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绝密★启用前
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）试题
（科目代码：202）
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
DireCiun：气:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,
B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Ifs not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to understand their
negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2
one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers. Watch
people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Neve 匸 Do people get
on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid?
Possibly, but very few. And people who run fbr the bus? They are 5 . How about
jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists ・
Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and
infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were
8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But
they 9 hit cyclists . If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more
inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety, you would get
more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the
expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.
Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?
Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to
take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple
criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others. Everything can be done
faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting targets can and does have
unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument fbr exploring
consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors
such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just
one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people
better 20 the objective.
英语（二）试题.1 （共14页）1. [A] therefore [B] however [C] again [D ] moreover
2. [A] Emphasize [B] Identify [C] Assess [D ] Explain
3. [A] nearly [B ] curiously [C ] eagerly [D ] quickly
4. [A] claim [B] prove [C] check [D] recall
5. [A] threatened [B] ignored [C] mocked [D ] blamed
6. [A] punctuality [B] hospitality [C ] competition [D ] innovation
7. [A] Yet [B] So [C] Besides [D] Still
8. [ A] hired [B] trained [C] rewarded [D ] grouped
9. [A] only [B] rather [C ] once [D ] also
10. [A] comfort [B] revenue [C] efficiency [D] security
11. [ A ] friendly [B] quiet [C] cautious [D] diligent
12. [A] purpose [B] problem [C ] prejudice [D ] policy
13. [A] reported [B] revealed [C] admitted [D ] noticed
14. [A] break [B] trip [C] departure [D ] transfer
15. [A] moral [B ] background [C ] style [D] form
16. [A] interpret [B] criticize [C] sacrifice [D] tolerate
17. [A] task [B] secret [C] product [D ] cost
18. [A] leading to [B] calling for [C ] relating to [D ] accounting for
19. [A] specify [B] predict [C] restore [D] create
20. [A] modify [B] review [C] present [D ] achieve
Section H Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,
C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题.2.（共14页）Text 1
“ Reskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a
requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left
behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change
rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by the World
Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skills” within job roles
will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.
The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual
companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in
demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen.
AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive
reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy. Other companies
including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the
skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the fbcus usually turns to government
to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have
given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at
times and in regions where unemployment is high.
With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per
cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States
were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those
rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker
shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious
example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and
other medical personnel.
Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a
doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap,
maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That
seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin
staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled
the laid-ofT workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and
involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.
英语（二）试题.3 .（共14页）21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests_____,
[A] an inorsrea in fgll-tims amploymant
[B ] an grgant damand for naw job skills
[C] a staady growth of job opportunitias
[D] a oontrovarsy about tha "core skills"
22. AT&T is citad to show____ .
[A] an altarnativa to tha fIrs-and-hirs stratagy
[B ] an immadiata naad for govarnmant support
[C] tha importanca of staff appraisal standards
[D] tha characteristics of raskilling programs
23. Efforts to rasolva tha skills mismatch in Canada_____
[A ] hava drivan up labour hoste
[B ] hava provad to ba inconsistant
[C ] hava mat with fiarce opposition
[D ] hava appaarad to ba insufficiant
24. Wa can laarn fhom Paragraph 3 that thara was______.
[A] a call for policy adjustment
[B] a changa in hiring practicas
[C] a lack of madical workars
[D ] a sign of aconomic racovary
25. SchrOinariar bacidad to______.
[A] craata job vacancias for tha unamployad
[B] prapara thair lria・off workars for othar jobs
[C] ratrain their cabin stafif for battar sarvices
[D ] finance their stafFs collage education
英语（二）试题.4 .（共14页）Text 2
With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and
forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep
pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big
talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.
Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK
importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the fbod it eats, down
from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-sufficiency, the
argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political sovereignty and even the
nation's health. Sounds great一but how feasible is this vision?
According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds, UK,
85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.
That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the whole country in
livestock forms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.
There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become much
more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal
fbods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields and more
factory-style production.
But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good reason
why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't have the right
soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis. Just 25 per cent of the country's
land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields.
Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg—which would
involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their
homes—we would achieve only a 30 per cent boost in crop production.
Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently
home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent
of our fesh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,
sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.
英语（二）试题.5 .（共14页）26. Some people argue that ffod self~sufficiency in the UK would
[A ] bo hicdorod by its pppulatipc growth
[B ] ypctributo to tho cation's woll-boicg
[C ] bocomo a priority of tho govorcmoct
[D ] poso a yhallocgo to its ftrmicg icdustry
27. Thh sepeot by thh University pfLeods shows thht in the UK _
[A ] farmlacd has booc icofficioctly utilizod
[B ] faytorysstylo production coods roformicg
[C ] most lacd is usod for moat acd dairy productioc
[D ] moro greoc fiolds will bo cocvortod for fhrmicg
28. Ccoppgrowiric iti thh UK is seetricytp due to .
[A] its farmicg tochcology
[B ] its diotary traditioc
[C] its catural cocditiocs
[D ] its commorcial intorosts
29. It c cn be teamed troom thh last patagrapp thht British people _
[A ] roly lntgely oc imports for f^osh produco
[B] ocjoy a tteady riso in fruit cocsumptioc
[C ] nre tookicg off^ctivo ways to cut intnko
[D ] nre tryicg to grow cow varietios of grains
30. The cnthhPs cn：ituUe to tfod shlffShfficiepcy i n thh UK i s___
[A] dofensive
[B ] doubtful
[C ] toloract
[D] optimistic
英语（二）试题.6 .（共14页）Text 3
When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar
Sunrise in 2015, it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in
Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market for “ productivity ”
software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed fom the
ground up fbr the smartphone world.
Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it had used their best
features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on, making them two of
the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger
for tech talent.
To Microsoffs critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a
remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their
path. “They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul Arnold, a
partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to businesses that might
one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to comment.
Like other start-up investors, Mr. Arnold's own business often depends on selling
start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:
"I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for
the American economy? I don't know.”
The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that
question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information
about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although only a research
project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-
stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.
Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling through such
small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might
seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech companies have spent an
average of only $3.4 billion a year on sub- $ 1 billion acquisitions over the past five
years—a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more
than $ 130 billion of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.
However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening
potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum, in some
cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them down.
英语（二）试题.7 .（共14页）31. What is true about Wundarlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?
[A] Their engineers ware ratrinad.
[B ] Their market values declined.
[C] Their tech faaturas improved.
[D ] Their products were ra-pricad.
32. Microsofifs critics believe that the big tach companies tend to______
[A ] exaggerate thair product quality
[B ] eliminate thair potential competitors
[C ] treat naw tech talent unfairly
[D ] ignore public opinions
33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might_____ .
[A] weaken big tach companies
[B ] worsen market competition
[C ] harm the national economy
[D ] discourage start-up investors
34. The US Oadaral Trade Commission intends to .
[A] limit Big Tach's expansion
[B ] ancog^aga research collaboration
[C ] examine small acquisitions
[D] egparvisa start-ups' operation
35. For the five biggest tach companies, their small acquisitions have__
[A ] brought little 五口玄口厲刃 pressure
[B ] raised few managamant hhallangas
[C] sat an example for future deals
[D] generated honsidarabla profits
英语（二）试题.8 .（共14页）Text 4
Wo'ro fairly good at judgicg pooplo based oc first improssipns, thic slicos of
oxpotiecco racgicg from a glimpso of a photo to fivosmicuto 旳^^曲口，acd doliboratioc
cac bo cot ocly oxtracoous but intrusivo. Ic oco study of tho ability sho callod “ thic
slicicg," tho lato psychologist Nalici Ambady askod participacts to watch siloct 10-secpnd
vidoo clips of professprs acd to rato tho pvotall offpctivonoss. Thoir raticgs
corrolatod strocgly with studocts, ecdsofssemetter raticgs. Acother sot of participacts
had to couct backward from 4,000 by cicos as thoy watchod tho clips, pcyupying thoir
cpnscipus workicg momory. Thoir ratings woro just as accurnto, dompcstrating tho
intuitivo caturo of tho social procossicg.
Critically, anothor group was askod to spocd a micuto writicg dowc toasdns fpr thoir
judgmoct, boforo givicg tho tating. Accuracy droppod dramatically. Ambady sutpoctod
that doliberation fpcusod thom oc vivid but misloadicg cuos, such as yottain gesturos or
uttornncos, rnther thac lotticg tho complox ictotplny of tubtle sigcals fprm a holistic
improssion. Sho foucd similar ictotferecce whoc pntticipacts watchod 45-sococd clips of
paitt of pepplo acd judgod waothot thoy woro stracgots, friocds, or daticg partuors.
Othor rosenrch showt wo'ro bottor at dotocticg docoptioc 仞om thic tlices whoc wo
roly oc ictuitioc instoad of rofloctipc. "It's as if youlo drivicg a stick shift," says Judith
Hall, a psychologist at Northoastorc Ucivorsity, " acd if you start thickicg nbput it too
much, you cscI romombor what you'ro doicg. But if you go oc automatic pilot, you'ro
fine. Much of our social lifO is liko that."
Thickicg too much cac sIso harm our ability to fiorm profptoncos. Collogo studocts,
raticgs of sttawbotry jams acd collogo ypursot aligcod bettor with experts' opinipns
whoc tho studocts woron,t askod to ncnlyzo thoir rntipnnlo. Acd pooplo mado car sbuyicg
docisipns that woro both objoctively bottor acd moro porsocally satisfyicg whec askod to
fpcus oc thoir feolicgs rather thac oc details, but ocly if the docisioc was complex—
whoc they had a lot of icformatioc to process.
Ictuitioc's spocinl powers are uclonthod ocly Ic cottaic circumstaccos. Ic oco study,
pnrticipacts completed a battery of eight tasks, iccludicg four that tapped reflective
thickicg (ditcornicg rules, cpmprphocdicg vocabulary) acd fpur that tapped acd
creativity (gocorating cow products or figures of speech). Thoc thoy rated the degree to
which they had used ictuitioc ("gut fiopiilnsh' ahuIiches," "my heart"). Use of their
gut hurt their porformacco oc the first four tasks, ns expected, acd helped them oc the
rest. Somotimot tho heart is tmattot thsc tho head.
英语（二）试题.9 .（共14页）36. Nalini Ambady's study deals with_____ .
[A] the power of people's memory
[B ] the reliability of first impressions
[C ] instructor-student interaction
[D ] people's ability to influence others
37. In Ambady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants
[A ] focused on specific details
[B ] gave the rating in limited time
[C ] watched shorter video clips
[D ] discussed with one another
38. Judith Hall meetioos ddiving to show that______.
[A ] reflection can be distracting
[B ] memory may be selective
[C ] social skills must be cultivated
[D ] deception is difficult to detect
39. \Weri you are making complex decisions, it ts addissbll to
[A ] collect enough
[B ] list your prefXrenoes
[C ] seek expert rdvicx
[D ] follow your feelings
40. AWat cc^n ww ieem Sfom the iast parekgepp?
[A] Generatigg new products takes time.
[B] Intuition may affect exflxctive tasks.
[C ] Vocabulary comprehension needs cexahivity.
[D] Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.
英语（二）试题.1 （共14页）Part B
DiTeZiom：
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph （41 一45）・ There are two
extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER
SHEET. （40 points）
[A] Stay cal m.
[B ] Stay humble.
[C] Decide whether to wait.
[D] Be realistic about the risks.
[E] Don't make judgements.
[F ] Identify a shared goal.
[G] Ask permission to disagree.
How to disagree with someone more 卩 owerful than you
Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior colleague
outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you say when you
disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you decide whether
it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here's how to
disagree with someone more powerful than you.
44._____________________________
You may decide it's best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you haven't
finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense of what the
group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree, too, you might want to
gather your army first. People can contribute experience or information to your
thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's
also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are in a meeting or other public space.
Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.
42._____________________________
Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares
about—it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time. You're
more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher purpose. When
you do speak up, don't assume the link will be clear. You'll want to state it overtly,
contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable subordinate but
英语（二）试题.4.（共44页）as a colleague who's trying to advance a common objective. The discussion will then
become more like a chess game than a boxing match ・
43. _____________________________
This step may sound overly deferential, but ifs a smart way to give the powerful
person psychological safety and control. You can say something like, "I know we seem
to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have reasons to think that won't
work. Fd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?" This gives the person a
choice, allowing him to verbally opt in. And, assuming he says yes, it will make you
feel more confident about voicing your disagreement
44. _____________________________
You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever you can
to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body language
communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends a mixed message,
and your counterpart gets to choose what signals to read. Deep breaths can help, as can
speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky, we tend to talk louder
and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps the other person
cool down and does the same for you. It also makes you seem confident, even if
you aren't.
45. _____________________________
Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may be a
well-informed, well-researched opinion, but ifs still an opinion, so talk tentatively and
slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying: “ If we set an end-of-quarter
deadline, we will never make it," say, “ This is just my opinion, but I don't see how we
will make that deadline.” Having asserted your opinion (as a position, not as a fhct),
demonstrate equal curiosity about other views. Remind the person that this is your point
of view, and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.
英语（二）试题.12.（共14页）Section HI Translation
46. Directions：
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of
connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have also
recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and
feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuiert using
public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them. On average,
participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to
stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual
interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want
to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this belief is false. As it turns out, many people
are actually perfectly willing to talk一and may even be flattered to receive your attention.
英语（二）试题.13.（共14页）Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Diirrctioos：
Suppose you are organizing an online mssting. Write an email to Jack, an intsrnrtionrl
student, to
4) invite him to participate, and
2) tell him the details.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
Part B
48. Dirrctioon：
Write an assay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
某市居民锻炼方式调查
英语（二）试题.14.（共14页）英语（二）试题参考答案（2）21年）
Section I Use of English
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B
11. C 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A
16. C 17. D 18. C 19. A 20. D
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. B
Text 2 26. B 27. C 2& C 29. A 30. B
Text 3 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. C 35. A
Text 4 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. D 40. B
Part B
41. C 42. F 4 3. G 44. A 45. B
Section HI Translation
46.我们往往认为，朋友和家人是我们获得情感归属、欢乐和温暖的最主要来
源。虽然这很有可能正确，但是，研究人员最近也发现，与陌生人交流实际上会给
我们带来意想不到的好心情以及归属感。
在一系列的研究中,研究人员让芝加哥地区乘坐公共交通的通勤者与身旁的
人搭讪。平均而言，遵照这一指示的参与者比那些被要求安静地站着或坐着的参
与者感觉更好。研究人员还认为，我们之所以避而不与陌生人闲聊，通常是由于不
必要的忧虑，担心他们可能不想和我们说话。但是，在大多数时候,这种想法是错
误的。正如研究结果所示，许多人其实非常愿意交谈——甚至可能会因为受到你
的关注而格外高兴。
Section IV Writing
（略）
