicchh aarree ccoommmmoonn ttoo aallll ooff yyoouu aanndd iitt''llll bbee aapppprroopprriiaattee ffoorr yyoouu ttoo mmaakkee aa
ppaassssiinngg rreemmaarrkk aabboouutt tthhee iinneeddiibbllee ccaanntteeeenn ffoooodd oorr tthhee cchhaaiirrmmaann''ss nnoottoorriioouuss bbaadd ttaassttee iinn ttiieess.. WWiitthh ootthheerr
aauuddiieenncceess yyoouu mmuussttnn''tt aatttteemmpptt ttoo ccuutt iinn wwiitthh hhuummoorr aass tthheeyy wwiillll rreesseenntt aann oouuttssiiddeerr mmaakkiinngg ddiissppaarraaggiinngg
rreemmaarrkkss aabboouutt tthheeiirr ccaanntteeeenn oorr tthheeiirr cchhaaiirrmmaann.. YYoouu wwiillll bbee oonn ssaaffeerr ggrroouunndd iiff yyoouu ssttiicckk ttoo ssccaappeeggooaattss
lliikkee tthhee PPoosstt OOffffiiccee oorr tthhee tteelleepphhoonnee ssyysstteemm..
IIff yyoouu ffeeeell aawwkkwwaarrdd bbeeiinngg hhuummoorroouuss,, yyoouu mmuusstt pprraaccttiiccee ssoo tthhaatt iitt bbeeccoommeess mmoorree nnaattuurraall.. IInncclluuddee
aa ffeeww ccaassuuaall aanndd aappppaarreennttllyy ooffff--tthhee--ccuuffff rreemmaarrkkss wwhhiicchh yyoouu ccaann ddeelliivveerr iinn aa rreellaaxxeedd aanndd uunnffoorrcceedd
mmaannnneerr.. OOfftteenn iitt''ss tthhee ddeelliivveerryy wwhhiicchh ccaauusseess tthhee aauuddiieennccee ttoo ssmmiillee,, ssoo ssppeeaakk sslloowwllyy aanndd rreemmeemmbbeerr tthhaatt
aa rraaiisseedd eeyyeebbrrooww oorr aann uunnbbeelliieevviinngg llooookk mmaayy hheellpp ttoo sshhooww tthhaatt yyoouu aarree mmaakkiinngg aa lliigghhtt--hheeaarrtteedd rreemmaarrkk..
LLooookk ffoorr tthhee hhuummoorr..IItt oofftteenn ccoommeess ffrroomm tthhee uunneexxppeecctteedd..AA ttwwiisstt oonn aa ffaammiilliiaarr qquuoottee ""IIff aatt ffiirrsstt
yyoouu ddoonn''tt ssuucccceeeedd,, ggiivvee uupp""oorr aa ppllaayy oonn wwoorrddss oorr oonn aa ssiittuuaattiioonn..SSeeaarrcchh ffoorr eexxaaggggeerraattiioonn aanndd
uunnddeerrssttaatteemmeennttss.. LLooookk aatt yyoouurr ttaallkk aanndd ppiicckk oouutt aa ffeeww wwoorrddss oorr sseenntteenncceess wwhhiicchh yyoouu ccaann ttuurrnn aabboouutt
aanndd iinnjjeecctt wwiitthh hhuummoorr..
第第33 页页 共共1122 页页2211..TToo mmaakkee yyoouurr hhuummoorr wwoorrkk,, yyoouu sshhoouulldd_____..
[[AA]] ttaakkee aaddvvaannttaaggee ooff ddiiffffeerreenntt kkiinnddss ooff aauuddiieennccee
[[BB]] mmaakkee ffuunn ooff tthhee ddiissoorrggaanniizzeedd ppeeooppllee
[[CC]] aaddddrreessss ddiiffffeerreenntt pprroobblleemmss ttoo ddiiffffeerreenntt ppeeooppllee
[[DD]] sshhooww ssyymmppaatthhyy ffoorr yyoouurr lliisstteenneerrss
2222..TThhee jjookkee aabboouutt ddooccttoorrss iimmpplliieess tthhaatt,, iinn tthhee eeyyeess ooff nnuurrsseess,, tthheeyy aarree________..
[[AA]] iimmppoolliittee ttoo nneeww aarrrriivvaallss
[[BB]] vveerryy ccoonnsscciioouuss ooff tthheeiirr ggooddlliikkee rroollee
[[CC]] eennttiittlleedd ttoo ssoommee pprriivviilleeggeess
[[DD]] vveerryy bbuussyy eevveenn dduurriinngg lluunncchh hhoouurrss
2233..IItt ccaann bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm tthhee tteexxtt tthhaatt ppuubblliicc sseerrvviicceess__________..
[[AA]] hhaavvee bbeenneeffiitteedd mmaannyy ppeeooppllee
[[BB]] aarree tthhee ffooccuuss ooff ppuubblliicc aatttteennttiioonn
[[CC]] aarree aann iinnaapppprroopprriiaattee ssuubbjjeecctt ffoorr hhuummoorr
[[DD]] hhaavvee oofftteenn bbeeeenn tthhee llaauugghhiinngg ssttoocckk
2244..TToo aacchhiieevvee tthhee ddeessiirreedd rreessuulltt,, hhuummoorroouuss ssttoorriieess sshhoouulldd bbee ddeelliivveerreedd____..
[[AA]] iinn wweellll--wwoorrddeedd llaanngguuaaggee
[[BB]] aass aawwkkwwaarrddllyy aass ppoossssiibbllee
[[CC]] iinn eexxaaggggeerraatteedd ssttaatteemmeennttss
[[DD]] aass ccaassuuaallllyy aass ppoossssiibbllee
2255..TThhee bbeesstt ttiittllee ffoorr tthhee tteexxtt mmaayy bbee____..
[[AA]] UUssee HHuummoorr EEffffeeccttiivveellyy
[[BB]] VVaarriioouuss KKiinnddss ooff HHuummoorr
[[CC]] AAdddd HHuummoorr ttoo SSppeeeecchh
[[DD]] DDiiffffeerreenntt HHuummoorr SSttrraatteeggiieess
第第 44 页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 22
SSiinnccee tthhee ddaawwnn ooff hhuummaann iinnggeennuuiittyy,, ppeeooppllee hhaavvee ddeevviisseedd eevveerr mmoorree ccuunnnniinngg ttoooollss ttoo ccooppee wwiitthh
wwoorrkk tthhaatt iiss ddaannggeerroouuss,, bboorriinngg,, bbuurrddeennssoommee,, oorr jjuusstt ppllaaiinn nnaassttyy.. TThhaatt ccoommppuullssiioonn hhaass rreessuulltteedd iinn
rroobboottiiccss——tthhee sscciieennccee ooff ccoonnffeerrrriinngg vvaarriioouuss hhuummaann ccaappaabbiilliittiieess oonn mmaacchhiinneess.. AAnndd iiff sscciieennttiissttss hhaavvee yyeett
ttoo ccrreeaattee tthhee mmeecchhaanniiccaall vveerrssiioonn ooff sscciieennccee ffiiccttiioonn,, tthheeyy hhaavvee bbeegguunn ttoo ccoommee cclloossee..
AAss aa rreessuulltt,, tthhee mmooddeerrnn wwoorrlldd iiss iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy ppooppuullaatteedd bbyy iinntteelllliiggeenntt ggiizzmmooss wwhhoossee pprreesseennccee wwee
bbaarreellyy nnoottiiccee bbuutt wwhhoossee uunniivveerrssaall eexxiisstteennccee hhaass rreemmoovveedd mmuucchh hhuummaann llaabboorr.. OOuurr ffaaccttoorriieess hhuumm ttoo tthhee
rrhhyytthhmm ooff rroobboott aasssseemmbbllyy aarrmmss.. OOuurr bbaannkkiinngg iiss ddoonnee aatt aauuttoommaatteedd tteelllleerr tteerrmmiinnaallss tthhaatt tthhaannkk uuss wwiitthh
mmeecchhaanniiccaall ppoolliitteenneessss ffoorr tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn.. OOuurr ssuubbwwaayy ttrraaiinnss aarree ccoonnttrroolllleedd bbyy ttiirreelleessss rroobboott--ddrriivveerrss..
AAnndd tthhaannkkss ttoo tthhee ccoonnttiinnuuaall mmiinniiaattuurriizzaattiioonn ooff eelleeccttrroonniiccss aanndd mmiiccrroo--mmeecchhaanniiccss,, tthheerree aarree aallrreeaaddyy
rroobboott ssyysstteemmss tthhaatt ccaann ppeerrffoorrmm ssoommee kkiinnddss ooff bbrraaiinn aanndd bboonnee ssuurrggeerryy wwiitthh ssuubbmmiilllliimmeetteerr aaccccuurraaccyy——
ffaarr ggrreeaatteerr pprreecciissiioonn tthhaann hhiigghhllyy sskkiilllleedd pphhyyssiicciiaannss ccaann aacchhiieevvee wwiitthh tthheeiirr hhaannddss aalloonnee..
BBuutt iiff rroobboottss aarree ttoo rreeaacchh tthhee nneexxtt ssttaaggee ooff llaabboorrssaavviinngg uuttiilliittyy,, tthheeyy wwiillll hhaavvee ttoo ooppeerraattee wwiitthh lleessss
hhuummaann ssuuppeerrvviissiioonn aanndd bbee aabbllee ttoo mmaakkee aatt lleeaasstt aa ffeeww ddeecciissiioonnss ffoorr tthheemmsseellvveess——ggooaallss tthhaatt ppoossee aa rreeaall
cchhaalllleennggee..""WWhhiillee wwee kknnooww hhooww ttoo tteellll aa rroobboott ttoo hhaannddllee aa ssppeecciiffiicc eerrrroorr,,"" ssaayyss DDaavvee LLaavveerryy,, mmaannaaggeerr
ooff aa rroobboottiiccss pprrooggrraamm aatt NNAASSAA,, ""wwee ccaann''tt yyeett ggiivvee aa rroobboott eennoouugghh ''ccoommmmoonn sseennssee''ttoo rreelliiaabbllyy iinntteerraacctt
wwiitthh aa ddyynnaammiicc wwoorrlldd..""
IInnddeeeedd tthhee qquueesstt ffoorr ttrruuee aarrttiiffiicciiaall iinntteelllliiggeennccee hhaass pprroodduucceedd vveerryy mmiixxeedd rreessuullttss.. DDeessppiittee aa ssppeellll ooff
iinniittiiaall ooppttiimmiissmm iinn tthhee 11996600ss aanndd 11997700ss wwhheenn iitt aappppeeaarreedd tthhaatt ttrraannssiissttoorr cciirrccuuiittss aanndd mmiiccrroopprroocceessssoorrss
mmiigghhtt bbee aabbllee ttoo ccooppyy tthhee aaccttiioonn ooff tthhee hhuummaann bbrraaiinn bbyy tthhee yyeeaarr 22001100,,rreesseeaarrcchheerrss llaatteellyy hhaavvee bbeegguunn ttoo
eexxtteenndd tthhaatt ffoorreeccaasstt bbyy ddeeccaaddeess iiff nnoott cceennttuurriieess..
WWhhaatt tthheeyy ffoouunndd,, iinn aatttteemmppttiinngg ttoo mmooddeell tthhoouugghhtt,, iiss tthhaatt tthhee hhuummaann bbrraaiinn''ss rroouugghhllyy oonnee hhuunnddrreedd
bbiilllliioonn nneerrvvee cceellllss aarree mmuucchh mmoorree ttaalleenntteedd——aanndd hhuummaann ppeerrcceeppttiioonn ffaarr mmoorree ccoommpplliiccaatteedd——tthhaann
pprreevviioouussllyy iimmaaggiinneedd..TThheeyy hhaavvee bbuuiilltt rroobboottss tthhaatt ccaann rreeccooggnniizzee tthhee eerrrroorr ooff aa mmaacchhiinnee ppaanneell bbyy aa
ffrraaccttiioonn ooff aa mmiilllliimmeetteerr iinn aa ccoonnttrroolllleedd ffaaccttoorryy eennvviirroonnmmeenntt.. BBuutt tthhee hhuummaann mmiinndd ccaann gglliimmppssee aa rraappiiddllyy
cchhaannggiinngg sscceennee aanndd iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy ddiissrreeggaarrdd tthhee 9988 ppeerrcceenntt tthhaatt iiss iirrrreelleevvaanntt,, iinnssttaannttaanneeoouussllyy ffooccuussiinngg
oonn tthhee mmoonnkkeeyy aatt tthhee ssiiddee ooff aa wwiinnddiinngg ffoorreesstt rrooaadd oorr tthhee ssiinnggllee ssuussppiicciioouuss ffaaccee iinn aa bbiigg ccrroowwdd..TThhee
mmoosstt aaddvvaanncceedd ccoommppuutteerr ssyysstteemmss oonn EEaarrtthh ccaann''tt aapppprrooaacchh tthhaatt kkiinndd ooff aabbiilliittyy,, aanndd nneeuurroosscciieennttiissttss ssttiillll
ddoonn''tt kknnooww qquuiittee hhooww wwee ddoo iitt..
第第55页页 共共 1122页页2266.. HHuummaann iinnggeennuuiittyy wwaass iinniittiiaallllyy ddeemmoonnssttrraatteedd iinn ________..
[[AA]] tthhee uussee ooff mmaacchhiinneess ttoo pprroodduuccee sscciieennccee ffiiccttiioonn..
[[BB]] tthhee wwiiddee uussee ooff mmaacchhiinneess iinn mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg iinndduussttrryy..
[[CC]] tthhee iinnvveennttiioonn ooff ttoooollss ffoorr ddiiffffiiccuulltt aanndd ddaannggeerroouuss wwoorrkk..
[[DD]] tthhee eelliittee''ss ccuunnnniinngg ttaacckklliinngg ooff ddaannggeerroouuss aanndd bboorriinngg wwoorrkk..
2277..TThhee wwoorrdd""ggiizzmmooss""((LLiinnee 11,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 22))mmoosstt pprroobbaabbllyy mmeeaannss ______..
[[AA]] pprrooggrraammss
[[BB]] eexxppeerrttss
[[CC]] ddeevvcceess
[[DD]] ccrreeaattuurreess
2288..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt,, wwhhaatt iiss bbeeyyoonndd mmaann''ss aabbiilliittyy nnooww iiss ttoo ddeessiiggnn aa rroobboott tthhaatt ccaann ____..
[[AA]] ffuulliillll ddeelliiccaattee ttaasskkss lliikkee ppeerrffoorrmmiinngg bbrraaiinn ssuurrggeerryy
[[BB]] iinntteerraacctt wwiitthh hhuummaann bbeeiinnggss vveerrbbaallllyy
[[CC]] hhaavvee aa lliittttllee ccoommmmoonn sseennssee
[[DD]] rreessppoonndd iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy ttoo aa cchhaannggiinngg wwoorrlldd
2299..BBeessiiddeess rreedduucciinngg hhuummaann llaabboorr,, rroobboottss ccaann aallssoo ________..
[[AA]] mmaakkee aa ffeeww ddeecciissiioonnss ffoorr tthheemmsseellvveess
[[BB]] ddeeaall wwiitthh ssoommee eerrrroorrss wwiitthh hhuummaann iinntteerrvveennttiioonn
[[CC]] iimmpprroovvee ffaaccttoorryy eennvviirroonnmmeennttss
[[DD]] ccuullttiivvaattee hhuummaann ccrreeaattiivviittyy
3300..TThhee aauutthhoorr uusseess tthhee eexxaammppllee ooff aa mmoonnkkeeyy ttoo aarrgguuee tthhaatt rroobboottss aarree__..
[[AA]] eexxppeecctteedd ttoo ccooppyy hhuummaann bbrraaiinn iinn iinntteerrnnaall ssttrruuccttuurree
[[BB]] aabbllee ttoo ppeerrcceeiivvee aabbnnoorrmmaalliittiieess iimmmmeeddiiaatteellyy
[[CC]] ffaarr lleessss aabbllee tthhaann hhuummaann bbrraaiinn iinn ffooccuussiinngg oonn rreelleevvaanntt iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
[[DD]] bbeesstt uusseedd iinn aa ccoonnttrroolllleedd eennvviirroonnmmeenntt
第第66 页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt..33
CCoouulldd tthhee bbaadd oolldd ddaayyss ooff eeccoonnoommiicc ddeecclliinnee bbee aabboouutt ttoo rreettuurrnn?? SSiinnccee OOPPEECC aaggrreeeedd ttoo
ssuuppppllyy--ccuuttss iinn MMaarrcchh,, tthhee pprriiccee ooff ccrruuddee ooiill hhaass jjuummppeedd ttoo aallmmoosstt $$2266 aa bbaarrrreell,, uupp ffrroomm lleessss tthhaann $$1100
llaasstt DDeecceemmbbeerr.. TThhiiss nneeaarr--ttrriipplliinngg ooff ooiill pprriicceess ccaallllss uupp ssccaarryy mmeemmoorriieess ooff tthhee 11997733 ooiill sshhoocckk,, wwhheenn
pprriicceess qquuaaddrruupplleedd,, aanndd 11997799--11998800,, wwhheenn tthheeyy aallssoo aallmmoosstt ttrriipplleedd.. BBootthh pprreevviioouuss sshhoocckkss rreessuulltteedd iinn
ddoouubbllee--ddiiggiitt iinnffllaattiioonn aanndd gglloobbaall eeccoonnoommiicc ddeecclliinnee.. SSoo wwhheerree aarree tthhee hheeaaddlliinneess wwaarrnniinngg ooff gglloooomm aanndd
ddoooomm tthhiiss ttiimmee??
TThhee ooiill pprriiccee wwaass ggiivveenn aannootthheerr ppuusshh uupp tthhiiss wweeeekk wwhheenn IIrraaqq ssuussppeennddeedd ooiill eexxppoorrttss..
SSttrreennggtthheenniinngg eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh,, aatt tthhee ssaammee ttiimmee aass wwiinntteerr ggrriippss tthhee nnoorrtthheerrnn hheemmiisspphheerree,, ccoouulldd ppuusshh
tthhee pprriiccee hhiigghheerr ssttiillll iinn tthhee sshhoorrtt tteerrmm..
YYeett tthheerree aarree ggoooodd rreeaassoonnss ttoo eexxppeecctt tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess nnooww ttoo bbee lleessss sseevveerree tthhaann iinn tthhee
11997700ss.. IInn mmoosstt ccoouunnttrriieess tthhee ccoosstt ooff ccrruuddee ooiill nnooww aaccccoouunnttss ffoorr aa ssmmaalllleerr sshhaarree ooff tthhee pprriiccee ooff ppeettrrooll
tthhaann iitt ddiidd iinn tthhee 11997700ss.. IInn EEuurrooppee,, ttaaxxeess aaccccoouunntt ffoorr uupp ttoo ffoouurr--ffiifftthhss ooff tthhee rreettaaiill pprriiccee,,ssoo eevveenn qquuiittee
bbiigg cchhaannggeess iinn tthhee pprriiccee ooff ccrruuddee hhaavvee aa mmoorree mmuutteedd eeffffeecctt oonn ppuummpp pprriicceess tthhaann iinn tthhee ppaasstt..
RRiicchh eeccoonnoommiieess aarree aallssoo lleessss ddeeppeennddeenntt oonn ooiill tthhaann tthheeyy wweerree,,aanndd ssoo lleessss sseennssiittiivvee ttoo sswwiinnggss iinn
tthhee ooiill pprriiccee.. EEnneerrggyy ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn,, aa sshhiifftt ttoo ootthheerr ffuueellss aanndd aa ddeecclliinnee iinn tthhee iimmppoorrttaannccee ooff hheeaavvyy,,
eenneerrggyy--iinntteennssiivvee iinndduussttrriieess hhaavvee rreedduucceedd ooiill ccoonnssuummppttiioonn.. SSooffttwwaarree,, ccoonnssuullttaannccyy aanndd mmoobbiillee
tteelleepphhoonneess uussee ffaarr lleessssooiill tthhaann sstteeeell oorr ccaarr pprroodduuccttiioonn..FFoorr eeaacchh ddoollllaarr ooff GGDDPP((iinn ccoonnssttaanntt pprriicceess)) rriicchh
eeccoonnoommiieess nnooww uussee nneeaarrllyy 5500lleessss ooiill tthhaann iinn 11997733.. TThhee OOEECCDD eessttiimmaatteess iinn iittss llaatteesstt EEccoonnoommiicc
OOuuttllooookk tthhaatt,, iiff ooiill pprriicceess aavveerraaggeedd $$2222 aa bbaarrrreell ffoorr aa ffuullll yyeeaarr,, ccoommppaarreedd wwiitthh $$1133 iinn 11999988,,tthhiiss wwoouulldd
iinnccrreeaassee tthhee ooiill iimmppoorrtt bbiillll iinn rriicchh eeccoonnoommiieess bbyy oonnllyy 00..2255--00..55ooff GGDDPP.. TThhaatt iiss lleessss tthhaann oonnee--qquuaarrtteerr
ooff tthhee iinnccoommee lloossss iinn 11997744 oorr 11998800..OOnn tthhee ootthheerr hhaanndd,, ooiill--iimmppoorrttiinngg eemmeerrggiinngg eeccoonnoommiieess——ttoo wwhhiicchh
hheeaavvyy iinndduussttrryy hhaass sshhiifftteedd——hhaavvee bbeeccoommee mmoorree eenneerrggyy--iinntteennssiivvee,,aanndd ssoo ccoouulldd bbee mmoorree sseerriioouussllyy
SSqquueeeezzeedd..
OOnnee mmoorree rreeaassoonn nnoott ttoo lloossee sslleeeepp oovveerr tthhee rriissee iinn ooiill pprriicceess iiss tthhaatt,, uunnlliikkee tthhee rriisseess iinn tthhee 11997700ss,, iitt
hhaass nnoott ooccccuurrrreedd aaggaaiinnsstt tthhee bbaacckkggrroouunndd ooff ggeenneerraall ccoommmmooddiittyy--pprriiccee iinnffllaattiioonn aanndd gglloobbaall eexxcceessss
ddeemmaanndd..AA ssiizzaabbllee ppoorrttiioonn ooff tthhee wwoorrlldd iiss oonnllyy jjuusstt eemmeerrggiinngg ffrroomm eeccoonnoommiicc ddeecclliinnee..TThhee EEccoonnoommiisstt''ss
ccoommmmooddiittyy pprriiccee iinnddeexx iiss bbrrooaaddllyy uunncchhaannggiinngg ffrroomm aa yyeeaarr aaggoo..IInn 11997733 ccoommmmooddiittyy pprriicceess jjuummppeedd bbyy
7700??aanndd iinn 11997799 bbyy aallmmoosstt 3300%%..
第第 77 页页 共共1122 页页3311..TThhee mmaaiinn rreeaassoonn ffoorr tthhee llaatteesstt rriissee ooff ooiill pprriiccee iiss____
[[AA]] gglloobbaall iinnffllaattiioonn
[[BB]] rreedduuccttiioonn iinn ssuuppppllyy
[[CC]]ffaasstt ggrroowwtthh iinn eeccoonnoommyy
[[DD]] IIrraaqq''ss ssuussppeennssiioonn ooff eexxppoorrttss
3322..IItt ccaann bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm tthhee tteexxtt tthhaatt tthhee rreettaaiill pprriiccee ooff ppeettrrooll wwiillll ggoo uupp ddrraammaattiiccaallllyy iiff__..
[[AA]] pprriiccee ooff ccrruuddee rriisseess
[[BB]] ccoommmmooddiittyy pprriicceess rriissee
[[CC]] ccoonnssuummppttiioonn rriisseess
[[DD]] ooiill ttaaxxeess rriissee
3333.. TThhee eessttiimmaatteess iinn EEccoonnoommiicc OOuuttllooookk sshhooww tthhaatt iinn rriicchh ccoouunnttrriieess________.
[[AA]] hheeaavvyy iinndduussttrryy bbeeccoommeess mmoorree eenneerrggyy--iinntteennssiivvee
[[BB]] iinnccoommee lloossss mmaaiinnllyy rreessuullttss ffrroomm fflluuccttuuaattiinngg ccrruuddee ooiill pprriicceess
[[CC]] mmaannuuffaaccttuurriinngg iinndduussttrryy hhaass bbeeeenn sseerriioouussllyy ssqquueeeezzeedd
[[DD]] ooiill pprriiccee cchhaannggeess hhaavvee nnoo ssiiggnniiffiiccaanntt iimmppaacctt oonn GGDDPP
3344.. WWee ccaann ddrraaww aa ccoonncclluussiioonn ffrroomm tthhee tteexxtt tthhaatt_______..
[[AA]] ooiill--pprriiccee sshhoocckkss aarree lleessss sshhoocckkiinngg nnooww
[[BB]] iinnffllaattiioonn sseeeemmss iirrrreelleevvaanntt ttoo ooiill--pprriiccee sshhoocckkss
[[CC]] eenneerrggyy ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn ccaann kkeeeepp ddoowwnn tthhee ooiill pprriicceess
[[DD]] tthhee pprriiccee rriissee ooff ccrruuddee lleeaaddss ttoo tthhee sshhrriinnkkiinngg ooff hheeaavvyy iinndduussttrryy
3355..FFrroomm tthhee tteexxtt wwee ccaann sseeee tthhaatt tthhee wwrriitteerr sseeeemmss__
[[AA]]ooppttiimmiissttiicc
[[BB]] sseennssiittiivvee
[[CC]] gglloooommyy
[[DD]] ssccaarreedd
第第 88 页页共共1122 页页TTeexxtt 44
TThhee SSuupprreemmee CCoouurrtt''ss ddeecciissiioonnss oonn pphhyyssiicciiaann--aasssstteedd ssuuiicciiddee ccaarrrryy iimmppoorrttaanntt iimmpplliiccaattiioonnss ffoorr
hhooww mmeeddiicciinnee sseeeekkss ttoo rreelliieevvee ddyyiinngg ppaattiieennttss ooff ppaaiinn aanndd ssuuffffeerriinngg..
AAlltthhoouugghh iitt rruulleedd tthhaatt tthheerree iiss nnoo ccoonnssttiittuuttiioonnaall rriigghhtt ttoo pphhyyssiicciiaann--aassssiisstteedd ssuuiicciiddee,, tthhee CCoouurrtt iinn
eeffffeecctt ssuuppppoorrtteedd tthhee mmeeddiiccaall pprriinncciippllee ooff ""ddoouubbllee eeffffeecctt,,""aa cceennttuurriieess--oolldd mmoorraall pprriinncciippllee hhoollddiinngg tthhaatt
aann aaccttiioonn hhaavviinngg ttwwoo eeffffeeccttss——aa ggoooodd oonnee tthhaatt iiss iinntteennddeedd aanndd aa hhaarrmmffuull oonnee tthhaatt iiss ffoorreesseeeenn——iiss
ppeerrmmiissssiibbllee iiff tthhee aaccttoorr iinntteennddss oonnllyy tthhee ggoooodd eeffffeecctt..
DDooccttoorrss hhaavvee uusseedd tthhaatt pprriinncciippllee iinn rreecceenntt yyeeaarrss ttoo jjuussttiiffyy uussiinngg hhiigghh ddoosseess ooff mmoorrpphhiinnee ttoo ccoonnttrrooll
tteerrmmiinnaallllyyiillll ppaattiieennttss''ppaaiinn,, eevveenn tthhoouugghh iinnccrreeaassiinngg ddoossaaggeess wwiillll eevveennttuuaallllyy kkiillll tthhee ppaattiieenntt..
NNaannccyy DDuubblleerr,,ddiirreeccttoorr ooff MMoonntteeffiioorree MMeeddiiccaall CCeenntteerr,, ccoonntteennddss tthhaatt tthhee pprriinncciippllee wwiillll sshhiieelldd
ddooccttoorrss wwhhoo""uunnttiill nnooww hhaavvee vveerryy,, vveerryy ssttrroonnggllyy iinnssiisstteedd tthhaatt tthheeyy ccoouulldd nnoott ggiivvee ppaattiieennttss ssuuffffiicciieenntt
mmeeddiiccaattiioonn ttoo ccoonnttrrooll tthheeiirr ppaaiinn iiff tthhaatt mmiigghhtt hhaasstteenn ddeeaatthh""..
GGeeoorrggee AAnnnnaass,, cchhaaiirr ooff tthhee hheeaalltthh llaaww ddeeppaarrttmmeenntt aatt BBoossttoonn UUnniivveerrssiittyy,, mmaaiinnttaaiinnss tthhaatt,,aass lloonngg aass
aa ddooccttoorr pprreessccrriibbeess aa ddrruugg ffoorr aa lleeggiittiimmaattee mmeeddiiccaall ppuurrppoossee,, tthhee ddooccttoorr hhaass ddoonnee nnootthhiinngg iilllleeggaall eevveenn iiff
tthhee ppaattiieenntt uusseess tthhee ddrruugg ttoo hhaasstteenn ddeeaatthh.. ""IItt''ss lliikkee ssuurrggeerryy,,""hhee ssaayyss..""WWee ddoonn''tt ccaallll tthhoossee ddeeaatthhss
hhoommiicciiddeess bbeeccaauussee tthhee ddooccttoorrss ddiiddnn''tt iinntteenndd ttoo kkiillll tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss,, aalltthhoouugghh tthheeyy rriisskkeedd tthheeiirr ddeeaatthh.. IIff
yyoouu''rree aa pphhyyssiicciiaann,,yyoouu ccaann rriisskk yyoouurr ppaattiieenntt''ss ssuuiicciiddee aass lloonngg aass yyoouu ddoonn''tt iinntteenndd tthheeiirr ssuuiicciiddee..""
OOnn aannootthheerr lleevveell,, mmaannyy iinn tthhee mmeeddiiccaall ccoommmmuunniittyy aacckknnoowwlleeddggee tthhaatt tthhee aassssiisstteedd--ssuuiicciiddee ddeebbaattee
hhaass bbeeeenn ffuueelleedd iinn ppaarrtt bbyy tthhee ddeessppaaiirr ooff ppaattiieennttss ffoorr wwhhoomm mmooddeerrnn mmeeddiicciinnee hhaass pprroolloonnggeedd tthhee
pphhyyssiiccaall aaggoonnyy ooff ddyyiinngg..
JJuusstt tthhrreeee wweeeekkss bbeeffoorree tthhee CCoouurrtt''ss rruulliinngg oonn pphhyyssiicciiaann--aassssiisstteedd ssuuiicciiddee,, tthhee NNaattiioonnaall AAccaaddeemmyy ooff
SScciieennccee ((NNAASS))rreelleeaasseedd aa ttwwoo--vvoolluummee rreeppoorrtt,,AApppprrooaacchhiinngg DDeeaatthh:: IImmpprroovviinngg CCaarree aatt tthhee EEnndd ooff LLiiffee..
IItt iiddeennttiiffiieess tthhee uunnddeerrttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff ppaaiinn aanndd tthhee aaggggrreessssiivvee uussee ooff""iinneeffffeeccttuuaall aanndd ffoorrcceedd mmeeddiiccaall
pprroocceedduurreess tthhaatt mmaayy pprroolloonngg aanndd eevveenn ddiisshhoonnoorr tthhee ppeerriioodd ooff ddyyiinngg""aass tthhee ttwwiinn pprroobblleemmss ooff
eenndd--ooff--lliiffee ccaarree..
TThhee pprrooffeessssiioonn iiss ttaakkiinngg sstteeppss ttoo rreeqquuiirree yyoouunngg ddooccttoorrss ttoo ttrraaiinn iinn hhoossppiicceess,, ttoo tteesstt kknnoowwlleeddggee ooff
aaggggrreessssiivvee ppaaiinn mmaannaaggeemmeenntt tthheerraappiieess,,ttoo ddeevveelloopp aa MMeeddiiccaarree bbiilllliinngg ccooddee ffoorr hhoossppiittaall--bbaasseedd ccaarree,,aanndd
ttoo ddeevveelloopp nneeww ssttaannddaarrddss ffoorr aasssseessssiinngg aanndd ttrreeaattiinngg ppaaiinn aatt tthhee eenndd ooff lliiffee..
AAnnnnaass ssaayyss llaawwyyeerrss ccaann ppllaayy aa kkeeyy rroollee iinn iinnssiissttiinngg tthhaatt tthheessee wweellll--mmeeaanniinngg mmeeddiiccaall iinniittiiaattiivveess
ttrraannssllaattee iinnttoo bbeetttteerr ccaarree.. ""LLaarrggee nnuummbbeerrss ooff pphhyyssiicciiaannss sseeeemm uunnccoonncceerrnneedd wwiitthh tthhee ppaaiinn tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss
aarree nneeeeddlleessssllyy aanndd pprreeddiiccttaabbllyy ssuuffffeerriinngg"",, ttoo tthhee eexxtteenntt tthhaatt iitt ccoonnssttiittuutteess""ssyysstteemmaattiicc ppaattiieenntt aabbuussee""..
HHee ssaayyss mmeeddiiccaall lliicceennssiinngg bbooaarrddss ""mmuusstt mmaakkee iitt cclleeaarr..tthhaatt ppaaiinnffuull ddeeaatthhss aarree pprreessuummppttiivveellyy oonneess tthhaatt
aarree iinnccoommppeetteennttllyy mmaannaaggeedd aanndd sshhoouulldd rreessuulltt iinn lliicceennssee ssuussppeennssiioonn..""
第第99页页 共共1122 页页____··
3366.. FFrroomm tthhee ffiirrsstt tthhrreeee ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, wwee lleeaarrnn tthhaatt__
[[AA]] ddooccttoorrss uusseedd ttoo iinnccrreeaassee ddrruugg ddoossaaggeess ttoo ccoonnttrrooll tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss''ppaaiinn
[[BB]] iitt iiss ssttiilllliilllleeggaall ffoorr ddooccttoorrss ttoo hheellpp tthhee ddyyiinngg eenndd tthheeiirr lliivveess
[[CC]] tthhee SSuupprreemmee CCoouurrtt ssttrroonnggllyy ooppppoosseess pphhyyssiicciiaann--aassssiisstteedd ssuuiicciiddee
[[DD]] ppaattiieennttss hhaavvee nnoo ccoonnssttiittuuttiioonnaall rriigghhtt ttoo ccoommmmiitt ssuuiicciiddee
3377..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ssttaatteemmeennttss iiss ttrruuee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt??
[[AA]] DDooccttoorrss wwiillll bbee hheelldd gguuiillttyy iiff tthheeyy rriisskk tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss''ddeeaatthh..
[[BB]] MMooddeerrnn mmeeddiicciinnee hhaass aassssiisstteedd tteerrmmiinnaallllyyiillll ppaattiieennttss iinn ppaaiinnlleessss rreeccoovveerryy..
[[CC]] TThhee CCoouurrtt rruulleedd tthhaatt hhiigghh--ddoossaaggee ppaaiinn--rreelliieevviinngg mmeeddiiccaattiioonn ccaann bbee pprreessccrriibbeedd..
[[DD]] AA ddooccttoorr''ss mmeeddiiccaattiioonn iiss nnoo lloonnggeerr jjuussttiiffiieedd bbyy hhiiss iinntteennttiioonnss..
3388..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee NNAASS''ss rreeppoorrtt,, oonnee ooff tthhee pprroobblleemmss iinn eenndd--ooff--lliiffee ccaarree iiss____..
[[AA]] pprroolloonnggeedd mmeeddiiccaall pprroocceedduurreess
[[BB]] iinnaaddeeqquuaattee ttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff ppaaiinn
[[CC]] ssyysstteemmaattiicc ddrruugg aabbuussee
[[DD]] iinnssuuffffiicciieenntt hhoossppiittaall ccaarree
3399..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg bbeesstt ddeeffiinneess tthhee wwoorrdd ""aaggggrreessssiivvee""((LLiinnee 33,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 77))??
[[AA]] BBoolldd..
[[BB]] HHaarrmmffuull..
[[CC]] CCaarreelleesss..
[[DD]] DDeessppeerraattee..
4400..GGeeoorrggee AAnnnnaass wwoouulldd pprroobbaabbllyy aaggrreeee tthhaatt ddooccttoorrss sshhoouulldd bbee ppuunniisshheedd iiff tthheeyy____..
[[AA]] mmaannaaggee tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss iinnccoommppeetteennttllyy
[[BB]] ggiivvee ppaattiieennttss mmoorree mmeeddiicciinnee tthhaann nneeeeddeedd
[[CC]] rreedduuccee ddrruugg ddoossaaggeess ffoorr tthheeiirr ppaattiieennttss
[[DD]] pprroolloonngg tthhee nneeeeddlleessss ssuuffffeerriinngg ooff tthhee ppaattiieennttss
第第1100 页页共共1122 页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn sshhoouulldd bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..((1100 ppooiinnttss))
AAllmmoosstt aallll oouurr mmaajjoorr pprroobblleemmss iinnvvoollvvee hhuummaann bbeehhaavviioorr,, aanndd tthheeyy ccaannnnoott bbee ssoollvveedd bbyy pphhyyssiiccaall
aanndd bbiioollooggiiccaall tteecchhnnoollooggyy aalloonnee.. WWhhaatt iiss nneeeeddeedd iiss aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy ooff bbeehhaavviioorr,, bbuutt wwee hhaavvee bbeeeenn ssllooww ttoo
ddeevveelloopp tthhee sscciieennccee ffrroomm wwhhiicchh ssuucchh aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy mmiigghhtt bbee ddrraawwnn..((4411))OOnnee ddiiffffiiccuullttyy iiss tthhaatt aallmmoosstt
aallll ooff wwhhaatt iiss ccaalllleedd bbeehhaavviioorraall sscciieennccee ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo ttrraaccee bbeehhaavviioorr ttoo ssttaatteess ooff mmiinndd,, ffeeeelliinnggss..ttrraaiittss ooff
cchhaarraacctteerr..hhuummaann nnaattuurree,,aanndd ssoo oonn.. PPhhyyssiiccss aanndd bbiioollooggyy oonnccee ffoolllloowweedd ssiimmiillaarr pprraaccttiicceess aanndd aaddvvaanncceedd
oonnllyy wwhheenn tthheeyy ddiissccaarrddeedd tthheemm..((4422))TThhee bbeehhaavviioorraall sscciieenncceess hhaavvee bbeeeenn ssllooww ttoo cchhaannggee ppaarrttllyy bbeeccaauussee
tthhee eexxppllaannaattoorryy iitteemmss oofftteenn sseeeemm ttoo bbee ddiirreeccttllyy oobbsseerrvveedd aanndd ppaarrttllyy bbeeccaauussee ootthheerr kkiinnddss ooff
eexxppllaannaattiioonnss hhaavvee bbeeeenn hhaarrdd ttoo ffiinndd.. TThhee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt iiss oobbvviioouussllyy iimmppoorrttaanntt,, bbuutt iittss rroollee hhaass rreemmaaiinneedd
oobbssccuurree..IItt ddooeess nnoott ppuusshh oorr ppuullll,, iitt sseelleeccttss,, aanndd tthhiiss ffuunnccttiioonn iiss ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ddiissccoovveerr aanndd aannaallyyzzee..
((4433)) TThhee rroollee ooff nnaattuurraall sseelleeccttiioonn iinn eevvoolluuttiioonn wwaass ffoorrmmuullaatteedd oonnllyy aa lliittttllee mmoorree tthhaann aa hhuunnddrreedd yyeeaarrss
aaggoo,,aanndd tthhee sseelleeccttiivvee rroollee ooff tthhee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt iinn sshhaappiinngg aanndd mmaaiinnttaaiinniinngg tthhee bbeehhaavviioorr ooff tthhee
iinnddiivviidduuaall iiss oonnllyy bbeeggiinnnniinngg ttoo bbee rreeccooggnniizzeedd aanndd ssttuuddiieedd..AAss tthhee iinntteerraaccttiioonn bbeettwweeeenn oorrggaanniissmm aanndd
eennvviirroonnmmeenntt hhaass ccoommee ttoo bbee uunnddeerrssttoooodd,, hhoowweevveerr,, eeffffeeccttss oonnccee aassssiiggnneedd ttoo ssttaatteess ooff mmiinndd,, ffeeeelliinnggss,,
aanndd ttrraaiittss aarree bbeeggiinnnniinngg ttoo bbee ttrraacceedd ttoo aacccceessssiibbllee ccoonnddiittiioonnss,, aanndd aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy ooff bbeehhaavviioorr mmaayy
tthheerreeffoorree bbeeccoommee aavvaaiillaabbllee.. IItt wwiillll nnoott ssoollvvee oouurr pprroobblleemmss,,hhoowweevveerr,, uunnttiill iitt rreeppllaacceess ttrraaddiittiioonnaall
pprreesscciieennttiiffiicc vviieewwss,, aanndd tthheessee aarree ssttrroonnggllyy eennttrreenncchheedd.. FFrreeeeddoomm aanndd ddiiggnniittyy iilllluussttrraattee tthhee ddiiffffiiccuullttyy..
((4444)) TThheeyy aarree tthhee ppoosssseessssiioonnss ooff tthhee aauuttoonnoommoouuss((sseellff--ggoovveerrnniinngg)) mmaann ooff ttrraaddiittiioonnaall tthheeoorryy..aanndd tthheeyy
aarree eesssseennttiiaall ttoo pprraaccttiicceess iinn wwhhiicchh aa ppeerrssoonn iiss hheelldd rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr hhiiss ccoonndduucctt aanndd ggiivveenn ccrreeddiitt ffoorr hhiiss
aacchhiieevveemmeennttss.. AA sscciieennttiiffiicc aannaallyyssiiss sshhiiffttss bbootthh tthhee rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy aanndd tthhee aacchhiieevveemmeenntt ttoo tthhee
eennvviirroonnmmeenntt.. IItt aallssoo rraaiisseess qquueessttiioonnss ccoonncceerrnniinngg ""vvaalluueess..""WWhhoo wwiillll uussee aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy aanndd ttoo wwhhaatt eennddss??
((4455))UUnnttiill tthheessee iissssuueess aarree rreessoollvveedd,, aa tteecchhnnoollooggyy ooff bbeehhaavviioorr wwiillll ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo bbee rreejjeecctteedd,, aanndd wwiitthh iitt
ppoossssiibbllyy tthhee oonnllyy wwaayy ttoo ssoollvvee oouurr pprroobblleemmss..
第第1111页页 共共1122 页页SSeeccttiioonn IIIIII WWrriittiinngg
4466.. DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
SSttuuddyy tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ppiiccttuurree ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd wwrriittee aann eessssaayy eennttiittlleedd""CCuullttuurreess ——NNaattiioonnaall aanndd
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall""..
IInn tthhee eessssaayy yyoouu sshhoouulldd
11)) ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ppiiccttuurree aanndd iinntteerrpprreett iittss mmeeaanniinngg,, aanndd
22)) ggiivvee yyoouurr ccoommmmeenntt oonn tthhee pphheennoommeennoonn..
YYoouu sshhoouulldd wwrriittee aabboouutt 220000 wwoorrddss nneeaattllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT22..((2200 ppooiinnttss))
AAnn AAmmeerriiccaann ggiirrll iinn ttrraaddiittiioonnaall CChhiinneessee ccoossttuummee （（服服装装））
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2003 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名22000033年年全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题
SSeeccttiioonn II UUssee ooff EEnngglliisshh
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt.. CChhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt wwoorrdd((ss))ffoorr eeaacchh nnuummbbeerreedd bbllaannkk aanndd mmaarrkk AA,, BB,, CC oorr DD oonn
AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT11..((1100 ppooiinnttss))..
TTeeaacchheerrss nneeeedd ttoo bbee aawwaarree ooff tthhee eemmoottiioonnaall,, iinntteelllleeccttuuaall,, aanndd pphhyyssiiccaall cchhaannggeess tthhaatt yyoouunngg aadduullttss
eexxppeerriieennccee..AAnndd tthheeyy aallssoo nneeeedd ttoo ggiivvee sseerriioouuss__11____ttoo hhooww tthheeyy ccaann bbeesstt__22__ssuucchh cchhaannggeess..
GGrroowwiinngg bbooddiieess nneeeedd mmoovveemmeenntt aanndd3 _3_,,b ubtu tn ontot jjuusstt iinn wwaayyss tthhaatt eemmpphhaassiizzee ccoommppeettiittiioonn..
44tthheeyy aarree aaddjjuussttiinngg ttoo tthheeiirr nneeww bbooddiieess aanndd aa wwhhoollee hhoosstt ooff nneeww iinntteelllleeccttuuaall aanndd eemmoottiioonnaall
cchhaalllleennggeess,,tteeeennaaggeerrss aarree eessppeecciiaallllyy sseellff--ccoonnsscciioouuss aanndd nneeeedd tthhee55 tthhaatt ccoommeess ffrroomm aacchhiieevviinngg
ssuucccceessss aanndd kknnoowwiinngg tthhaatt tthheeiirr aaccccoommpplliisshhmmeennttss aarree66____bbyy ootthheerrss.. HHoowweevveerr,, tthhee ttyyppiiccaall tteeeennaaggee
lliiffeessttyyllee iiss aallrreeaaddyy ffiilllleedd wwiitthh ssoo mmuucchh ccoommppeettiittiioonn tthhaatt iitt wwoouulldd bbee__77____ttoo ppllaann aaccttiivviittiieess iinn wwhhiicchh
tthheerree aarree mmoorree wwiinnnneerrss tthhaann lloosseerrss,,__88,, ppuubblliisshhiinngg nneewwsslleetttteerrss wwiitthh mmaannyy ssttuuddeenntt--wwrriitttteenn bbooookk
rreevviieewwss,, 99 ssttuuddeenntt aarrttwwoorrkk,, aanndd ssppoonnssoorriinngg bbooookk ddiissccuussssiioonn cclluubbss.. AA vvaarriieettyy ooff ssmmaallll cclluubbss ccaann
pprroovviiddee__1100__ooppppoorrttuunniittiieess ffoorr lleeaaddeerrsshhiipp,, aass wweellll aass ffoorr pprraaccttiiccee iinn ssuucccceessssffuull 11llddyynnaammiiccss..
MMaakkiinngg ffrriieennddss iiss eexxttrreemmeellyy iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo tteeeennaaggeerrss,, aanndd mmaannyy sshhyy ssttuuddeennttss nneeeedd tthhee 1122__ooff ssoommee
kkiinndd ooff oorrggaanniizzaattiioonn wwiitthh aa ssuuppppoorrttiivvee aadduulltt__1133__vviissiibbllee iinn tthhee bbaacckkggrroouunndd..
IInn tthheessee aaccttiivviittiieess,, iitt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo rreemmeemmbbeerr tthhaatt yyoouunngg tteeeennss hhaavvee__1144__aatttteennttiioonn ssppaannss.. AA
vvaarriieettyy ooff aaccttiivviittiieess sshhoouulldd bbee oorrggaanniizzeedd __1155____ppaarrttiicciippaannttss ccaann rreemmaaiinn aaccttiivvee aass lloonngg aass tthheeyy wwaanntt
aanndd tthheenn ggoo oonn ttoo1166eellssee wwiitthhoouutt ffeeeelliinngg gguuiillttyy aanndd wwiitthhoouutt lleettttiinngg tthhee ootthheerr ppaarrttiicciippaannttss 1177
TThhiiss ddooeess nnoott mmeeaann tthhaatt aadduullttss mmuusstt aacccceepptt iirrrreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy.. 1188,,tthheeyy ccaann hheellpp ssttuuddeennttss aaccqquuiirree aa
sseennssee ooff ccoommmmiittmmeenntt bbyy1199 ffoorr rroolleess tthhaatt aarree wwiitthhiinn tthheeiirr__2200____aanndd tthheeiirr aatttteennttiioonn ssppaannss aanndd bbyy
hhaavviinngg cclleeaarrllyy ssttaatteedd rruulleess..
第第 11页页 共共1122 页页11..[[AA]] tthhoouugghhtt [[BB]]iiddeeaa [[CC]]ooppiinniioonn [[DD]]aaddvviiccee
22..[[AA]]ssttrreennggtthheenn [[BB]] aaccccoommmmooddaattee [[CC]] ssttiimmuullaattee [[DD]] eennhhaannccee
33..[[AA]] ccaarree [[BB]] nnttrriittiioonn [[CC]]eexxeerrcciissee [[DD]] lleeiissuurree
44..[[AA]] IIff [[BB]]AAlltthhoouugghh [[CC]] WWhheerreeaass [[DD]] BBeeccaauussee
55..[[AA]]aassssiissttaannccee [[BB]] gguuiiddaannccee [[CC]]ccoonnffiiddeennccee [[DD]]ttoolleerraannccee
66..[[AA]]ccllaaiimmeedd [[BB]]aaddmmiirreedd [[CC]]iinnoorreedd [[DD]]ssuurrppaasssseedd
77..[[AA]]iimmpprrooppeerr [[BB]] rriikkyy [[CC ffaaiirr [[DD]] wwiissee
88..[[AA]]iinneeffffeecctt [[BB]]aass aarreessuulltt [[CC]]ffoorr eexxaammppllee [[DD]] iinn aasseennssee
99..[[AA]]ddiissppllaayyiinngg [[BB]] ddeessccrriibbiinngg [[CC]]ccrreeaattiinngg [[DD]] eexxcchhaannggiinngg
1100..[[AA]]dduurraabbllee [[BB]]eexxcceessssiivvee [[CC ssuupplluuss [[DD]] mmuullttiippllee
1111..[[AA]]ggrroouupp [[BB]]iinnddiivviidduuaall [[CC]] ppeerrssoonnnneell [[DD]] ccoorrppoorraattiioonn
1122..[[AA]]ccoonnsseenntt [[BB]] iinnssuurraannccee [[CC]]aaddmmiissssiioonn [[DD]] sseeccuurriittyy
1133..[[AA]]ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy [[BB]] bbaarreellyy [[CC]] ddeeffnniitteellyy [[DD]] rraarreellyy
1144..[[AA]] ssiimmiillaarr [[BB]] lloonngg [[CC]] ddiiffffeerreenntt [[DD]] sshhoorrtt
1155..[[AA]]iiffoonnllyy [[BB]]nnooww tthhaatt [[CC]] ssoo tthhaatt [[DD]]eevveenn iiff
1166..[[AA]]eevveerryytthhiinngg [[BB]] aannyytthhiinngg [[CC]] nnootthhiinngg [[DD]]ssoommeetthhiinngg
1177..[[AA]] ooffffrr [[BB]]ddoowwnn [[CC]]oouutt [[DD]] aalloonnee
1188..[[AA]]OOnn tthhee ccoonnttrraarryy [[BB]]OOnn tthhee aavveerraaggee [[CC]] OOnn tthhee wwhhoollee [[DD]] OOnn tthhee ootthheerr hhaanndd
1199..[[AA]] mmaakkiinngg [[BB]] ssttaannddiinngg [[CC]] ppllaannnniinngg [[DD]] ttaakkiinngg
2200..[[AA]]ccaappaabbiillttiieess [[BB]]rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittiieess [[CC]]pprrooffiicciieennccyy [[DD]]eeffffiicciieennccyy
SSeeccttiioonn IIII RReeaaddiinngg CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn
PPaarrtt AA
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ffoouurr tteexxttss..AAnnsswweerr tthhee qquueessttiioonnss bbeellooww eeaacchh tteexxtt bbyy cchhoooossiinngg [[AA]],, [[BB]],,[[CC]] oorr [[DD]]..
MMaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerrss oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11..((4400 ppooiinnttss))
第第22页页 共共1122 页页TTeexxtt 11
WWiilldd BBiillll DDoonnoovvaann wwoouulldd hhaavvee lloovveedd tthhee IInntteerr nneett.. TThhee AAmmeerriiccaann ssppyymmaasstteerr wwhhoo bbuuiilltt tthhee OOffffiiccee
ooff SSttrraatteeggiicc SSeerrvviicceess iinn WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIII aanndd llaatteerr llaaiidd tthhee rroooottss ffoorr tthhee CCIIAA wwaass ffaasscciinnaatteedd wwiitthh
iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn.. DDoonnoovvaann bbeelliieevveedd iinn uussiinngg wwhhaatteevveerr ttoooollss ccaammee ttoo hhaanndd iinn tthhee""ggrreeaatt ggaammee""ooff eessppiioonnaaggee
——ssppyyiinngg aass aa""pprrooffeessssiioonn..""TThheessee ddaayyss tthhee NNeett,, wwhhiicchh hhaass aallrreeaaddyy rree--mmaaddee ssuucchh eevveerryyddaayy ppaassttiimmeess aass
bbuuyyiinngg bbooookkss aanndd sseennddiinngg mmaaiill iiss rreesshhaappiinngg DDoonnoovvaann''ss vvooccaattiioonn aass wweellll..
TThhee llaatteesstt rreevvoolluuttiioonn iissnn''tt ssiimmppllyy aa mmaatttteerr ooff ggeennttlleemmeenn rreeaaddiinngg ootthheerr ggeennttlleemmeenn''ss ee--mmaaiill.. TThhaatt
kkiinndd ooff eelleeccttrroonniicc ssppyyiinngg hhaass bbeeeenn ggooiinngg oonn ffoorr ddeeccaaddeess.. IInn tthhee ppaasstt tthhrreeee oorr ffoouurr yyeeaarrss,, tthhee WWoorrlldd
WWiiddee WWeebb hhaass ggiivveenn bbiirrtthh ttoo aa wwhhoollee iinndduussttrryy ooff ppooiinntt--aanndd--cclliicckk ssppyyiinngg.. TThhee ssppooookkss ccaallll iitt ""ooppeenn
ssoouurrccee iinntteelllliiggeennccee,,""aanndd aass tthhee NNeett ggrroowwss,, iitt iiss bbeeccoommiinngg iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy iinnfflluueennttiiaall.. IInn 11999955 tthhee CCIIAA
hheelldd aa ccoonntteesstt ttoo sseeee wwhhoo ccoouulldd ccoommppiillee tthhee mmoosstt ddaattaa aabboouutt BBuurruunnddii.. TThhee wwiinnnneerr,,bbyy aa llaarrggee mmaarrggiinn,,
wwaass aa ttiinnyy VViirrggiinniiaa ccoommppaannyy ccaalllleedd OOppeenn SSoouurrccee SSoolluuttiioonnss,,wwhhoossee cclleeaarr aaddvvaannttaaggee wwaass iittss mmaasstteerryy ooff
tthhee eelleeccttrroonniicc wwoorrlldd..
AAmmoonngg tthhee ffiirrmmss mmaakkiinngg tthhee bbiiggggeesstt ssppllaasshh iinn tthhiiss nneeww wwoorrlldd iiss SSttrraaiittffoorrdd,, IInncc..aa pprriivvaattee
iinntteelllliiggeennccee--aannaallyyssiiss ffiirrmm bbaasseedd iinn AAuussttiinn,, TTeexxaass.. SSttrraaiittffoorrdd mmaakkeess mmoonneeyy bbyy sseelllliinngg tthhee rreessuullttss ooff
ssppyyiinngg ((ccoovveerriinngg nnaattiioonnss ffrroomm CChhiillee ttoo RRuussssiiaa))ttoo ccoorrppoorraattiioonnss lliikkee eenneerrggyy--sseerrvviicceess ffiirrmm MMccDDeerrmmootttt
IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. MMaannyy ooff iittss pprreeddiiccttiioonnss aarree aavvaaiillaabbllee oonnlliinnee aatt wwwwww..ssttrraaiittffoorrdd..ccoomm..
SSttrraaiiffoorrdd pprreessiiddeenntt GGeeoorrggee FFrriieeddmmaann ssaayyss hhee sseeeess tthhee oonnlliinnee wwoorrlldd aass aa kkiinndd ooff mmuuttuuaallllyy
rreeiinnffoorrcciinngg ttooooll ffoorr bbootthh iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ccoolllleeccttiioonn aanndd ddiissttrriibbuuttiioonn,, aa ssppyymmaasstteerr''ss ddrreeaamm..LLaasstt wweeeekk hhiiss
ffiirrmm wwaass bbuussyy vvaaccuuuummiinngg uupp ddaattaa bbiittss ffrroomm tthhee ffaarr ccoorrnneerrss ooff tthhee wwoorrlldd aanndd pprreeddiiccttiinngg aa ccrriissiiss iinn
UUkkrraaiinnee..""AAss ssoooonn aass tthhaatt rreeppoorrtt rruunnss,, wwee''llll ssuuddddeennllyy ggeett 550000 nneeww IInntteerrnneett ssiiggnn--uuppss ffrroomm UUkkrraaiinnee,,""
ssaayyss FFrriieeddmmaann,,aa ffoorrmmeerr ppoolliittiiccaall sscciieennccee pprrooffeessssoorr..""AAnndd wwee''llll hheeaarr bbaacckk ffrroomm ssoommee ooff tthheemm..""
OOppeenn--ssoouurrccee ssppyyiinngg ddooeess hhaavvee iittss rriisskkss,, ooff ccoouurrssee,, ssiinnccee iitt ccaann bbee ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo tteellll ggoooodd iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
ffrroomm bbaadd.. TThhaatt''ss wwhheerree SSttrraaiittffoorrdd eeaarrnnss iittss kkeeeepp..
FFrriieeddmmaann rreelliieess oonn aa lleeaann ssttaaffff ooff 2200 iinn AAuussttiinn.. SSeevveerraall ooff hhiiss ssttaaffff mmeemmbbeerrss hhaavvee
mmiilliittaarryy--iinntteelllliiggeennccee bbaacckkggrroouunnddss.. HHee sseeeess tthhee ffiirrmm''ss oouuttssiiddeerr ssttaattuuss aass tthhee kkeeyy ttoo iittss ssuucccceessss..
SSttrraaiittffoorrdd''ss bbrriieeffss ddoonn''tt ssoouunndd lliikkee tthhee uussuuaall WWaasshhiinnggttoonn bbaacckk--aanndd--ffoorrtthhiinngg,, wwhheerreebbyy aaggeenncciieess aavvooiidd
ddrraammaattiicc ddeeccllaarraattiioonnss oonn tthhee cchhaannccee tthheeyy mmiigghhtt bbee wwrroonngg.. SSttrraaiittffoorrdd,, ssaayyss FFrriieeddmmaann,, ttaakkeess
pprriiddee iinn iittss iinnddeeppeennddeenntt vvooiiccee..
第第33 页页 共共1122 页页2211..TThhee eemmeerrggeennccee ooff tthhee NNeett hhaass ..：：
[[AA]] rreecceeiivveedd ssuuppppoorrtt ffrroomm ffaannss lliikkee DDoonnoovvaann
[[BB]] rreemmoollddeedd tthhee iinntteelllliiggeennccee sseerrvviicceess
__
[[CC]] rreessttoorreedd mmaannyy ccoommmmoonn ppaassttiimmeess
[[DD]] rreevviivveedd ssppyyiinngg aass aa pprrooffeessssiioonn
：：
2222..DDoonnoovvaann''ss ssttoorryy iiss mmeennttiioonneedd iinn tthhee tteexxtt ttoo__
[[AA]] iinnttrroodduuccee tthhee ttooppiicc ooff oonnlliinnee ssppyyiinngg
[[BB]] sshhooww hhooww hhee ffoouugghhtt ffoorr tthhee UU..SS..
[[CC]] ggiivvee aann eeppiissooddee ooff tthhee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn wwaarr
[[DD]] hhoonnoorr hhiiss uunniiqquuee sseerrvviicceess ttoo tthhee CCIIAA
2233..TThhee pphhrraassee""mmaakkiinngg tthhee bbiiggggeesstt ssppllaasshh""((LLiinnee II,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 33))mmoosstt pprroobbaabbllyy mmeeaannss____..
[[AA]] ccaauussiinngg tthhee bbiiggggeesstt ttrroouubbllee
[[BB]] eexxeerrttiinngg tthhee ggrreeaatteesstt eeffffoorrtt
[[CC]] aacchhiieevviinngg tthhee ggrreeaatteesstt ssuucccceessss
[[DD]] eennjjooyyiinngg tthhee wwiiddeesstt ppooppuullaarriittyy
2244..IItt ccaann bbee lleeaarrnneedd ffrroomm PPaarraaggrraapphh 44 tthhaatt
[[AA]] ssttrraaiittffoorrdd''ss pprreeddiiccttiioonn aabboouutt UUkkrraaiinnee hhaass pprroovveedd ttrruuee
[[BB]] ssttrraaiittffoorrdd gguuaarraanntteeeess tthhee ttrruutthhffuullnneessss ooff iittss iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
[[CC]] ssttrraaiittffoorrdd''ss bbuussiinneessss iiss cchhaarraacctteerriizzeedd bbyy uunnpprreeddiiccttaabbiilliittyy
[[DD]] ssttrraaiittffoorrdd iiss aabbllee ttoo pprroovviiddee ffaaiirrllyy rreelliiaabbllee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
2255..SSttrraaiittffoorrdd iiss mmoosstt pprroouudd ooff iittss____..
[[AA]] ooffffiicciiaall ssttaattuuss
[[BB]] nnoonnccoonnffoorrmmiisstt iimmaaggee
[[CC]] eeffffiicciieenntt ssttaaffff
[[DD]] mmiilliittaarryy bbaacckkggrroouunndd
第第44页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 22
TToo ppaarraapphhrraassee 1188--cceennttuurryy ssttaatteessmmaann EEddmmuunndd BBuurrkkee,,""aallll tthhaatt iiss nneeeeddeedd ffoorr tthhee ttrriiuummpphh ooff aa
mmiissgguuiiddeedd ccaauussee iiss tthhaatt ggoooodd ppeeooppllee ddoo nnootthhiinngg..""OOnnee ssuucchh ccaauussee nnooww sseeeekkss ttoo eenndd bbiioommeeddiiccaall
rreesseeaarrcchh bbeeccaauussee ooff tthhee tthheeoorryy tthhaatt aanniimmaallss hhaavvee rriigghhttss rruulliinngg oouutt tthheeiirr uussee iinn rreesseeaarrcchh.. SScciieennttiissttss nneeeedd
ttoo rreessppoonndd ffoorrcceeffuullllyy ttoo aanniimmaall rriigghhttss aaddvvooccaatteess,, wwhhoossee aarrgguummeennttss aarree ccoonnffuussiinngg tthhee ppuubblliicc aanndd
tthheerreebbyy tthhrreeaatteenniinngg aaddvvaanncceess iinn hheeaalltthh kknnoowwlleeddggee aanndd ccaarree.. LLeeaaddeerrss ooff tthhee aanniimmaall rriigghhttss mmoovveemmeenntt
ttaarrggeett bbiioommeeddiiccaall rreesseeaarrcchh bbeeccaauussee iitt ddeeppeennddss oonn ppuubblliicc ffuunnddiinngg,, aanndd ffeeww ppeeooppllee uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee
pprroocceessss ooff hheeaalltthh ccaarree rreesseeaarrcchh.. HHeeaarriinngg aalllleeggaattiioonnss ooff ccrruueellttyy ttoo aanniimmaallss iinn rreesseeaarrcchh sseettttiinnggss,, mmaannyy aarree
ppeerrpplleexxeedd tthhaatt aannyyoonnee wwoouulldd ddeelliibbeerraatteellyy hhaarrmm aann aanniimmaall..
FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, aa ggrraannddmmootthheerrllyy wwoommaann ssttaaffffiinngg aann aanniimmaall rriigghhttss bbooootthh aatt aa rreecceenntt ssttrreeeett ffaaiirr wwaass
ddiissttrriibbuuttiinngg aa bbrroocchhuurree tthhaatt eennccoouurraaggeedd rreeaaddeerrss nnoott ttoo uussee aannyytthhiinngg tthhaatt ccoommeess ffrroomm oorr iiss tteesstteedd iinn
aanniimmaallss——nnoo mmeeaatt,, nnoo ffuurr,,nnoo mmeeddiicciinneess..AAsskkeedd iiff sshhee ooppppoosseedd iimmmmuunniizzaattiioonnss,, sshhee wwaanntteedd ttoo kknnooww iiff
vvaacccciinneess ccoommee ffrroomm aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh.. WWhheenn aassssuurreedd tthhaatt tthheeyy ddoo,,sshhee rreepplliieedd,,""TThheenn II wwoouulldd hhaavvee ttoo
ssaayy yyeess..""AAsskkeedd wwhhaatt wwiillll hhaappppeenn wwhheenn eeppiiddeemmiiccss rreettuurrnn,, sshhee ssaaiidd,,""DDoonn''tt wwoorrrryy,,sscciieennttiissttss wwiillll ffiinndd
ssoommee wwaayy ooff uussiinngg ccoommppuutteerrss..""SSuucchh wweellll--mmeeaanniinngg ppeeooppllee jjuusstt ddoonn''tt uunnddeerrssttaanndd..
SScciieennttiissttss mmuusstt ccoommmmuunniiccaattee tthheeiirr mmeessssaaggee ttoo tthhee ppuubblliicc iinn aa ccoommppaassssiioonnaattee,, uunnddeerrssttaannddaabbllee wwaayy——iinn
hhuummaann tteerrmmss,, nnoott iinn tthhee llaanngguuaaggee ooff mmoolleeccuullaarr bbiioollooggyy..WWee nneeeedd ttoo mmaakkee cclleeaarr tthhee ccoonnnneeccttiioonn bbeettwweeeenn
aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh aanndd aa ggrraannddmmootthheerr''ss hhiipp rreeppllaacceemmeenntt,, aa ffaatthheerr''ss bbyyppaassss ooppeerraattiioonn,, aa bbaabbyy''ss
vvaacccciinnaattiioonnss,, aanndd eevveenn aa ppeett''ss sshhoottss.. TToo tthhoossee wwhhoo aarree uunnaawwaarree tthhaatt aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh wwaass nneeeeddeedd ttoo
pprroodduuccee tthheessee ttrreeaattmmeennttss,, aass wweellll aass nneeww ttrreeaattmmeennttss aanndd vvaacccciinneess,, aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh sseeeemmss wwaasstteeffuull aatt
bbeesstt aanndd ccrruueell aatt wwoorrsstt..
MMuucchh ccaann bbee ddoonnee.. SScciieennttiissttss ccoouulldd ""aaddoopptt""mmiiddddllee sscchhooooll ccllaasssseess aanndd pprreesseenntt tthheeiirr oowwnn rreesseeaarrcchh..
TThheeyy sshhoouulldd bbee qquuiicckk ttoo rreessppoonndd ttoo lleetttteerrss ttoo tthhee eeddiittoorr,, lleesstt aanniimmaall rriigghhttss mmiissiinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ggoo
uunncchhaalllleennggeedd aanndd aaccqquuiirree aa ddeecceeppttiivvee aappppeeaarraannccee ooff ttrruutthh.. RReesseeaarrcchh iinnssttiittuuttiioonnss ccoouulldd bbee ooppeenneedd ttoo
ttoouurrss,, ttoo sshhooww tthhaatt llaabboorraattoorryy aanniimmaallss rreecceeiivvee hhuummaannee ccaarree.. FFiinnaallllyy,, bbeeccaauussee tthhee uullttiimmaattee ssttaakkeehhoollddeerrss
aarree ppaattiieennttss,, tthhee hheeaalltthh rreesseeaarrcchh ccoommmmuunniittyy sshhoouulldd aaccttiivveellyy rreeccrruuiitt ttoo iittss ccaauussee nnoott oonnllyy wweellll--kknnoowwnn
ppeerrssoonnaalliittiieess ssuucchh aass SStteepphheenn CCooooppeerr,, wwhhoo hhaass mmaaddee ccoouurraaggeeoouuss ssttaatteemmeennttss aabboouutt tthhee vvaalluuee ooff aanniimmaall
rreesseeaarrcchh,, bbuutt aallll wwhhoo rreecceeiivvee mmeeddiiccaall ttrreeaattmmeenntt.. IIff ggoooodd ppeeooppllee ddoo nnootthhiinngg,, tthheerree iiss aa rreeaall ppoossssiibbiilliittyy
tthhaatt aann uunniinnffoorrmmeedd cciittiizzeennrryy wwiillll eexxttiinngguuiisshh tthhee pprreecciioouuss eemmbbeerrss ooff mmeeddiiccaall pprrooggrreessss..
第第55页页 共共1122页页2266..TThhee aauutthhoorr bbeeggiinnss hhiiss aarrttiiccllee wwiitthh EEddmmuunndd BBuurrkkee''ss wwoorrddss ttoo__________..
[[AA]] ccaallll oonn sscciieennttiissttss ttoo ttaakkee ssoommee aaccttiioonnss
[[BB]] ccrriittiicciizzee tthhee mmiissgguuiiddeedd ccaauussee ooff aanniimmaall rriigghhttss
[[CC]] wwaarrnn ooff tthhee ddoooomm ooff bbiioommeeddiiccaall rreesseeaarrcchh
[[DD]] sshhooww tthhee ttrriiuummpphh ooff tthhee aanniimmaall rriigghhttss mmoovveemmeenntt
2277.. MMiisslleedd ppeeooppllee tteenndd ttoo tthhiinnkk tthhaatt uussiinngg aann aanniimmaall iinn rreesseeaarrcchh iiss________..
[[AA]] ccrruueell bbuutt nnaattuurraall
[[BB]] iinnhhuummaann aanndd uunnaacccceeppttaabbllee
[[CC]] iinneevviittaabbllee bbuutt vviicciioouuss
[[DD]] ppooiinnttlleessss aanndd wwaasstteeffuull
2288.. TThhee eexxaammppllee ooff tthhee ggrraannddmmootthheerrllyy wwoommaann iiss uusseedd ttoo sshhooww tthhee ppuubblliicc''ss__________..
[[AA]] ddiissccoonntteenntt wwiitthh aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh
[[BB]] iiggnnoorraannccee aabboouutt mmeeddiiccaall sscciieennccee
[[CC]] iinnddiiffffeerreennccee ttoo eeppiiddeemmiiccss
[[DD]] aannxxiieettyy aabboouutt aanniimmaall rriigghhttss
2299.. TThhee aauutthhoorr bbeelliieevveess tthhaatt,, iinn ffaaccee ooff tthhee cchhaalllleennggee ffrroomm aanniimmaall rriigghhttss aaddvvooccaatteess,, sscciieennttiissttss
sshhoouulldd________
[[AA]] ccoommmmuunniiccaattee mmoorree wwiitthh tthhee ppuubblliicc
[[BB]] eemmppllooyy hhii--tteecchh mmeeaannss iinn rreesseeaarrcchh
[[CC]] ffeeeell nnoo sshhaammee ffoorr tthheeiirr ccaauussee
[[DD]] ssttrriivvee ttoo ddeevveelloopp nneeww ccuurreess
3300..FFrroomm tthhee tteexxtt wwee lleeaarrnn tthhaatt SStteepphheenn CCooooppeerr iiss________
[[AA]] aa wweellll--kknnoowwnn hhuummaanniisstt
[[BB]] aa mmeeddiiccaall pprraaccttiittiioonneerr
[[CC]] aann eenntthhuussiiaasstt iinn aanniimmaall rriigghhttss
[[DD]] aa ssuuppppoorrtteerr ooff aanniimmaall rreesseeaarrcchh
第第66页页 共共1122 页页TTeexxtt 33
IInn rreecceenntt yyeeaarrss,, rraaiillrrooaaddss hhaavvee bbeeeenn ccoommbbiinniinngg wwiitthh eeaacchh ootthheerr,, mmeerrggiinngg iinnttoo ssuuppeerrssyysstteemmss,,
ccaauussiinngg hheeiigghhtteenneedd ccoonncceerrnnss aabboouutt mmoonnooppoollyy..AAss rreecceennttllyy aass 11999955,, tthhee ttoopp ffoouurr rraaiillrrooaaddss aaccccoouunntteedd ffoorr
uunnddeerr 7700 ppeerrcceenntt ooff tthhee ttoottaall ttoonn--mmiilleess mmoovveedd bbyy rraaiillss.. NNeexxtt yyeeaarr,, aafftteerr aa sseerriieess ooff mmeerrggeerrss iiss
ccoommpplleetteedd,,jjuusstt ffoouurr rraaiillrrooaaddss wwiillll ccoonnttrrooll wweellll oovveerr 9900 ppeerrcceenntt ooff aallll tthhee ffrreeiigghhtt mmoovveedd bbyy mmaajjoorr rraaiill
ccaarriieerrss..
SSuuppppoorrtteerrss ooff tthhee nneeww ssuuppeerrssyysstteemmss aarrgguuee tthhaatt tthheessee mmeerrggeerrss wwiillll aallllooww ffoorr ssuubbssttaannttiiaall ccoosstt
rreedduuccttiioonnss aanndd bbeetttteerr ccoooorrddiinnaatteedd sseerrvviiccee..AAnnyy tthhrreeaatt ooff mmoonnooppoollyy,, tthheeyy aarrgguuee,, iiss rreemmoovveedd bbyy ffiieerrccee
ccoommppeettiittiioonn ffrroomm ttrruucckkss.. BBuutt mmaannyy sshhiippppeerrss ccoommppllaaiinn tthhaatt ffoorr hheeaavvyy bbuullkk ccoommmmooddiittiieess ttrraavveelliinngg lloonngg
ddiissttaanncceess,, ssuucchh aass ccooaall,, cchheemmiiccaallss,,aanndd ggrraaiinn,, ttrruucckkiinngg iiss ttoooo ccoossttllyy aanndd tthhee rraaiillrrooaaddss tthheerreeffoorree hhaavvee
tthheemm bbyy tthhee tthhrrooaatt..
TThhee vvaasstt ccoonnssoolliiddaattiioonn wwiitthhiinn tthhee rraaiill iinndduussttrryy mmeeaannss tthhaatt mmoosstt sshhiippppeerrss aarree sseerrvveedd bbyy oonnllyy oonnee
rraaiill ccoommppaannyy.. RRaaiillrrooaaddss ttyyppiiccaallllyy cchhaarrggee ssuucchh""ccaappttiivvee""sshhiippppeerrss 2200 ttoo 3300 ppeerrcceenntt mmoorree tthhaann tthheeyy ddoo
wwhheenn aannootthheerr rraaiillrrooaadd iiss ccoommppeettiinngg ffoorr tthhee bbuussiinneessss.. SShhiippppeerrss wwhhoo ffeeeell tthheeyy aarree bbeeiinngg oovveerrcchhaarrggeedd
hhaavvee tthhee rriigghhtt ttoo aappppeeaall ttoo tthhee ffeeddeerraall ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt''ss SSuurrffaaccee TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn BBooaarrdd ffoorr rraattee rreelliieeff,, bbuutt
tthhee pprroocceessss iiss eexxppeennssiivvee,, ttiimmee ccoonnssuummiinngg,, aanndd wwiillll wwoorrkk oonnllyy iinn ttrruullyy eexxttrreemmee ccaasseess..
RRaaiillrrooaaddss jjuussttiiffyy rraattee ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt ccaappttiivvee sshhiippppeerrss oonn tthhee ggrroouunnddss tthhaatt iinn tthhee lloonngg rruunn iitt
rreedduucceess eevveerryyoonnee''ss ccoosstt.. IIff rraaiillrrooaaddss cchhaarrggeedd aallll ccuussttoommeerrss tthhee ssaammee aavveerraaggee rraattee,, tthheeyy aarrgguuee,,sshhiippppeerrss
wwhhoo hhaavvee tthhee ooppttiioonn ooff sswwiittcchhiinngg ttoo ttrruucckkss oorr ootthheerr ffoorrmmss ooff ttrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn wwoouulldd ddoo ssoo,, lleeaavviinngg
rreemmaaiinniinngg ccuussttoommeerrss ttoo sshhoouullddeerr tthhee ccoosstt ooff kkeeeeppiinngg uupp tthhee lliinnee.. IItt''ss aa tthheeoorryy ttoo wwhhiicchh mmaannyy
eeccoonnoommiissttss ssuubbssccrriibbee,, bbuutt iinn pprraaccttiiccee iitt oofftteenn lleeaavveess rraaiillrrooaaddss iinn tthhee ppoossiittiioonn ooff ddeetteerrmmiinniinngg wwhhiicchh
ccoommppaanniieess wwiillll fflloouurriisshh aanndd wwhhiicchh wwiillll ffaaiill..""DDoo wwee rreeaallllyy wwaanntt rraaiillrrooaaddss ttoo bbee tthhee aarrbbiitteerrss ooff wwhhoo wwiinnss
aanndd wwhhoo lloosseess iinn tthhee mmaarrkkeettppllaaccee??""aasskkss MMaarrttiinn BBeerrccoovviiccii,, aa WWaasshhiinnggttoonn llaawwyyeerr wwhhoo ffrreeqquueennttllyy
rreepprreesseennttss sshhiippppeerrss..
MMaannyy ccaappttiivvee sshhiippppeerrss aallssoo wwoorrrryy tthheeyy wwiillll ssoooonn bbee hhiitt wwiitthh aa rroouunndd ooff hhuuggee rraattee iinnccrreeaasseess.. TThhee
rraaiillrrooaadd iinndduussttrryy aass aa wwhhoollee,, ddeessppiittee iittss bbrriigghhtteenniinngg ffoorrttuunneess,,ssttiillll ddooeess nnoott eeaarrnn eennoouugghh ttoo ccoovveerr tthhee
ccoosstt ooff tthhee ccaappiittaall iitt mmuusstt iinnvveesstt ttoo kkeeeepp uupp wwiitthh iittss ssuurrggiinngg ttrraaffffiicc.. YYeett rraaiillrrooaaddss ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo bboorrrrooww
bbiilllliioonnss ttoo aaccqquuiirree oonnee aannootthheerr,, wwiitthh WWaallll SSttrreeeett cchheeeerriinngg tthheemm oonn.. CCoonnssiiddeerr tthhee $$1100..22 bbiilllliioonn bbiidd bbyy
NNoorrffoollkk SSoouutthheerrnn aanndd CCSSXX ttoo aaccqquuiirree CCoonnrraaiill tthhiiss yyeeaarr.. CCoonnrraaiill''ss nneett rraaiillwwaayy ooppeerraattiinngg iinnccoommee iinn 11999966
wwaass jjuusstt $$442277 mmiilllliioonn,, lleessss tthhaann hhaallff ooff tthhee ccaarrrryyiinngg ccoossttss ooff tthhee ttrraannssaaccttiioonn.. WWhhoo''ss ggooiinngg ttoo ppaayy ffoorr
tthhee rreesstt ooff tthhee bbiillll?? MMaannyy ccaappttiivvee sshhiippppeerrss ffeeaarr tthhaatt tthheeyy wwiillll aass NNoorrffoollkk SSoouutthheerrnn aanndd CCSSXX iinnccrreeaassee
tthheeiirr ggrriipp oonn tthhee mmaarrkkeett..
第第77页页共共1122页页3311..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhoossee wwhhoo ssuuppppoorrtt mmeerrggeerrss,, rraaiillwwaayy mmoonnooppoollyy iiss uunnlliikkeellyy bbeeccaauussee__..
[[AA]] ccoosstt rreedduuccttiioonn iiss bbaasseedd oonn ccoommppeettiittiioonn
[[BB]] sseerrvviicceess ccaallll ffoorr ccrroossss--ttrraaddee ccoooorrddiinnaattiioonn
[[CC]] oouuttssiiddee ccoommppeettiittoorrss wwiillll ccoonnttiinnuuee ttoo eexxiisstt
[[DD]] sshhiippppeerrss wwiillll hhaavvee tthhee rraaiillwwaayy bbyy tthhee tthhrrooaatt
3322..WWhhaatt iiss mmaannyy ccaappttiivvee sshhiippppeerrss''aattiittuuddee ttoowwaarrddss tthhee ccoonnssoolliiddaattiioonn iinn tthhee rraaiill iinndduussttrryy??
[[AA]] IInnddiiffeerreenntt..
[[BB]] SSuuppppoorrttiivvee..
[[CC]] IInnddiiggnnaanntt..
[[DD]] AApppprreehheennssiivvee..
3333..IItt ccaann bbee iinnffeerrrreedd ffrroomm PPaarraaggrraapphh 33 tthhaatt____..
[[AA]] sshhiippppeerrss wwiillll bbee cchhaarrggeedd lleessss wwiitthhoouutt aa rriivvaall rraaiillrrooaadd
[[BB]] tthheerree wwiillll ssoooonn bbee oonnllyy oonnee rraaiillrrooaadd ccoommppaannyy nnaattiioonnwwiiddee
[[CC]] oovveerrcchhaarrggeedd sshhiippppeerrss aarree uunnlliikkeellyy ttoo aappppeeaall ffoorr rraattee rreelliieeff
[[DD]] aa ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt bbooaarrdd eennssuurreess ffaaiirr ppllaayy iinn rraaiillwwaayy bbuussiinneessss
3344..TThhee wwoorrdd""aarrbbiitteerrss""((LLiinnee 66,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 44))mmoosstt pprroobbaabbllyy rreeffeerrss ttoo tthhoossee__
[[AA]] wwhhoo wwoorrkk aass ccoooorrddiinnaattoorrss
[[BB]] wwhhoo ffuunnccttiioonn aass jjuuddggeess
[[CC]] wwhhoo ssuuppeerrvviissee ttrraannssaaccttiioonnss
[[DD]] wwhhoo ddeetteerrmmiinnee tthhee pprriiccee
3355..AAccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt,,tthhee ccoosstt iinnccrreeaassee iinn tthhee rraaiill iinndduussttrryy iiss mmaaiinnllyy ccaauusseedd bbyy____
[[AA]] tthhee ccoonnttiinnuuiinngg aaccqquuiissiittiioonn
[[BB]] tthhee ggrroowwiinngg ttrraaffffiicc
[[CC]] tthhee cchheeeerriinngg WWaallll SSttrreeeett
[[DD]] tthhee sshhrriinnkkiinngg mmaarrkkeett
第第88页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 44
IItt iiss ssaaiidd tthhaatt iinn EEnnggllaanndd ddeeaatthh iiss pprreessssiinngg,, iinn CCaannaaddaa iinneevviittaabbllee aanndd iinn CCaalliiffoorrnniiaa ooppttiioonnaall.. SSmmaallll
wwoonnddeerr.. AAmmeerriiccaannss''lliiffee eexxppeeccttaannccyy hhaass nneeaarrllyy ddoouubblleedd oovveerr tthhee ppaasstt cceennttuurryy.. FFaaiilliinngg hhiippss ccaann bbee
rreeppllaacceedd,, cclliinniiccaall ddeepprreessssiioonn ccoonnttrroolllleedd,, ccaattaarraaccttss rreemmoovveedd iinn aa 3300--mmiinnuuttee ssuurrggiiccaall pprroocceedduurree.. SSuucchh
aaddvvaanncceess ooffffeerr tthhee aaggiinngg ppooppuullaattiioonn aa qquuaalliittyy ooff lliiffee tthhaatt wwaass uunniimmaaggiinnaabbllee wwhheenn IIeenntteerreedd mmeeddiicciinnee 5500
yyeeaarrss aaggoo..BBuutt nnoott eevveenn aa ggrreeaatt hheeaalltthh--ccaarree ssyysstteemm ccaann ccuurree ddeeaatthh——aanndd oouurr ffaaiilluurree ttoo ccoonnffrroonntt tthhaatt
rreeaalliittyy nnooww tthhrreeaatteennss tthhiiss ggrreeaattnneessss ooff oouurrss..
DDeeaatthh iiss nnoorrmmaall;; wwee aarree ggeenneettiiccaallllyy pprrooggrraammmmeedd ttoo ddiissiinntteeggrraattee aanndd ppeerriisshh,,eevveenn uunnddeerr iiddeeaall
ccoonnddiittiioonnss.. WWee aallll uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhaatt aatt ssoommee lleevveell,, yyeett aass mmeeddiiccaall ccoonnssuummeerrss wwee ttrreeaatt ddeeaatthh aass aa pprroobblleemm
ttoo bbee ssoollvveedd.. SShhiieellddeedd bbyy tthhiirrdd--ppaarrttyy ppaayyeerrss ffrroomm tthhee ccoosstt ooff oouurr ccaarree,, wwee ddeemmaanndd eevveerryytthhiinngg tthhaatt ccaann
ppoossssiibbllyy bbee ddoonnee ffoorr uuss,, eevveenn iiff iitt''ss uusseelleessss.. TThhee mmoosstt oobbvviioouuss eexxaammppllee iiss llaattee--ssttaaggee ccaanncceerr ccaarree..
PPhhyyssiicciiaannss——ffrruussttrraatteedd bbyy tthheeiirr iinnaabbiilliittyy ttoo ccuurree tthhee ddiisseeaassee aanndd ffeeaarriinngg lloossss ooff hhooppee iinn tthhee ppaattiieenntt——ttoooo
oofftteenn ooffffeerr aaggggrreessssiivvee ttrreeaattmmeenntt ffaarr bbeeyyoonndd wwhhaatt iiss sscciieennttiiffiiccaallllyy jjuussttiiffiieedd..
IInn 11995500,, tthhee UU..SS.. ssppeenntt $$1122..77 bbiilllliioonn oonn hheeaalltthh ccaarree.. IInn 22000022,, tthhee ccoosstt wwiillll bbee $$11,,554400 bbiilllliioonn..
AAnnyyoonnee ccaann sseeee tthhiiss ttrreenndd iiss uunnssuussttaaiinnaabbllee.. YYeett ffeeww sseeeemm wwiilllliinngg ttoo ttrryy ttoo rreevveerrssee iitt.. SSoommee sscchhoollaarrss
ccoonncclluuddee tthhaatt aa ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt wwiitthh ffiinniittee rreessoouurrcceess sshhoouulldd ssiimmppllyy ssttoopp ppaayyiinngg ffoorr mmeeddiiccaall ccaarree tthhaatt
ssuussttaaiinnss lliiffee bbeeyyoonndd aa cceerrttaaiinn aaggee——ssaayy 8833 oorr ssoo.. FFoorrmmeerr CCoolloorraaddoo ggoovveerrnnoorr RRiicchhaarrdd LLaammmm hhaass bbeeeenn
qquuootteedd aass ssaayyiinngg tthhaatt tthhee oolldd aanndd iinnffiirrmm ""hhaavvee aa dduuttyy ttoo ddiiee aanndd ggeett oouutt ooff tthhee wwaayy""ssoo tthhaatt yyoouunnggeerr,,
hheeaalltthhiieerr ppeeooppllee ccaann rreeaalliizzee tthheeiirr ppootteennttiiaall..
II wwoouulldd nnoott ggoo tthhaatt ffaarr.. EEnneerrggeettiicc ppeeooppllee nnooww rroouuttiinneellyy wwoorrkk tthhrroouugghh tthheeiirr 6600ss aanndd bbeeyyoonndd,,aanndd
rreemmaaiinn ddaazzzzlliinnggllyy pprroodduuccttiivvee..AAtt 7788,,VViiaaccoomm cchhaaiirrmmaann SSuummnneerr RReeddssttoonnee jjookkiinnggllyy ccllaaiimmss ttoo bbee 5533..
SSuupprreemmee CCoouurrtt JJuussttiiccee SSaannddrraa DDaayy OO''CCoonnnnoorr iiss iinn hheerr 7700ss,, aanndd ffoorrmmeerr ssuurrggeeoonn ggeenneerraall CC.. EEvveerreett
KKoooopp cchhaaiirrss aann IInntteerrnneett ssttaarrtt--uupp iinn hhiiss 8800ss..TThheessee lleeaaddeerrss aarree lliivviinngg pprrooooff tthhaatt pprreevveennttiioonn wwoorrkkss aanndd
tthhaatt wwee ccaann mmaannaaggee tthhee hheeaalltthh pprroobblleemmss tthhaatt ccoommee nnaattuurraallllyy wwiitthh aaggee..AAss aa mmeerree 6688--yyeeaarr--oolldd,, II wwiisshh ttoo
aaggee aass pprroodduuccttiivveellyy aass tthheeyy hhaavvee..
YYeett tthheerree aarree lliimmiittss ttoo wwhhaatt aa ssoocciieettyy ccaann ssppeenndd iinn tthhiiss ppuurrssuuiitt.. AAss aa pphhyyssiicciiaann,, II kknnooww tthhee mmoosstt
ccoossttllyy aanndd ddrraammaattiicc mmeeaassuurreess mmaayy bbee iinneeffffeeccttiivvee aanndd ppaaiinnffuull.. II aallssoo kknnooww tthhaatt ppeeooppllee iinn JJaappaann aanndd
SSwweeddeenn,, ccoouunnttrriieess tthhaatt ssppeenndd ffaarr lleessss oonn mmeeddiiccaall ccaarree,, hhaavvee aacchhiieevveedd lloonnggeerr,, hheeaalltthhiieerr lliivveess tthhaann wwee
hhaavvee..AAss aa nnaattiioonn,, wwee mmaayy bbee oovveerrffuunnddiinngg tthhee qquueesstt ffoorr uunnlliikkeellyy ccuurreess wwhhiillee uunnddeerrffuunnddiinngg rreesseeaarrcchh oonn
hhuummbblleerr tthheerraappiieess tthhaatt ccoouulldd iimmpprroovvee ppeeooppllee''ss lliivveess..
3366.. WWhhaatt iiss iimmpplliieedd iinn tthhee ffiirrsstt sseenntteennccee??
第第99页页 共共1122 页页[[AA]] AAmmeerriiccaannss aarree bbeetttteerr pprreeppaarreedd ffoorr ddeeaatthh tthhaann ootthheerr ppeeooppllee..
[[BB]]AAmmeerriiccaannss eennjjooyy aa hhiigghheerr lliiffee qquuaalliittyy tthhaann eevveerr bbeeffoorree..
[[CC]]AAmmeerriiccaannss aarree oovveerr--ccoonnffiiddeenntt ooff tthheeiirr mmeeddiiccaall tteecchhnnoollooggyy..
[[DD]] AAmmeerriiccaannss ttaakkee aa vvaaiinn pprriiddee iinn tthheeiirr lloonngg lliiffee eexxppeeccttaannccyy..
3377.. TThhee aauutthhoorr uusseess tthhee eexxaammppllee ooff ccaanncceerr ppaattiieennttss ttoo sshhooww tthhaatt________
[[AA]] mmeeddiiccaall rreessoouurrcceess aarree oofftteenn wwaasstteedd
[[BB]] ddooccttoorrss aarree hheellpplleessss aaggaaiinnsstt ffaattaall ddiisseeaasseess
[[CC]] ssoommee ttrreeaattmmeennttss aarree ttoooo aaggggrreessssiivvee
[[DD]] mmeeddiiccaall ccoossttss aarree bbeeccoommiinngg uunnaaffffoorrddaabbllee
3388.. TThhee aauutthhoorr''ss aattttiittuuddee ttoowwaarrdd RRiicchhaarrdd LLaammmm''ss rreemmaarrkk iiss oonnee ooff__..
[[AA]] ssttrroonngg ddiissaapppprroovvaall
[[BB]] rreesseerrvveedd ccoonnsseenntt
[[CC]] sslliigghhtt ccoonntteemmpptt
[[DD]] eenntthhuussiiaassttiicc ssuuppppoorrtt
3399..IInn ccoonnttrraasstt ttoo tthhee UU..SS..,,JJaappaann aanndd SSwweeddeenn aarree ffuunnddiinngg tthheeiirr mmeeddiiccaall ccaarree________..
[[AA]] mmoorree ffllxxiibbllyy
[[BB]] mmoorree eexxttrraavvaaggaannttllyy
[[CC]] mmoorree ccaauuttiioouussllyy
[[DD]] mmoorree rreeaassoonnaabbllyy
4400..TThhee tteexxtt iinntteennddss ttoo eexxpprreessss tthhee iiddeeaa tthhaatt______..
[[AA]]mmeeddiicciinnee wwiillll ffuurrtthheerr pprroolloonngg ppeeooppllee''ss lliivveess
[[BB]]lliiffee bbeeyyoonndd aa cceerrttaaiinn lliimmiitt iiss nnoott wwoorrtthh lliivviinngg
[[CC]] ddeeaatthh sshhoouulldd bbee aacccceepptteedd aass aa ffaacctt ooff lliiffee
[[DD]] eexxcceessssiivvee ddeemmaannddss iinnccrreeaassee tthhee ccoosstt ooff hheeaalltthh ccaarree
第第 1100 页页 共共1122页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn sshhoouulldd bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..((1100 ppooiinnttss))
HHuummaann bbeeiinnggss iinn aallll ttiimmeess aanndd ppllaacceess tthhiinnkk aabboouutt tthheeiirr wwoorrlldd aanndd wwoonnddeerr aatt tthheeiirr ppllaaccee iinn iitt..
HHuummaannss aarree tthhoouugghhttffuull aanndd ccrreeaattiivvee,,ppoosssseesssseedd ooff iinnssaattiiaabbllee ccuurriioossiittyy..((4411FFuurrtthheerrmmoorree..hhuummaannss hhaavvee
tthhee aabbiilliittyy ttoo mmooddiiffyy tthhee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt iinn wwhhiicchh tthheeyy lliivvee.. tthhuuss ssuubbjjeeccttiinngg aallll ootthheerr lliiffee ffoorrmmss ttoo tthheeiirr
oowwnn ppeeccuulliiaarr iiddeeaass aanndd ffaanncciieess.. TThheerreeffoorree,, iitt iiss iimmppoorrttaanntt ttoo ssttuuddyy hhuummaannss iinn aallll tthheeiirr rriicchhnneessss aanndd
ddiivveerrssiittyy iinn aa ccaallmm aanndd ssyysstteemmaattiicc mmaannnneerr,, wwiitthh tthhee hhooppee tthhaatt tthhee kknnoowwlleeddggee rreessuullttiinngg ffrroomm ssuucchh
ssttuuddiieess ccaann lleeaadd hhuummaannss ttoo aa mmoorree hhaarrmmoonniioouuss wwaayy ooff lliivviinngg wwiitthh tthheemmsseellvveess aanndd wwiitthh aallll ootthheerr lliiffee
ffoorrmmss oonn tthhiiss ppllaanneett EEaarrtthh..
""AAnntthhrrooppoollooggyy""ddeerriivveess ffrroomm tthhee GGrreeeekk wwoorrddss aanntthhrrooppooss ""hhuummaann""aanndd llooggooss""tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff..""BByy
iittss vveerryy nnaammee,,aanntthhrrooppoollooggyy eennccoommppaasssseess tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff aallll hhuummaannkkiinndd..
AAnntthhrrooppoollooggyy iiss oonnee ooff tthhee ssoocciiaall sscciieenncceess..((4422)) SSoocciiaall sscciieennccee iiss tthhaatt bbrraanncchh ooff iinntteelllleeccttuuaall
eennqquuiirryy wwhhiicchh sseeeekkss ttoo ssttuuddyy hhuummaannss aanndd tthheeiirr eennddeeaavvoorrss iinn tthhee ssaammee rreeaassoonneedd..oorrddeerrllyy..ssyysstteemmaattiicc..
aanndd ddiissppaassssiioonneedd mmaannnneerr tthhaatt nnaattuurraallsscciieennttiissttss uussee ffoorr tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff nnaattuurraall pphheennoommeennaa..
SSoocciiaall sscciieennccee ddiisscciipplliinneess iinncclluuddee ggeeooggrraapphhyy,, eeccoonnoommiiccss,, ppoolliittiiccaall,, sscciieennccee,, ppssyycchhoollooggyy,, aanndd
ssoocciioollooggyy.. EEaacchh ooff tthheessee ssoocciiaall sscciieenncceess hhaass aa ssuubbffiieelldd oorr ssppeecciiaalliizzaattiioonn wwhhiicchh lliieess ppaarrttiiccuullaarrllyy cclloossee ttoo
aanntthhrrooppoollooggyy..
AAllll tthhee ssoocciiaall sscciieenncceess ffooccuuss uuppoonn tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff hhuummaanniittyy.. AAnntthhrrooppoollooggyy iiss aa ffiieelldd--ssttuuddyy oorriieenntteedd
ddiisscciipplliinnee wwhhiicchh mmaakkeess eexxtteennssiivvee uussee ooff tthhee ccoommppaarraattiivvee mmeetthhoodd iinn aannaallyyssiiss.. ((4433))TThhee eemmpphhaassiiss oonn
ddaattaa ggaatthheerreedd ffiirrsstt--hhaanndd,, ccoommbbiinneedd wwiitthh aa ccrroossss--ccuullttuurraall ppeerrssppeeccttiivvee bbrroouugghhtt ttoo tthhee aannaallyyssiiss ooff ccuullttuurreess
ppaasstt aanndd pprreesseenntt,,mmaakkeess tthhiiss ssttuuddyy aa uunniiqquuee aanndd ddiissttiinnccttllyy iimmppoorrttaanntt ssoocciiaall sscciieennccee..
AAnntthhrrooppoollooggiiccaall aannaallyysseess rreesstt hheeaavviillyy uuppoonn tthhee ccoonncceepptt ooff ccuullttuurree.. SSiirr EEddwwaarrdd TTyylloorr''ss
ffoorrmmuullaattiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonncceepptt ooff ccuullttuurree wwaass oonnee ooff tthhee ggrreeaatt iinntteelllleeccttuuaall aacchhiieevveemmeennttss ooff 1199tthh cceennttuurryy
sscciieennccee..((4444))TTyylloorr ddeeffiinneedd ccuullttuurree aass ""..tthhaatt ccoommpplleexx wwhhoollee wwhhiicchh iinncclluuddeess bbeelliieeff.. aarrtt..mmoorraallss..llaaww..
ccuussttoomm..aanndd aannyy ootthheerr ccaappaabbiilliittiieess aanndd hhaabbiittss aaccqquuiirreedd bbyy mmaann aass aa mmeemmbbeerr ooff ssoocciieettyy..""TThhiiss iinnssiigghhtt,,
ssoo pprrooffoouunndd iinn iittss ssiimmpplliicciittyy,, ooppeenneedd uupp aann eennttiirreellyy nneeww wwaayy ooff ppeerrcceeiivviinngg aanndd uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg hhuummaann
lliiffee.. IImmpplliicciitt wwiitthhiinn TTyylloorr''ss ddeeffiinniittiioonn iiss tthhee ccoonncceepptt tthhaatt ccuullttuurree iiss lleeaarrnneedd.. sshhaarreedd,, aanndd ppaatttteerrnneedd
bbeehhaavviioorr..
((4455))TThhuuss..tthhee aanntthhrrooppoollooggiiccaall ccoonncceepptt ooff ""ccuullttuurree..""lliikkee tthhee ccoonncceepptt ooff ""sseett""iinn mmaatthheemmaattiiccss.. iiss aann
aabbssttrraacctt ccoonncceepptt wwhhiicchh mmaakkeess ppoossssiibbllee iimmmmeennssee aammoouunnttss ooff ccoonnccrreettee rreesseeaarrcchh aanndd uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg..
第第1111页页共共1122页页SSeeccttiioonn IIIIII WWrriittiinngg
4466..DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
SSttuuddyy tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg sseett ooff ddrraawwiinnggss ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd wwrriittee aann eessssaayy iinn wwhhiicchh yyoouu sshhoouulldd
11))ddeessccrriibbee tthhee sseett ooff ddrraawwiinnggss,, iinntteerrpprreett iittss mmeeaanniinngg,,aanndd
22)) ppooiinntt oouutt iittss iimmpplliiccaattiioonnss iinn oouurr lliiffee..
YYoouu sshhoouulldd wwrriittee aabboouutt 220000 wwoorrddss nneeaattllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..((2200 ppooiinnttss))
心心
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2004 年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名22000044年年全全国国硕硕士士研研究究生生入入学学统统一一考考试试英英语语试试题题
SSeeccttiioonn II UUssee ooff EEnngglliisshh
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt.. CChhoooossee tthhee bbeesstt wwoorrdd((ss)) ffoorr eeaacchh nnuummbbeerreedd bbllaannkk aanndd mmaarrkk AA,, BB,, CC oorr DD oonn
AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT11.. ((1100 ppooiinnttss))
MMaannyy tthheeoorriieess ccoonncceerrnniinngg tthhee ccaauusseess ooff jjuuvveenniillee ddeelliinnqquueennccyy ((ccrriimmeess ccoommmmiitttteedd bbyy yyoouunngg
ppeeooppllee))ffooccuuss eeiitthheerr oonn tthhee iinnddiivviidduuaall oorr oonn ssoocciieettyy aass tthhee mmaajjoorr ccoonnttrriibbuuttiinngg iinnfflluueennccee.. TThheeoorriieess
oonn tthhee iinnddiivviidduuaall ssuuggggeesstt tthhaatt cchhiillddrreenn eennggaaggee iinn ccrriimmiinnaall bbeehhaavviioorr22__tthheeyy wweerree nnoott
ssuuffffiicciieennttllyy ppeennaalliizzeedd ffoorr pprreevviioouuss mmiissddeeeeddss oorr tthhaatt tthheeyy hhaavvee lleeaarrnneedd ccrriimmiinnaall bbeehhaavviioorr tthhrroouugghh
33_ wwiitthh ootthheerrss.. TThheeoorriieess ffooccuussiinngg oonn tthhee rroollee ooff ssoocciieettyy ssuuggggeesstt tthhaatt cchhiillddrreenn ccoommmmiitt ccrriimmeess
iinn 44 ttoo tthheeiirr ffaaiilluurree ttoo rriissee aabboovvee tthheeiirr ssoocciiooeeccoonnoommiicc ssttaattuuss,,55__aass aa rreejjeeccttiioonn ooff mmiiddddllee--
ccllaassss vvaalluueess..
MMoosstt tthheeoorriieess ooff jjuuvveenniillee ddeelliinnqquueennccyy hhaavvee ffooccuusseedd oonn cchhiillddrreenn ffrroomm ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeedd ffaammiilliieess,,
66 tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt cchhiillddrreenn ffrroomm wweeaalltthhyy hhoommeess aallssoo ccoommmmiitt ccrriimmeess.. TThhee llaatttteerr mmaayy ccoommmmiitt ccrriimmeess
77__ llaacckk ooff aaddeeqquuaattee ppaarreennttaall ccoonnttrrooll..AAllll tthheeoorriieess,, hhoowweevveerr,, aarree tteennttaattiivvee aanndd aarree__88 ttoo ccrriittiicciissmm..
CChhaannggeess iinn tthhee ssoocciiaall ssttrruuccttuurree mmaayy iinnddiirreeccttlly y99 jjuuvveenniillee ccrriimmee rraatteess.. FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, cchhaannggeess
iinn tthhee eeccoonnoommyy tthhaatt1 01 0t ot of efweewre rj ojbo bo poppoprotrutnuintiiteise sf ofro ry oyuotuht ha nadn dr irsiisnign gu nuenmepmlpolyomyemnetn_t1 11 l mmaakkee
ggaaiinnffuull eemmppllooyymmeenntt iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo oobbttaaiinn.. TThhee rreessuullttiinngg ddiissccoonntteenntt mmaayy iinn__1122lleeaadd mmoorree
yyoouutthhss iinnttoo ccrriimmiinnaall bbeehhaavviioorr..
FFaammiilliieess hhaavvee aallssoo__1133___cchhaannggeess tthheessee yyeeaarrss.. MMoorree ffaammiilliieess ccoonnssiisstt ooff oonnee--ppaarreenntt hhoouusseehhoollddss oorr
ttwwoo wwoorrkkiinngg ppaarreennttss;;1144,, cchhiillddrreenn aarree lliikkeellyy ttoo hhaavvee lleessss ssuuppeerrvviissiioonn aatt hhoommee _1155__wwaass ccoommmmoonn
iinn tthhee ttrraaddiittiioonnaall ffaammiillyy_1166._ .T hTihsi sl alcakc ko fo fp apraernetntaall ssuuppeerrvviissiioonn iiss tthhoouugghhtt ttoo bbee aann iinnfflluueennccee oonn
jjuuvveenniillee ccrriimmee rraatteess.. OOtthheerr_1177__ccaauusseess ooff ooffffeennssiivvee aaccttss iinncclluuddee ffrruussttrraattiioonn oorr ffaaiilluurree iinn sscchhooooll,, tthhee
iinnccrreeaasseedd 1188ooff ddrruuggss aanndd aallccoohhooll,, aanndd tthhee ggrroowwiinngg_ 1199ooff cchhiilldd aabbuussee aanndd cchhiilldd nneegglleecctt.. AAllll
tthheessee ccoonnddiittiioonnss tteenndd ttoo iinnccrreeaassee tthhee pprroobbaabbiilliittyy o fo fa ac hcihlidl dc ocmommimtittitnign ga ac rcirmiimnianla la catc,t_,2200_aa ddiirreecctt
ccaauussaall rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp hhaass nnoott yyeett bbeeeenn eessttaabblliisshheedd..
第第11 页页 共共 1122页页11..[[AA]]aaccttiinngg [[BB]]]]rreellyyiinngg [[CC]] cceenntteerriinngg [[DD]]ccoommmmeennttiinngg
[[CC]]uunnttiill
22..[[AA]]]]bbeeffoorree [[BB]]uulleessss [[DD]] bbeeccaauussee
33..[[AA]]iinntteerraaccttiioonn [[BB]] aassssiimmiillaattiioonn [[CC]] ccooooppeerraattiioonn [[DD]]ccoonnssuullttaattiioonn
44..[[AA]]rreettuurrnn [[BB]] eeppllyy [[CC]] rreeffeerreennccee [[DD]] rreessppoonnssee
55..[[AA]]oorr [[BB]]bbuutt rraatthheerr [[CC]]bbuutt [[DD]]oorr eellssee
66..[[AA]]ccoonnssiiddeerriinngg [[BB]]iiggnnoorriinngg [[CC]]hhiigghhlliigghhttiinngg [[DD]] ddiissccaarrddiinngg
77..[[AA]]oonn [[BB iinn IICC]]ffoorr [[DD]]wwiitthh
88..[[AA]]iimmmmuunnee [[BB]] rreessiissttaanntt [[CC]]sseennssiittiivvee [[DD]] ssuubbjjeecctt
99..[[AA]]aaffffeecctt [[BB]] rreedduuccee [[CC]] cchheecckk [[DD]] rreefflleecctt
1100..[[AA]]ppooiinntt [[BB]] lleeaadd [[CC]] ccoommee [[DD]] aammoouunntt
1111..[[AA]] iinn ggeenneerraall [[BB]]oonn aavveerraaggee [[CC]]bbyy ccoonnttrraasstt [[DD]]aatt lleennggtthh
1122..II[[AA]]ccaassee [[BB]] sshhoorrtt [[CC]]ttuunn [[DD]] eesssseennccee
1133..[[AA]]ssuurrvviivveedd [[BB]] nnoottiicceedd [[CC]] uunnddeerrttaakkeenn [[DD]] eexxppeerriieenncceedd
1144..[[AA]]ccoonnttrraarriillyy [[BB]] ccoonnsseeqquueennttllyy [[CC]] ssiimmiillaarrllyy [[DD]] ssiimmuullttaanneeoouussllyy
1155..[[AA]]]]tthhaann [[BB]] tthhaatt [[CC]] wwhhiicchh [[DD]]aass
1166..[[AA]]ssyysstteemm [[BB]] ssttrruuccttuurree [[CC]]ccoonncceepptt [[DD]] hheerriittaaggee
[[CC]]nneegglliiggiibbllee [[DD]] iinnccrreeddiibbllee
1177..[[AA]]aasssseessssaabbllee [[BB]]iiddeennttiiffiiaabbllee
1188..[[AA]]eexxppeennssee [[BB]] rreessttrriiccttiioonn [[CC]] aallllooccaattiioonn [[DD]] aavvaaiillaabbiilliittyy
1199..[[AA]] iinncciiddeennccee [[BB]] aawwaarreenneessss [[CC]]eexxppoossuurree [[DD]] ppooppuullaarriittyy
2200..[[AA]]pprroovviiddeedd [[BB]] ssiinnccee [[CC]] aalltthhoouugghh [[DD]] ssuuppppoossiinngg
SSeeccttiioonn IIII RReeaaddiinngg CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn
PPaarrtt AA
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ffoouurr tteexxttss..AAnnsswweerr tthhee qquueessttiioonnss bbeellooww eeaacchh tteexxtt bbyy cchhoooossiinngg [[AA]],, [[BB]],, [[CC]] oorr [[DD..
MMaarrkk yyoouurr aannsswweerrss oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 11.. ((4400 ppooiinnttss))
第第22 页页共共1122 页页TTeexxtt 11
HHuunnttiinngg ffoorr aa jjoobb llaattee llaasstt yyeeaarr,, llaawwyyeerr GGaanntt RReeddmmoonn ssttuummbblleedd aaccrroossss CCaarreeeerrBBuuiillddeerr,, aa jjoobb
ddaattaabbaassee oonn tthhee IInntteerrnneett.. HHee sseeaarrcchheedd iitt wwiitthh nnoo ssuucccceessss bbuutt wwaass aattttrraacctteedd bbyy tthhee ssiittee''ss""ppeerrssoonnaall sseeaarrcchh
aaggeenntt"".. IItt''ss aann iinntteerraaccttiivvee ffeeaattuurree tthhaatt lleettss vviissiittoorrss kkeeyy iinn jjoobb ccrriitteerriiaa ssuucchh aass llooccaattiioonn,,ttiittllee,, aanndd ssaallaarryy,,
tthheenn EE--mmaaiillss tthheemm wwhheenn aa mmaattcchhiinngg ppoossiittiioonn iiss ppoosstteedd iinn tthhee ddaattaabbaassee..RReeddmmoonn cchhoossee tthhee kkeeyywwoorrddss
lleeggaall,, iinntteelllleeccttuuaall pprrooppeerrttyy aanndd WWaasshhiinnggttoonn,, DD..CC..TThhrreeee wweeeekkss llaatteerr,, hhee ggoott hhiiss ffiirrsstt nnoottiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff aann
ooppeenniinngg.. ""IIssttrruucckk ggoolldd,,""ssaayyss RReeddmmoonn,, wwhhoo EE--mmaaiilleedd hhiiss rreessuummee ttoo tthhee eemmppllooyyeerr aanndd wwoonn aa ppoossiittiioonn
aass iinn--hhoouussee ccoouunnsseell ffoorr aa ccoommppaannyy..
WWiitthh tthhoouussaannddss ooff ccaarreeeerr--rreellaatteedd ssiitteess oonn tthhee IInntteerrnneett,, ffiinnddiinngg pprroommiissiinngg ooppeenniinnggss ccaann bbee
ttiimmee--ccoonnssuummiinngg aanndd iinneeffffiicciieenntt.. SSeeaarrcchh aaggeennttss rreedduuccee tthhee nneeeedd ffoorr rreeppeeaatteedd vviissiittss ttoo tthhee ddaattaabbaasseess.. BBuutt
aalltthhoouugghh aa sseeaarrcchh aaggeenntt wwoorrkkeedd ffoorr RReeddmmoonn,, ccaarreeeerr eexxppeerrttss sseeee ddrraawwbbaacckkss.. NNaarrrroowwiinngg yyoouurr ccrriitteerriiaa..
ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, mmaayy wwoorrkk aaggaaiinnsstt yyoouu::""EEvveerryy ttiimmee yyoouu aannsswweerr aa qquueessttiioonn yyoouu eelliimmiinnaattee aa ppoossssiibbiilliittyy,,
ssaayyss oonnee eexxppeerrtt..
FFoorr aannyy jjoobb sseeaarrcchh,, yyoouu sshhoouulldd ssttaarrtt wwiitthh aa nnaarrrrooww ccoonncceepptt——wwhhaatt yyoouu tthhiinnkk yyoouu wwaanntt ttoo
ddoo——tthheenn bbrrooaaddeenn iitt..""NNoonnee ooff tthheessee pprrooggrraammss ddoo tthhaatt,,"" ssaayyss aannootthheerr eexxppeerrtt..""TThheerree''ss nnoo ccaarreeeerr
ccoouunnsseelliinngg iimmpplliicciitt iinn aallll ooff tthhiiss..""IInnsstteeaadd,, tthhee bbeesstt ssttrraatteeggyy iiss ttoo uussee tthhee aaggeenntt aass aa kkiinndd ooff ttiipp sseerrvviiccee ttoo
kkeeeepp aabbrreeaasstt ooff jjoobbss iinn aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ddaattaabbaassee;; wwhheenn yyoouu ggeett EE--mmaaiill,, ccoonnssiiddeerr iitt aa rreemmiinnddeerr ttoo cchheecckk tthhee
ddaattaabbaassee aaggaaiinn.. ""II wwoouulldd nnoott rreellyy oonn aaggeennttss ffoorr ffiinnddiinngg eevveerryytthhiinngg tthhaatt iiss aaddddeedd ttoo aa ddaattaabbaassee tthhaatt
mmiigghhtt iinntteerreesstt mmee,,""ssaayyss tthhee aauutthhoorr ooff aa jjoobb--sseeaarrcchhiinngg gguuiiddee..
SSoommee ssiitteess ddeessiiggnn tthheeiirr aaggeennttss ttoo tteemmpptt jjoobb hhuunntteerrss ttoo rreettuurrnn.. WWhheenn CCaarreeeerrSSiittee''ss aaggeenntt sseennddss oouutt
mmeessssaaggeess ttoo tthhoossee wwhhoo hhaavvee ssiiggnneedd uupp ffoorr iittss sseerrvviiccee,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, iitt iinncclluuddeess oonnllyy tthhrreeee ppootteennttiiaall
jjoobbss——tthhoossee iitt ccoonnssiiddeerrss tthhee bbeesstt mmaattcchheess.. TThheerree mmaayy bbee mmoorree mmaattcchheess iinn tthhee ddaattaabbaassee;;jjoobb hhuunntteerrss wwiillll
hhaavvee ttoo vviissiitt tthhee ssiittee aaggaaiinn ttoo ffiinndd tthheemm——aanndd tthheeyy ddoo..""OOnn tthhee ddaayy aafftteerr wwee sseenndd oouurr mmeessssaaggeess,, wwee sseeee
aa sshhaarrpp iinnccrreeaassee iinn oouurr ttrraaffffiicc,,"" ssaayyss SSeetthh PPeeeettss,, vviiccee pprreessiiddeenntt ooff mmaarrkkeettiinngg ffoorr CCaarreeeerrSSiittee..
EEvveenn tthhoossee wwhhoo aarreenn''tt hhuunnttiinngg ffoorr jjoobbss mmaayy ffiinndd sseeaarrcchh aaggeennttss wwoorrtthhwwhhiillee.. SSoommee uussee tthheemm ttoo
kkeeeepp aa cclloossee wwaattcchh oonn tthhee ddeemmaanndd ffoorr tthheeiirr lliinnee ooff wwoorrkk oorr ggaatthheerr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn oonn ccoommppeennssaattiioonn ttoo aarrmm
tthheemmsseellvveess wwhheenn nneeggoottiiaattiinngg ffoorr aa rraaiissee..AAlltthhoouugghh hhaappppiillyy eemmppllooyyeedd,, RReeddmmoonn mmaaiinnttaaiinnss hhiiss aaggeenntt aatt
CCaarreeeerrBBuuiillddeerr..""YYoouu aallwwaayyss kkeeeepp yyoouurr eeyyeess ooppeenn,,""hhee ssaayyss.. WWoorrkkiinngg wwiitthh aa ppeerrssoonnaall sseeaarrcchh aaggeenntt
mmeeaannss hhaavviinngg aannootthheerr sseett ooff eeyyeess llooookkiinngg oouutt ffoorr yyoouu..
第第33 页页 共共1122 页页2211..HHooww ddiidd RReeddmmoonn ffiinndd hhiiss jjoobb??
[[AA]] BByy sseeaarrcchhiinngg ooppeenniinnggss iinn aa jjoobb ddaattaabbaassee..
[[BB]] BByy ppoossttiinngg aa mmaattcchhiinngg ppoossiittiioonn iinn aa ddaattaabbaassee..
[[CC]] BByy uussiinngg aa ssppeecciiaall sseerrvviiccee ooff aa ddaattaabbaassee..
[[DD]] BByy EE--mmaaiilliinngg hhiiss rreessuummee ttoo aa ddaattaabbaassee..
2222..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ccaann bbee aa ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggee ooff sseeaarrcchh aaggeennttss??
[[AA]] LLaacckk ooff ccoouunnsseelliinngg..
[[BB]] LLiimmiitteedd nnuummbbeerr ooff vviissiittss..
[[CC]] LLoowweerr eeffffiicciieennccyy..
[[DD]] FFeewweerr ssuucccceessssffuull mmaattcchheess..
2233.. TThhee eexxpprreessssiioonn ""ttiipp sseerrvviiccee""((LLiinnee 33,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 33))mmoosstt pprroobbaabbllyy mmeeaannss____··
[[AA]] aaddvviissoorryy
[[BB]] ccoommppeennssaattiioonn
[[CC]] iinntteerraaccttiioonn
[[DD]] rreemmiinnddeerr
2244..WWhhyy ddooeess CCaarreeeerrSSiittee''ss aaggeenntt ooffffeerr eeaacchh jjoobb hhuunntteerr oonnllyy tthhrreeee jjoobb ooppttiioonnss??
[[AA]] TToo ffooccuuss oonn bbeetttteerr jjoobb mmaattcchheess..
[[BB]] TToo aattttrraacctt mmoorree rreettuurrnniinngg vviissiittss..
[[CC]] TToo rreesseerrvvee ssppaaccee ffoorr mmoorree mmeessssaaggeess..
[[DD]] TToo iinnccrreeaassee tthhee rraattee ooff ssuucccceessss..
2255..WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iiss ttrruuee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt??
[[AA]] PPeerrssoonnaall sseeaarrcchh aaggeennttss aarree iinnddiissppeennssaabbllee ttoo jjoobb--hhuunntteerrss..
[[BB]] SSoommee ssiitteess kkeeeepp EE--mmaaiilliinngg jjoobb sseeeekkeerrss ttoo ttrraaccee tthheeiirr ddeemmaannddss..
[[CC]] PPeerrssoonnaall sseeaarrcchh aaggeennttss aarree aallssoo hheellppffuull ttoo tthhoossee aallrreeaaddyy eemmppllooyyeedd..
[[DD]] SSoommee aaggeennttss ssttoopp sseennddiinngg iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn ttoo ppeeooppllee oonnccee tthheeyy aarree eemmppllooyyeedd..
第第44页页 共共 1122页页TTeexxtt..22
OOvveerr tthhee ppaasstt cceennttuurryy,, aallll kkiinnddss ooff uunnffaaiirrnneessss aanndd ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn hhaavvee bbeeeenn ccoonnddeemmnneedd oorr mmaaddee
iilllleeggaall.. BBuutt oonnee iinnssiiddiioouuss ffoorrmm ccoonnttiinnuueess ttoo tthhrriivvee:: aallpphhaabbeettiissmm.. TThhiiss,, ffoorr tthhoossee aass yyeett uunnaawwaarree ooff ssuucchh
aa ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggee,, rreeffeerrss ttoo ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn aaggaaiinnsstt tthhoossee wwhhoossee ssuurrnnaammeess bbeeggiinn wwiitthh aa lleetttteerr iinn tthhee lloowweerr
hhaallff ooff tthhee aallpphhaabbeett..
IItt hhaass lloonngg bbeeeenn kknnoowwnn tthhaatt aa ttaaxxii ffiirrmm ccaalllleedd AAAAAAAA ccaarrss hhaass aa bbiigg aaddvvaannttaaggee oovveerr ZZooddiiaacc ccaarrss
wwhheenn ccuussttoommeerrss tthhuummbb tthhrroouugghh tthheeiirr pphhoonnee ddiirreeccttoorriieess.. LLeessss wweellll kknnoowwnn iiss tthhee aaddvvaannttaaggee tthhaatt AAddaamm
AAbbbbootttt hhaass iinn lliiffee oovveerr ZZooeeZZyyssmmaann.. EEnngglliisshh nnaammeess aarree ffaaiirrllyy eevveennllyy sspprreeaadd bbeettwweeeenn tthhee hhaallvveess ooff tthhee
aallpphhaabbeett.. YYeett aa ssuussppiicciioouussllyy llaarrggee nnuummbbeerr ooff ttoopp ppeeooppllee hhaavvee ssuurrnnaammeess bbeeggiinnnniinngg wwiitthh lleetttteerrss bbeettwweeeenn
AA aanndd KK..
TThhuuss tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann pprreessiiddeenntt aanndd vviiccee--pprreessiiddeenntt hhaavvee ssuurrnnaammeess ssttaarrttiinngg wwiitthh BB aanndd CC rreessppeeccttiivveellyy;;
aanndd 2266 ooff GGeeoorrggee BBuusshh''ss pprreeddeecceessssoorrss((iinncclluuddiinngg hhiiss ffaatthheerr)) hhaadd ssuurrnnaammeess iinn tthhee ffiirrsstt hhaallff ooff tthhee
aallpphhaabbeett aaggaaiinnsstt jjuusstt 1166 iinn tthhee sseeccoonndd hhaallff.. EEvveenn mmoorree ssttrriikkiinngg,, ssiixx ooff tthhee sseevveenn hheeaaddss ooff ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt
ooff tthhee GG77 rriicchh ccoouunnttrriieess aarree aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy aaddvvaannttaaggeedd ((BBeerrlluussccoonnii,, BBllaaiirr,, BBuusshh,, CChhiirraacc,, CChhrreettiieenn aanndd
KKooiizzuummii)).. TThhee wwoorrlldd''ss tthhrreeee ttoopp cceennttrraall bbaannkkeerrss((GGrreeeennssppaann,, DDuuiisseennbbeerrgg aanndd HHaayyaammii)) aarree aallll cclloossee ttoo
tthhee ttoopp ooff tthhee aallpphhaabbeett,, eevveenn iiff oonnee ooff tthheemm rreeaallllyy uusseess JJaappaanneessee cchhaarraacctteerrss.. AAss aarree tthhee wwoorrlldd''ss ffiivvee
rriicchheesstt mmeenn ((GGaatteess,, BBuufffftttt,, AAlllleenn,, EElllliissoonn aanndd AAllbbrreecchhtt))..
CCaann tthhiiss mmeerreellyy bbee ccooiinncciiddeennccee?? OOnnee tthheeoorryy,, ddrreeaammtt uupp iinn aallll tthhee ssppaarree ttiimmee eennjjooyyeedd bbyy tthhee
aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeedd,, iiss tthhaatt tthhee rroott sseettss iinn eeaarrllyy..AAtt tthhee ssttaarrtt ooff tthhee ffiirrsstt yyeeaarr iinn iinnffaanntt sscchhooooll,,
tteeaacchheerrss sseeaatt ppuuppiillss aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy ffrroomm tthhee ffrroonntt,, ttoo mmaakkee iitt eeaassiieerr ttoo rreemmeemmbbeerr tthheeiirr nnaammeess.. SSoo
sshhoorrtt--ssiigghhtteedd ZZyyssmmaann jjuunniioorr ggeettss ssttuucckk iinn tthhee bbaacckk rrooww,,aanndd iiss rraarreellyy aasskkeedd tthhee iimmpprroovviinngg qquueessttiioonnss
ppoosseedd bbyy tthhoossee iinnsseennssiittiivvee tteeaacchheerrss.. AAtt tthhee ttiimmee tthhee aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeedd mmaayy tthhiinnkk tthheeyy hhaavvee
hhaadd aa lluucckkyy eessccaappee.. YYeett tthhee rreessuulltt mmaayy bbee wwoorrssee qquuaalliiffiiccaattiioonnss,, bbeeccaauussee tthheeyy ggeett lleessss iinnddiivviidduuaall
aatttteennttiioonn,, aass wweellll aass lleessss ccoonnffiiddeennccee iinn ssppeeaakkiinngg ppuubblliiccllyy..
TThhee hhuummiilliiaattiioonn ccoonnttiinnuueess.. AAtt uunniivveerrssiittyy ggrraadduuaattiioonn cceerreemmoonniieess,, tthhee AABBCCss pprroouuddllyy ggeett tthheeiirr
aawwaarrddss ffiirrsstt;; bbyy tthhee ttiimmee tthheeyy rreeaacchh tthhee ZZyyssmmaannss mmoosstt ppeeooppllee aarree lliitteerraallllyy hhaavviinngg aa ZZZZZZ.. SShhoorrttlliissttss ffoorr
jjoobb iinntteerrvviieewwss,, eelleeccttiioonn bbaalllloott ppaappeerrss,, lliissttss ooff ccoonnffeerreennccee ssppeeaakkeerrss aanndd aatttteennddeeeess:: aallll tteenndd ttoo bbee ddrraawwnn
uupp aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy,, aanndd tthheeiirr rreecciippiieennttss lloossee iinntteerreesstt aass tthheeyy pplloouugghh tthhrroouugghh tthheemm..
2266..WWhhaatt ddooeess tthhee aauutthhoorr iinntteenndd ttoo iilllluussttrraattee wwiitthh AAAAAAAA ccaarrss aanndd ZZooddiiaacc ccaarrss??
第第55 页页 共共1122 页页[[AA]] AA kkiinndd ooff oovveerrllooookkeedd iinneeqquuaalliittyy..
[[BB]] AA ttyyppee ooff ccoonnssppiiccuuoouuss bbiiaass..
[[CC]] AA ttyyppee ooff ppeerrssoonnaall pprreejjuuddiiccee..
[[DD]] AA kkiinndd ooff bbrraanndd ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn..
2277.. WWhhaatt ccaann wwee iinnffeerr ffrroomm tthhee ffiirrsstt tthhrreeee ppaarraaggrraapphhss??
[[AA]] IInn bbootthh EEaasstt aanndd WWeesstt,, nnaammeess aarree eesssseennttiiaall ttoo ssuucccceessss..
[[BB]] TThhee aallpphhaabbeett iiss ttoo bbllaammee ffoorr tthhee ffaaiilluurree ooff ZZooEE ZZyyssmmaann..
[[CC]] CCuussttoommeerrss oofftteenn ppaayy aa lloott ooff aatttteennttiioonn ttoo ccoommppaanniieess''nnaammeess..
[[DD]] SSoommee ffoorrmm ooff ddiissccrriimmiinnaattiioonn iiss ttoooo ssuubbttllee ttoo rreeccooggnniizzee..
2288.. TThhee 44tthh ppaarraaggrraapphh ssuuggggeessttss tthhaatt__
[[AA]] qquueessttiioonnss aarree oofftteenn ppuutt ttoo tthhee mmoorree iinntteelllliiggeenntt ssttuuddeennttss
[[BB]] aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeedd ssttuuddeennttss oofftteenn eessccaappee ffrroomm ccllaassss
[[CC]] tteeaacchheerrss sshhoouulldd ppaayy aatttteennttiioonn ttoo aallll ooff tthheeiirr ssttuuddeennttss
[[DD]] ssttuuddeennttss sshhoouulldd bbee sseeaatteedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthheeiirr eeyyeessiigghhtt
2299..WWhhaatt ddooeess tthhee aauutthhoorr mmeeaann bbyy""mmoosstt ppeeooppllee aarree lliitteerraallllyy hhaavviinngg aaZZZZZZ""((LLiinnee 22,,PPaarraaggrraapphh 55))??
[[AA]] TThheeyy aarree ggeettttiinngg iimmppaattiieenntt..
[[BB]] TThheeyy aarree nnooiissiillyy ddoozziinngg ooffff..
[[CC]] TThheeyy aarree ffeeeelliinngg hhuummiilliiaatteedd..
[[DD]] TThheeyy aarree bbuussyy wwiitthh wwoorrdd ppuuzzzzlleess..
3300.. WWhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iiss ttrruuee aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt??
[[AA]] PPeeooppllee wwiitthh ssuurrnnaammeess bbeeggiinnnniinngg wwiitthh NN ttoo ZZ aarree oofftteenn iillll--ttrreeaatteedd..
[[BB]]VVIIPPss iinn tthhee WWeesstteerrnn wwoorrlldd ggaaiinn aa ggrreeaatt ddeeaall ffrroomm aallpphhaabbeettiissmm..
[[CC]] TThhee ccaammppaaiiggnn ttoo eelliimmiinnaattee aallpphhaabbeettiissmm ssttiillll hhaass aa lloonngg wwaayy ttoo ggoo..
[[DD]] PPuuttttiinngg tthhiinnggss aallpphhaabbeettiiccaallllyy mmaayy lleeaadd ttoo uunniinntteennttiioonnaall bbiiaass..
第第66页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 33
WWhheenn iitt ccoommeess ttoo tthhee sslloowwiinngg eeccoonnoommyy,,EElllleenn SSppeerroo iissnn''tt bbiittiinngg hheerr nnaaiillss jjuusstt yyeett..BBuutt tthhee
4477--yyeeaarr--oolldd mmaanniiccuurriisstt iissnn''tt ccuuttttiinngg,, ffiilliinngg oorr ppoolliisshhiinngg aass mmaannyy nnaaiillss aass sshhee''dd lliikkee ttoo,, eeiitthheerr.. MMoosstt ooff
hheerr cclliieennttss ssppeenndd $$1122 ttoo $$5500 wweeeekkllyy,, bbuutt llaasstt mmoonntthh ttwwoo lloonnggttiimmee ccuussttoommeerrss ssuuddddeennllyy ssttooppppeedd sshhoowwiinngg
uupp.. SSppeerroo bbllaammeess tthhee ssoofftteenniinngg eeccoonnoommyy.. ""II''mm aa ggoooodd eeccoonnoommiicc iinnddiiccaattoorr,,""sshhee ssaayyss..""II pprroovviiddee aa
sseerrvviiccee tthhaatt ppeeooppllee ccaann ddoo wwiitthhoouutt wwhheenn tthheeyy''rree ccoonncceerrnneedd aabboouutt ssaavviinngg ssoommee ddoollllaarrss..""SSoo SSppeerroo iiss
ddoowwnnssccaalliinngg,, sshhooppppiinngg aatt mmiiddddllee--bbrrooww DDiillllaarrdd''ss ddeeppaarrttmmeenntt ssttoorree nneeaarr hheerr ssuubbuurrbbaann CClleevveellaanndd hhoommee,,
iinnsstteeaadd ooff NNeeiimmaann MMaarrccuuss.. ""II ddoonn''tt kknnooww iiff ootthheerr cclliieennttss aarree ggooiinngg ttoo aabbaannddoonn mmee,,ttoooo,,""sshhee ssaayyss..
EEvveenn bbeeffoorree AAllaann GGrreeeennssppaann''ss aaddmmiissssiioonn tthhaatt AAmmeerriiccaa''ss rreedd--hhoott eeccoonnoommyy iiss ccoooolliinngg,, lloottss ooff
wwoorrkkiinngg ffoollkkss hhaadd aallrreeaaddyy sseeeenn ssiiggnnss ooff tthhee sslloowwddoowwnn tthheemmsseellvveess.. FFrroomm ccaarr ddeeaalleerrsshhiippss ttoo GGaapp oouuttlleettss,,
ssaalleess hhaavvee bbeeeenn llaaggggiinngg ffoorr mmoonntthhss aass sshhooppppeerrss tteemmppeerr tthheeiirr ssppeennddiinngg.. FFoorr rreettaaiilleerrss,, wwhhoo llaasstt yyeeaarr ttooookk
iinn 2244 ppeerrcceenntt ooff tthheeiirr rreevveennuuee bbeettwweeeenn TThhaannkkssggiivviinngg aanndd CChhrriissttmmaass,, tthhee ccaauuttiioouuss aapppprrooaacchh iiss ccoommiinngg
aatt aa ccrruucciiaall ttiimmee.. AAllrreeaaddyy,, eexxppeerrttss ssaayy,, hhoolliiddaayy ssaalleess aarree ooffff 77 ppeerrcceenntt ffrroomm llaasstt yyeeaarr''ss ppaaccee.. BBuutt ddoonn''tt
ssoouunndd aannyy aallaarrmmss jjuusstt yyeett.. CCoonnssuummeerrss sseeeemm oonnllyy mmiillddllyy ccoonncceerrnneedd,, nnoott ppaanniicckkeedd,, aanndd mmaannyy ssaayy tthheeyy
rreemmaaiinn ooppttiimmiissttiicc aabboouutt tthhee eeccoonnoommyy''ss lloonngg--tteerrmm pprroossppeeccttss eevveenn aass tthheeyy ddoo ssoommee mmooddeesstt
bbeelltt--ttiigghhtteenniinngg..
CCoonnssuummeerrss ssaayy tthheeyy''rree nnoott iinn ddeessppaaiirr bbeeccaauussee,, ddeessppiittee tthhee ddrreeaaddffuull hheeaaddlliinneess,, tthheeiirr oowwnn ffoorrttuunneess
ssttiillll ffeeeell pprreettttyy ggoooodd.. HHoommee pprriicceess aarree hhoollddiinngg sstteeaaddyy iinn mmoosstt rreeggiioonnss.. IInn MMaannhhaattttaann,, ""tthheerree''ss aa nneeww
ggoolldd rruusshh hhaappppeenniinngg iinn tthhee $$44 mmiilllliioonn ttoo $$1100 mmiilllliioonn rraannggee,, pprreeddoommiinnaannttllyy ffeedd bbyy WWaallll SSttrreeeett
bboonnuusseess,,""ssaayyss bbrrookkeerr BBaarrbbaarraa CCoorrccoorraann..IInn SSaann FFrraanncciissccoo,, pprriicceess aarree ssttiillll rriissiinngg eevveenn aass ffrreennzziieedd
oovveerrbbiiddddiinngg qquuiieettss.. ""IInnsstteeaadd ooff 2200 ttoo 3300 ooffffeerrss,, nnooww mmaayybbee yyoouu oonnllyy ggeett ttwwoo oorr tthhrreeee,,"" ssaayyss JJoohhnn
TTeeaallddii,, aa BBaayy AArreeaa rreeaall--eessttaattee bbrrookkeerr.. AAnndd mmoosstt ffoollkkss ssttiillll ffeeeell pprreettttyy ccoommffoorrttaabbllee aabboouutt tthheeiirr aabbiilliittyy ttoo
ffiinndd aanndd kkeeeepp aa jjoobb..
MMaannyy ffoollkkss sseeee ssiillvveerr lliinniinnggss ttoo tthhiiss sslloowwddoowwnn.. PPootteennttiiaall hhoommee bbuuvveerrss wwoouulldd cchheeeerr ffoorr lloowweerr
iinntteerreesstt rraatteess.. EEmmppllooyyeerrss wwoouullddnn''tt mmiinndd aa lliittttllee ffeewweerr bbuubbbblleess iinn tthhee jjoobb mmaarrkkeett.. MMaannyy ccoonnssuummeerrss sseeeemm
ttoo hhaavvee bbeeeenn iinnfflluueenncceedd bbyy ssttoocckk--mmaarrkkeett sswwiinnggss,, wwhhiicchh iinnvveessttoorrss nnooww vviieeww aass aa nneecceessssaarryy iinnggrreeddiieenntt
ttoo aa ssuussttaaiinneedd bboooomm.. DDiinneerrss mmiigghhtt sseeee aann uuppssiiddee,, ttoooo.. GGeettttiinngg aa ttaabbllee aatt MMaannhhaattttaann''ss hhoott nneeww AAllaaiinn
DDuuccaassssee rreessttaauurraanntt uusseedd ttoo bbee iimmppoossssiibbllee.. NNoott aannyymmoorree.. FFoorr tthhaatt,, GGrreeeennssppaann && CCoo..mmaayy ssttiillll bbee wwoorrtthh
ttooaassttiinngg..
第第77页页 共共1122 页页3311..BByy""EElllleenn SSppeerroo iissnn''tt bbiittiinngg hheerr nnaaiillss jjuusstt yyeett""((LLiinnee 11,,PPaarraaggrraapphh 11)),, tthhee aauutthhoorr mmeeaannss______
[[AA]] SSppeerroo ccaann hhaarrddllyy mmaaiinnttaaiinn hheerr bbuussiinneessss
[[BB]] SSppeerroo iiss ttoooo mmuucchh eennggaaggeedd iinn hheerr wwoorrkk
[[CC]] SSppeerroo hhaass ggrroowwnn oouutt ooff hheerr bbaadd hhaabbiitt
[[DD]] SSppeerroo iiss nnoott iinn aa ddeessppeerraattee ssiittuuaattiioonn
3322.. HHooww ddoo tthhee ppuubblliicc ffeeeell aabboouutt tthhee ccuurrrreenntt eeccoonnoommiicc ssiittuuaattiioonn??
[[AA]] OOppttiimmiissttiicc [[BB]] CCoonnffuusseedd.. [[CC]] CCaarreeffrree.. [[DD]] PPaanniicckkeedd..
3333..WWhheenn mmeennttiioonniinngg""tthhee $$44 mmiilllliioonn ttoo $$1100 mmiilllliioonn rraannggee""((LLiinneess 33,, PPaarraaggrraapphh 33)),, tthhee aauutthhoorr iiss ttaallkkiinngg
aabboouutt
[[AA]]ggoolldd mmaarrkkeett..
[[BB]] rreeaall eessttaattee..
[[CC]] ssttoocckk eexxcchhaannggee..
[[DD]] vveennttuurree iinnvveessttmmeenntt..
3344..WWhhyy ccaann mmaannyy ppeeooppllee sseeee ""ssiillvveerr lliinniinnggss""ttoo tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc sslloowwddoowwnn??
[[AA]] TThheeyy wwoouulldd bbeenneeffiitt iinn cceerrttaaiinn wwaayyss..
[[BB]] TThhee ssttoocckk mmaarrkkeett sshhoowwss ssiiggnnss ooff rreeccoovveerryy..
[[CC]] SSuucchh aa sslloowwddoowwnn uussuuaallllyy pprreecceeddeess aa bboooomm..
[[DD]] TThhee ppuurrcchhaassiinngg ppoowweerr wwoouulldd bbee eennhhaanncceedd..
3355..TToo wwhhiicchh ooff tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg iiss tthhee aauutthhoorr lliikkeellyy ttoo aaggrreeee??
[[AA]] AA nneeww bboooomm,, oonn tthhee hhoorriizzoonn..
[[BB]] TTiigghhtteenn tthhee bbeelltt,, tthhee ssiinnggllee rreemmeeddyy..
[[CC]] CCaauuttiioonn aallll rriigghhtt,, ppaanniicc nnoott..
[[DD]] TThhee mmoorree vveennttuurreess,, tthhee mmoorree cchhaanncceess..
第第88页页 共共 1122 页页TTeexxtt 44
AAmmeerriiccaannss ttooddaayy ddoonn''tt ppllaaccee aa vveerryy hhiigghh vvaalluuee oonn iinntteelllleecctt.. OOuurr hheerrooeess aarree aatthhlleetteess,,eenntteerrttaaiinneerrss,,
aanndd eennttrreepprreenneeuurrss,, nnoott sscchhoollaarrss..EEvveenn oouurr sscchhoooollss aarree wwhheerree wwee sseenndd oouurr cchhiillddrreenn ttoo ggeett aa pprraaccttiiccaall
eedduuccaattiioonn——nnoott ttoo ppuurrssuuee kknnoowwlleeddggee ffoorr tthhee ssaakkee ooff kknnoowwlleeddggee.. SSyymmppttoommss ooff ppeerrvvaassiivvee
aannttii--iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm iinn oouurr sscchhoooollss aarreenn''tt ddiiffffiiccuulltt ttoo ffiinndd..
""SScchhoooollss hhaavvee aallwwaayyss bbeeeenn iinn aa ssoocciieettyy wwhheerree pprraaccttiiccaall iiss mmoorree iimmppoorrttaanntt tthhaann iinntteelllleeccttuuaall,,""ssaayyss
eedduuccaattiioonn wwrriitteerr DDiiaannee RRaavviittcchh..""SScchhoooollss ccoouulldd bbee aa ccoouunntteerrbbaallaannccee..""RRaavviittcchh''ss llaatteesstt bbooookk,,LLeeff BBaacckk::
AA CCeennttuurryy ooff FFaaiilleedd SScchhooooll RReeffoorrmmss,, ttrraacceess tthhee rroooottss ooff aannttii--iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm iinn oouurr sscchhoooollss..ccoonncclluuddiinngg
tthheeyy aarree aannyytthhiinngg bbuutt aa ccoouunntteerrbbaallaannccee ttoo tthhee AAmmeerriiccaann ddiissttaassttee ffoorr iinntteelllleeccttuuaall ppuurrssuuiittss..
BBuutt tthheeyy ccoouulldd aanndd sshhoouulldd bbee.. EEnnccoouurraaggiinngg kkiiddss ttoo rreejjeecctt tthhee lliiffee ooff tthhee mmiinndd lleeaavveess tthheemm
vvuullnneerraabbllee ttoo eexxppllooiittaattiioonn aanndd ccoonnttrrooll.. WWiitthhoouutt tthhee aabbiilliittyy ttoo tthhiinnkk ccrriittiiccaallllyy,, ttoo ddeeffeenndd tthheeiirr iiddeeaass aanndd
uunnddeerrssttaanndd tthhee iiddeeaass ooff ootthheerrss,, tthheeyy ccaannnnoott ffuullllyy ppaarrttiicciippaattee iinn oouurr ddeemmooccrraaccyy.. CCoonnttiinnuuiinngg aalloonngg tthhiiss
ppaatthh,, ssaayyss wwrriitteerr EEaarrll SShhoorrrriiss,,""WWee wwiillll bbeeccoommee aa sseeccoonndd--rraattee ccoouunnttrryy.. WWee wwiillll hhaavvee aa lleessss cciivviill
ssoocciieettyy..""
""IInntteelllleecctt iiss rreesseenntteedd aass aa ffoorrmm ooff ppoowweerr oorr pprriivviilleeggee,,"" wwrriitteess hhiissttoorriiaann aanndd pprrooffeessssoorr RRiicchhaarrdd
HHooffssttaaddtteerr iinn AAnnttii--IInntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm iinn AAmmeerriiccaann LLiiffee,, aa PPuulliittzzeerr--PPrriizzee wwiinnnniinngg bbooookk oonn tthhee rroooottss ooff
aannttii--iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm iinn UUSS ppoolliittiiccss,, rreelliiggiioonn,, aanndd eedduuccaattiioonn.. FFrroomm tthhee bbeeggiinnnniinngg ooff oouurr hhiissttoorryy,, ssaayyss
HHooffssttaaddtteerr,, oouurr ddeemmooccrraattiicc aanndd ppooppuulliisstt uurrggeess hhaavvee ddrriivveenn uuss ttoo rreejjeecctt aannyytthhiinngg tthhaatt ssmmeellllss ooff eelliittiissmm..
PPrraaccttiiccaalliittyy,, ccoommmmoonn sseennssee,, aanndd nnaattiivvee iinntteelllliiggeennccee hhaavvee bbeeeenn ccoonnssiiddeerreedd mmoorree nnoobbllee qquuaalliittiieess tthhaann
aannyytthhiinngg yyoouu ccoouulldd lleeaarrnn ffrroomm aa bbooookk..
RRaallpphh WWaallddoo EEmmeerrssoonn aanndd ootthheerr TTrraannsscceennddeennttaalliisstt pphhiilloossoopphheerrss tthhoouugghhtt sscchhoooolliinngg aanndd rriiggoorroouuss
bbooookk lleeaarrnniinngg ppuutt uunnnnaattuurraall rreessttrraaiinnttss oonn cchhiillddrreenn::""WWee aarree sshhuutt uupp iinn sscchhoooollss aanndd ccoolllleeggee rreecciittaattiioonn
rroooommss ffoorr 1100 oorr 1155 yyeeaarrss aanndd ccoommee oouutt aatt llaasstt wwiitthh aa bbeellllyyffuull ooff wwoorrddss aanndd ddoo nnoott kknnooww aa tthhiinngg..""MMaarrkk
TTwwaaiinn''ss HHuucckklleebbeerrrryy FFiinnnn eexxeemmpplliiffiieedd AAmmeerriiccaann aannttii--iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm.. IIttss hheerroo aavvooiiddss bbeeiinngg
cciivviilliizzeedd——ggooiinngg ttoo sscchhooooll aanndd lleeaarrnniinngg ttoo rreeaadd——ssoo hhee ccaann pprreesseerrvvee hhiiss iinnaattee ggooooddnneessss..
IInntteelllleecctt,, aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo HHooffssttaaddtteerr,, iiss ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm nnaattiivvee iinntteelllliiggeennccee,,aa qquuaalliittyy wwee rreelluuccttaannttllyy
aaddmmiirree..IInntteelllleecctt iiss tthhee ccrriittiiccaall,, ccrreeaattiivvee,,aanndd ccoonntteemmppllaattiivvee ssiiddee ooff tthhee mmiinndd..IInntteelllliiggeennccee sseeeekkss ttoo ggrraasspp,,
mmaanniippuullaattee,,rree--oorrddeerr,,aanndd aaddjjuusstt,, wwhhiillee iinntteelllleecctt eexxaammiinneess,,ppoonnddeerrss,, wwoonnddeerrss,, tthheeoorriizzeess,, ccrriittiicciizzeess..aanndd
iimmaaggiinneess..
SScchhooooll rreemmaaiinnss aa ppllaaccee wwhheerree iinntteelllleecctt iiss mmiissttrruusstteedd.. HHooffssttaaddtteerr ssaayyss oouurr ccoouunnttrryy''ss eedduuccaattiioonnaall
ssyysstteemm iiss iinn tthhee ggrriippss ooff ppeeooppllee wwhhoo ""jjooyyffuullllyy aanndd mmiilliittaannttllyy pprrooccllaaiimm tthheeiirr hhoossttiilliittyy ttoo iinntteelllleecctt aanndd
tthheeiirr eeaaggeerrnneessss ttoo iiddeennttiiffyy wwiitthh cchhiillddrreenn wwhhoo sshhooww tthhee lleeaasstt iinntteelllleeccttuuaall pprroommiissee..""
第第99页页共共1122页页3366.. WWhhaatt ddoo AAmmeerriiccaann ppaarreennttss eexxppeecctt tthheeiirr cchhiillddrreenn ttoo aaccqquuiirree iinn sscchhooooll??
[[AA]] TThhee hhaabbiitt ooff tthhiinnkkiinngg iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy..
[[BB]] PPrrooffoouunndd kknnoowwlleeddggee ooff tthhee wwoorrlldd..
[[CC]] PPrraaccttiiccaall aabbiilliittiieess ffoorr ffuuttuurree ccaarreeeerr..
[[DD]] TThhee ccoonnffiiddeennccee iinn iinntteelllleeccttuuaall ppuurrssuuiittss..
3377..WWee ccaann lleeaarrnn ffrroomm tthhee tteexxtt tthhaatt AAmmeerriiccaannss hhaavvee aa hhiissttoorryy ooff__
[[AA]] uunnddeerrvvaalluuiinngg iinntteelllleecctt
[[BB]] ffaavvoorriinngg iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm
[[CC]] ssuuppppoorrttiinngg sscchhooooll rreeffoorrmm
[[DD]] ssuupppprreessssiinngg nnaattiivvee iinntteelllliiggeennccee
3388..TThhee vviieewwss ooff RRaavviittcchh aanndd EEmmeerrssoonn oonn sscchhoooolliinngg aarree __..
[[AA]] iiddeennttiiccaall
[[BB]]ssiimmiillaarr
[[CC]] ccoommpplleemmeennttaarryy
[[DD]] ooppppoossiittee
3399..EEmmeerrssoonn,,aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee tteexxtt,, iiss pprroobbaabbllyy__________
[[AA]] aa ppiioonneeeerr ooff eedduuccaattiioonn rreeffoorrmm
[[BB]] aann ooppppoonneenntt ooff iinntteelllleeccttuuaalliissmm
[[CC]] aa sscchhoollaarr iinn ffaavvoorr ooff iinntteelllleecctt
[[DD]] aann aaddvvooccaattee ooff rreegguullaarr sscchhoooolliinngg..
4400..WWhhaatt ddooeess tthhee aauutthhoorr tthhiinnkk ooff iinntteelllleecctt??
[[AA]] IItt iiss sseeccoonndd ttoo iinntteelllliiggeennccee..
[[BB]] IItt eevvoollvveess ffrroomm ccoommmmoonn sseennssee..
[[CC]] IItt iiss ttoo bbee ppuurrssuueedd..
[[DD]] IItt uunnddeerrlliieess ppoowweerr..
第第 1100页页 共共 1122页页PPaarrtt BB
DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
RReeaadd tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg tteexxtt ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd tthheenn ttrraannssllaattee tthhee uunnddeerrlliinneedd sseeggmmeennttss iinnttoo CChhiinneessee.. YYoouurr
ttrraannssllaattiioonn sshhoouulldd bbee wwrriitttteenn cclleeaarrllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT 22..((1100 ppooiinnttss))
TThhee rreellaattiioonn ooff llaanngguuaaggee aanndd mmiinndd hhaass iinntteerreesstteedd pphhiilloossoopphheerrss ffoorr mmaannyy cceennttuurriieess.. ((4411))TThhee
GGrreeeekkss aassssuummeedd tthhaatt tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff llaanngguuaaggee hhaadd ssoommee ccoonnnneeccttiioonn wwiitthh tthhee pprroocceessss ooff tthhoouugghhtt.. wwhhiicchh
ttooookk rroooott iinn EEuurrooppee lloonngg bbeeffoorree ppeeooppllee rreeaalliizzeedd hhooww ddiivveerrssee llaanngguuaaggeess ccoouulldd bbee..
OOnnllyy rreecceennttllyy ddiidd lliinngguuiissttss bbeeggiinn tthhee sseerriioouuss ssttuuddyy ooff llaanngguuaaggeess tthhaatt wweerree vveerryy ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm
tthheeiirr oowwnn..TTwwoo aanntthhrrooppoollooggiisstt--lliinngguuiissttss,, FFrraannzz BBooaass aanndd EEddwwaarrdd SSaappiirr,, wweerree ppiioonneeeerrss iinn ddeessccrriibbiinngg
mmaannyy nnaattiivvee llaanngguuaaggeess ooff NNoorrtthh aanndd SSoouutthh AAmmeerriiccaa dduurriinngg tthhee ffiirrsstt hhaallff ooff tthhee ttwweennttiieetthh cceennttuurryy..((4422))
WWee aarree oobblliiggeedd ttoo tthheemm bbeeccaauussee ssoommee ooff tthheessee llaanngguuaaggeess hhaavvee ssiinnccee vvaanniisshheedd..aass tthhee ppeeoopplleess wwhhoo
ssppookkee tthheemm ddiieedd oouutt oorr bbeeccaammee aassssiimmiillaatteedd aanndd lloosstt tthheeiirr nnaattiivvee llaanngguuaaggeess.. OOtthheerr lliinngguuiissttss iinn tthhee
eeaarrlliieerr ppaarrtt ooff tthhiiss cceennttuurryy,, hhoowweevveerr,, wwhhoo wweerree lleessss eeaaggeerr ttoo ddeeaall wwiitthh bbiizzaarrrree ddaattaa ffrroomm""eexxoottiicc""
llaanngguuaaggee,, wweerree nnoott aallwwaayyss ssoo ggrraatteeffuull.. ((4433))TThhee nneewwllyy ddeessccrriibbeedd llaanngguuaaggeess wweerree oofftteenn ssoo ssttrriikkiinnggllyy
ddiiffffeerreenntt ffrroomm tthhee wweellll ssttuuddiieedd llaanngguuaaggeess ooff EEuurrooppee aanndd SSoouutthheeaasstt AAssiiaa tthhaatt ssoommee sscchhoollaarrss eevveenn
aaccccuusseedd BBooaass aanndd SSaappiirr ooff ffaabbrriiccaattiinngg tthheeiirr ddaattaa.. NNaattiivvee AAmmeerriiccaann llaanngguuaaggeess aarree iinnddeeeedd ddiiffffeerreenntt,, ssoo
mmuucchh ssoo iinn ffaacctt tthhaatt NNaavvaajjoo ccoouulldd bbee uusseedd bbyy tthhee UUSS mmiilliittaarryy aass aa ccooddee dduurriinngg WWoorrlldd WWaarr IIⅡⅡ ttoo sseenndd
sseeccrreett mmeessssaaggeess..
SSaappiirr''ss ppuuppiill,,BBeennjjaammiinn LLeeee WWhhoorrff,, ccoonnttiinnuueedd tthhee ssttuuddyy ooff AAmmeerriiccaann IInnddiiaann llaanngguuaaggeess..((4444))
BBeeiinngg iinntteerreesstteedd iinn tthhee rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp ooff llaanngguuaaggee aanndd tthhoouugghhtt.. WWhhoorrff ddeevveellooppeedd tthhee iiddeeaa tthhaatt tthhee
ssttrruuccttuurree ooff llaanngguuaaggee ddeetteerrmmiinneess tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff hhaabbiittuuaall tthhoouugghhtt iinn aa ssoocciieettyy.. HHee rreeaassoonneedd tthhaatt
bbeeccaauussee iitt iiss eeaassiieerr ttoo ffoorrmmuullaattee cceerrttaaiinn ccoonncceeppttss aanndd nnoott ootthheerrss iinn aa ggiivveenn llaanngguuaaggee,, tthhee ssppeeaakkeerrss ooff
tthhaatt llaanngguuaaggee tthhiinnkk aalloonngg oonnee ttrraacckk aanndd nnoott aalloonngg aannootthheerr.. ((4455))WWhhoorrff ccaammee ttoo bbeelliieevvee iinn aa ssoorrtt ooff
lliinngguuiissttiicc ddeetteerrmmiinniissmm wwhhiicchh,,iinn iittss ssttrroonnggeesstt ffoorrmm..ssttaatteess tthhaatt llaanngguuaaggee iimmpprriissoonnss tthhee mmiinndd,,aanndd tthhaatt
tthhee ggrraammmmaattiiccaall ppaatttteerrnnss iinn aa llaanngguuaaggee ccaann pprroodduuccee ffaarr--rreeaacchhiinngg ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess ffoorr tthhee ccuullttuurree ooff aa
ssoocciieettyy..LLaatteerr,, tthhiiss iiddeeaa bbeeccaammee ttoo bbee kknnoowwnn aass tthhee SSaappiirr--WWhhoorrff hhyyppootthheessiiss,, bbuutt tthhiiss tteerrmm iiss ssoommeewwhhaatt
iinnaapppprroopprriiaattee.. AAlltthhoouugghh bbootthh SSaappiirr aanndd WWhhoorrff eemmpphhaassiizzeedd tthhee ddiivveerrssiittyy ooff llaanngguuaaggeess,, SSaappiirr hhiimmsseellff
nneevveerr eexxpplliicciittllyy ssuuppppoorrtteedd tthhee nnoottiioonn ooff lliinngguuiissttiicc ddeetteerrmmiinniissmm..
第第 1111 页页 共共1122 页页SSeeccttiioonn IIIIII WWrriittiinngg
4466..DDiirreeccttiioonnss::
SSttuuddyy tthhee ffoolllloowwiinngg ddrraawwiinngg ccaarreeffuullllyy aanndd wwrriittee aann eessssaayy iinn wwhhiicchh yyoouu sshhoouulldd
11)) ddeessccrriibbee tthhee ddrraawwiinngg,,
22)) iinntteerrpprreett iittss mmeeaanniinngg,, aanndd
33)) ssuuppppoorrtt yyoouurr vviieeww wwiitthh eexxaammpplleess..
YYoouu sshhoouulldd wwrriittee aabboouutt 220000 wwoorrddss nneeaattllyy oonn AANNSSWWEERR SSHHEEEETT22((2200 ppooiinnttss))
下下
终终点点又又是是新新起起点点
第第 1122 页页 共共1122 页页温馨提示
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“左页原文，右页选项”绝密★启用前
2005年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
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条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
A, B,CorD on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be
insensitive smellers compared with animals, ] this is largely
because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to
perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells
which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5 . we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we
do not generally realize it Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these
are 8 to fer below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not
another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be
because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell
receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and
send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to
a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often
enough.
The explanation fbr insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds
it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if
necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own
smells - we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own
house, but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else5s. The brain finds it
best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the
smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
英语试题 . 1 . （共 14页）1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses
12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B
?
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 2 (共14页)Textl
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn
that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for
slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”,
with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely
developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of
Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature9
suggests that it is all too monkey as well.
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They
look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food
readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer
attention to the value of “goods and services55 than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de
Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange
tokens fbr food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of
rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but
adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return
fbr its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to
cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the
second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one
received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other
either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to
accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other
chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a
female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by
social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such
co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.
Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.
Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other
members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved
independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common
ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
英语试题 3 (共14页)21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by
[A] posing a contrast.
[B] justifying an assumption.
[C] making a comparison.
[D] explaining a phenomenon.
22. The statement “it is all too monkey55 (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys9 nature.
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably
because they are
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get.
[B] attentive to researchers9 instructions.
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament.
[D] more generous than their male companions.
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.
[B] can be taught to exchange things.
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.
[D] are unhappy when separated from others.
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
英语试题 . 4 . （共 14页）Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill
us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was
inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy
our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans
bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early
graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to
awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the
National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's
atmosphere is definitely wanning and that the problem is largely man-made. The
clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the
National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's
report: "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best
available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base
important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the
future consequences of present actions.
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the
science about global wanning is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fiimes into
the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of
the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent
people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a
majority of the presidenfs advisers still don't take global wanning seriously. Instead
of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research - a classic case of
“paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper
atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the
Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin
fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West
Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising
start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to
meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial
that those new plants be environmentally sound.
英语试题 . 5 . （共 14页）26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence ofthe correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A] a protector.
[B] a judge.
[C] a critic.
[D] a guide.
28. What does the author mean by paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the authoi; v^iat should the Administration do about global wanning?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press fbr further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.
英语试题 . 6 . （共 14页）Text 3
Of all the components of a good night?s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our
control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead
people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams
were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s,
neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise" - the random
byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers
suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods
while the brain is "offdine." And one leading authority says that these intensely
powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under
conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. uIf s your dream,“ says Rosalind
Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago?s Medical Center. ccIf you don't like it,
change it.”
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep - when most vivid dreams occur - as it is when
fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts
of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain55) is
especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is
relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings
can stay with us all day.55 says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in
Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,
progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working
through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is
occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the
day's events - until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can
exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken,
identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end
instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With
much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there5s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams
at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic J Cartwright says.
Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased
people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a
therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.
Sleep - or rather dream - on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
英语试题 . 7 . （共 14页）31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams
[A] can be modified in their courses.
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes.
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears.
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs.
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show
[A] its function in our dreams.
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep.
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions.
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex.
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind.
[B] develop into happy dreams.
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep.
[D] show up in dreams early at night.
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control.
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression.
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
英语试题 . 8 . （共 14页）Text 4
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to
command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such
command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of
Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care John McWhorter, a linguist and
9
controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s
counter-culture as responsible fbr the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism
against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter5s academic speciality is language
history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of 66whom5, fbr example,
?
to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, tsdoing our own thing"，has spelt
the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly
educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even
the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the
page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that
could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing
over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture,
the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take
the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges
that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English,
can be powerfully expressive - there exists no language or dialect in the world that
cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do that we can no longer
5
think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love fbr their own language and carry large chunks of
memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech
that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter
acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical
education reforms - he is really grieving over the loss of something beautifiil more
than usefill. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china”. A shame,
perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
英语试题 . 9 . （共 14页）36. According to Me Whorter, the decline of formal English
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms.
[B] is but all too natural in language development.
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.
37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes
[A] modesty.
[B] personality.
[C] liveliness.
[D] informality.
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians9 love ofmemorizing poetry shows the author's
[A] interest in their language.
[B] appreciation of their efforts.
[C] admiration fbr their memory.
[D] contempt fbr their old-fashionedness.
40. According to the last paragraph, 66paper plates99 is to “china” as
[A] ^temporaiy59 is to “permanent”.
[B] ''radical55 is to “conservative”.
[C] 6CfunctionaF, is to “artistic”.
[D] "humble55 is to “noble”.
英语试题 . 1 0 . （共 14页）PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.
There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers
on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any
breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might
spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.
They5re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing
component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
(41)____________________
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health
care - to say nothing of reports from other experts - recommended the creation of a
national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,
bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources,
work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
(42)____________________
But “national” doesn't have to mean that. "National” could mean
interprovincial - provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a “national“ organization would be to negotiate better
prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province - or a
series of hospitals within a province - negotiate a price fbr a given drug on the
provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the
national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics
suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better
price.
(43)____________________
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation
of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office fbr Health Technology Assessment, funded by
Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to
provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably,
Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They
(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions
with few, if any, strings attached. Thafs one reason why the idea of a national list
hasn't gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.
英语试题 . 1 1 . (共14页)(44)____________________
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow5s report selectively, especially the parts
about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs：
“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on
pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of
drugs.”
(45)____________________
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint
list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would
help their budgets and patients.
[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first
advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug
Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per
cent to 26.8 per cent!
[B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby5s report: "The substantial buying power of
such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to
negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”
[C] What does “national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby
recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National
Health Council.
[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will
continue to increase faster than government revenues.
[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug
costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part
of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.
Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher
prices.
[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can
run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save
administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against
another, and bargain for better drug prices.
[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;
they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from
one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on
its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a
national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.
英语试题 . 1 2 . （共 14页）Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly
significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's
impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46) Television is one
of the means by which these fbelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never
before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent
events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its
peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to
analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media
groups have been increasingly successfill： groups which bring together television,
radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one
another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell
and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be
able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone
demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fkct
underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks、no
less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television
companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.
(49) Creating a "European identity“ that respects the different cultures and
traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy
task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for
Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose
programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions,
the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the
agreements between European countries fbr the creation of a European bank for
Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will
handle the finances necessary fbr production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge
on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, "United we stand, divided we
也H” - and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity." A unity of
objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
英语试题 . 1 3 . (共14页)Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions.
But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a
letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and
making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER
SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming,5 instead.
You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your
comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
二儿子
养老“足球赛”
英语试题 . 1 4 . （共 14页）温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
“左页原文，右页选项”绝密★启用前
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2 . 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population.
1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can't
possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal
government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund
more low-cost housing.
5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates
6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do
agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 , One of the
federal govemmenfs studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach
nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly
difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give
them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the
bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults
are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have
serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply
lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe
reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there
are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless.
18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in
Massachusetts, 19 it, "There has to be 20 of programs. What's needed is a
package deal.”
英语试题 . 1 . （共 14页）1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
2. [A] stand [B]cope [C] approve [D] retain
3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward
4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep
5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not
6. [A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ
7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that
8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending
9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers
10. [A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss
11. [A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only
12. [A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house
13. [A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering
14. [A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas
15. [A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance
16. [A] around [B] over [C] on [D]up
17. [A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating
18. [A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus
19. [A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes
20. [A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordination
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 2 （共 14页）Text 1
In spite of “endless talk of difference,“ American society is an amazing machine
fbr homogenizing people. There is ccthe democratizing uniformity of dress and
discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference,, characteristic of popular
culture. People are absorbed into "a culture of consumption^^ launched by the
19th-century department stores that offered ccvast arrays of goods in an elegant
atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite95 these were
stores "anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping
into a public and democratic act.55 The mass media, advertising and sports are other
forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be
altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration
Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today5s immigration is neither at
unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8
percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1
immigrants arrived fbr every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 fbr
every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation - language, home ownership
and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen
most common countries of origin spoke English 'well' or 6very well5 after ten years of
residence.^^ The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.
“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant
femilies." Hence the description of America as a “graveyard" for languages. By 1996
foreign-bom immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of
75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-bom Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do
U.S.-born whites and blacks." By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women
are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married
to non-Asians.
Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of
superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear
that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the
nation's assimilative power/9
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is
big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against
America's turbulent past, today 9s social indices hardly suggest a dark and
deteriorating social environment.
英语试题 . 3 . （共 14页）21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying.
[B] associating.
[C] assimilating.
[D] monopolizing.
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture.
[B] became intimate shops for common consumers.
[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
[A] are resistant to homogenization.
[B] exert a great influence on American culture.
[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture.
[D] constitute the majority of the population.
24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
[A] To prove their popularity around the world.
[B] To reveal the public's fear of immigrants.
[C] To give examples of successfill immigrants.
[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25. In the author's opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
[A] rewarding.
[B] successful.
[C] fruitless.
[D] harmful.
英语试题 . 4 . （共 14页）Text 2
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry - William
Shakespeare - but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.
There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) which presents superb productions
?
of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the
townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look
at Anne Hathaway's Cottage, Shakespeare5s birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their
revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC's actors, them with their long hair and beards
and sandals and noisiness. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that
Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his
share of noise-making.
The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by
bus - and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side - don't
usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in
Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their
playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town's
revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash
into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of
town by nightfall.
The townsfolk don't see it this way and the local council does not contribute
directly to the subsicfy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally.
Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge.
Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with
Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so
forth, and will be very expensive.
Anyway, the townsfolk can't understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company
needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row.
Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they511
do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have
stayed low.
It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the
young people who are Stratfdrd5s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the
plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all
over) - lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns
and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20
seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the
box office opens at 10:30 a.m.
英语试题 5 （共 14页）26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that
[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC5s contribution to the town's revenue.
[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.
[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.
[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism,
27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately.
[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers.
[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers.
[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater.
28. By saying ''Stratford cries poor traditionally^^ (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author
implies that
[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects.
[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties.
[C] the town is not really short of money.
[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.
29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because
[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending.
[B] the company is financially ill-managed.
[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.
[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise.
30. From the text we can conclude that the author
[A] is supportive of both sides.
[B] favors the townsfolk5s view.
[C] takes a detached attitude.
[D] is sympathetic to the RSC.
英语试题 . 6 . （共 14页）Text 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange
happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species
survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted
to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers
such as Ransom Myers and Boris Womi have shown is just how fast things are
changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world.
Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living
biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in
that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the
biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is
reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some
long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this
is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using
sateHites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher
proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present
and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the
early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals
would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been
available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks
after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer
sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which
future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an
idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline”. The notion is
that people have foiled to detect the massive changes which have happened in the
ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be
cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of
its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do
business.
英语试题 . 7 . （共 14页）31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared.
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today.
[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones.
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%.
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount.
[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old.
33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, Paragraph 3), Dr. Worm
means that
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly.
[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded.
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.
[D] the data collected so far are out of date.
34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that
[A] people should look fbr a baseline that can work for a longer time.
[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass.
[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level.
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation.
35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries'
[A] management efficiency.
[B] biomass level.
[C] catch-size limits.
[D] technological application.
英语试题 . 8 . （共 14页）Text 4
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this:
artists5 only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that
feel bad.
This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are
those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward,
more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as
we went from Wordsworths daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modem
times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual
war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the
opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modem form of expression almost completely
dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost
exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in
which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked
until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass
communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which
reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be
meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious
but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers,
all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy
families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda - to lure us to
open our wallets - they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!”
commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could
increase the risk of heart attacks.
But what we forget - what our economy depends on us forgetting - is that
happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy
carry the greatest potential fbr loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by
promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori:
remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in
denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove
cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
英语试题 . 9 . （共 14页）36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends
to show that
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings.
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness.
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest.
37. The word "bummer” (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something
[A] religious.
[B] unpleasant.
[C] entertaining.
[D] commercial.
38. In the author's opinion, advertising
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art.
[B] is a cause of disappointment fbr the general public.
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information.
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness.
[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing.
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied.
[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms.
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modem society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.
英语试题 . 1 0 . （共 14页）PartB
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps.
There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David
Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played).
During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning
$35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino
sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.
He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The
casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card,“ which when used in the
casino earns points fbr meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's
gambling activities. For Williams, those activities became what he calls ''electronic
heroin.55
( 4 1 ) In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot
machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot
machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m. then went back aboard
5
when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should
have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a
problem.
In March 1998，a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a
treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's
gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned
gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the
umedical/psychological55 nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that
before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological
information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his
safety or well-being.
(42)_______________________________
The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs wammg:ctEnjoy the
fun...and always bet with your head, not over it“ Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free
number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless,
Williams ?s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was ''helplessly addicted to
gambling/5 intentionally worked to "lure" him to “engage in conduct against his
will.55 Well.
英语试题 . 1 1 . （共 14页）(43)_______________________________
The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
says “pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit
less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.
( 4 4 ) Pushed by science, or what claims to
be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or
moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.
(45)_______________________________
Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to
varying degrees dependent on - you might say addicted to - revenues from
wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition
fbr gamblers9 dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported
that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion
being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the
Web's most profitable business.
[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino5s marketing department
continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used
his Fun Card without being detected.
[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior.
And in what sense was his will operative?
[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even,
he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.
[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but fbr a long
time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social
policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America
is the government.
[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don5t bet on it.
[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,
often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained
as weakness of will.
[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially
conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move
against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds fbr doing so?
英语试题 . 1 2 . （共 14页）PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese, Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10
points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account
in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of
the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But
they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the
intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I
shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in
lifb the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems. He
explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual
questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems
appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.
(47) His fimctioii is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of
revealing in as obvious a maimer as possible the course of reasoning which led him to
his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as
intellectuals - the average scientist, fbr one. (48) I have excluded him because, while
his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not
been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those
problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday
performance of his routine duties - he is not supposed to cook his experiments,
manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think
about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is
expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in
business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the
businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that
teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their
living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of
them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve
moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being
learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing ； living in “public and
illustrious thoughts/9 as Emerson would say, is something else.
英语试题 . 1 3 . (共14页)Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Ybu want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a
remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a
candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will
carry out your plan.
Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming“ instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the photos briefly,
2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3) give your point of view.
You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
把崇拜写在脸上 花300元 做 “小贝头”
注：Beckham （贝克汉姆）----英国足球明星。
英语试题 . 1 4 . （共 14页）温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
“左页原文，右页选项”绝密★启用前
2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2 . 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2007年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) fbr each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent
nations. The roughly 20 million ] of these nations looked 2 to the future. Bom
in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism, many of the leaders of
independence 3 the ideals of representative government, careers 4 to talent,
freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the
individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should
be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and
integrated by a 7 set of laws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 , there was
less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion
and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain
Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the
14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 fbr the
conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing
equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return
to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished
everywhere except Spaing 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and
taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still
needed the revenue such policies 19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered
by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.
2007年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confiisedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefiilly
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to
[C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
2007年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World
Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are
more likely to have been bom in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If
you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and
professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses:
a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-bom babies tend to
have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are
more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;
d)none of the above.
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University,
says he believes strongly in " none of the above.55 Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and
studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct
his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago,
involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.
“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7
to 20,“ Ericsson recalls. 66He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he
had risen to over 80 numbers.55
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not
genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a
cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two
people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how
well each person "encodes“ the information. And the best way to learn how to encode
information meaningfiilly, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate
practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves
setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on
technique as on outcome.
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a
wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just
performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own
laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling
assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way,
expert performers一whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming一
are nearly always made, not bom.
2007年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training.
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] fim.
[B] craze.
[C] hysteria.
[D] excitement.
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
[C] is determmed by genetic rather than psychological factors.
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
[A] "Faith will move mountains.
[B] " One reaps what one sows.,,
[C] "Practice makes perfect.
[D] "Like father, like son.55
2007年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a
column called "Ask Marilyn." People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at
age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ
of 228一the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual
analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical
sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confiising when vos Savant fields
such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, Whafs the difference between
love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It5s not obvious how
the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer
questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it
mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we
learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even
though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two
forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both
come in adult and children, s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they
are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores
and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant5 s are no longer possible,
because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,
rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by
100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the
Graduate Record Exam (GRE) capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
,
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to
succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent
Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and
verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also
critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict
so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted
leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under
high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership一that is, it predicted
the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also
matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
2007年英语(一)试题第5 页共14页26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and fbmiats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant5s because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability.
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional tests are out of date.
30. What is the author, s attitude towards IQ tests?
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
2007年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count
on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by
economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing
spouse can reduce a femily from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic
family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the
social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk
has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new
two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of
financial setback- a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if
the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This cc added-worker effect“ could support the
safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families
weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up
with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their
retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry
are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market
fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much
of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account
model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments
depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both
the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by femilies have risen- and
newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart
workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk fbr
families5 future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class
family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent 一 and all the attendant need fbr
physical and financial assistance一have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far
less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more
like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already
overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fellout may
not be far behind.
2007年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that
[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
32. As a result of President Bush9 s reform, retired people may have
[A] a higher sense of security.
[B] less secured payments.
[C] less chance to invest.
[D] a guaranteed future.
33. According to the author, health-savings plans will
[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.
[B] popularize among the middle class.
[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.
[D] increase the families5 investment risk.
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert
[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict
[D] The Middle Class in Ruins
2007年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their
worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation
governance, a new problem threatens to earn them一especially in America一the sort of
nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data
insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern
only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information
protection is now high on the boss9 s agenda in businesses of every variety.
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year 一 from
organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science
Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley- have
left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in
search of potential vulnerabilities.
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset J
says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University9 s business school. 66 The ability to guard
customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on
behalf of shareholders.55 Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted
Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York' s Columbia Business School.
“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a
management issue, not a technical one J he says.
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be
obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is
easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore一and that few things are more likely to
destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged一though not justified一by
the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) fbr data leakage. Until California
recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when
data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now
doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some
40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a
hugely important decision a day earlier by America9 s Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide
adequate data security.
2007年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. The statement “It never rains but it pours5, is used to introduce
[A] the fierce business competition.
[B] the feeble boss-board relations.
[C] the threat from news reports.
[D] the severity of data leakage.
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out
[A] whether there is any weak point.
[B] what sort of data has been stolen.
[C] who is responsible for the leakage.
[D] how the potential spies can be located.
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
[A] shareholders, interests should be properly attended to.
[B] information protection should be given due attention.
[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.
[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
[A] see the link between trust and data protection.
[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.
[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.
[B] FTC'S decision is essential to data security.
[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.
[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.
2007年英语（一）试题第io 页 共 14页PartB
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to
do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best
fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs
of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A. Set a Good Example for Your Kids
B. Build Your Kids9 Work Skills
C. Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities
D. Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis
E. Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies
F. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are
G. Build Your Kids' Sense of Responsibility
How Can a Parent Help?
Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their
kids. Even if ajob5s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adulfs need for
rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up
adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not?
Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call“ work-life unreadiness95:
41
You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging
strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like
difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests
they keep coming back to as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.
?
42 ___________________
Kids need a range of authentic role models 一 as opposed to members of their
clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about
people the femily knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and
downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their
2007年英语（一）试题第11页 共 14页own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying
“I have no idea." They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a fbggy view
of the future is of little good.
43
Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be
responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and
make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.
Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective
organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.
44
Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV
shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way.
At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long
stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.
All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking
skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they
will need for most jobs.
45
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy.
They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm
and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and
help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.
What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and
wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but
now it is more delicate. They have to be carefill not to come across as disappointed in
their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently
interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a
partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that
they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.
2007年英语（一）试题第12页 共 14页PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline
in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of
undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has
been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a
necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older
and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of
Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general
education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a
discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides
opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the
other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the
links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For
example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in
the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening
judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist5s
intellectual preparation fbr his or her career.
(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than
an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special
responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state,
is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state
works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In 也ct, it is difficult to see how journalists
who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do
a competent job on political stories.
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary
subjects fbr journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an
undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
(50) While comment and reaction fix)m lawyers may enhance stories” it is preferable for
journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
2007年英语（一）试题第13页 共 14页Section III Writing
Part A
51 . Directions:
Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its
service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming,, instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52 .Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) support your view with an example/examples.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
2007年英语（一）试题第14页共14页温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
“左页原文，右页选项”绝密★启用前
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2 . 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of
those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is ] to say it
anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any
institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to
have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it
was first suggested.
5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.
Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7
that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process
that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular people originated from
central Europe. The process is natural selection.
This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10
value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the
West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world- renowned scientists, 13 .
They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases,
such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 . have previously been thought unrelated. The
former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education.
The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the
intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history
of these people has 19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in
this 20 state of affairs.
2008年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] selected [B] prepared EC] obliged [D] pleased
2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare
3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against
4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately
5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence
6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk
7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects
8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question
9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating
10. [A] normal [B] common EC] mean [D] total
11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately
[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably
12. [A] missions [B] fortunes EC] interests ED] careers
13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve
14. [A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile
15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down
16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing
17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument
18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined
19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed
20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuous
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
2008年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be
way ahead in at least one undesirable category. 6CWomen are particularly susceptible to
developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,“
according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York5s Veteran5s Administration
Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow
affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger
chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when
stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed,
their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
“opportunities” for stress. fi6Ifs not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It5s just that
they have so much more to cope with/5 says Dr. Yehuda.66 Their capacity for tolerating
stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, t6it5s just that they're dealing with
so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.55
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. CCI think that the kinds of
things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.
Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of
random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed
to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members,
and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer
relationships can be quite devastating.55
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was detennined to finish
college. CCI struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration
that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.95 Later, her
marriage ended and she became a single mother. " It's the hardest thing to take care of a
teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived fix)m
paycheck to paycheck.”
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.
But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling
the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse
stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.
2008年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women
[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
[B] have limited capacity fbr tolerating stress.
[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.
[D] are exposed to more stress.
23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be
[A] domestic and temporary.
[B] irregular and violent.
[C] durable and frequent.
[D] trivial and random.
24. The sentence UI lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para.5) shows that
[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
[B] Alvarez5S salary barely covered her household expenses.
[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
25. Which of the following would be the best title fbr the text?
[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
2008年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the
laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would
then remove the authors5 names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers
for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for
publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers
seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet一and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning
why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by
restricting access to it一is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing
the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria
University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for
publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It
signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research
depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America,
the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion.
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that
there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They
publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly
journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones
were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where
institutional subscribers pay fbr access to a collection of online journal titles through
site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking
the author (or his employer) to pay fbr the paper to be published. Finally, there are
open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international
laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of
these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a
paper fbr the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes
to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least
fbr the publication of papers.
2008年英语(一)试题第5 页共14页26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
[A] the background information of journal editing.
[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.
[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.
[D] the traditional process of journal publication.
27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
[A] It criticizes govemment-fiinded research.
[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.
[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.
28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.
[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
[D] it fecilitates public investment in scientific research.
29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
[A] cover the cost of its publication.
[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.
[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.
[D] complete the peer-review before submission.
30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?
[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.
EC] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.
2008年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the
National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last
season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional
sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than
willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans
have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140
years ago, today's people一especially those bom to families who have lived in the U.S.
for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't
likely to get any taller.66 In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental
level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go/9 says anthropologist William
Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase
in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players
from all over the world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and
nutrients一notably, protein一to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century,
under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health
improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an
inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet
according to the Centers fbr Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5'9" for
men, 5'4" for women—hasn5t really changed since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During
childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover,
even though humans have been upright fbr millions of years, our feet and back continue
to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed
by oversize limbs.uThere are some real constraints that are set by the genetic
architecture of the individual organism,“ says anthropologist William Leonard of
Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C.
Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures
that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.
She says that, unlike those fbr basketball, the length of military uniforms has not
changed fbr some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to
design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large,cc you could use today's data
and feel fairly confident.55
2008年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to
[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.
[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..
[C] compare different generations of NBA players.
[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.
32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
[A] Genetic modification.
[B] Natural environment.
[C] Living standards.
[D] Daily exercise.
33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.
34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near fiiture
[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.
[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.
[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.
[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.
35. The text intends to tell us that
[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.
[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.
[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.
[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.
2008年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George
Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into
his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people
remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to fbcus
on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been
spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved
Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only
over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of
several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and
the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of
the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong- and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture
of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste fbr slavery,
they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country
they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was
“like having a large bank account,55 says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George
Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not
have signed the Constitution without protections fbr the ''peculiar institution/9 including
a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man fbr purposes of congressional
representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula
handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the
votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended
slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states,
including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings5 s children 一 though not Hemings herself or his
approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men
were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the
Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves
their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required
legislative approval in Virginia.
2008年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. George Washington5s dental surgery is mentioned to
[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.
[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.
[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.
[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.
37. We may infer from the second paragraph that
[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.
[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.
[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life.
[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.
38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?
[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.
[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.
39. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.
40. Washington5s decision to free slaves originated from his
[A] moral considerations.
[B] military experience.
EC] financial conditions.
[D] political stand.
2008年英语（一）试题第10页 共 14页PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose
the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are
two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything
else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop
avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,
but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,
work it into the draft. ( 4 2 ) Grammar, punctuation,
and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good
writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous
search fbr errors.
( 4 3 ) Your pages will be easier to keep track
of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose
any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to
make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few
simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and
certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44)
These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to
your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper
convincing. The student who wrote uThe A&P as a State of Mind55 wisely dropped a
paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward
women. (45)_______________________________
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper
many times- and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may
even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within
each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one
paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy
2008年英语(一)试题第11页 共 14页phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded
into shape.
[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that
you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of
the paper.
[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay
particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. Ifs probably
best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are
introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave
the reader with a final impression.
[C] Ifs worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer
may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have
gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages
each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power
failures or other problems.
[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have
developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin
to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which
explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of
including that paragraph, she added one that described LengeFs crabbed response
to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P "policy" he enforces.
[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A&P J the student
brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to
accept LengeFs store policies.
[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you
will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of
good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they
write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.
2008年英语（一）试题第12页 共 14页PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with
extraordinaiy modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in
expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty
may have had the compensating advantage of fbreing him to think long and intently
about every sentence. and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own
observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or
wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to Show a long
and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he fblt certain
that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as
extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more
than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not
accept as well fbunded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good
observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the
660rigin of Species95 is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has
convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing
some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention,
and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must
have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree79 (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he
was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape
attention- and in observing them carefully.”
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three
respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age
of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too,
pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he
said: "Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost
lost my taste fbr pictures or music75 (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these
tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect,
and more probably to the moral character.
2008年英语（一）试题第13页 共 14页Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that
you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming,? instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3 ) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
你一条腿，我一条腿;
你我一起，走南闯北。
2008年英语（一）试题第14页共14页温馨提示
本页为插入页，保证排版
“左页原文，右页选项”绝密★启用前
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英 语 （一 ）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项众
1 . 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。
2 . 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3 . 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4 . 填 （书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5 . 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) fbr each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans
are. ] the firuit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times,
Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter
lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs bum longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being
too bright.
Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, bums more
fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning - a(n) 7
process - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to leam, and one of the
things they've apparently learned is when to 8
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this
new research. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in
the dust LQ. -wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might
be. This is 12 the mind of every animal we5ve ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals
would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is
running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran
the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our
memory fbr locations. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really
17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a(n)
19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the
results are inconclusive.
2009年英语（一）试题第1页共14页1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine
2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened
3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer
4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority
5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward
6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along
7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual
8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think
9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different
10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward
11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs
12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across
13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply
14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance
15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest
16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach
17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with
18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise
19. [A] fimdamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile
20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B
?
C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
2009年英语（一）试题第2 页共14页Text 1
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on
auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice,
but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In
the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit“ carries a negative implication.
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and
innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop
new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our
trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead
direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. In fact, the more new
things we try 一 the more we step outside our comfort zone 一 the more inherently
creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives.
But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn
into the brain, they5re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately press into
ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder J says Dawna
Markova, author of The Open Mind.cc But we are taught instead to 'decide9 just as
5
our president calls himself' the Decider \ 55 She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill
off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many
other possibilities.”
All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says.
Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are bom with the capacity to
approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or
collaboratively) and innovatively. At the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts
down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed
most valuable during the first decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,
meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of
thought. " This breaks the major rule in the American belief system一that anyone can do
anything/9 explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book This Year I Will... and Ms.
Markova5s business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters
commonness. Knowing what you5re good at and doing even more of it creates
excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.
2009年英语（一）试题第3 页共14页21. In Wordsworth^ view, “habits" is characterized by being
[A] casual.
[B] familiar.
[C] mechanical.
[D] changeable.
22. Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be
[A] predicted.
[B] regulated.
[C] traced.
[D] guided.
23. The word "ruts ” (Linel, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to
[A] tracks.
[B] series.
[C] characteristics.
[D] connections.
24. Dawna Markova would most probably agree that
[A] ideas are bom of a relaxing mind.
[B] innovativeness could be taught.
[C] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.
[D] curiosity activates creative minds.
25. Ryan's comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing
[A] prevents new habits from being formed.
[B] no longer emphasizes commonness.
EC] maintains the inherent American thinking mode.
[D] complies with the American belief system.
2009年英语（一）试题第4 页共14页Text 2
It is a wise fether that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal
(fatherly) wisdom一or at least confirm that he's the kid5s dad. All he needs to do is shell
out $30 for a paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore一and another $120 to get
the results.
More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became
available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer
of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies
sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to
more than $ 2, 500.
Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can
use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up fbr
adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists 一 and
supports businesses that offer to search fbr a family^ geographic roots.
Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it
to the company fbr testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to
compare DNA.
But some observers are skeptical.cc There5 s a kind of false precision being hawked
by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing/9 says Troy Duster, a New York
University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors一numbering in
the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single
lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father5 s line or
mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal
genetic infbnnation about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just
three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations
back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference
collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't
rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different
research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some
regions and not others, so a person's test results may differ depending on the company
that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate
relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
2009年英语（一）试题第5 页共14页26. In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's
[A] easy availability.
[B] flexibility in pricing.
[C] successful promotion.
[D] popularity with households.
27. PTK is used to
[A] locate one飞 birth place.
[B] promote genetic research.
[C] identify parent-child kinship.
[D] choose children for adoption.
28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to
[A] trace distant ancestors.
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines.
[C] folly use genetic information.
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy.
29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is
[A] disorganized data collection.
[B] overlapping database building.
[C] excessive sample comparison.
[D] lack of patent evaluation.
30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be
[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.
[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems.
EC] DNA Testing Outside the Lab.
[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing.
2009年英语（一）试题第6 页共14页Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries
is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is
undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and
all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the
very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is
wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and
putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require
two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown
that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher
productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
Ironically, the first evidence fbr this idea appeared in the United States. Not long
ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, the U.S.
workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the
poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in
automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of
Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their
Japanese counterparts一a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.
More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered
that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently
met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building
industry's work.
What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We
have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education
even when governments don't force it. After all, thafs how education got started. When
our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10, 000 years ago, they didn't have time to
wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its
food in a more productive way was there time fbr other things.
As education improved, humanity's productivity potential increased as well. When
the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could
in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a
necessary, but not a sufficient, condition fbr the complex political systems required by
advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their
poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal
education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the
developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable
fiiture. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education
isn't developing more quickly there than it is.
2009年英语（一）试题第7 页共14页31. The author holds in Paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries
[A] is subject to groundless doubts.
[B] has fallen victim of bias.
[C] is conventionally downgraded.
[D] has been overestimated.
32. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that the construction of a new educational system
[A] challenges economists and politicians.
[B] takes efforts of generations.
[C] demands priority from the government.
[D] requires sufficient labor force.
33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that
[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.
[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive.
[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education.
[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized.
34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged
[A] when people had enough time.
[B] prior to better ways of finding food.
[C] when people no longer went hungry.
[D] as a result of pressure on government.
35. According to the last paragraph, development of education
[A] results directly from competitive environments.
[B] does not depend on economic performance.
EC] follows improved productivity.
[D] caimot afford political changes.
2009年英语（一）试题第8 页共14页Text 4
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the
ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the
standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so
much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.According to many books and
articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an
unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the
Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church一important
subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern
intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture,
adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of
important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and
influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to
Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John
Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed
to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and
Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.
While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary
compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fiilly
intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality. A tailor
named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for
leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and
religious hope一all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told
his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words:
“Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you
shall be my people?9 One wonders what Dane thought of the carefill sermons explaining
the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.
Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one
clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not
come to the New World for religion. scOur main end was to catch fish.”
2009年英语（一）试题第9 页共14页36. The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England
[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.
[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.
[C] politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
37. It is suggested in Paragraph 2 that New Englanders
[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World.
[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life.
[D] were obsessed with religious innovations.
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay
[A] were famous in the New World for their writings.
[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs.
[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World.
[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often
[A] influenced by superstitions.
[B] troubled with religious beliefs.
[C] puzzled by church sermons.
[D] frustrated with family earnings.
40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England
[A] were mostly engaged in political activities.
[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect.
EC] came from different intellectual backgrounds.
[D] left few formal records fbr later reference.
2009年英语（一）试题第io 页 共 14页PartB
Directions:
In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose
the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are
two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by
British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert
Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued
that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing
toward perfection. (41)______________________________
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of
cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modem anthropology- the
scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs - thus becoming one of the
earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture
changed together in the evolution of societies. (42)
In the early 1900s in North America, Gemian-bom American anthropologist Franz
Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical
particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to
anthropology. (43)_______________________________
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a
unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary
stage or type of culture. (44)_______________________________
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in
American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a
number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of
culture in favor of diffiisionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural
achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to
diffiisionists, then spread to other cultures. (45)
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of
culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious
beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between
2009年英语(一)试题第11页 共 14页the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially
British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had
a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as
difliisionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled
in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of
human biology and anatomy.
[ C ] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the
''survival of the fittest/9 in which weaker races and societies must eventually be
replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social
structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance
into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms
of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government,
technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that
work together to keep a society fiinctioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry
incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming,
pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused
throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred
separately at different times in many parts of the world.
2009年英语（一）试题第12页 共 14页PartC
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from
living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the
education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the
association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is
itseffect in enlarging and improving experience, but thiseffect isnot apart of itsoriginal
motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of
overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify
appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of
enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution
noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the
conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of
industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human
association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as
comparedwithphysicaloutput.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human
fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the
effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The
need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude
and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since
our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help
considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If
humanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitution
is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned
largelythrough dealingswiththeyoung.
(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we
have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or
schooling. In undevelopedsocial groups, we find very littleformal teachingand training.
Thesegroups mainly relyfor instilling neededdispositions into theyoung upon the same
sortofassociationwhichkeepsadultsloyaltotheirgroup.
2009年考研英语（一）试题第13页共14页Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.
64 White Pollutionis still going on.
Write a letter to Hie editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly, and
2) make two or three suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming“ instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
PartB
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,
you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
网络的“近”与"远
2009年英语（一）试题第14页共14页
