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1 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
According to Plato, philosophy originated from _____.
A ： what we don’t knowB ： some miracles
C ： the question on what man is
D ： moral values
2 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.
A ： discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema
B ： document Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films
C ： deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith
D ： analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multi-reelfilm
3 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
Why can’t we divide film into various elements for analysis?
A ： Because these elements are interwoven with each other and cannot be
separated without failing to appreciate a film as a whole.
B ： ecause films cannot be written down and it is inconvenient to analyze them
C ： Because films elements are too complicated.
D ： Because films need not to be analyzed in detail.
4 、 不定项选择题“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
From the author’s comments and the example of the bulls (paragraph 4), what was
the most likely reason for which Hemingway took care to include details of place?
A ： He felt that geography in some way illuminated other, more important events.
B ： He thought readers generally did not have enough imagination to visualize thescenes for themselves.
C ： He thought that landscapes were more important than characters to convey
“the way it was.”
D ： He felt that without background information the readers would be unable to
follow the story.
5 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Horace gladly accepted his first job _____.
A ： because of the kind of work it was
B ： because of the high salary offered
C ： because of the location of the office
D ： became he couldn’t find any other job
6 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Which is NOT seen as a lesson drawn from the Enron disaster?
A ： The 401(k) assets should be placed in more than one investment option.
B ： Employees have to take up responsibilities for themselves.
C ： Such events could happen again as it is not easy to change people’s mind.
D ： Economic security won’t be taken for granted by future young workers.
7 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
Which one of the following aspects of Hughes’s poetry does the author appear to
value most highly?A ： its novelty compared to other works of African American literature
B ： its subtle understatement compared to that of other kinds of folk literature
C ： its virtuosity in adapting musical forms to language
D ： its expression of the folk culture of Black People
8 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
A dog responds when it sees the following act of its owner _____.
A ： shouts
B ： hits
C ： body movement
D ： foot gesture
9 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, andthat, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The author suggests that the “deceptive veil”(Paragraph 2) in Hughes’s poetry
obscures _____.
A ： evidence of his use of oral techniques in his poetry
B ： evidence of his thoughtful deliberation in composing his poems
C ： his scrupulous concern for representative details in his poetry
D ： his incorporation of Western European literary techniques in his poetry
10 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way” in order to _____.
A ： differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other
meanings of it
B ： support Darwin’s theory of evolutionC ： provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understood
D ： contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial
expressions
11 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
Why is it not handy to study film?
A ： Because screenplay is not as well written as literary works.
B ： ecause a film cannot be effectively represented by a printed screenplay
C ： Because a film is too complicated.
D ： Because publishers prefer to publish literary works.
12 、 不定项选择题Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lipsuppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The word “despondent” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A ： curious
B ： unhappy
C ： thoughtful
D ： uncertain
13 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
With what can cells take in sugar?
A ： insulin
B ： pancreas
C ： diabetes
D ： immune system
14 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up fromother sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
From the passage, one can assume that which of the following statements would best
describe Hemingway’s attitude toward knowledge?
A ： One can learn about life only by living it fully.
B ： A wise person will read widely in order to learn about life.
C ： Knowledge is a powerful tool that should be reserved only for those who know
how to use it.
D ： Experience is a poor teacher.15 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
One might infer from the passage that Hemingway preferred which one of thefollowing sources for his novels and short stories?
A ： Stories that he had heard from friends or chance acquaintances
B ： Stories that he had read about in newspapers or other secondary sources
C ： Stories that came to him in periods of meditation or in dream
D ： Stories that he had lived rather than read about
E ： Hemingway’s obsession for geographic details progressively overshadowed the
dramatic element of his stories
16 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
According to scientists diabetes causes all the following EXCEPT_____.
A ： lack of insulin
B ： accumulation of sugar energy
C ： brain damages
D ： disorder in the immune system
17 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disruptsmetabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements about IKK∈ is INCORRECT?
A ： The basic job of IKK∈ is to protect the body from diseases.
B ： IKK∈ is a kind of protein.
C ： IKK∈ is linked with many immune diseases.
D ： The mice missing IKK∈ genes gain much more weight.
18 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forwardcan be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
If an owner rounds his eyes and mouth, he is unintentionally urges his dog _____.
A ： to retreat
B ： to squat
C ： to initiate a fight
D ： to come back home
19 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always hadbragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT _____.
A ： people’s desire for devolution
B ： locals’ turnout for the voting
C ： powers of the legislative body
D ： status of the national language
20 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. Fromthe beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into American cinema
EXCEPT: _____.
A ： consideration of social issues
B ： adaptations from Tennyson
C ： the flashback and other editing techniques
D ： dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater
21 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleepingstreets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to supportthemselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
The?Tribune?was different from all other American papers because it was _____.
A ： available by subscription only
B ： printed in New York city
C ： distributed throughout the nation
D ： it offered the editor’s personal opinions only
22 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildingsthat are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh
national identity?
A ： Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.
B ： Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.
C ： A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.
D ： The national symbol has become a familiar sight.
23 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giantcorporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Changes in pension schemes were also part of _____.
A ： the corporate lay-offs
B ： the government cuts in welfare spendingC ： the economic restructuring
D ： the warning power of labors unions
24 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even afterhis?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
When Horace founded the Tribune he was _____.
A ： already a rich and famous newspaperman
B ： poor, but skilled in newspaper work
C ： poor, but eager to learn newspaper work
D ： rich and skilled in newspaper work
25 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest toart historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
Which of the following best states that author’s attitude toward comics, as
expressed in the passage?
A ： They constitute an innovative art from.
B ： They can be a worthwhile subject for study.
C ： They are critically important to an understanding of modern art.
D ： Their visual structure is more complex than that of medieval art.
26 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore theprinciples of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
What does the word “it” refers to in the last sentence of the passage?
A ： The analytical method.
B ： The fragmenting technique.
C ： Ease.
D ： Convenience.
27 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relationof mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
In the passage, the author implies that _____.
A ： it is not good for people to travel alone
B ： one should explore philosophical problems under the guidance of other
philosophers
C ： one should follow the path of other philosophers
D ： one would study philosophy with others
28 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
The Romans used to sell _____ by auction.
A ： spoilt goods
B ： old-worn weaponsC ： property taken from the enemy
D ： spears
29 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling to
admit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, exceptof course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
According to the author, Hemingway’s primary purpose in telling a story was _____.
A ： to construct a well-told story that the reader would thoroughly enjoy
B ： to construct a story that would reflect truths that were not particular to a
specific historical period
C ： to begin from reality but to allow his imagination to roam from “the way it
was” to “the way it might have been.”
D ： to report faithfully reality as Hemingway had experienced it
30 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
A dog is read to attack when _____.
A ： its eyes are diluted and rounded
B ： its owner’s body leans backward
C ： its owner’s shoulder squared
D ： its owner’s shoulder slumped31 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The passage asserts which of the following about commercial art?
A ： There are many examples of commercial art whose artistic merit is equal to that
of great works of art of the past.
B ： Commercial art is heavily influenced by whatever doctrines are fashionable in
the serious art world of the time.
C ： The line between commercial art and great art lies primarily in how an image is
used, not in the motivation for its creation.
D ： The pervasiveness of contemporary commercial art has led art historians to
undervalue representational skills.
32 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African Americanliterature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of
the following statements about the requirement that Black writers employ Western
European literary techniques?
A ： The requirement was imposed more for social than for aesthetic reasons.
B ： The requirement was a relatively unimportant aspect of the African American
tradition.
C ： The requirement was the chief reason for Hughes’s success as a writer.
D ： The requirement was appropriated for some forms of expression but not for
others.
33 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots withnewly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
The author’s purpose in writing this passage is primarily to _____.
A ： suggest the motives behind Mexican and United States intervention in Texas
B ： bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans
C ： provide a historical perspective for a new analysis of Mexican–American culture
D ： document certain early objectives of Mexican- American society
34 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
According to the passage, a major difference between the colonization policy of the
United States and that of Mexico in Texas in the 1800’s was the _____.
A ： degree to which policies were based on tradition
B ： form of economic interdependency between different cultural groups
C ： treatment of the native inhabitants
D ： relationship between the military and the settlers
35 、 不定项选择题
“A writer’s job is to tell the truth,” said Hemingway in 1942. No other writer of
our time had so fiercely asserted, so pugnaciously defended or so consistently
exemplified the writer’s obligation to speak truly. His standard of truth-telling
remained, moreover, so high and so rigorous that he was ordinarily unwilling toadmit secondary evidence, whether literary evidence or evidence picked up from
other sources than his own experience. “I only know what I have seen,” was a
statement which came often to his lips and pen. What he had personally done, or
what he knew unforgettably by having gone through one version of it, was what he
was interested in telling about. This is not to say that he refused to invent freely. But
he always made it a sacrosanct point to invent in terms of what he actually knew
from having been there.
The primary intent of his writing, from first to last, was to seize and project for
the reader what he often called “the way it was.” This is a characteristically simple
phrase for a concept of extraordinary complexity, and Hemingway’s conception of
its meaning subtly changed several times in the course of his career-always in the
direction of greater complexity. At the core of the concept, however, one can
invariably discern the operation of three aesthetic instruments; the sense of place the
sense of fact and the sense of scene.
The first of these, obviously a strong passion with Hemingway, is the sense of
place. “Unless you have geography, background,” he once told George Anteil,
“You have nothing.” You have, that is to say, a dramatic vacuum. Few writers have
been more place-conscious. Few have so carefully charted out the geographical
ground work of their novels while managing to keep background so conspicuously
unobtrusive. Few, accordingly, have been able to record more economically and
graphically the way it is when you walk through the streets of Paris in search of
breakfast at corner café… Or when, at around six O’s clock of a Spanish dawn, you
watch the bulls running from the corrals at the Puerta Rochapea through the streets
of Pamplona towards the bullring.
“When I woke it was the sound of the rocket exploding that announced the
release of the bulls from the corrals at the edge of town. Down below the narrow
street was empty. All the balconies were crowded with people. Suddenly a crowd
came down the street. They were all running, packed close together. They passed
along and up the street toward the bullring and behind them came more men
running faster, and then some stragglers who were really running. Behind them was
a little bare space, and then the bulls, galloping, tossing their heads up and down. It
all went out of sight around the corner. One man fell, rolled to the gutter, and lay
quiet. But the bulls went right on and did not notice him. They were all running
together.”
This landscape is as morning-fresh as a design in India ink on clean white paper.
First is the bare white street, seen from above, quiet and empty. Then one sees the
first packed clot of runners. Behind these are the thinner ranks of those who move
faster because they are closer to bulls. Then the almost comic stragglers, who are
“really running.” brilliantly behind these shines the “little bare space,” a
desperate margin for error. Then the clot of running bulls-closing the design, except
of course for the man in the gutter making himself, like the designer’s initials, as
inconspicuous as possible.
It has been suggested that part of Hemingway’s genius lies in the way in which he
removes himself from his stories in order to let readers experience the stories for
themselves. Which of the following elements of the passage support this suggestion?
Ⅰ. The comparison of “designer’s initials” to the man who fell and lay in the
gutter (the last paragraph) during the running of bulls
Ⅱ. Hemingway’s stated intent to project for the reader “he way it was” (the
second paragraph)III. Hemingway’s ability to invent fascinating tales from his own experience
A ： I only
B ： Ⅱ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： I and III only
36 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The author mentions which one of the following as an example of the influence of
Black folk culture on Hughes’s poetry?
A ： his exploitation of ambiguous and deceptive meanings
B ： his strong religious beliefs
C ： his use of naming and enumerationD ： his use of first-person narrative
37 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means _____.
A ： separatist
B ： conventional
C ： feudal
D ： political
38 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in
dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
What is mainly discussed in the text?A ： The uniqueness of film.
B ： The importance of film analysis.
C ： How to identify the techniques a film uses.
D ： The relationship between film analysis and literary analysis.
39 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, _____.
A ： rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B ： small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C ： anadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D ： most Americans are ready to offer help
40 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his specialview of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
What is called science or art, according to the author?
A ： the deficit answers of some of man’s questions
B ： Man’s thoughts
C ： all of man’s questions
D ： the meaning of reality
41 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturationwas continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-
Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
The author most probably uses the phrase “charter minority” to reinforce the idea
the Mexican Americans _____.
A ： are a native rather than an immigrant group in the United States
B ： played an active political role when Texas first became part of the United States
C ： have been misunderstood by scholars trying to interpret their culture
D ： identify more closely with their Indian heritage than with their Spanish heritage
42 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing toknow its grammar and semantics.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage, about the adherents of
“certain theories of nonrepresentational art”?
A ： They consider the use of illusion to be inappropriate in contemporary art.
B ： They do not agree the marks on a flat surface can ever satisfactorily convey the
illusion of three-dimensional space.
C ： They do not discuss important works of art created in the past.
D ： They do not think that the representation of nature was ever the primary goal of
past painters.
43 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
The tradition of hospitality to strangers _____.
A ： tends to be superficial and artificial
B ： is generally well kept up in the United States
C ： is always understood properly
D ： has something to do with the busy tourist trails44 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skinabove the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions
that were not expressed?
A ： They would become less intense.
B ： They would last longer than usual.
C ： They would cause problems later.
D ： They would become more negative.
45 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood
fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeks
after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Greeley probably felt that his greatest accomplishment was _____.
A ： rising from poverty to wealth
B ： becoming a popular political leader
C ： founding?the New York?Tribune
D ： All of the above
46 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discoveredwhat goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A ： The new treatment for diabetes has been applied to humans.
B ： There is not much difference between mouse diabetes and human type
diabetes.
C ： The discovery of what goes wrong with a special kind of mice enables scientists
to find a way to prevent diabetes in humans.
D ： The discovery made by the research groups led by Daniel L. Kaufman and Hugh
Mcdevit is convincing.
47 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had
bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugalforces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to _____.
A ： maintain the present status among the nations.
B ： reduce legislative powers of England.
C ： create a better state of equality among the nations.
D ： grant more say to all the nations in the union.
48 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelerswere welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _____.
A ： culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B ： courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C ： various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D ： social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
49 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the same
emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on theportrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
The word “concur” in the passage is closest in meaning to _____.
A ： estimate
B ： agree
C ： expect
D ： understand
50 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, forthe various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
A candle used to burn at auction sales _____.
A ： because they took place at night
B ： as a signal for the crowd to gather
C ： to keep the auctioneer warm
D ： to limit the time when offers could be made
51 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea thatconsuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A ： IKK∈: an appealing drug target for losing weight.
B ： Teach you how to lose weight.
C ： New researches about losing weight.
D ： Calories in versus calories out.
52 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such mattersnever had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author of the passage explicitly,?disagrees?with which of the following
statements?
A ： In modern society even non-artists can master techniques that great artists of
the 14th?century did not employ.
B ： The ability to represent a three-dimensional object on a flat surface has nothing
to do with art.
C ： In modern society the victory of representational skills has created a problem
for art critics.
D ： The way that artists are able to represent the visible world is an area that needs
a great deal more study before it can be fully understood.
53 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone inneed and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Thousands of employees chose Enron as their sole investment option mainly because_____.
A ： the 401(k) made them responsible for their own future
B ： Enron offered to add company stock to their investment
C ： their employers intended to cut back on pension spending
D ： Enron’s offer was similar to a defined-benefit plan
54 、 不定项选择题
There is substantial evidence that by 1926, with the publication of The Weary Blues,
Langston Hughes had broken with two well-established traditions in African American
literature. In The Weary Blues, Hughes chose to modify the traditions that decreed
that African American literature must promote racial acceptance and integration, and
that, in order to do so, it must reflect an understanding and mastery of Western
European literary techniques and styles. Necessarily excluded by this decree,
linguistically and thematically, was the vast amount of secular folk material in the
oral tradition that had been created by Black people in the years of slavery and after.
It might be pointed out that even the spirituals or “sorrow songs” of the slaves—as
distinct from their secular songs and stories—had been Europeanized to make them
acceptable within these African American traditions after the Civil War. In 1862
northern White writers had commented favorably on the unique and provocative
melodies of these “sorrow songs” when they first heard them sung by slaves in the
Carolina sea islands. But by 1916, ten years before the publication of The Weary
Blues, Hurry T. Burleigh, the Black baritone soloist at New York’s ultrafashionable
Saint George’s Episcopal Church, had published Jubilee Songs of the United States,
with every spiritual arranged so that a concert singer could sing it “in the manner of
an art song.” Clearly, the artistic work of Black people could be used to promote
racial acceptance and integration only on the condition that it became Europeanized.
Even more than his rebellion against this restrictive tradition in African American
art, Hughes’s expression of the vibrant folk culture of Black people established his
writing as a landmark in the history of African American literature. Most of his folk
poems have the distinctive marks of this folk culture’s oral tradition: they contain
many instances of naming and enumeration, considerable hyperbole and
understatement, and a strong infusion of street-talk rhyming. There is a deceptive
veil of artlessness in these poems. Hughes prided himself on being an impromptu
and impressionistic writer of poetry. His, he insisted, was not an artfully constructed
poetry. Yet an analysis of his dramatic monologues and other poems reveals that his
poetry was carefully and artfully crafted. In his folk poetry we find features common
to all folk literature, such as dramatic ellipsis, narrative compression, rhythmic
repetition, and monosyllabic emphasis. The peculiar mixture of irony and humor we
find in his writing is a distinguishing feature of his folk poetry. Together, these
aspects, of Hughes’s writing helped to modify the previous restrictions on the
techniques and subject matter of Black writers and consequently to broaden the
linguistic and thematic range of African American literature.
The author most probably mentions the reactions of northern White writers to non-
Europeanized “sorrow songs” in order to _____.
A ： suggest that White writers benefited more from exposure to African American
art forms than Black writers did from exposure to European art forms
B ： contrast White writers’ earlier appreciation of these songs with the growingtendency after the Civil War to regard Europeanized versions of the songs as more
acceptable
C ： show that the requirement that such songs be Europeanized was internal to the
African American tradition and was unrelated to the literary standards or attitudes of
White writers
D ： demonstrate that such songs in their non-Europeanized form were more
imaginative
55 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Fred Herschbach and Mike Pfafflin agreed that _____.
A ： mericans are friendlier than Germans
B ： German food is more monotonous than American foods
C ： German schools are harder than American schools
D ： The teacher in German is king
56 、 不定项选择题Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells in
the pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Scientists find that it is possible to cure diabetes by means of _____.
A ： operation on pancreas
B ： stopping the accumulation of blood cells
C ： accumulation sugar energy
D ： preventing the immune system from making mistakes
57 、 不定项选择题
Scientists seeming to cure and prevent insulin-dependent diabetes have discovered
what goes wrong in the bodies of a special breed of mice prone to the affliction and,
using that knowledge, have developed a way to prevent the disease in the Roberts.
Because mouse diabetes is almost identical to human type 1 diabetes (also
called insulin-dependent or juvenile-onset diabetes)，the researchers say they may
be ready to test their techniques on humans in five years and that a treatment for
patients in the early stages of the disease could be ready to test in two years.
In findings—published in last week’s issue of Nature—were obtained by two
research groups working independently. One was led by Daniel L. Kaufaman, a
molecular biologist at the University of California at Los Angeles, and the other by
Hugh O. Mcdevit of Stanford University.
“There’s great excitement at the prospects for this research” said James
Gavin, a diabetes specialist and president of the American Diabetes Association.
“These are studies you have to call convincing. They are clearly likely to have human
applications.”
Type 1 diabetes has long been known to be an autoimmune disease—an ailment
in which the immune system, instead of defending the body against invading
microbes, mistakenly attacks part of the body. In diabetes, it kills the special cells inthe pancreas that make insulin. Without insulin, cells cannot take in sugar. The body
is deprived of sugar energy and its accumulation in the bloodstream damages nerves
and other issues. The potential new treatments would either stop the immune
system from making a mistake or suppress an existing erroneous response.
Rodents in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to a species of animals
including all the following EXCEPT _____.
A ： rats
B ： rabbits
C ： cats
D ： squirrels
58 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his special
view of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.In the passage, the author says that every man is a philosopher. This is because _____.
A ： every man lives like a philosopher
B ： every man is aware of the importance of philosophy
C ： every man lives in accordance with his world outlook
D ： every man lives consciously
59 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper FrankScheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
What does the word “nocturnal” mean in the second paragraph?
A ： Hungry.
B ： Nightly
C ： Healthy
D ： Greedy
60 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneer
need not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of the order because _____.
A ： he sometimes wants to confuse the buyers
B ： he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain items
C ： he wants to keep certain people waiting
D ： he wants to reduce the number of buyers
61 、 不定项选择题When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author suggests which of the following about art historians?
A ： They do not believe that illusionist tricks have become trivial.
B ： They generally spend little time studying contemporary artists.
C ： They have not given enough consideration to how the representation of nature
has become commonplace.
D ： They generally tend to argue about theories rather than address substantive
issues.
62 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a
long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems ofthe families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _____.
A ： to improve their hard life
B ： in view of their long-distance travel
C ： to add some flavor to their own daily life
D ： out of a charitable impulse
63 、 不定项选择题
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five
hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping
streets of New York City.?The New York Tribune?was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously
snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many
years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of
years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor
parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early
childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm
to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhoodfun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he
applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job
because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to
answer an ad. A paper called?the Northern Spectator?had a job for a boy. The editor
asked him why he wanted to boa printer, Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I
want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the
job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work.
After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there,
he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania.
Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but
gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles
to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his
father.
The?Spectator?failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined
his family in Erie, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the?Erie Gazette. Half the money he
earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket.
He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter
for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so
difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the
Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought
better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and
his habits did not change He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after
his?Tribune?became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next
meal.
The?Tribune?grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before
in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were
truthful and accurate His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people
disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The?Tribune?became America’s
first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it
was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in
the land.
Greeley and his?Tribune?fought for many causes. He was the first to come out
for the right of women to vote. His?Tribune?was the leader in demanding protection
for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During
a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support
themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the?Tribune?gained more power, Greeley became more interested in politics
He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man,
was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a
powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President
against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart-
broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow only weeksafter his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved?Tribune?lived on after him as
the monument he wanted. Just before died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and
flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that
covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of
the?New York?Tribune.”
Before the Tribune was founded, news reporting was _____.
A ： honest but uninteresting
B ： distorted or dishonest
C ： almost unknown
D ： interesting but distorted
64 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’s
big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
The other end of the leash most probably refers to _____.
A ： a dog
B ： a dog’s owner
C ： dog owner’s friend
D ： a dog’s rival65 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely aspossible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The major expense that a group sponsoring an exchange student must meet is _____.
A ： bed and board
B ： pocket money and incidentals
C ： transportation
D ： transportation, bed board and pocket money
66 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losingcontact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even the
crude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
It can be inferred from the passage that someone who wanted to analyze the
“grammar and semantics” of the language of art would most appropriately
comment on which of the following?
A ： The relationship between the drawing in a comic strip and the accompanying
text.
B ： The amount of detail that can be included in a tiny illustration on a postage
stamp.
C ： The sociological implications of the images chosen to advertise a particular
product.
D ： The particular juxtaposition of shapes in an illustration that makes one shape
look as though it were behind another.
67 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of sixnocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain
weight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to Fred Turek’s research?
A ： The nocturnal mice and the off-schedule mice ate different pellets.
B ： The off-schedule mice ate significantly more and are more lively.
C ： If the nocturnal mice consume calories during the day, it should be very
harmful.
D ： After 6 weeks, the group of mice ate at night gained more weight.
68 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. Fromthe beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations had a direct effect on all of the
following EXCEPT: _____.
A ： film editing
B ： camera work
C ： scene composing
D ： sound editing
69 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to theyouth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of theindifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
Exchange students are generally placed in homes that are _____.
A ： very similar to their own homes
B ： typical of homes in the land they are visiting
C ： as different from their own home as is possible
D ： None of the above
70 、 不定项选择题
When we consider great painters of the past, the study of art and the study of illusion
cannot always be separated. By illusion I mean those contrivances of color, line,
shape, and forth that lead us to see marks on a flat surface as depicting three-
dimensional objects in space. I must emphasize that I am not making a plea,
disguised or otherwise, for the exercise of illusionist tricks in painting today, although
I am, in fact rather critical of certain theories of non-representational art. But to
argue over these theories would be to miss the point. That the discoveries and effects
of representation that were the pride of earlier artists have become trivial today I
would not deny for a moment. Yet I believe that we are in real danger of losing
contact with past masters if we accept the fashionable doctrine that such matters
never had anything to do with art. The very reason why the representation of nature
can now be considered something commonplace should be of the greatest interest to
art historians. Never before has there been an age when the visual image was so
cheap in every sense of the word. We are surrounded and assailed by posters and
advertisements, comics and magazine illustrations. We see aspects of reality
represented on television, postage stamps, and food packages. Painting is taught in
school and practiced as a pastime, and many modest amateurs have mastered tricks
that would have looked like sheer magic to the 14th?century painter Giotto. Even thecrude colored renderings on a cereal box might have made Giotto’s contemporaries
gasp. Perhaps there are people who concluded from this that the cereal box is
superior to a Giotto; I do not. But I think that the victory and vulgarization of
representational skills create a problem for both art historians and critics. In this
connection it is instructive to remember the Greek saying that to marvel is the
beginning of knowledge and if we cease to marvel we may be in danger of ceasing to
know. I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by
forms, lines, shades, or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we call
“pictures.” Even comics and advertisements, rightly viewed, provide food for
thought. Just as the study of poetry remains incomplete without an awareness of the
language of prose, so, I believe, the study of art will be increasingly supplemented by
inquiry into the “linguistics” of the visual image. The way the language of art refers
to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely
unknown except to artists who use it as we use all language—without needing to
know its grammar and semantics.
The author’s statement regarding how artists use the languages of art implies that
_____.
A ： artists are better equipped than art historians to provide detailed evaluations of
other artist’s work
B ： many artists have an unusually quick, intuitive understanding of language
C ： artists can produce works of art even if they cannot analyze their methods of
doing so
D ： artists of the past, such as Giotto, were better educated about artistic issues
than were artists of the author’s time
71 、 不定项选择题
Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer.
He asked the crowed assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or “bids”, for
the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally
names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called “knocking down”
the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a
table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.
The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word
comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning “increase.” The Romans usually sold in this
way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called subhasta, meaning “under the
spear,” a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather, In
English in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold “by the
candle”; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it
stayed alight.
Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are
coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines.
Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare
books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie’s and
Sotheby’s in London and New York are world-famous.
An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to
be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the
advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of
goods to be sold together, called a “lot,” is usually given a number. The auctioneerneed not begin with Lot I and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he
registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they
are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer’s services are paid for in the form of a
percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct
interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.
Why is the end of the bidding called “knocking down”?
A ： Because the auctioneer knocks the buyer down.
B ： ecause the auctioneer knocks the rostrum down.
C ： Because the goods are knocked down on the table.
D ： Because the auctioneer bans the table with a hammer.
72 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,
many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on theemployee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enron’s
employees will be a landmark in business history…”?
A ： Because the company has gone bankrupt.
B ： ecause such events would never happen again.
C ： Because many Enron workers lost their retirement savings.
D ： Because it signifies a turning point in economic security.
73 、 不定项选择题
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a
generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx, once widely spoken
on the Isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning,
however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public
documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to
learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional
languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a
resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last
month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National
Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind
devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the
United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always hadbragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster,
implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the
club—Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales—a bigger say and to counter centrifugal
forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted
overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by
less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were
proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or
the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact
laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many
people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow
with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings
that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style
waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European
Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western
Europe—only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and
women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard
Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and
Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue.
And Wales now boasts a national airline, Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of
compatriots”, is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol
since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere—on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell
phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-
class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer
night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an
industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod,
Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the
sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan
continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-
speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his
generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago.
“We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s
changing.”
According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is _____.
A ： people’s mentality
B ： pop culture
C ： town’s appearance
D ： possibilities for the people
74 、 不定项选择题
To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and
should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-
minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in
the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For along period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break
in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of
the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers
were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The
harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone
traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the
nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a
charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if
you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who
would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are
many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the
old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the
smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. “I was just traveling
through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for
dinner—amazing.” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not
uncommon, but are not always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many
Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the
result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed
society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions
underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not
necessarily mean that someone understands, social and cultural patterns. Visitors
who fail to “translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions.
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications
of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and
culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between
courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many
Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?
A ： Favorable.
B ： Unfavorable.
C ： Indifferent.
D ： Neutral.
75 、 不定项选择题
A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward
can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means
nonthreatening. It means you’ve relinquished what ethologists call an “intention
movement” to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a
dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he’ll read is like a red flag. Standing
straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference
between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and
deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a
tense situation and igniting it. “I think they are looking at our eyes and where our
eyes look like,” the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, says, “A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high
arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention
to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that’sbig cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And
then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go.”
In the book?The Other End of the Leash,?McConnell decodes one of the most
common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in
a walk. To us, it’s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it’s about two dogs
sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners “are
often anxious about how well the dogs will get along,” she writes, and if you watch
them instead of the dogs, you’ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath
and round their eyes and mouths in an “on alert” expression. Since these
behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the
humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the
leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think
of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own
pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I
don’t know how many times I’ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner’s
frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.
The best title for this piece might be _____.
A ： Human-dog Interaction
B ： Human-dog Friendship
C ： Human-dog Antagonism
D ： Human-dog Relations
76 、 不定项选择题
The miserable fate of Enron’s employees will be a landmark in business history, one
of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again.
This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their
retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens
again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron
workers represents something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the
unwinding of one of the most audacious promises of the 20th century.
The promise was assured economic security—even comfort—for essentially
everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the
19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days—lack of food,
warmth, shelter—would at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise
became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in
need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U.S.). Labour
unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant
corporations came into being and offered the possibility—in some cases the
promise—of lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions? The cumulative effect
was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal
of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history. For millennia the
average person’s stance toward providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on
my own. Now it became, ultimately I’ll be taken care of.
The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the
1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring
massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of
corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands,many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom
killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also
in decline. Labour-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans
realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of us.
A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs
easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which
obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to defined
contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most
common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). the significance of the 401(k)
is that it puts most of the responsibility for a person’s economic fate back on the
employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into the plan each
year and how it gets invested—the two factors that will determine how much it’s
worth when the employee retires.
Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement
savings went in employees’ 401(k) accounts. That is, the employees chose how
much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron
matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401(k) contribution with company
stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but
that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match
employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron
case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the
company’s problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold.
Second, Enron’s 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan
administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have
closed their accounts if they wanted to.
But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of
employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their
401(k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were
offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but it’s what some of them did.
The Enron employees’ retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from
guaranteed economic security. That’s why preventing such a thing from ever
happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-
of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be
complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a
20th-century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like
most people in most times and places, they’re on their own.
According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, layout unions and
big corporations to guarantee economic comfort have led to a significant change in
_____.
A ： people’s outlook on life
B ： people’s life styles
C ： people’s living standard
D ： people’s social values
77 、 不定项选择题
Every man is a philosopher. Every man has his own philosophy of life and his specialview of the universe. Moreover, his philosophy is important, more important perhaps
that he himself knows. It determines his treatment of friends and enemies, his
conduct when alone and in society, his attitude towards his home, his work, and his
country, his religious beliefs, his ethical standards, his social adjustment and his
personal happiness.
Nations, too, through the political or military party in power, have their
philosophers of thought and action. Wars are waged and revolutions incited because
of the clash of ideologies, the conflict of philippics. It has always been so. World War
II is but the latest and most dramatic illustration of the combustible nature of
differences in social and political philosophy.
Philosophy, says Plato, begins with wonder. We wonder about the destructive
fury of earthquakes, floods, storms, drought, pestilence, famine, and fire, the
mysteries of birth and death, pleasure and pain, change and permanence, cruelly and
kindness, instincts and ideals, mind and body, the size of the universe and man’s
place in it. Our questions are endless. What is man? What is Nature? What is justice?
What is duty? Alone among the animals man is concerned about his origin and end,
about his purposes and goals, about the meaning of life and the nature of reality. He
alone distinguishes between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, the better and the
worse. He may be a member of the animal kingdom, but he is also a citizen of the
world of ideas and values.
Some of man’s questions have had answers. Where the answer is clear, we call
it science or art and move on to higher ground and a new vista of the world. Many of
our questions, however, will never have final answers. Men will always discuss the
nature of justice and right, the significance of evil, the art of government, the relation
of mind and matter, the search for truth, the quest for happiness, the idea of God,
and the meaning of reality.
The human race has reflected so long and often on these problems that the
same patterns of thought recur in almost every age. We should know what these
thoughts are. We should know what answers have been suggested by those who have
most influenced ancient and modern thought. We shall want to do our own thinking
and find our own answers. It is, however, neither necessary nor advisable to travel
alone. Others have helped dispel the darkness, and the light they have kindled may
also illuminate our way.
According to the author, we can trace the root of war in _____.
A ： the power struggle
B ： the military competition
C ： the conflict of ideas
D ： the racial contradiction
78 、 不定项选择题
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred bymost directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of the
following results?
Ⅰ. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for film
subjects.
Ⅱ. Audience appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with
cinematic syntax was increased.
Ⅲ. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were
shown to be really nonexistent.
A ： Ⅱ only
B ： Ⅲ only
C ： I and Ⅱ only
D ： Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
79 、 不定项选择题
Film has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is
also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many
elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories indramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and
movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.
Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it
cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are
relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly
more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed,
and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure
up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a
performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends
greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in
writing. The screenplay requires so much “filling in” by our imagination that we
cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and
reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most
screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.
Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the
fact that we do not generally “read” films does not mean we should ignore the
principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do
share many elements and communicate many things in similar ways. Perceptive film
analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have
learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those
who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to
look into the elements that film shares with any good story.
Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial
process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for
example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people
influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or
cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method uses such a fragmenting
technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can
study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or
their relationship to the whole.
From the third paragraph we learn that _____.
A ： the means by which we analyze a literary work cannot be applied to film analysis
B ： a good film and a good story have many elements in common
C ： we should not pay extra effort to study films
D ： using the principles of literary analysis makes no difference in film analysis
80 、 不定项选择题
Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how
can we tell when other people are happy or?despondent??It turns out that the
expression of many emotions maybe universal, Smiling is apparently a universal sign
of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in?a hostile way, as noted by Charles
Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator
of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial
expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal
the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.
Most investigators?concur?that certain facial expressions suggest the sameemotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions
manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took
photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and
sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were
being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to
members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups
including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the
portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked
how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic
emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar
results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that
multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally
agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more
intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect
emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of
electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback
hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial
expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis,
signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of
the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s
emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs
of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of
all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good
will, for example, and frowning to anger?
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the
facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for
example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous
drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to
frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is
arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism.
Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens
arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional
activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of
neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of
facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has
found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s feet”
wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin
above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff
upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip
suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or
tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and
involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New
Guinea?
A ： They did not want to be shown photographs.
B ： They were famous for their story-telling skills.
C ： They knew very little about Western culture.D ： They did not encourage the expression of emotions.
81 、 不定项选择题
When we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice
that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal
hours. Another study sheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place.
Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity
remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they
must take into account.
Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts
metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done
controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern
University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link
between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six
nocturnal mice ate their pellets (60％ fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night.
Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts
their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.
After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20％ more than the
controls, Turek and Arble report today in?Obesity, supporting the idea that
consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble
acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish,
but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.
In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link
between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the
accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose
weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in?Cell. The researchers tested me weight-
adding abilities of a protein called IKK∈, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and
chronic, low-1evel inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKK∈
genes a diet of high-fat chow.
Because IKKE’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to
find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice
did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful
to their overall health. “The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also
don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of
lipids on the liver,” Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health
problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKK∈ “an especially
appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease.”
Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University praises the study but
remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKK∈. He helped develop the
mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He
suspects that suppressing IKK∈ may help people with diabetes or obesity, “but the
first time the swine flu comes along, that’s it.”
Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper Frank
Scheet, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that “you could
see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s
consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days.”
Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gainweight. Says Turek, “It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out.”
According to the passage, what’s Tom Maniatis’s attitude towards the second
study?
A ： Doubting.
B ： Supportive.
C ： Negative.
D ： Neutral.
82 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,
and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He tookpart in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fair
conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
It is reasonable to suppose that the author wishes that _____.
A ： merican schools provided fewer outside activities
B ： more money were available to finance the exchange program
C ： the program were government sponsored
D ： visiting foreign students will completely accept the culture of America
83 、 不定项选择题Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed
achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in
dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary
camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From
the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of
Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as
having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by
most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the
scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and
distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic
effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most
suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot
to camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could
control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the
reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a
plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and
experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become
standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological
and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the
crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus
exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian
novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included
not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such
novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social
issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of
American cinema. When he remade?Enoch Arden?in 1911, he insisted that a subject
of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel.
Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense
revolution. Two years later,?Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical
spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running
time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a
trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a
new intellectual respectability to the cinema.
It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a
film was _____.
A ： 15 minutes or less
B ： between 15 and 30 minutes
C ： 1 hour or more
D ： between 45 minutes and 1 hour
84 、 不定项选择题
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend
about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers,and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen
hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new
understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have
participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impression to the
youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often
think of America only in terms of skyscrapers. Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans
think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize
how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get
along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent
last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son
Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two
months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different
from what he had expected—much more formal, much harder. Students rose
respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead
of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities
revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the
food—mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and haven good time. In
Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered
enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as
I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes
of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,”
he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You
come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in
the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming
independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was
far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously In
Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training
for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took
part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken
was “fabulous,” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase
“we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second
home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in
the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the
International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check
on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent,
adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as
possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same
economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss who, they observed. For
visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the
exchange program. They are supposed to observe evaluate, and come to fairconclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained
faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had
made friendship that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by
the freedom demitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the
indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge
about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna:
“At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about
religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain
some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school.
“Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being
friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves
like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange
student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed,
board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small
amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron
curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to
take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan,
the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager
younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
The greatest value of the program is that each visiting student _____.
A ： has a chance to travel in foreign countries
B ： shares what he learned with others
C ： learns a new language
D ： gains a new understanding of world problems
85 、 不定项选择题
Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations
of Mexican–American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican
Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people compatriots with
newly arriving settlers to, finally a conquered people—a charter minority on our own
land.
When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed the
culture of the indigenous Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation
was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800’s and brought the
indigenous Indians into Mexican life and government. In the 1820’s United State
citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.
As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by
subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed
repeatedly, culmination in a military conflict that led to victory for the United States.
Thus, suddenly derived of our parent culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-Mexican modes of thought and action in order to survive.
Which of the following statements most clearly contradicts the information in this
passage?
A ： While Texas was under Mexican control, the population of Texas quadrupled, in
spite of the fact the Mexico discouraged immigration from the United States.
B ： Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanish acculturation and were either killed
or enslaved.
C ： By the time Mexico acquired Texas, many Indians had already married people of
Spanish Heritage.
D ： Many Mexicans living in Texas returned to Mexico after Texas was annexed by
the United States.
