文档内容
2025年军队文职人员招聘《英语语言文学》
模拟试卷2
即刻题库 www.jike.vip
1 、 单选题
According to its geographical location，which one can be used to represent Australia？
( )
A ： The Land Down Under
B ： Uncle Sam
C ： John Bull
D ： Polar Bear
2 、 单选题
Which one is not in the same category with other three items？( )
3 、 单选题
Alexander Pope was the representative writer of ( ).
A ： Transcendentalism
B ： Romanticism
C ： Modemism
D ： Neo-Classicism
4 、 单选题
What is the ranking of Canada in the world by land area？( )
A ： First
B ： Second
C ： ThirdD ： Fourth
5 、 单选题
Death of a Salesman was written by ( )
A ： rthur Miller
B ： Ernest Hemingway
C ： Ralph Ellison
D ： James Baldwin
6 、 单选题
How many morphemes are there in the word“discharged”？( )
A ： Two
B ： Three
C ： Four
D ： Five
7 、 单选题
The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question，however，( )to
recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for
human cloning.
A ： whether
B ： if
C ： that
D ： how
8 、 单选题
( ) is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A ： Ralph Ellison
B ： Toni Morrison
C ： Richard Wright
D ： James Baldwin
9 、 单选题
Percy Bysshe Shelley was famous for( ).
A ： Ode to a Nightingale
B ： Ode to Autumn
C ： The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
D ： Prometheus Unbound10 、 单选题
The phrase“boys and girls”is a(n)( )
A ： subordinate endocentric construction
B ： coordinate endocentric construction
C ： subordinate exocentric construction
D ： coordinate exocentric construction
11 、 单选题
In addition，far( )Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did
their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
A ： more
B ： less
C ： fewer
D ： better
12 、 单选题
The study of the internal structure of words is ( )
A ： Semantics
B ： Morphology
C ： Syntax
D ： Phonology
13 、 单选题
The poem“I Sought tell my love， Love that never told can be” violates among the (
) Cooperative Principle.
A ： the maxim of quality
B ： the maxim of relation
C ： the maxim of quantity
D ： the maxim of manner
14 、 单选题
There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened，( )a sudden loud
noise.
A ： being there
B ： should there be
C ： there was
D ： there having been
15 、 单选题What is the highest mountain in Britain？
A ： Scafell
B ： en Nevis
C ： The Cotswolds
D ： The Forth
16 、 单选题
There are three main parties represented in the House of Representatives of
Australia，which one is the oldest party？( )
A ： The Australian Labor Party
B ： The Nationals
C ： The Liberal Party of Australia
D ： Australian Greens party
17 、 单选题
Which of the following clusters of words is an example of alliteration？( )
A ： week seat
B ： Safe and Sound
C ： Knock and Kick
D ： Coat and Boat
18 、 单选题
Who is called “father of English and European novels”？
A ： Mark Twain
B ： Daniel Defoe
C ： William Makepeace Thackeray
D ： avid Herbert Lawrence
19 、 单选题
The largest city in New Zealand is ( )
A ： uckland
B ： Wellington
C ： hirstchurch
D ： unedin
20 、 单选题
Functional Sentence Perspective was put forward by ( )
A ： the London School
B ： the Prague School
C ： Boas and SapirD ： Post-Bloomfieldian linguists
21 、 单选题
The sense relation between“John plays the piano”and“John plays a musical
instrument” is ( )
A ： synonymy
B ： antonymy
C ： entailment
D ： presupposition
22 、 单选题
The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by ( )
A ： Scott Fitzgerald
B ： William Faulkner
C ： Eugene O′Neil
D ： Ernest Hemingway
23 、 单选题
Today is Children’s Day，you are allowed to eat( )in my restaurant.
A ： free
B ： freely
C ： hard
D ： hardly
24 、 单选题
The Anglo-Saxons established( )system，whereby the lord of the manor collected
taxes and organized the local army.
A ： salve
B ： feudal
C ： manorial (采邑制度)
D ： Capitalistic
25 、 单选题
According to ( )， we could only say “The boy kicked the ball.” instead of “Boy the
ball kicked the.”
A ： syntagmatic relation
B ： paradigmatic relation
C ： endocentric construction
D ： exocentric construction26 、 单选题
What is the ranking of Canada in the world by land area？( )
A ： First
B ： Second
C ： Third
D ： Fourth
27 、 单选题
( )laid the foundations of English state.
A ： Celts
B ： The Anglo-Saxons
C ： The Romans
D ： The Normans
28 、 单选题
The Grapes of Wrath is a masterpiece of ( )
A ： John Steinbeck
B ： John Winthrop
C ： John Updike
D ： John Cotton
29 、 单选题
English consonants can be classified into stops， fricative， nasals ect.，in terms of (
)
A ： openness of mouth
B ： manner of articulation
C ： place of articulation
D ： voicing
30 、 单选题
When I was a little child，I was used to sleeping with the window( )at night in
summer.
A ： open wide
B ： open widely
C ： wide open
D ： opened wide
31 、 单选题Francis Scott Fitzgerald was famous for ( )
A ： The Great Gatsby
B ： The Sound and the Fury
C ： A Farewell to Arms
D ： the Grapes of Wrath
32 、 单选题
The words “amaze” and “astound” are( ).
A ： dialectal synonyms
B ： semantically different synonyms
C ： stylistic synonyms
D ： collocational synonyms
33 、 单选题
As a revising chamber，the House of Lords is expected to( )the House of Commons.
A ： rival
B ： complement
C ： criticize
D ： inspect
34 、 单选题
( )us the information，we would have been ambushed.
A ： Had he not given
B ： If he did not give
C ： Should he not give
D ： Were he not to give
35 、 单选题
Which item does not fall under the same category as the rest？( )
A ： Statesman
B ： Corpulent
C ： Slim
D ： ecease
36 、 单选题
Don′t touch the corals with your finger，as they are very( )and easy to destroy！
A ： feeble
B ： fragile
C ： vulnerable
D ： frail37 、 单选题
The largest city of British Columbia in Canada is ( )
A ： Ottawa
B ： Winnipeg
C ： Vancouver
D ： Montreal
38 、 单选题
Which of the following phrases is an example of an endocentric construction？
A ： On the shelf
B ： eyond the words.
C ： An old man.
D ： Without thinking.
39 、 单选题
Which of the following plays deals with the story that a linguist trains a flower girl to
speak the SO-called civilized English？( )
A ： Major Barbara
B ： Pygmalion
C ： Mrs.Warren′s Profession
D ： The Quintessence of Ibsenism
40 、 单选题
In which day is Halloween celebrated？( )
A ： 5 November
B ： 31 October
C ： 17 March
D ： 25 December
41 、 单选题
Which of the following clusters of words is an example of alliteration？( )
A ： week seat
B ： Safe and Sound
C ： Knock and Kick
D ： Coat and Boat
42 、 单选题Which region in the U.S.contains 90% of theAmerican textile industry?
A ： New England
B ： The Midwest
C ： The American West
D ： The South
43 、 单选题
Of the following，( ) is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain′s works.
A ： colloquial speech
B ： a sense of humor
C ： a realistic view
D ： an idealistic view
44 、 单选题
( )is a representative writer ofAestheticism and Decadence.
A ： Stevenson
B ： Ralph Fox
C ： George Gissing
D ： Oscar Wilde
45 、 单选题
The nation′s capital city Washington and New York are located in ( )
A ： the American West
B ： the Great Plains
C ： the Midwest
D ： the Middle Atlantic States
46 、 单选题
New Zealand is sometimes called the world‘s biggest farm.It is the world’s largest
exporter of ( )
A ： beef
B ： lamb and mutton
C ： wheat
D ： corn
47 、 单选题
Who was the first great American poet to use free verse？
A ： Edgar Allen Poe
B ： Walt Whitman
C ： Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD ： Henry David Thoreau
48 、 单选题
Walt Whitman was a(n)( )
A ： playwright
B ： essayist
C ： poet
D ： novelist
49 、 单选题
In the nineteenth century，Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the
Blind，( )for children in Boston，Massachusetts.
A ： that institutes
B ： while instituted
C ： was an institution
D ： an institute
50 、 单选题
The US formally entered the Second World War in( )
A ： 1937
B ： 1939
C ： 1941
D ： 1943
51 、 单选题
( )is the dividing line between the South and North of America.
A ： The Hudson River
B ： The Potomac River
C ： The Ohio River
D ： The Missouri River
52 、 单选题
The company adopted new policies to( )its market competitiveness.
A ： aggravate
B ： strengthen
C ： intensify
D ： lift53 、 单选题
The success of Uncle Tom ′s Cabin did a great contribution to the anti slavery
movement and brought this author，( )， an immediate popularity.
A ： Harriet Beccher Stowe
B ： Whittier
C ： Bryant
D ： Washington Irving
54 、 单选题
Agressive courage and determination，and( )spirit is inevitable for rapid social
development.
A ： innovative
B ： fresh
C ： novel
D ： original
55 、 单选题
Which of the following works expresses the desire for an escape from society and a
return to nature？( )
A ： Dreiser′s Sister Carrie
B ： Henry Jame′s The Portrait of a Lady
C ： Fitzgerald′s The Great Gatsby
D ： Mark Twain′s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
56 、 单选题
Alexander Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of
school in ( ) the first half of the 18th century.
A ： romantic
B ： pre-romantic
C ： Neoclassical
D ： realistic
57 、 单选题
Which play is not a comedy？( )
A ： Midsummer Night ′s Dream
B ： The Merchant of Vince
C ： As You Like it
D ： Romeo and Juliet58 、 单选题
This photo shows a( )image of the driver who hit the passerby and ran.
A ： plain
B ： distinct
C ： obvious
D ： evident
59 、 单选题
Which kind of animal is not the executive of Australia？( )
A ： Emu
B ： Kiwi
C ： Duck-billed platypus
D ： Kangaroo
60 、 单选题
Which of the followings is not the novel of Ernest Hemingway？( )
A ： From Whom the Bell Tolls
B ： The Sun Also Rises
C ： The Old Man and the Sea
D ： This Side of Paradise
61 、 不定项选择题
With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a
bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible of world trade, the Pacific
Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders,
Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries (America,
Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam) in
discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible members of the Trans-Pacific
Partnership(TPP) produce 40％ of world GDP—far more than the European Union.
Regional trade deals are not always a good idea. If they distract policymakers
from global trade liberalization, they are to be discouraged. But with the Doha round
of global trade talks showing no flicker of life, there is little danger that the TPP will
derail a broader agreement; and by cutting barriers, strengthening intellectual-
property protections and going beyond a web of existing trade deals, it should boost
world trade.
The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its
architects—Mr. Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japan’s
Yoshihiko Noda, who faces crony politics laced with passionate protectionism-need to
show more leadership.
Mr. Noda’s announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in
joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean
dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800％tariffs on rice and exports 65
vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Noda’s move could alsotransform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world’s
leading three economies but also by galvanizing others. Until he expressed an
interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the sidelines. Unwittingly or not,
Mr. Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in
which free movement of everything except labor is on the table.
Immense obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting
himself as a conciliator of Japan’s warring political factions. Many of those groups
are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, which feather many a politician’s nest,
argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to
Japan’s cherished health system. Socialists see the TPP as a Washington-led
sideswipe at China, which had hoped to build an East Asian trade orbit including
Japan. Mr. Nora will have to contend not just with opposition from rival parties but
also with a split on the issue inside his Democratic Party of Japan.
Since Honolulu, Mr. Noda has already pandered to protectionists by watering
down his message. Having beamed next to Mr. Obama in a summit photo, he then
protested that the White House had overstated his intention to put all goods and
services up for negotiation. Polls, however, suggest the Japanese are crying out for
Leadership on the issue, not pusillanimity. More support the idea of entering TPP
negotiations than oppose it. On their behalf Mr. Noda should lead Japan forthrightly
into the discussions, confident that the country can bargain well enough to give its
sacred industries such as farming and health care time to adjust.
It is also a test for Mr. Obama’s new strategy of coping with China’s rise by
“pivoting” American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the
unions in the car industry which have long bellyached about the imbalance of trade
with Japan. He should energetically promote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-
Asia strategy-both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is
meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
Such steps would help win support in Japan, while costing America little. And in
joining the TPP, Japan would be forced to reform hidebound parts of its economy,
such as services, which would stimulate growth. A revitalized Japan would add to the
dynamism of a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region. That is surely something worth
fighting for.
Which of the following main messages was conveyed in this passage?
A ： n inspiring idea to liberalize transpacific trade hinges on the courage of America
and, especially, Japan.
B ： TPP is meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
C ： The farming and health care industries in Japan would be severely affected by
the TPP.
D ： TPP as a Washington-led sideswipe at China will win support in Japan and add to
a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region.
62 、 不定项选择题
This is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in
Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In
America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised,
and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with
Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientistsin its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New York calls
“national suicide”.
This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical
economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries’
borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door
should consider another factor: the growing economic importance of Diasporas, and
the contribution they can make to a country’s economic growth.
Diaspora networks-of Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many others-have always been
a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made
them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-
generation migrants around the world: that’s 3％of the world’s population. If they
were a nation, it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people
living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are
scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have
always been found in surprising places-Lebanese in West Africa, Japanese in Brazil
and Welsh in Patagonia, for instance-but they have been joined by newer ones, such
as west Africans in southern China.
These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across
borders. They speed the flow of information. Trust matters, especially in emerging
markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. And
modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of
business.
Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world’s brightest
minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking
with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore
bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China’s technology
industry is dominated by “sea turtles” (Chinese who have lived abroad and
returned.
Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to
their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home
country. A Harvard Business School study shows that, American companies that
employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a
joint venture with a local firm.
Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards
immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two
(mutually incompatible) notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they
are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder
for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile. The first is
usually not true (in Britain, for instance, immigrants claim benefits less than
indigenous people do), and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies
do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages
of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.
Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The
sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely
to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs
productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University
showed that, while immigrants make up an eighth of America’s population, they
founded a quarter of the country’s technology and engineering firms. And, by
linking the West with emerging markets, Diasporas help rich countries to plug into
fast-growing economies.
Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fearsthat poor countries will suffer as a result of a “brain drain” are overblown. The
prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills, and not all
subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home, and they often return to
set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20％of their
university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.
Which of the following is true?
A ： Many immigrants claim much more benefits than the locals.
B ： All research findings show that the competition from unskilled immigrants
depresses the wages of unskilled locals.
C ： Migrants into rich countries tend to send cash back to their families and have
become a drain on the public purse.
D ： iasporas help rich countries establish business ties with emerging markets in
their home countries.
63 、 不定项选择题
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our
life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and
operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general
characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if
one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance
with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a
musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science
as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some
sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world,
or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science.
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes
and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It
will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science
and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In
addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views
and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent
years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the
scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in
all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and
make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution,
however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male
nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias,
we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible
and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being
ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in
treating half of the human equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Ourapproach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we
shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science
as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
This passage most probably is _____.
A ： a book review
B ： the preface of a book
C ： the post script of a book
D ： the concluding part of a book
64 、 不定项选择题
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our
life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and
operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general
characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if
one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance
with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a
musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science
as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some
sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world,
or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science.
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes
and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It
will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science
and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In
addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views
and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent
years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the
scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in
all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and
make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution,
however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male
nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias,
we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible
and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being
ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in
treating half of the human equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our
approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we
shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science
as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who _____.A ： long for deeper understanding of science
B ： are good at producing various gadgets
C ： work in a storehouse of dried facts
D ： are interested in popular science
65 、 不定项选择题
This is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in
Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In
America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised,
and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with
Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists
in its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New York calls
“national suicide”.
This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical
economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries’
borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door
should consider another factor: the growing economic importance of Diasporas, and
the contribution they can make to a country’s economic growth.
Diaspora networks-of Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many others-have always been
a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made
them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-
generation migrants around the world: that’s 3％of the world’s population. If they
were a nation, it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people
living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are
scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have
always been found in surprising places-Lebanese in West Africa, Japanese in Brazil
and Welsh in Patagonia, for instance-but they have been joined by newer ones, such
as west Africans in southern China.
These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across
borders. They speed the flow of information. Trust matters, especially in emerging
markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. And
modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of
business.
Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world’s brightest
minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking
with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore
bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China’s technology
industry is dominated by “sea turtles” (Chinese who have lived abroad and
returned.
Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to
their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home
country. A Harvard Business School study shows that, American companies that
employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a
joint venture with a local firm.
Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards
immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two
(mutually incompatible) notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they
are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harderfor less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile. The first is
usually not true (in Britain, for instance, immigrants claim benefits less than
indigenous people do), and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies
do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages
of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.
Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The
sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely
to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs
productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University
showed that, while immigrants make up an eighth of America’s population, they
founded a quarter of the country’s technology and engineering firms. And, by
linking the West with emerging markets, Diasporas help rich countries to plug into
fast-growing economies.
Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears
that poor countries will suffer as a result of a “brain drain” are overblown. The
prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills, and not all
subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home, and they often return to
set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20％of their
university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.
It can be inferred from the passage that _____
A ： Immigrants are prepared to work harder for less pay, which can stimulate the
locals to work even harder.
B ： With the increasing number of Diasporas, they will form a new nation in the
world.
C ： The number of skilled migrants returning home is increasing.
D ： The networks of kinship and language contribute to international business by
taking advantage of legal loopholes.
66 、 不定项选择题
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often
begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast.
The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-
bedtime?rundownof latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move
crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk
editors ate logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability,
and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes
even before they do - and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of
correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field
and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right
number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue
working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down
by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m. to
prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlyingbureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the
broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau
senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the
day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup
tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of
editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials ate scheduled; how
long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by
the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean
that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an
event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but
there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made
rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to
a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be
allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report
followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that
has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film
or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and
lags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their
reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not
wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy
is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the
work, let it.
All the following can be employed to make the report more effective EXCEPT_____.
A ： providing more vivid pictures and details
B ： changing the style to cater for the audience’s appetite
C ： more live coverage to replace the linguistic explanation
D ： interval shifts of the materials of the coverage
67 、 不定项选择题
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our
life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and
operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general
characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if
one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance
with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a
musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science
as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some
sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world,
or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science.
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes
and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. Itwill give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science
and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In
addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views
and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent
years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the
scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in
all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and
make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution,
however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male
nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias,
we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible
and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being
ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in
treating half of the human equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our
approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we
shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science
as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
According to the passage, “scientific subculture” means _____.
A ： cultural groups that are formed by scientists
B ： people whose knowledge of science is very limited
C ： the scientific community
D ： people who make good contribution to science
68 、 不定项选择题
This is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in
Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In
America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised,
and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with
Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists
in its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New York calls
“national suicide”.
This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical
economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries’
borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door
should consider another factor: the growing economic importance of Diasporas, and
the contribution they can make to a country’s economic growth.
Diaspora networks-of Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many others-have always been
a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made
them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-
generation migrants around the world: that’s 3％of the world’s population. If they
were a nation, it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people
living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are
scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have
always been found in surprising places-Lebanese in West Africa, Japanese in Braziland Welsh in Patagonia, for instance-but they have been joined by newer ones, such
as west Africans in southern China.
These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across
borders. They speed the flow of information. Trust matters, especially in emerging
markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. And
modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of
business.
Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world’s brightest
minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking
with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore
bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China’s technology
industry is dominated by “sea turtles” (Chinese who have lived abroad and
returned.
Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to
their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home
country. A Harvard Business School study shows that, American companies that
employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a
joint venture with a local firm.
Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards
immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two
(mutually incompatible) notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they
are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder
for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile. The first is
usually not true (in Britain, for instance, immigrants claim benefits less than
indigenous people do), and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies
do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages
of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.
Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The
sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely
to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs
productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University
showed that, while immigrants make up an eighth of America’s population, they
founded a quarter of the country’s technology and engineering firms. And, by
linking the West with emerging markets, Diasporas help rich countries to plug into
fast-growing economies.
Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears
that poor countries will suffer as a result of a “brain drain” are overblown. The
prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills, and not all
subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home, and they often return to
set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20％of their
university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.
The author’s attitude towards “Diasporas” is that _____.
A ： There is increasing hostility towards immigrants in rich countries.
B ： Immigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy and rich
countries should welcome them.
C ： The Diasporas should return to their homelands so that poor countries will not
suffer as a result of “brain drain”.
D ： Hard-working immigrants will depress the wages of the locals although they may
greatly increase productivity.69 、 不定项选择题
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There
are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First,
there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,
there is the program target—people in the market segment with the “best fit”
characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a
few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the
program audience—all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program
without regard to whether they need or want the product
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where
customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such
customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for
example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such
as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling
(marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified,
and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program
target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are
many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment
group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all
the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide
audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are
few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the
program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for
products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?
A ： It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.
B ： It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.
C ： It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.
D ： It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.
70 、 不定项选择题
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There
are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First,
there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,
there is the program target—people in the market segment with the “best fit”
characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a
few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the
program audience—all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program
without regard to whether they need or want the product
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases wherecustomers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such
customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for
example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such
as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling
(marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified,
and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program
target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are
many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment
group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all
the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide
audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are
few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the
program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for
products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
“the product in question” in Line 5 Paragraph 2 means _____ .
A ： “the product in the previous question”
B ： “the product under discussion”
C ： “the product on sale”
D ： “the product in doubt”
71 、 不定项选择题
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation
at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass
through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated
from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions
from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The
surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass
of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning
of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise
in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human
society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a
function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitude
of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level),
the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s
surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of
carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorbinfrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the
atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases
with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative
humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient
absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more
moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more
infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface.
The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.
A ： warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels
B ： discuss the significance of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
C ： demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range
climatic change
D ： describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions
contribute to the Earth’s weather
72 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of the
following results?
Ⅰ. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for film
subjects.
Ⅱ. Audience appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with
cinematic syntax was increased.
Ⅲ. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were
shown to be really nonexistent.
A ： Ⅱ only
B ： Ⅲ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
73 、 不定项选择题
With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a
bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible of world trade, the Pacific
Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders,
Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries (America,
Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam) in
discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible members of the Trans-Pacific
Partnership(TPP) produce 40％ of world GDP—far more than the European Union.
Regional trade deals are not always a good idea. If they distract policymakers
from global trade liberalization, they are to be discouraged. But with the Doha round
of global trade talks showing no flicker of life, there is little danger that the TPP will
derail a broader agreement; and by cutting barriers, strengthening intellectual-
property protections and going beyond a web of existing trade deals, it should boost
world trade.
The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its
architects—Mr. Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japan’s
Yoshihiko Noda, who faces crony politics laced with passionate protectionism-need to
show more leadership.
Mr. Noda’s announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in
joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean
dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800％tariffs on rice and exports 65vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Noda’s move could also
transform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world’s
leading three economies but also by galvanizing others. Until he expressed an
interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the sidelines. Unwittingly or not,
Mr. Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in
which free movement of everything except labor is on the table.
Immense obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting
himself as a conciliator of Japan’s warring political factions. Many of those groups
are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, which feather many a politician’s nest,
argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to
Japan’s cherished health system. Socialists see the TPP as a Washington-led
sideswipe at China, which had hoped to build an East Asian trade orbit including
Japan. Mr. Nora will have to contend not just with opposition from rival parties but
also with a split on the issue inside his Democratic Party of Japan.
Since Honolulu, Mr. Noda has already pandered to protectionists by watering
down his message. Having beamed next to Mr. Obama in a summit photo, he then
protested that the White House had overstated his intention to put all goods and
services up for negotiation. Polls, however, suggest the Japanese are crying out for
Leadership on the issue, not pusillanimity. More support the idea of entering TPP
negotiations than oppose it. On their behalf Mr. Noda should lead Japan forthrightly
into the discussions, confident that the country can bargain well enough to give its
sacred industries such as farming and health care time to adjust.
It is also a test for Mr. Obama’s new strategy of coping with China’s rise by
“pivoting” American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the
unions in the car industry which have long bellyached about the imbalance of trade
with Japan. He should energetically promote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-
Asia strategy-both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is
meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
Such steps would help win support in Japan, while costing America little. And in
joining the TPP, Japan would be forced to reform hidebound parts of its economy,
such as services, which would stimulate growth. A revitalized Japan would add to the
dynamism of a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region. That is surely something worth
fighting for.
Which of the following could NOT be true as the possible consequences of Japan’s
joining the TPP?
A ： It would increase the GDP of the TPP members.
B ： It could transform the prospects of the TPP.
C ： It would become conciliation between Japan’s warring political factions.
D ： It would lead to a more liberalized transpacific trade relation.
74 、 不定项选择题
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There
are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First,
there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,
there is the program target—people in the market segment with the “best fit”
characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only afew qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the
program audience—all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program
without regard to whether they need or want the product
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where
customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such
customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for
example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such
as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling
(marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified,
and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program
target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are
many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment
group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all
the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide
audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are
few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the
program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for
products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most
consumer-goods markets?
A ： The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.
B ： The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.
C ： The market segment and the program target are usually identical.
D ： The program target is larger than the market segment.
75 、 不定项选择题
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often
begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast.
The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-
bedtime?rundownof latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move
crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk
editors ate logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability,
and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes
even before they do - and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of
correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field
and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right
number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue
working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down
by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m. toprepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying
bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the
broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau
senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the
day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup
tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of
editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials ate scheduled; how
long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by
the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean
that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an
event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but
there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made
rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to
a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be
allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report
followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that
has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film
or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and
lags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their
reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not
wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy
is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the
work, let it.
What is the function of the third paragraph?
A ： To illustrate the important role and function of the assignment desk.
B ： To give us a brief introduction of their working conditions.
C ： To exemplify the cooperation of all sections in the company.
D ： To emphasize the mission of the correspondents.
76 、 不定项选择题
This is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in
Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In
America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised,
and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with
Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists
in its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New York calls
“national suicide”.
This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical
economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries’
borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door
should consider another factor: the growing economic importance of Diasporas, and
the contribution they can make to a country’s economic growth.
Diaspora networks-of Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many others-have always been
a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has madethem larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-
generation migrants around the world: that’s 3％of the world’s population. If they
were a nation, it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people
living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are
scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have
always been found in surprising places-Lebanese in West Africa, Japanese in Brazil
and Welsh in Patagonia, for instance-but they have been joined by newer ones, such
as west Africans in southern China.
These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across
borders. They speed the flow of information. Trust matters, especially in emerging
markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. And
modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of
business.
Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world’s brightest
minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking
with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore
bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China’s technology
industry is dominated by “sea turtles” (Chinese who have lived abroad and
returned.
Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to
their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home
country. A Harvard Business School study shows that, American companies that
employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a
joint venture with a local firm.
Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards
immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two
(mutually incompatible) notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they
are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder
for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile. The first is
usually not true (in Britain, for instance, immigrants claim benefits less than
indigenous people do), and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies
do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages
of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.
Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The
sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely
to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs
productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University
showed that, while immigrants make up an eighth of America’s population, they
founded a quarter of the country’s technology and engineering firms. And, by
linking the West with emerging markets, Diasporas help rich countries to plug into
fast-growing economies.
Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears
that poor countries will suffer as a result of a “brain drain” are overblown. The
prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills, and not all
subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home, and they often return to
set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20％of their
university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.
In which of the following aspect can the “sea turtles” make contributions to their
homeland?
A ： They return home with knowledge and contracts to set up new businesses.B ： They help companies in their home country operate in their host country.
C ： They work harder for less pay.
D ： They help to achieve a lower unemployment rate.
77 、 不定项选择题
With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a
bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible of world trade, the Pacific
Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders,
Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries (America,
Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam) in
discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible members of the Trans-Pacific
Partnership(TPP) produce 40％ of world GDP—far more than the European Union.
Regional trade deals are not always a good idea. If they distract policymakers
from global trade liberalization, they are to be discouraged. But with the Doha round
of global trade talks showing no flicker of life, there is little danger that the TPP will
derail a broader agreement; and by cutting barriers, strengthening intellectual-
property protections and going beyond a web of existing trade deals, it should boost
world trade.
The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its
architects—Mr. Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japan’s
Yoshihiko Noda, who faces crony politics laced with passionate protectionism-need to
show more leadership.
Mr. Noda’s announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in
joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean
dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800％tariffs on rice and exports 65
vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Noda’s move could also
transform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world’s
leading three economies but also by galvanizing others. Until he expressed an
interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the sidelines. Unwittingly or not,
Mr. Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in
which free movement of everything except labor is on the table.
Immense obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting
himself as a conciliator of Japan’s warring political factions. Many of those groups
are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, which feather many a politician’s nest,
argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to
Japan’s cherished health system. Socialists see the TPP as a Washington-led
sideswipe at China, which had hoped to build an East Asian trade orbit including
Japan. Mr. Nora will have to contend not just with opposition from rival parties but
also with a split on the issue inside his Democratic Party of Japan.
Since Honolulu, Mr. Noda has already pandered to protectionists by watering
down his message. Having beamed next to Mr. Obama in a summit photo, he then
protested that the White House had overstated his intention to put all goods and
services up for negotiation. Polls, however, suggest the Japanese are crying out for
Leadership on the issue, not pusillanimity. More support the idea of entering TPP
negotiations than oppose it. On their behalf Mr. Noda should lead Japan forthrightly
into the discussions, confident that the country can bargain well enough to give its
sacred industries such as farming and health care time to adjust.
It is also a test for Mr. Obama’s new strategy of coping with China’s rise by“pivoting” American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the
unions in the car industry which have long bellyached about the imbalance of trade
with Japan. He should energetically promote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-
Asia strategy-both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is
meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
Such steps would help win support in Japan, while costing America little. And in
joining the TPP, Japan would be forced to reform hidebound parts of its economy,
such as services, which would stimulate growth. A revitalized Japan would add to the
dynamism of a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region. That is surely something worth
fighting for.
Which of the majority of the following groups has Mr. Noda’s decision to join the
TPP negotiations gained support from?
A ： His Democratic Party of Japan
B ： Farm co-operatives and doctors
C ： Socialists and protectionists
D ： The public
78 、 不定项选择题
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation
at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass
through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated
from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions
from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The
surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass
of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning
of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise
in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human
society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a
function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitude
of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level),
the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s
surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of
carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb
infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the
atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases
with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative
humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficientabsorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more
moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more
infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface.
The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following
functions EXCEPT: _____.
A ： absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths
B ： absorbing infrared radiation
C ： absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth
D ： helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface
79 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immenserevolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a
film was _____.
A ： 15 minutes or less
B ： between 15 and 30 minutes
C ： 1 hour or more
D ： between 45 minutes and 1 hour
80 、 不定项选择题
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often
begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast.
The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-
bedtime?rundownof latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move
crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk
editors ate logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability,
and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes
even before they do - and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of
correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field
and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right
number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue
working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down
by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m. to
prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying
bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the
broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau
senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the
day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup
tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of
editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials ate scheduled; how
long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by
the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean
that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an
event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but
there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made
rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to
a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be
allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial reportfollowed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that
has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film
or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and
lags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their
reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not
wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy
is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the
work, let it.
What will the executive producer mostly be concerned with?
A ： The cost and the effect.
B ： The truth of the coverage.
C ： The audience’s interest.
D ： The form of the coverage.
81 、 不定项选择题
With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a
bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible of world trade, the Pacific
Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders,
Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries (America,
Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam) in
discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible members of the Trans-Pacific
Partnership(TPP) produce 40％ of world GDP—far more than the European Union.
Regional trade deals are not always a good idea. If they distract policymakers
from global trade liberalization, they are to be discouraged. But with the Doha round
of global trade talks showing no flicker of life, there is little danger that the TPP will
derail a broader agreement; and by cutting barriers, strengthening intellectual-
property protections and going beyond a web of existing trade deals, it should boost
world trade.
The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its
architects—Mr. Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japan’s
Yoshihiko Noda, who faces crony politics laced with passionate protectionism-need to
show more leadership.
Mr. Noda’s announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in
joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean
dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800％tariffs on rice and exports 65
vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Noda’s move could also
transform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world’s
leading three economies but also by galvanizing others. Until he expressed an
interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the sidelines. Unwittingly or not,
Mr. Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in
which free movement of everything except labor is on the table.
Immense obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting
himself as a conciliator of Japan’s warring political factions. Many of those groups
are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, which feather many a politician’s nest,
argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to
Japan’s cherished health system. Socialists see the TPP as a Washington-ledsideswipe at China, which had hoped to build an East Asian trade orbit including
Japan. Mr. Nora will have to contend not just with opposition from rival parties but
also with a split on the issue inside his Democratic Party of Japan.
Since Honolulu, Mr. Noda has already pandered to protectionists by watering
down his message. Having beamed next to Mr. Obama in a summit photo, he then
protested that the White House had overstated his intention to put all goods and
services up for negotiation. Polls, however, suggest the Japanese are crying out for
Leadership on the issue, not pusillanimity. More support the idea of entering TPP
negotiations than oppose it. On their behalf Mr. Noda should lead Japan forthrightly
into the discussions, confident that the country can bargain well enough to give its
sacred industries such as farming and health care time to adjust.
It is also a test for Mr. Obama’s new strategy of coping with China’s rise by
“pivoting” American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the
unions in the car industry which have long bellyached about the imbalance of trade
with Japan. He should energetically promote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-
Asia strategy-both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is
meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
Such steps would help win support in Japan, while costing America little. And in
joining the TPP, Japan would be forced to reform hidebound parts of its economy,
such as services, which would stimulate growth. A revitalized Japan would add to the
dynamism of a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region. That is surely something worth
fighting for.
According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?
A ： The members of the TPP produce 40％of world GDP-far more than the EU.
B ： The farming and health care industries in Japan could be affected by the TPP.
C ： The car industry in America has complained a lot about the trade with Japan.
D ： Before Mr. Noda announced Japan’s interest in joining the TPP, Canada and
Mexico were not actually involved in it.
82 、 不定项选择题
With thunderclouds looming over the trans-Atlantic economy, it was easy to miss a
bright piece of news last weekend from the other crucible of world trade, the Pacific
Rim. In Honolulu, where Barack Obama hosted a summit of Asia-Pacific leaders,
Canada, Japan and Mexico expressed interest in joining nine countries (America,
Australia, Brunei, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam) in
discussing a free-trade pact. Altogether, the possible members of the Trans-Pacific
Partnership(TPP) produce 40％ of world GDP—far more than the European Union.
Regional trade deals are not always a good idea. If they distract policymakers
from global trade liberalization, they are to be discouraged. But with the Doha round
of global trade talks showing no flicker of life, there is little danger that the TPP will
derail a broader agreement; and by cutting barriers, strengthening intellectual-
property protections and going beyond a web of existing trade deals, it should boost
world trade.
The creation of a wider TPP is still some way off. For it to come into being its
architects—Mr. Obama, who faces a tough election battle next year, and Japan’s
Yoshihiko Noda, who faces crony politics laced with passionate protectionism-need to
show more leadership.Mr. Noda’s announcement on November 11th that Japan was interested in
joining the TPP negotiations was an exceedingly bold move. Signing up would mean
dramatic changes in Japan, a country which has 800％tariffs on rice and exports 65
vehicles to America for every one that is sent to Japan. Mr. Noda’s move could also
transform the prospects of the TPP, most obviously by uniting two of the world’s
leading three economies but also by galvanizing others. Until he expressed an
interest, Canada and Mexico had also remained on the sidelines. Unwittingly or not,
Mr. Noda has thrust mercantilist Japan into a central position on a trade treaty in
which free movement of everything except labor is on the table.
Immense obstacles loom for Mr. Noda. He came into office in September casting
himself as a conciliator of Japan’s warring political factions. Many of those groups
are opposed to the TPP. Farm co-operatives, which feather many a politician’s nest,
argue that it would rob Japan of its rice heritage. Doctors warn of the risks to
Japan’s cherished health system. Socialists see the TPP as a Washington-led
sideswipe at China, which had hoped to build an East Asian trade orbit including
Japan. Mr. Nora will have to contend not just with opposition from rival parties but
also with a split on the issue inside his Democratic Party of Japan.
Since Honolulu, Mr. Noda has already pandered to protectionists by watering
down his message. Having beamed next to Mr. Obama in a summit photo, he then
protested that the White House had overstated his intention to put all goods and
services up for negotiation. Polls, however, suggest the Japanese are crying out for
Leadership on the issue, not pusillanimity. More support the idea of entering TPP
negotiations than oppose it. On their behalf Mr. Noda should lead Japan forthrightly
into the discussions, confident that the country can bargain well enough to give its
sacred industries such as farming and health care time to adjust.
It is also a test for Mr. Obama’s new strategy of coping with China’s rise by
“pivoting” American foreign policy more towards Asia. He must stand up to the
unions in the car industry which have long bellyached about the imbalance of trade
with Japan. He should energetically promote the potential gains for jobs of his pro-
Asia strategy-both at home and abroad. America should also stress that the TPP is
meant to engage and incorporate China, rather than constrain it.
Such steps would help win support in Japan, while costing America little. And in
joining the TPP, Japan would be forced to reform hidebound parts of its economy,
such as services, which would stimulate growth. A revitalized Japan would add to the
dynamism of a more liberalized Asia-Pacific region. That is surely something worth
fighting for.
What should America do to win support in Japan?
A ： They should support the unions in the American car industry.
B ： They should increase the employment rate both at home and abroad.
C ： They should show their intention to incorporate China in the TPP.
D ： They should give. Japan sufficient time to reform the hidebound parts of its
economy.
83 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationarycamera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.
A ： discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema
B ： document Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films
C ： deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith
D ： analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multi-reel
film
84 、 不定项选择题
When the television is good, nothing—not the theater, not the magazines, or
newspapers—nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite
you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and
stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and
keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that youwill observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence,
audience-participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families,
blood and thunder, Mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen,
Western goodmen, private eyes, Gangsters, still more violence, and cartoons. And
endlessly, commercials that stream and cajole and offend. And most of all, boredom.
True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if
you think I exaggerate, try it.
Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge
the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the
children’s understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a
children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their level
of understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,
teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children’s
shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and
more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see
whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard
so many hours each and every day.
There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You
will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a
symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes,
too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest.
We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated
or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a
test of what to broadcast. Yon are not only in show business: you are free to
communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wide range of
choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s
whims—you must also serve the nation’s needs. The people own the air. They own
it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o’clock in the morning. For every
hour that the people give you--you own them something. I intend to see that your
debt is paid with service.
The author believes that his tastes are _____.
A ： better than most people’s
B ： better than those of the television industry
C ： the same as most people
D ： better than the average children
85 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramaticeffects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into American cinema
EXCEPT: _____.
A ： consideration of social issues
B ： adaptations from Tennyson
C ： the flashback and other editing techniques
D ： dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater
86 、 不定项选择题
When the television is good, nothing—not the theater, not the magazines, or
newspapers—nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite
you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and
stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and
keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you
will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence,
audience-participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families,
blood and thunder, Mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen,
Western goodmen, private eyes, Gangsters, still more violence, and cartoons. And
endlessly, commercials that stream and cajole and offend. And most of all, boredom.
True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if
you think I exaggerate, try it.Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge
the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the
children’s understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a
children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their level
of understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,
teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children’s
shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and
more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see
whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard
so many hours each and every day.
There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You
will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a
symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes,
too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest.
We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated
or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a
test of what to broadcast. Yon are not only in show business: you are free to
communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wide range of
choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s
whims—you must also serve the nation’s needs. The people own the air. They own
it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o’clock in the morning. For every
hour that the people give you--you own them something. I intend to see that your
debt is paid with service.
It can be inferred from the passage in regard to television programming that the
author believes _____.
A ： the broadcasters are trying to do the right thing but are failing
B ： foreign countries are going to pattern their programs after ours
C ： the listeners do not necessarily know what is good for them
D ： six o’clock in the morning is too early for a television show
87 、 不定项选择题
When the television is good, nothing—not the theater, not the magazines, or
newspapers—nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite
you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and
stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and
keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you
will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence,
audience-participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families,
blood and thunder, Mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen,
Western goodmen, private eyes, Gangsters, still more violence, and cartoons. And
endlessly, commercials that stream and cajole and offend. And most of all, boredom.
True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if
you think I exaggerate, try it.
Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge
the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the
children’s understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a
children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their levelof understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,
teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children’s
shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and
more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see
whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard
so many hours each and every day.
There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You
will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a
symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes,
too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest.
We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated
or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a
test of what to broadcast. Yon are not only in show business: you are free to
communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wide range of
choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s
whims—you must also serve the nation’s needs. The people own the air. They own
it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o’clock in the morning. For every
hour that the people give you--you own them something. I intend to see that your
debt is paid with service.
The statement that “the people own the air” implies that _____.
A ： citizens have the right to insist on worthwhile television programs
B ： television should be socialized to cater to the nation’s whims
C ： the government may build above present structures
D ： the people own nothing, for air is worthless
88 、 不定项选择题
This is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in
Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls. In
America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised,
and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with
Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists
in its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New York calls
“national suicide”.
This illiberal turn in attitudes to migration is no surprise. It is the result of cyclical
economic gloom combined with a secular rise in pressure on rich countries’
borders. But governments now weighing up whether or not to try to slam the door
should consider another factor: the growing economic importance of Diasporas, and
the contribution they can make to a country’s economic growth.
Diaspora networks-of Huguenots, Scots, Jews and many others-have always been
a potent economic force, but the cheapness and ease of modern travel has made
them larger and more numerous than ever before. There are now 215m first-
generation migrants around the world: that’s 3％of the world’s population. If they
were a nation, it would be a little larger than Brazil. There are more Chinese people
living outside China than there are French people in France. Some 22m Indians are
scattered all over the globe. Small concentrations of ethnic and linguistic groups have
always been found in surprising places-Lebanese in West Africa, Japanese in Brazil
and Welsh in Patagonia, for instance-but they have been joined by newer ones, suchas west Africans in southern China.
These networks of kinship and language make it easier to do business across
borders. They speed the flow of information. Trust matters, especially in emerging
markets where the rule of law is weak. So does a knowledge of the local culture. And
modern communications make these networks an even more powerful tool of
business.
Diasporas also help spread ideas. Many of the emerging world’s brightest
minds are educated at Western universities. An increasing number go home, taking
with them both knowledge and contacts. Indian computer scientists in Bangalore
bounce ideas constantly off their Indian friends in Silicon Valley. China’s technology
industry is dominated by “sea turtles” (Chinese who have lived abroad and
returned.
Diasporas spread money, too. Migrants into rich countries not only send cash to
their families; they also help companies in their host country operate in their home
country. A Harvard Business School study shows that, American companies that
employ lots of ethnic Chinese people find it much easier to set up in China without a
joint venture with a local firm.
Such arguments are unlikely to make much headway against hostility towards
immigrants in rich countries. Fury against foreigners is usually based on two
(mutually incompatible) notions: that because so many migrants claim welfare they
are a drain on the public purse; and that because they are prepared to work harder
for less pay they will depress the wages of those at the bottom of the pile. The first is
usually not true (in Britain, for instance, immigrants claim benefits less than
indigenous people do), and the second is hard to establish either way. Some studies
do indeed suggest that competition from unskilled immigrants depresses the wages
of unskilled locals. But others find this effect to be small or non-existent.
Nor is it possible to establish the impact of migration on overall growth. The
sums are simply too difficult. Yet there are good reasons for believing that it is likely
to be positive. Migrants tend to be hard-working and innovative. That spurs
productivity and company formation. A recent study carried out by Duke University
showed that, while immigrants make up an eighth of America’s population, they
founded a quarter of the country’s technology and engineering firms. And, by
linking the West with emerging markets, Diasporas help rich countries to plug into
fast-growing economies.
Rich countries are thus likely to benefit from looser immigration policy; and fears
that poor countries will suffer as a result of a “brain drain” are overblown. The
prospect of working abroad spurs more people to acquire valuable skills, and not all
subsequently emigrate. Skilled migrants send money home, and they often return to
set up new businesses. One study found that unless they lose more than 20％of their
university graduates, the brain drain makes poor countries richer.
The word “Diaspora” in this passage means _____.
A ： the movement of the Jewish people away from their own country to live and
work in other countries
B ： the movement of people from any nation or group away from their own country
C ： any group that has been dispersed outside its traditional homeland
D ： a dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or culture
89 、 不定项选择题The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation
at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass
through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated
from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions
from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The
surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass
of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning
of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise
in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human
society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a
function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitude
of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level),
the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s
surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of
carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb
infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the
atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases
with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative
humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient
absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more
moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more
infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface.
The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth
is _____.
A ： reflected back to space by snow and ice
B ： concentrated at visible wavelengths
C ： absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules
D ： absorbed by atmospheric water vapor
90 、 不定项选择题
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often
begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast.
The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-bedtime?rundownof latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move
crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk
editors ate logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability,
and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes
even before they do - and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of
correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field
and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right
number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue
working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down
by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m. to
prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying
bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the
broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau
senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for the
day’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup
tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of
editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials ate scheduled; how
long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by
the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean
that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an
event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but
there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made
rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to
a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be
allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report
followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that
has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film
or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and
lags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their
reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not
wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy
is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the
work, let it.
What does the word “rundown” (Line 3, Para. 1) possibly mean?
A ： The rehearsal of tomorrow’s programme.
B ： A working report or summary to his superior or head.
C ： An explanation of the programme.
D ： Preparation for the programme.
91 、 不定项选择题It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There
are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First,
there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,
there is the program target—people in the market segment with the “best fit”
characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a
few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the
program audience—all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program
without regard to whether they need or want the product
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where
customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such
customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for
example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such
as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling
(marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified,
and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program
target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are
many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment
group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all
the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide
audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are
few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the
program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for
products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?
A ： They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.
B ： They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not
part of the program target.
C ： They are used only for very expensive products.
D ： They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial
products.
92 、 不定项选择题
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our
life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and
operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general
characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if
one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance
with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a
musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science
as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as somesort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world,
or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science.
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes
and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It
will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science
and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In
addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views
and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent
years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the
scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in
all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and
make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution,
however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male
nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias,
we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible
and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being
ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in
treating half of the human equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our
approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we
shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science
as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
According to this passage, _____.
A ： English is a sexist language
B ： only in this scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly
C ： women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our
language
D ： male nouns or pronouns should not used to refer to scientists
93 、 不定项选择题
Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our
life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and
operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which
scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general
characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if
one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.
This book is written for the intelligent student of lay person whose acquaintance
with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a
musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who has been presented with science
as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some
sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to
accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world,
or independently of any course—simply to provide a better understanding of science.
We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudesand a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It
will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science
and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In
addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views
and some of the values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.
We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the
scientific community and the people who populated it. That population has in recent
years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the
scientific subculture is not a unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in
all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and
make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution,
however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male
nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias,
we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible
and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being
ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in
treating half of the human equally.
We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our
approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we
shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science
as a delightful pastime than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.
We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because
_____.
A ： it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate science
B ： science affects almost every aspect of our life
C ： scientists live in a specific substructure
D ： it is easier to understand general characteristics of science
94 、 不定项选择题
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation
at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass
through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated
from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions
from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The
surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass
of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning
of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise
in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human
society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a
function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitudeof 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level),
the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s
surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of
carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb
infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the
atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases
with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative
humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient
absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more
moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more
infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface.
The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average
temperature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about _____.
A ： 15℃
B ： 9℃
C ： 2.5℃
D ： -12℃
95 、 不定项选择题
For the executive producer of a network nightly news programme, the workday often
begins at midnight as mine did during seven years with ABC’s evening newscast.
The first order of business was a call to the assignment desk for a pre-
bedtime?rundownof latest developments.
The assignment desk operates 24 hours a day, staffed by editors who move
crews, correspondents and equipment to the scene of events. Assignment-desk
editors ate logistics experts; they have to know plane schedules, satellite availability,
and whom to get in touch with at local stations and overseas broadcasting systems.
They are required to assess stories as they break on the wire services—sometimes
even before they do - and to decide how much effort to make to cover those stories.
When the United States was going to appeal to arms against Iraq, the number of
correspondents and crews was constantly evaluated. Based on reports from the field
and also upon the skilled judgments of desk editors in New York City, the right
number of personnel was kept on the alert. The rest were allowed to continue
working throughout the world, in America and Iraq ready to move but not tied down
by false alarms.
The studio staff of ABC’s “World News Tonight” assembles at 9 a.m. to
prepare for the 6:30 “air” p.m. deadline. Overnight dispatches from outlying
bureaus and press services are read. There are phone conversations with the
broadcast’s staff producers in domestic bureaus and with the London bureau
senior producer, who coordinates overseas coverage. A pattern emerges for theday’s news, a pattern outlined in the executive producer’s first lineup. The lineup
tells the staff what stories are scheduled; what the priorities are for processing film of
editing tape; what scripts need to be written; what commercials ate scheduled; how
long stories should run and in what order. Without a lineup, there would be chaos.
Each story’s relative value in dollars and cents must be continually assessed by
the executive producer. Cutting back satellite booking to save money might mean
that an explanation delivered by an anchor person will replace actual photos of an
event. A decline in live coverage could send viewers away and drive ratings down, but
there is not enough money to do everything. So decisions must be made and made
rapidly—because delay can mean a missed connection for shipping tape or access to
a satellite blocked by a competitor.
The broadcasts themselves require pacing and style. The audience has to be
allowed to breathe between periods of intense excitement. A vivid pictorial report
followed by less exacting materials allows the viewer to reflect on information that
has just flashed by. Frequent switches from one anchor to another or from one film
or tape report to another create a sense of forward movement. Ideally, leading and
lags to stories are worked out with field correspondents, enabling them to fit their
reports into the programme’s narrative flow so the audience’s attention does not
wander and more substance is absorbed.
Scripts are constantly rewritten to blend well with incoming pictures. Good copy
is crisp, informative. Our rule: the fewer words the better. If a picture can do the
work, let it.
What is the text mainly about?
A ： Ways to cut down the cost of the coverage,
B ： How to make the report more attractive.
C ： To describe the work of the executive producer.
D ： To introduce the style and features of the news programme.
96 、 不定项选择题
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises
from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There
are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First,
there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,
there is the program target—people in the market segment with the “best fit”
characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a
few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the
program audience—all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program
without regard to whether they need or want the product
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where
customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such
customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for
example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such
as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling
(marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified,
and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program
target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.
Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there aremany rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment
group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all
the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide
audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are
few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the
program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for
products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
The author mentions “trousers” in paragraph 1 most likely in order to _____.
A ： make a comparison between the program target and the program audience
B ： emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program target
C ： provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a
marketing program
D ： clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target
97 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole ofAmerican cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations had a direct effect on all of the
following EXCEPT: _____.
A ： film editing
B ： camera work
C ： scene composing
D ： sound editing
98 、 不定项选择题
When the television is good, nothing—not the theater, not the magazines, or
newspapers—nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite
you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and
stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and
keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you
will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence,
audience-participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families,
blood and thunder, Mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen,
Western goodmen, private eyes, Gangsters, still more violence, and cartoons. And
endlessly, commercials that stream and cajole and offend. And most of all, boredom.
True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if
you think I exaggerate, try it.
Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge
the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the
children’s understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a
children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their level
of understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,
teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children’s
shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and
more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see
whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard
so many hours each and every day.
There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You
will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a
symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes,
too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest.
We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated
or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a
test of what to broadcast. Yon are not only in show business: you are free to
communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wide range of
choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’swhims—you must also serve the nation’s needs. The people own the air. They own
it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o’clock in the morning. For every
hour that the people give you--you own them something. I intend to see that your
debt is paid with service.
The author’s attitude toward television can best be described as _____.
A ： sullenness at defeat
B ： reconciliation with the broadcasters
C ： righteous indignation
D ： determination to prevail
99 、 不定项选择题
When the television is good, nothing—not the theater, not the magazines, or
newspapers—nothing is better. But when television is bad, nothing is worse. I invite
you to sit down in front of your television set when your station goes on the air and
stay there without a book, magazine, newspaper, or anything else to distract you and
keep your eyes glued to that set until the station signs off. I can assure you that you
will observe a vast wasteland. You will see a procession of game shows, violence,
audience-participation shows, formula comedies about totally unbelievable families,
blood and thunder, Mayhem, more violence, sadism, murder, Western badmen,
Western goodmen, private eyes, Gangsters, still more violence, and cartoons. And
endlessly, commercials that stream and cajole and offend. And most of all, boredom.
True, you will see a few things you will enjoy. But they will be very, very few. And if
you think I exaggerate, try it.
Is there no room on television to teach, to inform, to uplift, to stretch, to enlarge
the capacities of our children? Is there no room for programs to deepen the
children’s understanding of children in other lands? Is there no room for a
children’s news show explaining something about the world for them at their level
of understanding? Is there no room for reading the great literature of the past,
teaching them the great traditions of freedom? There are some fine children’s
shows, but they are drowned out in the massive doses of cartoons, violence, and
more violence. Must these be your trademarks? Search your conscience and see
whether you cannot offer more to your young beneficiaries whose future you guard
so many hours each and every day.
There are many people in this great country, and you must serve all of us. You
will get no argument from me if you say that, given a choice between a Western and a
symphony, more people will watch the Western. I like Westerns and private eyes,
too—but a steady diet for the whole country is obviously not in the public interest.
We all know that people would more often prefer to be entertained than stimulated
or informed. But your obligations are not satisfied if you look only to popularity as a
test of what to broadcast. Yon are not only in show business: you are free to
communicate ideas as well as to give relaxation. You must provide a wide range of
choices, more diversity, more alternatives. It is not enough to cater to the nation’s
whims—you must also serve the nation’s needs. The people own the air. They own
it as much in prime evening time as they do at six o’clock in the morning. For every
hour that the people give you--you own them something. I intend to see that your
debt is paid with service.Concerning programs for children, it may be inferred that the author believes that
such programs should _____.
A ： include no cartoons at all
B ： include ones which provide culture
C ： be presented only in the morning
D ： be presented without commercials
100 、 不定项选择题
The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance
of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation
at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass
through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated
from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into
space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions
from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The
surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass
of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning
of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise
in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human
society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a
function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃ can be observed at an altitude
of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level),
the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s
surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of
carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb
infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One
mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would
raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the
atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases
with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative
humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient
absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more
moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of
water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more
infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface.
The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice,
reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed,
leading to a further increase in temperature.
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years?
A ： Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.
B ： Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before.C ： The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2℃ cooler.
D ： The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.
