国外权威期刊目录JAERE·环境与资源经济学家协会杂志(总第636期)

Benedikt Janzen

本研究利用德国近 50 万通热线电话的数据，探究了环境温度对心理健康的短期影响。通过借助基于位置的热线电话路由以及日常随机的天气波动，我发现极端温度对心理健康存在负面影响，这一点从电话咨询服务需求的增加中可见一斑。在平均气温高于 25°C（77°F）和低于 0°C（32°F）的日子里，热线电话数量分别比气温适中的日子高出 3.7% 和 2.3%。在机制分析中，我研究了与温度相关的对话主题变化，结果显示有迹象表明寒冷温度对社会幸福感有负面影响，炎热温度则对情绪和心理健康有负面影响。从更广泛的角度来看，这项研究的结果有助于我们理解在不久的将来，不断变化的气候条件可能会如何影响人群的心理健康。

Goeun Lee and Timothy K. M. Beatty

We study the effect of wildfire smoke on farmworker labor outcomes in California. Using high-frequency individual-location data, we find that labor declines at both the extensive and intensive margins on days when fields are affected by wildfire smoke. On smoky days, the number of workers in a field is reduced by 17.51% and working hours are reduced by 23.12%, relative to days without smoke. Estimated effects are largest for labor-intensive crops. Farmworkers are more likely to be observed in a field immediately before smoke events and less likely to be observed after. They are also more likely to work in other fields when their primary worksite is treated. Results highlight the significant effects of wildfire smoke on farmworker labor outcomes, showing reductions in work activities and the adoption of substitution behaviors among a marginalized and hard-to-survey group.

我们研究了野火烟雾对加利福尼亚州农场工人劳动成果的影响。利用高频个体定位数据，我们发现，在农田受到野火烟雾影响的日子里，无论是在广度还是强度上，劳动力都会下降。与无烟的日子相比，在烟雾弥漫的日子里，一块农田里的工人数量减少了 17.51%，工作时间减少了 23.12%。对劳动密集型作物的估计影响最大。在烟雾事件发生前，农场工人更有可能出现在农田里，而在烟雾事件发生后，出现在农田里的可能性则较小。当他们的主要工作地点受到烟雾影响时，他们也更有可能在其他农田工作。研究结果突出了野火烟雾对农场工人劳动成果的显著影响，表明在这个边缘化且难以调查的群体中，工作活动减少，同时他们采取了替代行为。

Bettina Chlond and Robert Germeshausen

Firm ownership is a major determinant for the economic performance of firms, and emissions of pollutants are often by-products of industrial production. We investigate the impact of ownership on pollutant emissions of firms and their industrial facilities in Europe jointly with their output, productivity, and other key economic outcomes. To disentangle the influence of ownership from other firm characteristics, we analyze the effects of ownership changes in an event-study approach. We find that facilities and firms do not change their emissions and emissions intensity if they remain in operation after a change in ownership. Firms that shut down after acquisition strongly reduce their emissions via reductions in output. The reductions cannot be attributed to the ownership change as they already start before acquisition. There is no evidence for transfers in pollution abatement technologies between target and acquiring parent company. Overall, we do not find environmental benefits from ownership changes.

企业所有权是决定企业经济表现的一个主要因素，而污染物排放往往是工业生产的副产品。我们结合欧洲企业及其工业设施的产出、生产率和其他关键经济指标，共同研究所有权对其污染物排放的影响。为了将所有权的影响与企业的其他特征区分开来，我们采用事件研究法分析所有权变更的影响。我们发现，如果设施和企业在所有权变更后仍继续运营，它们的排放量和排放强度不会改变。被收购后停产的企业通过减产大幅减少了排放。但排放量的减少不能归因于所有权变更，因为这种减少在收购前就已开始。没有证据表明目标公司与收购母公司之间存在污染治理技术的转移。总体而言，我们没有发现所有权变更带来的环境效益。

Philip Brookins and Weston Watts

We analyze a generalized common-pool resource dilemma game under group size and threshold uncertainty. The number of active players and the size of the resource are random variables. Active players choose an amount of the resource to request. If total requests do not exceed the realized resource size, then players receive utility equal to their request; otherwise, they receive zero utility. The introduction of group size uncertainty makes the traditional analysis intractable. We exploit the mixed continuous/discrete nature of the game to obtain the set of potential equilibria, of which only a subset are equilibria in the Nash sense. We compare our predictions to the data of two experimental studies ex post. Predictions are not supported by the data, which is mostly attributed to pessimistic behavior not accounted for in the model. Our analyses help us better understand appropriation behavior in natural resources under environmental uncertainty.

我们分析了群体规模和阈值不确定条件下的广义公共资源困境博弈。活跃参与者的数量和资源规模是随机变量。活跃参与者选择请求获取一定数量的资源。如果总请求量不超过实际的资源规模，那么参与者获得与他们请求量相等的效用；否则，他们获得的效用为零。群体规模不确定性的引入使得传统分析难以进行。我们利用该博弈连续与离散混合的性质，得出了潜在均衡的集合，其中只有一部分是纳什均衡。我们事后将预测结果与两项实验研究的数据进行了对比。数据并不支持预测结果，这主要归因于模型中未考虑到的悲观行为。我们的分析有助于我们更好地理解环境不确定性下自然资源的占用行为。

Jacob T. Bradt

Conventional applications of recreation demand models likely suffer from two standard challenges with demand estimation, namely, omitted variables bias and measurement error. Idiosyncratic prices in the form of individual-level travel costs can exacerbate these two challenges: the potential for nonrandom selection into travel costs through residential sorting and the difficulty of observing individual-level travel costs both work to bias traditional model estimates. I demonstrate the magnitude of this potential bias in conventional estimates of recreation demand models. I provide a relatively simple instrumental variables approach to address these two empirical challenges that substantially outperforms traditional estimates in numerical simulations. Replicating English et al., I find that accounting for potential selection into travel costs and measurement error through the instrumental variables approach decreases estimates of the welfare costs of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill by 12%.

休闲需求模型的传统应用在需求估计方面可能面临两个常见挑战，即遗漏变量偏差和测量误差。以个人层面旅行成本形式存在的特殊价格会加剧这两个挑战：通过居住区域选择进入旅行成本的非随机选择可能性，以及观察个人层面旅行成本的困难，这两者都会使传统模型估计产生偏差。我展示了休闲需求模型传统估计中这种潜在偏差的程度。我提出了一种相对简单的工具变量方法来应对这两个实证挑战，该方法在数值模拟中明显优于传统估计。效仿英格利希等人的研究，我发现通过工具变量方法考虑旅行成本的潜在选择和测量误差，会使 2010 年 “深水地平线” 石油泄漏的福利成本估计值降低 12%。

Christoph Böhringer, Knut Einar Rosendahl, and Halvor Briseid Storrøsten

Countries with ambitious climate targets are concerned about carbon leakage to other countries. A common measure against leakage is output-based allocation of emissions allowances, whose effectiveness could be enhanced by consumption taxes levied on the carbon intensity of goods. We combine theoretical and numerical analysis to derive optimal combinations of output-based allocation and consumption taxes, where “optimal” means from a regional or global welfare perspective. Different assumptions on the stringency of emissions reduction targets, the coverage of emissions in regulated sectors, and their trade exposure are considered. A key analytical finding is that output-based allocation and consumption taxes are complements rather than substitutes. A key numerical finding is that the output-based allocation and consumption tax should be set at almost the same rate and increase substantially with the stringency of the emissions reduction targets. Another key finding is that inclusion of Scope 2 emissions is crucial for the optimal policy.

有宏伟气候目标的国家担心碳泄漏到其他国家。应对碳泄漏的一个常见措施是基于产出分配排放配额，对商品碳强度征收消费税可提高其有效性。我们结合理论与数值分析，得出基于产出分配与消费税的最优组合，这里 “最优” 是从区域或全球福利角度而言。考虑了对减排目标严格程度、受监管行业排放覆盖范围及其贸易暴露程度的不同假设。一项关键分析发现是，基于产出分配与消费税是互补而非替代关系。一项关键数值发现是，基于产出分配和消费税的税率应设定得几乎相同，并随着减排目标的严格程度大幅提高。另一项关键发现是，纳入范围 2 排放对于最优政策至关重要。

Danae Hernandez-Cortes

Incomplete environmental regulation can shift production from regulated to unregulated sectors, affecting the spatial distribution of pollution and who bears its burden. I study this phenomenon in the context of sugarcane processing in Mexico. Firms responded to requirements to install air pollution controls in mills by increasing agricultural fires in sugarcane fields by 15%. As a result, PM2.5 concentrations rose by 7% with higher impacts in socioeconomically vulnerable communities. These findings highlight an often undiscussed implication of incomplete pollution regulation: its distributional consequences.

不完善的环境监管可能会使生产从受监管部门转移到不受监管部门，影响污染的空间分布以及污染负担的承担者。我以墨西哥的甘蔗加工行业为例研究了这一现象。企业为响应在工厂安装空气污染控制设备的要求，将甘蔗田的农业烧荒行为增加了 15%。结果，PM2.5 浓度上升了 7%，对社会经济弱势群体聚居地区的影响更为严重。这些研究结果突显了不完善的污染监管中一个常被忽视的问题：其对污染分布造成的后果。

编辑：史绍杉

审核：马慧芳

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