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1.a great/good many: a large number of许多。修 ②The mother held an umbrella______the boy’s
饰可数名词复数。 head so that the sun wouldn’t burn him.
I’m quite busy. I have a great many things to ③ There seemed to be a war and many planes
do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。 were flying____the city.
若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时，应 ④The moon was______the trees in the east.
加of . Key:①on,under ②over ③over ④above
① A great many of the books have been sold above all 首先，特别是，最重要的是
out. 已经卖了很多书了。 after all 到底，毕竟
② A great many of them are out of work.他们 at all (用来加强语气)与not连用，表示“一点也
很多人失业了。 不，完全不”。
in all 总共
2.able(可以的，有能力的，可能的)①He is an able all but 几乎，差点没（=almost,nearly）
man.那人本事不小。 ①We have all but finished the work.
enable(v)使……能 ②The day turned out fine after all.
② We must learn more to enable us to face all ③Children need many things ,but above all they
the difficulties.我们要多学知识以便能面对各种困 need love.
难。 ④He wasn’t at all tired.
disable:有残疾的，不能干的；the disabled表示一类 ⑤Do you feel ill at all(真的，确实)？
人（残疾人） ⑥There were twenty in all at the party.
able作词辍时 accident/event/ incident
①可以……的，值得……的（有被动含义） event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发
eatable可食用的，measurable可以测量、估计的； 生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。
readable可读的 incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指
②其他含义：conformable舒适的、安逸的；suitable “小事件”，它还可以用来表示“事变”，如叛乱
合适的，恰当的 爆炸等。如：
The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on
3.above, over, on current events.广播员正在播报时事新闻。
三个词都可以表示“在……上“，但用法不同。On He was badly injured in the traffic accident.在那
表示与某物体表面接触；over表示在某物体垂直 起交通事故中，他严重受伤。
的上方，含“布满、覆盖、跨越”之意，与under 相 There was an incident on the bus: a man fought
对；above表示位置高于，但不一定垂直，与below with the conductor.那辆公共汽车上发生了一件事，
相对。注意：与数字、数量、长度词连用时，多用 有个人和售票员打了起来。
over,同more than。如：over10,000people一万多人 Have you heard of Xi’an Incident?你听说过
表示年龄、刻度多用above，如a man above fifty “西安事变”吗？
五十开外的人；above zero零度以上。
习惯用语：well above average 远在一般以上； admit vt.①接纳，许可……进入（allow sb./sth.to
above sea-level海拔以上；the one above上面的一 enter）
个；above all首先，尤其重要的是；over there 那 He was admitted to the school this year.Only two
边；all over 遍及；over again 再一遍；over and hundred boys and girls are admitted to our school
over再三地 every year.
[应用]介词填空 ②承认，后可接名词，doing、从句或复合结构。
① There lay an umbrella_______the table and I admit my fault. She admitted having read the letter.
some raincoats _____it. He admitted that his comprehension was weak.You must admit the task to be difficult. The doctor persuaded my father to give up
advice建议；劝告。是不可数名词，“一条建议” smoking.医生说服我爸爸戒了烟。
应用a piece of advice。常用结构。 The doctor advised my father to give up smoking, but
give sb.advice(on)/give advice给某人提（关于…… failed.
的）建议；忠告某人。 医生劝我爸爸戒烟，但没成功。
ask(sb.)for advice征求（某人的）意见。 advise; suggest
① Marx gave us some good advice on how to advise 与suggest 都可作“建议”讲，二者用法有
learn a foreign language. 同有异。
关于如何学好外语，马克思给我们提了些好建议。 (1)相同点 表示建议做某事，advise与suggest都可
② If you take /follow my advice, you’ll pass 采用下列三种句型:
the exam.如果你听从我的建议，你会考试及格的。 ① + 名词
③ Let’s ask our teacher for some advice.咱们 ② + 动名词
征求一下老师的意见吧。 ③ + that从句（从句中常用should加动词原形，
admire（= respect / praise）vt.羡慕，钦佩，夸奖 should可以省略。）
admire sb.（for sth.）佩服某人某事 eg. He advised/ suggested an early start.
Visitors to Beijing greatly admire our Palace He advised/ suggested (our) starting early.
Museum. 去北京的游人极其羡慕我们的故宫。 He advised/ suggested that we (should) start early.
I admire him for his wisdom.我佩服他的智慧。 (注：只要是用从句表示建议该做的事，从句中就可
别忘了夸奖孩子。 用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。)上面
对比：envy（= jealous）vt.嫉妨，羡慕 的第三句可转化为：
envy sb.（sth.）嫉妒/羡慕某人某事 We all It was suggested that we (should) start early.
envy you your good future. 我们都很羡慕你的 What he suggested was that we(should) start early.
好运。 His suggestion was that we (should) start early.
advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事（suggest不 (2)不同点
这样用）。 ①advise后可以跟人称代词作宾语，而suggest后
①I advise you to take the chance.我建议你抓住 不可以跟人称代词作宾语。故可以说：
机会。 advise sb. to do sth.; advise sb. against (doing) sth.;
②—What do you advise me to do?你建议我怎 advise sb. on/ about sth.; suggest(to sb.)that...
么办？ 前三种结构中不可将advise改为suggest，如：
—I advise you not to lose heart; just keep on.我 他建议我们去参观博物馆。
劝你不要灰心，继续干。 [正]He advised us to go to visit the museum.
advise 还可同suggest一样，后接名词、代词、动名 [误]He suggested us to go to visit the museum.
词（短语）和that从句（用虚拟语气）作宾语。 [误]He suggested us that we go to visit the
①—What would you advise?你有什么建议吗？ museum.
—I advise you an early start我建议你早点出发。 ②suggest还有“暗示、表明、说、指出（一个事
② I advise holding a metting to discuss the 实）”的意思。此时从句中用陈述语气，不用虚拟
problem.我建议召开一次会议来讨论这个问题。 语气。如：
③ I advise you (should) go to once.我建议你马 The smile on his face suggested that he was pleased.
上去。 Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested
advise ，persuade that the patient was seriously ill.(句中 suggest 陈
persuade sb. to do sth.意为“说服某人做某事”， 述了一个事实，故用陈述语气。)比较：
强调劝说成功，说服；advise sb. to do sth. 意为 Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that
“劝说某人做某事”，不涉及劝说是否有效，相当 the Patient be
于try to persuade sb. to do sth.。如： operated on at once.(句中suggest表示建议该做某事，从句中用should加动词原形，should在从句中 He was the greatest poet of the age. 他是那
省略。) 个时代最伟大的诗人。
affect（=have an effect on sth.）vt.影响（effect n. (2)vi./vt. 变老
影响） He is aging fast. Worry ages a man. 他老得
This may affect your health. 这或许会影响你 很快。忧虑令人老！
的健康。 I found him greatly aged. 我发现他老多了。
My throat is always affected by bad weather.我 拓展：（1）adj. aged……岁的，年老的
的嗓子总是受恶劣天气的影响。 a boy aged ten 一个 10 岁的男孩 an aged
afraid man老人
1)“be afraid of+名词”，意为“害怕”。 (2)人生的七期
2）“be afraid of doing sth”意为“担心，害 baby→infant→child→youth→manhood→middle
怕……”。 age→old age
3）“be afraid for…”意为“为……担心。” 婴儿/0→幼儿 7→儿童 12→青年 28→壮年 40→
4）“be afraid that…”意为“担心，恐怕”。 中年65→老年
5）“be afraid to do ”意为“害怕，担心而不敢 agree 同意。常用桔构：
做某事”。 (1)agree on 对……取得一致意见或达成协议,一
6）I’m afraid so/not.恐怕是这样/恐怕不会这样 般表示原双方共同商讨以后达成协议的名词)。主
[应用]完成句子 语必须是两者以上。也常用被动语态，表示“（某
①女孩子一般都怕蛇。Girls are usually______ 事）是大家都同意的”。 如：
_____snakes. ①They agreed on the date for the next meeting.
②他怕把杯子打碎，因而很小心。He was careful 对下次会议的日期他们达成了一致意见。
because he was afraid______ _____the glass. ②At last,the plan was agreed on. 最后，这项计
③ 你 不 为 自 己 的 安 全 担 心 吗 ？ Are you 划通过了。
afraid_______your safety? ③ I don’t agree with you to this arrangement,
④恐怕她会迷路。I am _____ _____she will but perhaps, after a discussion we will agree on
lose her way. this project.我不赞同你在这件事的安排，但或许在
⑤汤姆把钱丢了，也不敢告诉他母亲。Tom lost 协商之后我们可以就这个工程达成共识。
the money and was afraid________ ______his (2)agree to 同意；赞成。to 为介词，后接表示“建
mother. 议；办法；计划”等名词。
Key:①afraid,of ②of,breaking ③for ④afraid,that ①Do you agree to my plan?你同意我的计划吗？
⑤to tell ② The headmaster has agreed to our suggestion
again and again = time and time again = over for the holiday.校长同意了我们度假的建议。
and over = over and over again再三地 (3)agree with同意；赞成。后接sb. 或what 从句。
The old man thinks of his happy past again I agree with you ,but I don’t agree with what
and again. 这位老人再三地想起他幸福的过去。 he said.我同意你的意见，但我不同意他所说的。另
age 外，agree with还有“与……相适应/相一致”的意
(1)n.年龄，时代，时期 思。
The old man died at the age of 80/when he was 80 The climate here doesn’t agree with me .我不
years of age/when he was 80 years old. 适应这里的气候。
那位老人80岁时去世了。 (4)agree to do sth.同意、答应做某事。
He is young for his age. 就他的年龄而论，他 Do you agree to go with us if we agree to lend
是年轻的。 you some money?如果我们答应借钱给你，你同意
What is the age of the church? 这座教堂多 和我们一起去吗？
少年了？ ahead短语归纳go ahead朝前走，请便（同意对方继续干或同意对 使用的语言。
方的请求）；go ahead (on)with… 继续；ahead of He is still living at the age of 95.95岁了他还活
在……前面，早于，优先；ahead of time提前 着。
[应用]完成句子 4)live [laiv]
①他朝前走去看看发生了什么事情。He ________ （1）（动、植物）“活的”，“有生命的”，“活生
________ to see what had happened. 生的，主要用来说鸟或其它动物，作前置定语；如：
②我可以坐这个座位吗？请坐吧。May I take this a live fish一条活鱼 a live tiger 一只活老虎
seat?________ _______. (2)实况的，现场直播的；如：a live report现场报道
③汤姆的数学比玛丽好。 Tom is ________ a live show/broadcast/TV program 现场转播的表
_______ Mary in maths. 演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目
④她比我早到 2 个小时。She arrived two hours living有精神的，活泼的，快活的，轻快的
_______ _______me. Her grandfather is still living at the age of 93.她
⑤他们已提前三周完成了设计。 They have 爷爷已经93岁了，仍然健在。
completed the design _______ ______ _______ 5)lively 意为“活泼的”，“有生气的”, 生动的
_______time. “生动的”，可用作表语、定语，指人或物。如：
Key:① went,ahead ② Go,ahead③ / a lively child 活泼的孩子
④ahead,of⑤three,weeks,ahead,of a lively description 生动的描述如：
alive,living,live,lively,lovely区别 a lively mind 活跃的头脑 a lively discussion
1)lovely意“可爱的”，“美好的”如：a lovely 热烈的讨论
day 美好的一天 a lovely girl 可爱的女孩 a way of making one’s classes lively 使课堂
2)alive 意为“活着的、有活力的”,是表语形容词， 生动的方法
可修饰人、物； He told a lively story about his life in Africa.
在句中做表语宾补和或后置定词，不能用作前置 他讲述了一个有关他的非洲生活的一个生动故事。
定语。如 Young children are usually lively. 年轻人通常
He was alive when he was taken to the hospital. 很活泼。
他被送往医院时还活着。 all the same adj.都一样；无所谓（to+n.）
Although he is old, he is still very much alive. ① You can stay or leave now;It’s all the
虽然年老了，但他仍十分活跃。 same to me.
The fish is still alive/living.那条鱼还活着。 ② It’s all the same to me whether we’ll go
Keep him alive, please.请让他活下去吧。 there today or tomorrow.
He is the only man alive in the accident.他是事 adv.仍然，还是
故中惟一活着的人。 Thank you all the same.
After the war , he remained alive .战后他还活着。 all the year round 全年，一年到头
Those alive will gather here. 活着的人将在此相 In the west coast of Canada,it rains all the year round.
聚。 allow与permit
3)living 意为“活着的、有生命的”，主要用于作 1)用法相同
前置定语及冠词the 之后表示一类人，也可用作表 allow / permit sb .to do sth .允许某人做某事
语，可修饰人或物。如： allow / permit doing sth . 允许做某事。此时动词
a living plant 活的植物 只用ing 形式。
The living will go on with the work of the 反义词forbid 具有同样用法。
dead.活着的人将继续死者的工作。 2)意义有异同
all living things所有生物 the living 在世者，活 许多情况下可换用，只是词意的强弱上有差异。
着的人们 allow语意较弱，含有“听任”，“默许”，“不加
Latin is not a living language. 拉丁语不是现代 阻止”的意思；permit 语意较强，强调“正式认可”，“批准”的意思。如： She is coming another day instead of today. 她
The nurse allowed him to remain there ,though it was 今天不来，改天来。
not permitted. You may do it another day.
护士让他留在那里，虽然这时（规定）不允许的。 你可以改天做这件事。
amaze vt.使……惊奇 = astonish, surprise He stayed there (for) another day/another two days
The news amazed us greatly.这条消息使我们感 after I lift.
到很惊奇。 我离开后他在那又待了一天/两天。
拓展：（1）amazed人对……感到吃惊的；amazing the other day 相当于a few days ago,意为“几天
（某物）……信人吃惊的。 前、某天、那天、不久前”，句中用一般过去时。如：
They were all amazed at the amazing news. I met her in the street the other day.几天前我在
听到这个令人吃惊的消息他们感到惊讶。 街上碰见过她。
(2)amazement n. I bought the watch the other day.这手表我是几
to one’s amazement令人吃惊的是 天前买的。
To my amazement, they have gone to some day指将来“总有一天、有朝一日、终将、
Xishuangbanna. 让我奇怪的是，他们去西双版纳 （日后）某一天”，谓语动词用一般将来时.如:
了。 Your wishes will come true some day.总有一天
类 似 短 语 ： to one’ s 你的愿望会实现的。
happiness/excitement/sadness/puzzlement Some day you’ll have to pay for what you have done.
使某人高兴的/兴奋的/伤心的/迷惑的是 总有一天你要为你的行为而付出代价的。
and so on : etc 等等。用来表示列举，但又不一一 one day可以表示“（过去）某一天”，谓语动词常
列出。 用一般过去式；也可表示“（将来）某一天”，这时
He knows five foreign languages, English, 可与some day互相代替，谓语常用一般将来时。
French, Japanese and so on.他懂5种外语，如英 如：
语、法语、日语等等。 One day I went to see my first teacher ,but he
announce, explain, introduce, declare 后面不接双 happened to be out.有一天，我去看我的启蒙老师
宾语，若以人作宾语常置于to后。如： 可碰巧他出去了。
The president announced to the workers the sad He will understand the teacher one day/some
news. day.将来有一天，他会理解老师的。
The president announced the sad news to the anxious, eager
workers.总裁向工人宣布了那不幸的消息。 两个词均有“渴望，急于”之意。anxious 着重指
He introduced the new comer to everyone here. 焦急、着急或担心；而eager着重指对成功的期望
他把新来的那个人介绍给这里的每个人。 或进取的热情。两者都多用作表语，其主语通常是
report to sb.向某人汇报：report sth/sb.to sb.向某 人，不能以无生命的事物作主语。对比：
人汇报/告诉。 He is eager to join the army.他渴望参军。
[应用]单句改错 He is anxious to know whether he has been chosen.
①The teacher explained his students how to use 他急于知道是否被选上了。
the computer. 常用搭配：
②No one declared us we could not smoke here. ① be anxious to do sth.渴望急切地做某事；be
Key:①explain后加to ②declare后加to anxious for渴望（了解、得到）；
be anxious about担心，对……感到不安
another day/the other day/some day/one day ②be eager to do sth.急切地想做某事；
another day 可表示近期将来的某一天，意为“改 be eager for (about, after)渴望，渴求，
天”，也可表示过去将来某一动作或状态延续的 be eager for your help渴望得到你的帮助；
“又一天”。如: be eager about peace渴望和平①学生们都急切地想知道考试结果。 轻（或老成）。
The students ________ ________ ________ 从用法上讲：
________ the results ofthe examination. seem和appear后可加
②那个小男孩渴望得到一台新录音机。The little (to + be)+表语(adj.或n.或prep.)
boy was ________ ________a new recorder. +to v.
③我很担心我儿子的健康。I’m ________ It + ~ +(that)从句如：
________my son’s health. He seems/appears（to be）very sad today.=It seems
④他殷切希望女儿的成功。He is __________ that he is very sad today.
_________ his daughter’s success. It seems like years since I saw you last time.
Key:① are, anxious(eager),to He seems a kind doctor.（=It seems that he is a
,know② anxious(eager) ， for③ anxious, kind doctor.）
about④eager, for(about, after) He seems/appears to have caught a cold.=It
apologize for doing sth. seems/appears that he has caught a cold.
apologize是不及物动词，意为“道歉”，其表达式 look当“看起来似乎…和as if从句。如：
为“apologize to sb.for sth.”。如： He looks strong.
You must apologize to your sister for being so She looks like her mother.
rude. 它 的 名 词 形 式 是 apology, 复 数 形 式 是 It looks as if we are going to miss the
apologizes. train.…”讲时，可接形容词、过去分词、名词、介词
make one’s apologies to sb. for sth.= make an 短语
apology to sb. for sth.如： area; district
He make his apologies to me for coming late. （1）area表示“地区、区域”，是普通用词，暗示一
appear 个较大的，可能是没有清楚界限的地区，不能用来
As a result, it appered to scientists on earth that 指行政上的地理单位。如：
the stars had moved.因此，地球上的科学家看来， The old man lives in a mountain area.这位老人
恒星好像是移动了。 生活在山东。
句型：It appears/seems(to sb.) +that—clause.看 This is a less developed area.这是个欠发达地区。
来/似乎是…… Most of the large land areas are connected.多数
①It appears to me that something is wrong.我看 大块陆地是相连的。
好像有点不大对头。 （2）district表示“区、地区、区域”，指为行政管理
②It appears that he will the prize.看来他会得笑。 或选举之目的所分的区。在同一城市，各种性质不
appear;seem;look 同的区域也叫district。如：
appear, seem, look都有“看起来似……”之意， Where is the District of Columbia?哥伦比亚特区
但其暗含意思和用法又各有不同。 在什么地方？
从意义上讲： The old man used to work in the jin-Cha-Ji
(1)appear强调外表给人的印象，有时含实质上并 Military District.那位老人曾经在晋察冀军区工作。
非如此的意思，如： The northeast part of the city is the residential
He appears to know more than he really does。 district.这城市的东北部是住宅区。
他看起来好像懂得很多。（其实懂得没有那么多） Arm
(2)seem暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接 take…in one’s arms
近事实，如： 该结构意为“拥抱”。如：
His health seems to be better.他的健康状况似乎 He went into classroom, taking some books in his
有所好转。 arms.
(3)look着重由视觉得出的印象，如： As a child….:As/When he was a child…，小的时
He doesn’t look his age.他看起来比实际年龄年 候，该句型中的as为连词，意为“在……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。当从句与主句主语一致，且从 Key:① The new bridge is as long as the old
句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。 one./The kind of fish can grow as long as 15
① Even as(he was)a student,Professor Smith feet.
showed great interest in maths.甚至上学的时候， ② This mountain is as high as another one in
史密斯教授对数学就很感兴趣。 the distance./This mountain is as high as 4,000
② As(he was)a boy,he liked playing table tennis metres.
with the grown-ups.小时候，他就喜欢和大人们打 as…as possible:as…as one can尽可能地…….
乒乓球。 ①I’ll come back as soon as possible.我尽可能
as a result 作为结果，结果（发生某情况），可置于 地……
句首，也可置于句末 ② Get up as early as possible tomorrow
She got up very early. As a result, she was able morning. 明天早晨尽量早起。
to catch the early bus.她起得很早，因此她赶上了 as...as...用法小结
早班车。 （1）...as+形容词（副词）原级+as...;not as/so+形容
He has won the game. He is in high spirits as a 词（副词）原级+as...
result. 他赢了比赛，所以他精神高昂。 Their factory is as large as ours.他们的工厂和我
He runs every day .As a result , he has lost 们的一样大。
weight .他每天跑步，结果他减肥了。 I study as hard as you.我和你一样用功学习。
as a result of 作为……的结果，as a result He doesn’t get up as/ so early as his parents.
of……的结果是 他不像他父母那样早起床。
As a result of exercise , he has built up his health. （2）……倍数 + as + 形容词（副词）原级+as...
The flight was delayed as a result of typhoon. Line AB is 3 times as long as Line CD.=Line
该次班机因台风而延误 AB is twice longer than/3 times the length of
result in = lead to 导致，造成……结果，如： Line CD.线段AB是线段CD长的3倍。
Hard work results in success.努力终归成功。(= （3）as + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + as;
Success results from hard work.成功来自努力) as + 形容词+复数名词 + as
Hard work results in success. 勤奋才会成功。 She is as good many records as possible.我们需
result from 由……产生的结果，如： 要尽量多的唱片。
Success results from hard work. 成功来自勤奋。 There is as much sugar in it as eight pieces of
His illness resulted from overwork. 他的病起因 sugar.其中的含糖量相当于八块方糖。
于操劳过渡。 I have’t got as much money as I thought.我没
as…as 有原来想象的那么多钱。
as many as 和……一样多/多达；as much as （5）as much/ many as多达……，……那么多
和……一样多/多达（注意：many指可数的量， On Sports Day, during the relay race, you will
much 指不可数词的量）；as high as 和……一样 use most of all, perhaps as much as 650 calories
高/高达；as thick as 和……一样厚/厚达；as long an hour.在运动会上，进行接力赛跑时，你消耗的
as 一样长/长达;as deep as 一样深/深达；as early 能量最多，可能每小时多达650卡。
as 一样早/早在……时候，如： As many as 700 different languages are spoken
We have as many books as they.我们的书和他们 in Africa.非洲有多达700种不同的语言。
的一样多。/The great fire burned down as many He didn’t catch as many as he’d hoped.他没
as twenty buildings.大火烧毁的大楼多达20座。 有捉住预想的那么多。
[应用]汉译英 （6）as...as possible; as... as one can
①新桥与旧桥一样长。/这种鱼可长到长达15英尺 The teacher should write the words on the
②这座山和远处的另一座一样高。/这座山高达 blackboard as carefully as he can. =The teacher
4000米。 should write the words on the blackboard ascarefully as possible.老师在黑板上应尽可能仔细 ④他和他的父母对我都很好。He _______ ______
地把字写好。 ______his parents is kind to me.
Please be as friendly as possible to your ⑤晚饭后我们一直到走山脚下。After supper we
friends.=Please be as friendly as you can.请对你 walked______ _____ ______the foot of the hill.
的朋友尽可能友好。 ⑥就我所知，他将离开两个月。______ ______
（7）as...as + 年代数字/名词 ______I know, he’ll be away for two months.
As early as 1950 I knew him.早在 1950 年我就 ⑦只要努力，你一定会成功。________ ________
认识他了。 _______you work hard, you’ll succeed in time.
He walked as far as the post office.他步行到邮 ⑧这座新建的桥据说和旧的一样长。This newly
局。 – built bridge is said to be _____ ____
（8）as/so far as I know ___the old one.
As/ So for as I know, he will be away from Key:①②as good as;③④as well as ⑤as far as
home for 3 months.就我所知，他将要离家3个月。 ⑥As, far,as ⑦As/so,long,as ⑧as,long,as
（9）as soon as—……就…… as if可用as though替换，在此引导表语从句，另
Please let us know as soon as you arrive in 外它们也可引导状语从句，从句既可用陈述语气，
Bejing.一到北京，请通知我们一声。 也可用虚拟语气。如：
（10）as well as 和；也；还有 ①It looks as if /though it’s going to rain.（陈
He gave me money as well as advice.他除了给 述语气）
我忠告外，还给我钱。 ②You look as if you’d seen a ghost.（虚拟语
He studies French as well as English.他不但学习 气）
英语，而且学习法语。 as is the case with = as with ……就和……的情
（11）as/so long as 只要；如果 况一样
You may use that dictionary as long as you take As is the case with his mother, he is fond of
care of it.只要你好好保存，你可以用那本词典。 music. 跟母亲一样，他喜欢音乐。
as a matter of fact=in fact事实上、实际上…… As with human, animals also love their babies.
It seems easy,but as a matter of fact,it’ll take us a 同人一样，动物也爱它们的幼仔。
long time to work it out. as good as
这道题貌似简单，实际上要解出的话很费时间。 as good as 作为固定词组意为“几乎一样”，
区别下列用法 “实际上等于”，作为同级比较结构，意为
1)as(so)far as 和……一样远，远至（原级比较或表 “和……一样好”。如：
示距离）；就……来讲 ①He is as good at English as me.②My bike is
2)as(so)long as 和……一样长（原级比较）；只要 as good as yours.
（引导条件 …as it is
状语从句） 该固定词组表达意思是“就以（现在）这个样
3）as well as和……一样好；既……也……（连接 子，”“根据现在的情况”。
并列成分） 如：He decided to buy the house as it is.
4）as good as和……一样好；事实上（作状语） as long as/so long as只要
[应用]完成句子 (1)引导条件状语从句
①他们实际上已经答应帮助我们了。They have You may borrow the book as / so long as you
________ _______ ______ promised to help us. keep it clean. 只要你不把书弄脏，你就可以借。
②油漆后的这辆自行车和新的一样。Painted, this You will succeed so long as you work hard. 只
bike is _______ _____ ______ a new one. 要你努力就会成功。
③小李英语说得和汉语一样好。Xiao Li speaks As long as you study hard, you’ll make
English______ ______ _____ she speaks Chinese. great progress. 只要你努力学习，你就会取得很大进步。 此漂亮的公园是由两个年轻的工程师设计的。（as
(2)和……一样长 作主语）
This rope is as long as that one.这条绳子和那 The printed newspaper was not such as the chief
条一样长。 editor had expected. 印好的报纸并非如主编原来
This bridge isn’t so/as long as that one.这座 所期望的那样。（as作宾语）
桥和那座不一样长。 (2)在引导非限制性定语从句时，as,which都可作主
(3)长达……（表时间） 宾、表语，都不可省去。
The old couple have been living in the small town ①which从句补充说明先行词的用途、性质、状态
as long as 50 years. 特征等。如：
这对老夫妇已在这个小城镇里住了长达50年。 At present,the biggest nature park for milu deer
as well/ as well as in China is in the Nanhaizi Milu Park,which is
as well 表示“也”，是副词短语，用作状语，通常 about 20 kilometres south of Beijing.(位置)
放在句末，也可放在主语之后，相当于too,但一般 China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help
无标点符号与句子隔开.as well as 通常看作一个 to cut
复合并列连词,连接两个成分相同的词、短语或句 the costs of making the newspaper.(用途)
子，表示“既……又……，不但……而且……”当 One of Charile Chaplin’s most famous films
它连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与第 was“ The Gold Rush” ,which was made in
一个主语保持一致。如： 1925.(时间)
The children learn to read, write and they play Now, however,the maters of this great lake,which is
games as well.孩子们学习读书写字，他们也做游 also the
戏。 World’s deepest(over 1,740 metres),have been dirtied
With television,we can see a picture as well as by waste
hear sound.利用电视,我们既能听到声音,又能看到 from a chemical factory.(特征)
图像. ②which从句还可表示说话人的看法，也可对主句
Tom,as well as his parents,likes pop music.汤姆 作 意 义 上 的 补 充 ； which=and it/ this/ that/
以及他的父母都喜欢流行音乐。 they;which代表的是先行词、主句或主句的一部分
as;which引导定语从句异同 which从句只能放在先行词或主句后。如：
as, which 都能引导限制性或非限制性的定语从句。 He said she could speak 4 foreign languages,
(1)在引导限制性定语从句时； which(=and it)is not true.他说她会四门外语，这是
①which从句修饰的先行词是名词（词组），which 不可能的。（说话人看法，which代表宾语从句部
可与that换用，作宾语时可省去。如： 分）
Then grow some tomatoes in one box which has 比 较 ： He said she could speak 4 foreign
plant food in the soil and some in another box which languages, which(=and that)surprised every one of
doesn’t. us.他说她会四门外语，这使我们每个人都很惊讶。
But the studios(which)he started are still busy today, （补充主句，which 代表主句）
producing more and more interesting films. Leaves are turning yellow, which means autumn
② as 从句的先行词是 the same/such 或被 the is coming. 树叶正在变黄，这意味着秋天就要来
same/such修饰；as可作主、宾、表语，一律不可省 了。
略。如：Many of the sports were the same as ③as也可代表先行词、主句或主句一部分。但 as
they are now.（as作表语） 有“正如”的意义，其从句可放在主句前或后，如
He uses the same map as I (use).他和我用的是 The Nanjing Changjiang River Bridge,as we all
同一份地图。（as作宾语） know, was compl-
Such as beautiful park as is being built was eted in 1969.我们都知道南京长江大桥，它建成于
designed by two young engineers.正在建造的如 一九六九年。（as代表先行词）To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, decided not to go.他们谈论了几个小时，最后决定
is foolish.(如)你们许多人（所做的那样）对事实视 不去。
而不见是愚蠢的。（as代表主语部分） at last 有时可与finally互换，但往往用于一番拖
As we know, the earth is round. 我们知道， 延或曲折之后，语气更强烈。例如：
地球是圆的。 When at last they found him, he was almost
ask for 要求，请求 dead.当人们最终找到他时，他已经奄奄一息了。
ask sb.for sth.向（某人）请求 （要求）…… James has passed his exams at last.詹姆斯终于通
She asked for some advice on how to learn English 过了考试。
well. in the end指经过许多变化、困难的捉摸不定的情
at表示速度、价格、利率 况之后，某事才发生。例如：
at a high/low price以高价/;低价；at 40 miles an We made five different plans for our holiday, but
hour 以每小时 40 英里的速度；at a high/low in the end we had a summer camp again.我们制
speed以高速/慢速；at an ordinary speed 以普通 订了五种不同的度假方案，但最后我们还是选定
速度；at full/top speed以全速/高速；at a speed of 了再来一次夏令营活动。
以……速度。 at (the) least 至少；最少。反义词组为at (the)most
[应用]完成句子 至多；最多。
①公司决定以较低的价格将这批电视卖掉。 — Mr Smith looks older than his real age.In
The company decided to sell the TV sets _ __ fact,he is at (the)most 40 years old.史密斯先生很
_ __ __ _ 。 显老，实际上他最多40岁。
②火车正以每小时150英里的速度前进。 —Oh, really?I thought he was 50 years old at
The train was running ______ _____ ______ (the)least.噢，真的吗？我以为他至少50岁了。
_______150 miles an hour . at the beginning of 在……初（开头），可指时间与
Key:①at, a, low, price②at,a, speed,of 空间。如：
“at+名词”表示“在进行，从事” at the beginning of term 在学期开始
at work 在工作；at table在吃饭；at play 在做游 at the beginning of the book 在那本书的开头
戏；at sea 出海；at university/college 在上学;at at the beginning 单独用时间 at first，也可说 in
night school在上夜校；at dinner/table在吃饭；at the beginning.
peace处于和平状态；at war在交战，在打仗 比较：at the end of 在……末（尽头） at the
[应用]完成句子。 end 在末尾处
①别人在工作，不要吵闹。Don’t make any noise in the end 最终，同at last in the middle
while others are ______ ________. of 在……中期
②孩子们在游戏，而他们的父母正在吃饭。 from beginning to end 从头至尾
The children were ______ ________ while their at the doctor’s
parents were_______ _______. 该结构为介词+名词所有格，意为“在诊所”。所
Key:①at, work②at,play,at,dinner 有格-’s后一般接名词，如her mother’s bike ,
at last, in the end, finally 但有时这个名词可省略，主要表现在以下两个方
三者均有“最后、终于”的含义。 面：
finally常用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的 ①指一个企业，机构，教堂，学校，医院，家庭，理发
某事最后实现了，也可指一系列事物或论点的顺 店，店铺时。如：
序。例如： She is at the hairdresser’s.
Ａ fter putting it off three times,we finally ②为了避免重复，省略-’s后的名词。如：
managed to have a holiday in Greece.经过三次 I have read some of Shaw’s plays,but none of
延期之后,我们终于在希腊度了一次假。 Shakespeare’s.
Ｔ hey talked about it for hours.Finally,they at the last moment在最后关头at the moment 此刻；正在那时 for a moment片 You’ll be out of work if you keep coming late.
刻；一会儿 for the moment 目前，暂时 in a 如果你老是迟到，你会失业的。
moment立刻，马上 (3)after work表示“下班后”，作时间状语。例如：
at the top of在……的顶部，上方 What do you usually do after work?下班后你经
at the top of a mountain在山顶 常干什么？
She is (at)the top of her class in French. I visited Mr Liu after work yesterday.昨天下班后
at the top of one’s voice高声地，尖声地 我看望过刘先生。
at war attempt
该介宾词组意思是“处于战争或交战状态”。在 (1)n.尝试；企图。
句中常作表语。如： ①He made an attempt to learn to ski.他尝试着
The U.S.A.and Iraq are at war again. 学滑雪。
at, with, through表原因 ② He failed in attempt at climbing up the
三个介词都可表示原因，at表示听到或看到的原因 mountain.他企图爬上这座山，却失败了。
with表示人体外部的原因；through 强调自身的原 (2)vt.尝试；企图。
因。如：be sad at the news听了这个消息而悲伤； ①She attempted to learn Japanese.她试图学习日
be frightened at the sight看了那个情景而害怕； 语。
jump up with joy高兴地跳了起来；turn red with ② The prisoner attempted an escape.那犯人企图
anger气得脸红；shake with cold/fear冻得/害怕得 逃走。
发抖；with pleasure高兴地；with pride 骄傲地； 12.keep out of = keep sth.(sb.)out of不使入内；
with satisfaction 满 意 地 ； make the mistake 不牵涉进去。
through his carelessness由于粗心而出错；be put ① Warm clothing will keep the cold out.保暖的
into prison through no fault of his own 没有任 衣服可御寒。
何罪过被关进监狱。 ②Keep out of their quarrels.不要参与他们争吵。
[应用]汉译英 attention 短语
①听到这个消息，全国人民处于悲哀之中。 pay attention to sth. 注意某事
②孩子们高兴地跳了起来。 draw one’s attention(to sth.) 引起某人的注意
③由于大意他犯了这个错误。 be worth one’s attention 值得某人注意
Key:① At the news, the whole country was in bring one’s attention to sth. 叫某人注意某事
deep sorrow. average短语归纳
②The children jumped up with joy. average 可用作名词，表示“平均数，一般水平”，
③He made the mistake through his carelessness. 也可作形容词，表示“平均的”。如：
at work; out of work; after work the average of the pay 平均工资；above/below
这三个以work为中心词的介词短语，在意思和用 the average 平均以上/以下；
法上均不相同。 the average age of the girls姑娘的平均年龄；
(1)at work表示“在工作、在上班”，作表语或状 the average temperature平均气温；
语。例如： on(an,the)average平均起来
They are both at work today.今天他们俩都在上 [应用]完成句子
班。 ①这个厂的工人平均每月收入 700 元。____
His father had an accident at work last week.上 ______，one worker in this factory gets 700 yuan
周的父亲在工作时出了事故。 every month.
(2)out of work表示“失业”，是介词短语，相当 ②他的功课一般以上。He is_________ _________
于lost one’s job或be unemployed。例如： in his lessons.
If you don’t work hard, you’ll be out of Key: ① On, average ② above, average
work.如果你不好好工作就会失业。 awake,wake①awake用作及物或不及物动词，表示“叫醒，唤 [应用]英译汉
醒；醒来”；而wake表示相同意义时，必须与up ①in time of war ②be at war
连用，对比： ③declare war on… ④fight a battle
The noise awoke me./The noise woke me up. ⑤ give/offer battle ⑥ have a hand-to-
嗓音把我闹醒。 hand fight
She usually awakes at six in the morning./She Key:①战时 ②交战，在打仗
usually wakes up at six in the morning.她通常早 ③对……宣战 ④打一仗 挑战
上6点醒。 ⑤肉搏战
注意：awake 不与up连用；wake up 的宾语是人 伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词
称代词时必须置于两个词之间。误：wake up him He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled,
正：wake him up looking rather pleased.
②awake 还可用作形容词，只用作表语或后置定 本句有三个并列谓语，looking 部分为伴随状语。
语，不能用作前置定语。其反义词是 asleep.如： 例题 1）He held up his finger ,_______ a face
Is he awake or asleep?他睡着了还是醒着？ and nodded his head.A．making B. made
Anyone awake heard the sound.任何醒着的人都 答案：B.此题有and ，需连接并列结构，所填词的
听到了那个声音。 形式应与前后保持一致。
注 意 ： wide/fully awake 完 全 醒 着 ； 2) He sat there in silence, _______sad and doing
sound/fast/deeply asleep熟睡 nothing.A. looking B. looked
[应用]完成句子 答案：A.此题and 之后ing形式，其前面也应该用
① 他 醒 来 时 ， 他 母 亲 在 他 的 旁 边 。 When ing形式，而不能与前面的sat并列。
he_______,his mother was beside him. 3)He sat there in silence ,______ nothing.A.doing
②我彻夜未眠，一直在考虑这个问题。I have B.did
lain_______all night thinking of the problem. 答案：A.此题才是在逗号之后，需要伴随状误。
③他突然醒了，好象有人叫他的名字。He ______ 4)He set out early, ________ there on
_______suddenly,as if someone had called his time .A.arriving B. and arrived
name. 答案：B.此题两种选项从形式看都有可能，但根据
④ 她 睡 着 的 时 候 谁 也 叫 不 醒 他 。 No one 意思看，“到达”并不伴随“出发”的动作，而是
can_______ _______ ________when she is 明显地有先有后。
asleep. 5)He made a smile, _____ with the result. A.
Key:① awoke ② awake ③ woke up satisfying B. satisfied
④wake,her,up 答案：B.伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词，
battle, war, fight, struggle 此处表示“感到满意”的一种状态，而 satisfying
war指战争的总体；battle指war中的战斗或战役； 表示令人满意的，此时的satisfied是过去分词，而
fight 指具体的人与人之间或动物之间的争斗； 不是过去式。
struggle指长时间、激烈的争斗，多指肉体、精神上 be about to do sth. 正要、即将做某事。是将来时
的战斗。对比： 的一种表达方式，表示最近的将来。
We have had two world wars in this century.本 ①I was about to go to bed when he called.我正
世纪已有两次世界大战。 要去睡觉，这时他打来了电话。
They were wounded in the battle.他们在战斗中 ②When I saw Tom, he was about to get on the
受了伤。 bus.我看到汤姆，他正要上汽车。
We have started a fight against pollution. 我 们 注意：be about to 通常不用于带有具体时间状语
已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。 的句子，但可用be going to 表示。
His life was a hard struggle with sickness.他一 ①Hurry up! They are about to start.快点！他们
生跟疾病作了艰苦的斗争。 就要走了。② Hurry up! They are going to start at 10 注意：be familiar with/to 还表示“精通、通
o’clock.快点！10点钟他们就要走了。 晓”
be ahead of 如：French is as familiar to him as English.他对
该词组有两层意思，一是“优于”，“超过”；二 法语就象对英语一样精通。
是“比……早”，“在……的前面”。如： [应用] 一句多译①这些事实是每个学生都熟悉的。
He is well ahead of all the other students in English. ②她精通4种语言。
be angry with sb.生某人的气。 Key:① These facts are familiar to every
be angry at/about sth.因某事而生气。 schoolboy./Every shoolboy is familiar with these
① Don’t be angry with me for my being late? facts.
不要因为我迟到而生我的气。 ② She is familiar with four languages./Four
②What are you angry about?你生什么气？ languages are familiar to her.
③ He was angry at being kept waiting for so be filled with = be full of 充满，装满 如：
long.让他等了这么久，他很生气。 The bottle is filled with water .瓶子里装满了水。
be certain…; be sure 注意：Filled with courage , he went into the
be uncertain about意思是“对……不确定（没把 cave .此处filled 表示“充满了的”指处于一种状
握）” 态。
uncertain的词根是certain,意思是“确信的，有把 比较：be crowded with 挤满的，与be filled with
握的”，常用于以下结构： 有所不同。如：
(1)be certain(sure) to do sth.“肯定会做……” The room is crowded with guests.房间里挤满了
（表示某事将要发生）。如： 客人。
He is certain(sure) to come next Sunday. 此外，fill作为动词可用其主动形式，亦可构成另外
(2)be certain(sure) of/ about sth.“确信、有把握” 短语。如：
（表示某个人的思想状态）。如： Fill the bottle with sand .把瓶子装满沙子。
We are certain/ sure of victory. Fill in the blanks .填空。
(3)名词从句作主语时，一般多用certain. be full of…→be filled with…充满…
It is certain that he will come. ① The classroom was full of students.教室里挤
be different from与……不同 满了学生。
Your idea is different from mine. 你的想法和 ②Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪汪汪的。
我的不同。 be likely to 易于……；有可能的. 后跟动词不定
对比：make sb./ sth. different from使某人/某物 式，往往用在一时的情形。
不同于…… I shall be likely to catch cold if I go out
Her special accent makes her different from tonight without my overcoat.如果今晚不穿大衣出
others. 她特殊的口音使她与众不同。 去，我会感冒的。
be familiar with,be familiar to Is that magazine likely to interest you? 那本
be familiar with的主语是有生命的事，意为“某 杂志对你有吸引力吗？
人对人、事熟悉”；be familiar to 的主语是无生命 be of…结构小结
的事物，意为“某人/事为某人所熟悉”，对比:He (1)be of + 表示年龄（age）、大小（size）、颜色
is very familiar with the names of plants in （color）、重量（weight）、高度（height）、价格
English.他很熟悉植物的英语名称。Suzhou and （price）、意见（opinion）、形状（shape）、种类（kind）
Hangzhou are familiar to many foreigners.苏州和 和方法（way）等名词，说明主语的特征，of表示
杭州为许多外国人所熟悉。 “具有”之意，有时可省去。例如：
I’ m not familiar with European They are both of middle height.他俩都是中等个
history./European history is not familiar to me.我 儿。
对欧洲历史不太熟悉。 When I was of your age, I was a teacher.当我是你这个年龄时，我当老师了。 ② She is a member of the city team.She______
These flowers are of different colors.这些花朵颜 ______ the city team.
色不同。 Key: ①are,on ②is, on
Tom is of a different way of thinking.汤姆的思 be out; put out
维方式与别人不同。 be out 指“（灯、火）熄灭”，强调状态。 put out
注意：此结构中，如果of后面的名词前有不定冠词 意为“熄灭、扑灭” ，强调动作。如：
a/an，则a/an=the same.例如： Is the fire out ?
The two boys are of an/the same age.这两个男 Office workers tried to put out the fire, but it was
孩同龄。 impossible to control it.
These bottles are of a/the same size.这些瓶子大 be remembered as…作为……而被人们怀念
小一样。 He will always be remembered as a national hero.
(2)be of + 物质名词，表示主语是由某材料制成 be seated
或某成分构成，相当于be made of, be built of或 意为“坐下”（=sit down）,是正式用语，而 sit
be made up of等。例如： down是非正式用语。
The necklace is(made)of glass.这项链是玻璃制的。 如：Please be seated, ladies and gentlemen.
The bridge is (built)of stone.这桥是由石头构筑的。 be up to
Our class is (made up)of over 50 students. 我班 to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。这一短语有
有50多个学生。 以下几个常用意思：
(3)be of + 抽象名词（如 value, importance,use, （1）从事于、忙于，有时含有“密谋干坏事”之意。
help等），of表示“具有、具备”等意思，of不能省， 如：
这一结构相当于be+该抽象名词相应的形容词。例 What is he up to now?他现在在干什么？
如： He is up to no good.他没干好事。
They are of great help/ very helpful to learners （2）由……负责，常用It作主语。如：
of English.他们对英语学习者来说是很有帮助的。 It’s up to you to decide whether to go or not.
In fact, sports and games can be of great 是去还是不去由你决定。
value/very valuable.事实上体育运动是很有价值的。 It’s up to us to give them all the help we can.
The book is of no use/useless to us.这书对我们 我们理应尽力帮助他们。
无用。 （3）胜任、适于。如：
It is of great importance/very important to study He is not up to his work.他不胜任他的工作。
English.学习英语很重要。 （4）直到、以至。如：
因此，根据上述(1),(2)点可以看出，课文句中第一 up to now 直到现在
个be of 结构表示“具有”，第二个be of(承前省 Between the hours of midnight and 6 a.m.，the
去be)表示“由……制成的”。全句汉语意思为： hurricane crossed the southeast corner of England
“硬币的大小、重量、形状可能各不相同，并由不 with winds of up to 160km/h.从午夜时分到清晨
同的金属制成。” 6点之间，飓风横扫英格兰的东南角，风速高达每
be on 小时160公里。
on 表明所处的状态，意为“为…工作，在……服 because;because of
务”可用 be a member of, work for, belong to 二者均表示“因为”，区别是：
替换。 because是从属连词引导原因状语从句；而because
I’m on the school team.我属于校队。 of是一个合成介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词或
She is on Times newspaper.她在时代报社工作。 what从句组成介词短语。如:
[应用]完成句子，上下句同意 I went back not because of the rain,but because
① Which team do you belong to ?Which I was tired.我回去不是因为下雨，而是因为我累了
team______you_____? Her face turned red because of what he said.他的话使她脸红了。 feeling tired.
become experienced at对……有经验 beyond,prep.
experienced adj.有经验的，老练的 （场所）在（向）……的一边，越过……，（程度）超
be experienced in 出；（时间），超过（Δ常用于否定句）；除……之外，
He’s very experienced in money matters. ……以外。
experience n.经验，体验（in(of)/doing） ① Go about 200 metres beyond the house and
My father has ten year’s experience in teaching. you will find the hotel on the left.
beeline n.两地之间的直线；捷径（指蜜蜂采蜜后径 ②I want to buy a bag beyond these clothes.
直飞向蜂房，这条路叫beeline） blow
（1）make a beeline for sb./sp.走近路；走直路； ①用作动词，表示“吹风，刮风”。如：
向……直行 blow hard(strongly)风刮得很大；blow away the
As soon as the meeting was over, he made a leaves吹走树叶；blow down(over)trees 把树刮倒；
beeline for the pub.会议一结束，他就直接上了酒 blow in much dust 吹进灰尘；blow off one’s
吧。 hat吹掉帽子；blow out the candle吹灭蜡烛；blow
If you want to catch up with them, you’d better open(风吹)开；blow up爆炸
make a beeline for them. ②用作名词，表示“打击，一击”。如：be a great
如果你想赶上他们，你最好抄近路去。 blow to sb.对某人是个巨大的打击；give sb.a
（2）in a beeline 成直线地，笔直地 heavy blow on the head重重地打某人的头。
The pupils went to the museum in a beeline. 【应用】完成句子
孩子们直接走向博物馆。 ①他妻子之死对他是一大打击。His wife’s death
believe in（=trust/trust in）信赖；信任；信仰 was _______ _________ ________ ______him.
Tom is honest. I believe in him. 汤姆很诚实， ②我那顶帽子被风吹掉了。I _______my hat
我信赖他。 __________ ___________.
He doesn’t believe in anybody in the world. ③风刮得厉害，门吹开了。 The wind was
在这个世界上，他不相信任何人。 ________ __________ and the door ________.
We believe in socialism. 我们信仰社会主义。 ④战士们把敌人的大桥炸毁了。The soldiers
①We believe in Marxism. __________ __________the enemy’s bridge.
②You can believe in him. Key:① a ,great, blow, to ② had, blown,
③We believe in our government. off③blowing, hard, blew, open ④blew, up
对比：believe sb.相信某人的话是真的。 block
I believe what he said this time though he often ①用作名词，意为“块；街区；阻塞。”如：
tells lies.尽管他经常撒谎，可这次我相信他的话是 a block of ice/stone/wood 一大块冰/石头/木头；
真的。 two blocks 两个街区；a block in traffic/a traffic
belong to属于 block交通堵塞。
无被动结构，也不用进行时态。下列单词和词组 ②用作动词，表示“阻塞，阻拦”。如：
也无被动形式：appear, disappear, happen, take be blocked by the heavy snow被大雪堵塞，block
place, break out等。 the entrance 堵塞入口；Block!(路标)此路不通！
The house belongs to him.这所房子归他所有。 【应用】完成句子
The book belongs to my deskmate.这本书是我同 ①道路被人群挤得水泄不通。The road_______
位的。 _______with crowds of people.
besides ②那家旅馆同这里隔着两条街。The hotel is
作为副词，意思是“还有，而且”（moreover），常 __________ _________ __________.
放在句首。如： ③他们用石块将洞口堵住。They ________ (up)the
I don ‘t want to go out for a walk. Besides, I’m entrance to the cave with big rocks.④ 有 人 在 妨 碍 我 们 实 施 计 划 。 Someone is in Italian.她除了懂些希腊语之外，意大利语也说
_________our plan. 得很流利。
Key:① was, blocked ② two, Do you play other games besides tennis?除网球
blocks,away③blocked ④blocking 之外，你还进行其他的运动吗？
倍数的表示法 It wasn’ t a good hotel;besides,it was very
1）…times as…as“……是……的几倍”； expensive.这不是一家好旅馆，况且房价也很贵。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲的大 Harrison had thought of everything except the
小是欧洲的4倍。 weather.哈利森什么事情都考虑到了，惟独没有考
2）…times +形容词/副词比较级+that: 虑到天气。
The new building is four times higher than the Under the soil there is nothing except/but sand.
old one.新楼比旧楼高4倍。 土壤下面只有沙子。
3）…times+the size/height/length/depth+of… 比较级 + and + 比较级
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球 more and more countries 越来越多的国家；fewer
是月亮大小的49倍。 and fewer students越来越少的学生；less and less
The ball is twice the width of our classroom.舞 time 越来越少的时间；more and more beautiful
厅是我们教室宽度的2倍。 越来越漂亮；get thinner and thinner 变得越来越
4）…times+what从句： 瘦；fly higher and higher 飞得越来越高；run
The production now is three times what it was more and more slowly 跑得越来越慢，become
ten years ago.现在的生产是10年前的3倍。 stronger and stronger 越来越强大;
[应用]选择正确答案 [应用]汉译英
① After the new technique was introduced,the ①越来越多的人认识到学好一门外语的重要性。
factory ②飞机飞得越来越高直到看不见了。
produced_____tractors in 1988 as the year before. Key:
(MET’90) ① More and more people realize the importance
A．as twice many B.as many twiceC.twice as of learning a foreigh language well.
many D.twice many as ②The plane flew higher and higher until it was
② The population of China is_____than that of out of sight.
America. 表示“大约”
A.larger five times B.five times larger C.five times about,around,some,or so均可来表示“大约”。前
as D.as five times 三个词通常放在被修饰成分之前，而or so多置于
Key:①C ②B 其后。如：
begin(…)with…从……开始（…） about one hundred students大约100名学生；
①Knowledge begins with practice.知识来自实践。 at around eight o’cloch在大约八点钟；
② Let’s begin(this unit) with the words and some twenty years ago 大约二十年前；
expressions.咱们从单词和短语开始学（这个单元） [应用]一句多用：这件设备重10吨左右。
besides/except/but Key:This piece of equipment weighs some 10 tons.
besides用作介词时,表示“除……以外还有”之意 This piece of equipment weighs 10 tons or so.
即所除去的东西要包括在内。用作副词时，表示 This piece of equipment weighs about (around)10
“此外，而且” tons.
except表了“除……之外”所除去的东西不包括 表示“决心、决定做”的几个用法
在内。 1)decide to do 决定做
but只能用在 no,all,nobody,anything,anywhere 等词 We decided to put off the trip to the U.S.我们决
之后。 定推迟美国之行。
如：Besides knowing some Greek,she was fluent 2)make a decision to do ：He has made a decision to buy a new computer. I would like my son to study medicine./I’d love my
他已决定买一台新电脑。 son to
3)make up one’s mind to do study medicine,/ I would rather that my son studied
The doctor made up his mind to go abroad for medicine./ I like my son to study medicine./I want
further education. 那位医生决定出国深造。 my son to study medicine./I would rather that my son
4)determine to do studied medicine.
We have determined to get the work done before ②A
National Day.我们已决定国庆节前完成这项工作。 表示态度、语气的短语归纳
5)be determined to do generally speaking 一般说来；strictly speaking 严
He is determined to give up smoking.他决心戒烟。 格说来；honestly speaking诚实地说来；personally
6)decide that……(从句中动词用should + 动词原 speaking就我个人而言；exactly speaking准确地说
形) 来。to tell you the truth说实话；to be honest老实
We decided that we should widen the road.我们 说；believe it or not 信不信由你；judging from
决定拓宽这条路。 his appearance从他的相貌来说
[应用]一句多译：这位年轻科学家决心继续自己的 [应用]完成句子
研究。 ①严格说来，加拿大英语和美国英语并不完全一
Key: 样。_____ ____,Canadian English is not just the
The young scientist was determined to go on with his same as
research./He determined to go on with his American English.
research./He ②老实说我不赞同你的想法。_______ _______
decided that he should go on with his research./He ________,I can’t agree to your idea.
made up ③ 一 般 地 说 ， 青 年 人 喜 欢 流 行 音 乐 。
his mind to go on with his research./He made a ___________,young people enjoy pop music.
decision to go on with his research./He decided to go Key:① Strictly,speaking② To,be,honest③ Generall
on with his research. y, speaking
表示“宁愿、想要某人做某事” 表示“没必要做某事”的4种 句型
下列句型均可表示“宁愿、想让某人作某事”： ①There be no need(for sb.) to do sth.
would like sb.to do sth.;would prefer sb.to do ②It be not necessary(for sb.)to do sth.
sth.;like sb.to do sth;want sb.to do sth.;would ③主语+don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t have to do
rather that sb.did sth. sth.
对比：would like/love to do sth.喜欢、宁愿做某事； ④主语+needn’t+动词原形
prefer to do sth.宁愿做；would rather do sth.宁愿 [应用]一句多译：我们没有必要再等了。
做；would like/love not to do sth.不想做；would Key:There is no need for us to wait.
rather not do sth.宁愿不做……；prefer not to do It’s not necessary for us to wait.
sth.不想做；would rather do sth.than do sth.宁愿 We don’t have to wait.
做某事而不做某事；p11refer to do sth.rather than We need not wait.
do sth.宁愿做某事而不做某事。 表示“祝愿”的几种句型
[应用]①一句多译 ①名词短语（+to you）:Happy birthday to
我想让我儿子学医。②选择正确的答案 you! 祝你生日快乐。
Little Jim should love_______to the theatre this Best wishes for Teachers’Day.祝教师节愉快。
evening. (MET’92) ②All the best.祝万事如意。
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken All the best with your family.祝全家好。
D.taking All the best in your study/business.祝你学习/事
Key: 业顺利。③主语+wish+sb.+名词/形容词 break up 分开，分割
I wish you happy.我祝你幸福。 bring短语归纳
We wish you greater progres.我们祝你取得更大 bring down(风)刮倒，降低（降落）；bring up 养大，
进步。 呕吐；bring about带来，引起；bring along捎来，带
④I hope+that 从句： 来，bring back 归还；bring out 拿出；bring in 赚
I hope you’ll enjoy being with us.我们希望你 （钱），带进，传入；bring on 端上（饭菜），引起（火
和我们在一起很高兴。 灾），使……成长；
⑤部分祈使句也可表祝愿： [应用]副词填空
Remember me to your family.代我向你全家问好。 ① He felt terribly ill and brought ______ what
Send best wishes to him.向他问好。 he ate.
break 小结 ② Surely the new railway will bring __ many
break 一词常用搭配有： changes in this less developed area.
（1）break out(战争、火灾、争吵、瘟疫等)爆发 ③ Next time you come to China, be sure to
A big fire broke out in the city last week. bring ______your friends.
(2)break away from 脱离 ④All the library books must be brought_______
A carriage(车厢)broke away from the train. before June20.
(3)break the law 违反法律 ⑤ Selling newspapers brings ______ enough
Who breaks the law will be punished by the law. money for my schooling.
(4)break in 破门而入；打断 ⑥Enough water can bring the rice _______ .
He broke in to say that he was not interested in what I Key: ①up ②about ③along ④back ⑤in ⑥on
was talking about. bring/take/fetch(get)/carry
(5)break down 损坏；中断 ①bring向着说话人的地方“带来；拿来”。
Her fridge has broken down for a long time. ②take由说话人的地方“带走；拿去”。
(6)break off 打断；结束；暂停 ③fetch(get)由说话人的地方“去拿来、带来”，指
They were arguing( 争 论 )but broke off when 往返双程。
someone came into the room. ④carry“携带；搬运；运送”，无方向性。
(7)break into闯入；侵入 bring in 把……拿进来；收获；赚入……；获利
Thieves broke into my house when I was out. They bring in one million dollars a year from their
break off new company.
该短语动词的意思是“中断说话”，“暂时停 broadcast vt.;vi.广播;播放。过去式和过去分词均为
止”。如： broadcast。
He broke off in the middle of a sentence. ① The BBC broadcasts every day.BBC 每天都广
break sth.off/break off sth. with sb. 播。
前者意为“（使）折断”，后者意为“与某人突然 ② The news was broadcast on the radio.这个消
断绝（关系）”。如： 息是收音机里播送的。
The mast broke off /was broken off when the ship burst into tears
was moving. 该动宾短语，理解的重点是不及物动词burst的意
break out(战争、火灾、疾病、瘟疫等的)爆发 思及其分词或副词连用的结构形式和意思。
①The American Civil War broke out in 1861. burst是及物动词或不及物动词，意为“（使）爆
②Fire broke out in the neighbour last night. 破”，“胀破”。如：
break out in (into)…忽然（做出）…… ① He put too much air into the balloon and it
break out in laughter突然放声大笑 burst.
break in (强盗等)强行闯入 ② The funny joke made the children burst their
break into闯入；打碎（打破）成…… sides with laughing.burst由原意引伸出表示空发性的动作，意为“突 but for
然发生”，“突然发作”。常构成一些短语，如： 该短语介词意为“要不是……”，后接名词
burst into tears/laughter(突然大哭/大笑) （=without + n.）,but for…短语相当于一个虚拟条
burst into song(突然唱起歌来) 件句，因此，句中谓语动词用虚拟语气。如：
burst into angry speech（大发雷庭） The boy would have drowned but for your help.
burst into bloom(开花) 如果接的是句子，but for要换用成but that… 如：
burst into view/sight（景象，奇观的）突然出现 He would have helped us but that he was short of
burst into the room(闯入房间) money at the time.(= if it had not been the fact that he
burst out/forth laughing(捧腹大笑) was…)
burst out/forth crying（突然大哭） Buy
如:On hearing the sad news, she burst into tears. “我的金项链花了2500元”有多种译法：
Busy
be busy doing sth.
该结构意为“忙于做某事”。应注意的是be busy
后只能接动词-ing形式，不能接动词不定式to do,
相同结构的形容词还有worth。如：
①He is busy writing his composition.
② She keeps busy working on a new novel
these weeks. by prep. 乘……。用来表示方式，其后的名词为单
③This book is well worth seeing. 数，且不加冠词。
but prep. 除…之外。与except同义，除了的部分与 例 如 by bike/bus/ car
其他部分不在一个范围内，不具有一致性。except /taxi/train//road/railway/land/boat/ship/ water/ sea/
适 用 场 合 较 多 ， but 主 要 用 于 带 plane/air
有nothing/nobody/no one/all 等不定代词的句子。 但：“步行”用on foot.
①No one except/but you was late.除你之外没有 注意：若表示交通工具的名词前有限定词，则将by
迟到。（你迟到了） 改作in 或on.
② We all went to see a film yesterday evening in one’s/the car/ bus/plane etc. on the bike
except/but you.除你之外作天晚上我们都去看电影 by name
了。（你没去） 该介宾词组的意思是“名叫……”；“凭名字”。
③That window is open except in winter .除冬天 如：
外那窗户一直开着。（冬天不开）另外，but后可接 ①He met a man, John by name.
不不定式。如果句子前面有实义动词 do及其变化 ②I knew him only by name.
形式时，不定式不带to; 否则不定式带to . by one’s first marriage 通过或由于某人的第一
①I did nothing yesterday evening but watch TV. 次婚姻
昨天晚上除看电视外我什么也没干。 介词by有许多含义，在此处意为“通过”，相
②He had no choice but to leave.他只得离开。 当于through。
注意：besides 也是介词，意为“除……之外（还 He left by the first train.
有）”。除了的部分和其他部分在同一个范围内， 他乘第一次列车离开了。
具有一致性。 The electricity supply is operated by a switch.供
① We all went to see a film yesterday evening 电由一个开关控制。
besides you.除你之外昨天晚上我们也都去看电影 by the age of/at the age of,by到……时为止。表
了。（你和我们都去了） 示的是一段时间，句子通常用完成时态。
②Who is going there with Tom besides you? 除 at在……时候。表示的是具体时间点，句子通常用
你之外还有谁和汤姆一起去？ 一般时态。① By the age of ten,he had learned to play the 在做晚饭。
piano.10岁的时候，他就学会了弹钢琴。 He must have finished his work.他一定完成他的
② He was very clever.and at the age of 15 he 工作了。
went to college.他非常聪明，15岁时上大学了。 May/might表示“或许，可能”。如：
③ By the end of this term,we’ll have learned Tom may go abroad next year.汤姆明年可能要出
2000 English words.到本学期末，我们将学会2000 国。
个英语单词。 She might have finished the work.她可能已完成
④ At the end of this term,we’ ll hold an 这项工作了。
English party.在本学期末，我们 He can’t know the answer.他不可能知道这个答
将举行一次英语晚会. 案。
call 短语 can/could表示“可能，会”，我用于否定和疑问句
动词.call所构成的短语很多，现将在中学课上的常 中。如：
出现的由call所构成短语的意义和用法列出。 Could she he at home?她可能在家吗？
(1)call at 指短期访问某地：顺便去某处。 can,表示一时的情况，意为“有时侯会……”。
We called at the park when we stayed in the can的这种用法，只用在肯定句中。如：
city. 我们在那个城市时顺便去了那个公园。 Children are lovely, but they can be tiring.
(2)call on的意思“正式拜访某人”；此外，它还有 Training by yourself in a game can be highly
“号召”之意。如： dangerous.
They called on the famous scientist.他们拜访了 carry短语归纳
那个著名科学家。 carry away拿走，带走；carry on(with)one’s work
The Party calls on us to learn from Comrade 继续工作；carry on a struggle/fight 开展斗争；
Lei Feng.党号召我们向雷锋同志学习。 carry on a big business经营大生意；carry out a
(3)call to“大声呼唤、招呼、呼求”。如： plan/order/promise/instructions/one’ s duty/an
They called to us for help. 他们向我们呼求援助。 experiment/advices/tests 执行计划/执行命令/履行
(4)call for可作“要求、需要、提倡”，还可作“邀 诺言/执行指示/履行职责/做实验/按建议办/进行试
约”解。如： 验；be carried up into space被发射升空。
This is a problem that calls for immediate [应用]介、副词填空
solution.这是个要求立即解决的问题。 ① It’s often easier to make plans than it is to
I’ll call for you then and we go there together. carry them______.
到时我来叫你，我们一起去哪儿。 ② Let’s stop here. We’ll carry________ the
(5)call in有“召来、召请、召进”之意。 conversation tomorrow.
You’d better call in a doctor.你最好请一位医生 ③Carry the baby _______. It’s dangerous here.
来。 ④ Rising costs made it hard to carry ________
(6)此外，call back有“叫回来、收回”之意；call the business.
off有“叫出去、叫走”之意；call after可作“追在 ⑤ They decided to carry ________ though the
后面叫喊”和“以某人的名字命名”之意。 weather was bad.
can/may/must表推测的用法 Key:①out ②on ③away ④on ⑤on
can, may, must等都可用于表推测，但它们的含义 carry out 搬出；进行，实行，执行
和用法不同。 ①Would you please carry the chairs out?
must语气最肯定，指“一定、必定”，只用于肯定 The plan should be carried out at once.
句中。“must+动词原形”表示对现在情况的推测； It was important to carry out the work
“must + have + done ”表示对过去情况的推测。 quickly.赶快进行这些工作是重要的。
如： He did not carry out his promise to us. 对我
Mum must be cooking supper now.妈妈现在一定 们他没有实现他的诺言。用out构成的短语：look out向外看，小心work We have to help him to pay the debt in case.我
out算出来，实行。 们无论如何要帮他还债。
leave out遗漏，忽视 take/bring out拿出来 ④in no case意为“在任何情形下决不、无论如何
thinking out想出 hold out伸出，支持，抵抗到底 都不”，用于句首时句子要进行部分倒装。
case用法小结 In no case shall I forget the expression on her
(1)名词case的词意 face.我决不会忘记她脸上的表情。
①意为“情形、情况”。 ⑤ in case of sth.意为“若发生某事、如果、假
If that’s the case, you’ll have to work much 如”，是短语介词，后接名词、代词、 -ing形式作
harder.如果是那种情形的话，你将不得不更加努力 宾语。
地工作。 In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.遇火警时立即
②意为“病例、案例”。 按警铃。
There were seven cases of cholera.有7起霍乱的 In case of rain（=In case it rains）,they can’t
病例。 go.要是下雨，他们就走不了了。
The civil case will be heard in court next week. In case of his being absent, we’ll put off the
这一案件将于下星期审理。 meeting till next week.如果他缺席，我们就会把会
③意为“箱、盒、容器”。 议推迟到下周。
John bought a case of beer.约翰买了一箱啤酒。 ⑥in the case of意为“至于、就……来说”，是
(2)由case构成的短语 短语介词。
①in case意为“因为可能发生某事、以防万一” In the case of your debt, I’ll pay it off for
是介词短语，在句中作状语，常可置于句尾；也可 you.至于你的欠款，我会替你还清的。
用做连词，后跟that从句(that常省略)，表示条件或 catch fire; on fire
目的，从句谓语习惯用should+动词原形(should常 catch fire 意为“着火”，表示动作。on fire 意为
省略)或陈述语气。 “着火、在燃烧”，表示状态。如：
It may rain— you’ d better take an Suddenly a pan of oil catches fire.
umbrella(just)in case(it does).可能下雨——你最好 Soon the whole floor was on fire and it was
带把雨伞，以防万一。 impossible for people on the floors above to escape.
In case(=If)he arrives before I get back, please ask cause n.（大家为之奋斗的）事业
him to wait. Helping the poor is a worthy cause. 帮助穷
如果他在我回来之前到，请让他等一下。 人是一项有价值的事业。
He doesn’ t dare to leave the house in World peace is the cause he works for. 世界
case(that)he should be recognized.他不敢出门，生 和平是他为之奋斗的事业。
怕被认出来。
② in that case 意为“既然那样、假若是那样的
话”，用来承接上文。 cause v.导致，引起
In that case, you wouldn’t have a pan on fire. 1）接名词：cause an accident/trouble/death/a
You’d have a house on fire！ fire/a serious illness/damage 引起事故/惹麻烦/导
要是那样，你就不光使锅着火，你还会把房子烧起 致死亡/引起大火/导致重病/造成损害
来。 2）接双宾语：cause sb.pain/trouble/damage给某人
You don’ t like the job? In that case why 带来痛苦/麻烦/损害
don’t you leave?你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么 3）接复合宾语：cuase sb. to do sth使某人做某事
不辞掉呢？ The sound caused me to jump back. 那声音吓
He may be late. In that case we ought to wait 得我向后退。
for him.他可能迟到，因此我们应该等他。 [应用]完成句子
③in any case意为“无论如何、总之”。 ①什么使她改变了计划？What _______ _______ ______ _______her plan? Ask him to check the information out for us.
②地震使所有的楼房倒塌了。 请他为我们核实一下信息。
The earthquake ________ all the buildings ________ We’d better check the whole room out in case it has
_______. been bugged .
Key:①caused,her,to,change ②cuased,to,fall 我们最好检查一下整个房间以免有蛀虫。
certain某（些），仅作形容词用法。 The trainees checked out all right.
①He didn’t come for a certain reason. 这些培训学员完全合格。
②A certain person called on me yesterday. She checked out 6000 dollars.她提款6000美元。
③She will do it on certain conditions. come true成为现实、实现
some 也可以作此意讲，但前面无冠词 表示变化过程的系动词有：become,get,turn,而be
①He is living at some place in East Africa. 表状态
② I’ve read that story before in some book of 区 别 ： ① He became(get,turned)angry when
other. hearing the news.听到那消息他生气了。（从
chance 不……到生气）
1)用于短语： ② He was angry, because he heard some bad
give sb.a chance给某人一次机会； news.
have a chance to do sth.有机会做； 他生气是因为听到不好的消息。
miss a chance错过机会； 常用的单位量词
lose a chance失去机会； a piece of diary一则日记；a sheet of paper 一张
2)用于句型： 纸；a suit
The chance is that…/ The chances are that…表 of clothes一套服装；an article of clothing一件衣
示“有可能……”（句型中的 The 和 That 可省 服；a crowd
略）。如： of people 一群人；a basin of water 一盆水;a
The chance is (that)she’s already heard the news. block of wood一块木头；a cake of soap 一块肥
可能她已听到那则消息了。 皂；a bottle of ink一瓶墨水；a grain of sand 一
Chances are that the new machine will arrive 粒沙子；a group of tall trees 一片高树；a team
tomorrow. of players一队运动员；a copy of China Youth 一
新机器可能明天到。 分《中国青年》；a drop of oil 一滴油；a loaf of
3）后接of 或that从句表示“可能性”。如： bread 一块面包；a pack of cigarettes 一包烟；a
He has no chance of winning the match.他不可 pair of socks一双短袜；a tin of beer一罐啤酒；a
能赢得这次比赛。 set of equipment一套设备；a bucket of water一
There is a chance that I will see him.我有可能 桶水；a couple of eggs两个鸡蛋；a pile of old
见到他。 books 一堆旧书；a bowl of rice 一碗米饭；a
[应用]一句多译： handful of sand一把（少量的）沙
那里有可能藏着蛇。 注意：上述单位量词本身具有复数形式，亦可被具
The chances are that there is a snake over there. 体数字修饰，句中的谓语多用复数形式。
There is a chance of a snake hiding there. [应用]汉译英
There is a chance that a snake is over there. ①搬家时成堆的旧书被卖掉。
change one’s mind ②三条重要新闻刊登在头版。
该动宾词组意为“改变主意”，其中mind常用单 Key:① Piles of old books were sold when we
数形式。如： moved.
If one always change one’s mind, he succeeds in ② Three pieces of important news were printed
nothing. in the front page.
check out清点；结账；核实；检查；开票提款 常用合成形容词构成形式；(1) adj+n.+ed：cold-blooded冷血的middle-aged 这本书给我解决了许多难题。
中年的simple-minded头脑简单的，纯朴的 B．表示“（天气）转晴”。如：
The white-haired girl was named Xi’er. It’s snowing now, but I think it will clear up soon.
那个白毛女叫喜儿。 现在正在下雨，但是我想天气很快会晴的。
The milddle-aged woman is warm-hearted and is C．表示“露出喜悦的心情”。如：
always willing to help others. Her face cleared up as she read the letter.
那位中年妇女是个热心肠，总是乐意助人 她看信的时候面露喜色。
(2) n. +pres.p.（现在分词）：English-speaking说 ［应用］完成句子
英语的man-eating吃人的 ①她对下一步干什么十分清楚。
(3) n. + adj：snow-white 雪白的 world-famous She is _________ _________what to do next.
世界闻名的 ②很清楚敌人是不会放弃他们的计划的。
(4)num.（数词）+n.+ed：four-legged 四条腿的 ________ _______ _______that the enemy wouldn’t
nine-storeyed九层的 give up their
(5) n.+ past p.（过去分词）：man-made人造的 plan.
(6) adj.+ pres. p.：good-looking好看的 ③他明确表示他要离职。
(7) adv. + past. P. ：well-known著名的 He _________ _________ ________that he would
chief/ main leave office.
两者都有“主要的”、“首要的”之意，但有区别 ④在离开办公室以前，请把你的桌子整理一下。
chief 主要用于人，表示“为首的，有最高地位或 _________ ________your desk before you leave the
权力的”。 office.
main一般说明事与物，可指某些具体的或抽象的 Key:① clear,about ② It, is, clear
东西。如： ③make , it clear ④Clear,up
He is the chief policeman. 他是警长。 clear up（天气）放晴，使明了，收拾整理，解决，了
This is our main teaching building. 这是我们的 结
主教学楼。 The sky cleared up just after the rain. 雨过
clear 天晴。
(1)用作形容词，表示“清楚的，明白的”。如： Don’t expect me to clear up after you. 别
in a clear voice以清楚的声音； 期望我在你后面收拾东西。（收拾不要的东西）
be clear about sth.对……清楚，明白； The police haven’t cleared up the murder
be clear to sb.对某人来说很清楚； case. 警察还没查清那件谋杀案。
make one’s meaning clear 说明自己的意思； His face cleared up as she heard the news.(引
注意两个句型：A：make it clear that…声明，说明； 申义) 听到这个消息她脸上露出喜悦之情。
B.It’s (was)clear that…很明显（清楚）……。 对比：clean up打扫干净，整理，获利，赚钱
（2）用作动词，表示“清除，清理，使干净”。如： The students cleaned up the classroom after
clear one’s room/a table/a street/the desk class.（打扫干净） 下课后学生们打扫教室。
整理房间/收拾桌子/清扫大街/整理书桌； cloth; clothes; dress
clear away the dishes/waste把餐碟收走/把垃圾清 cloth指做衣服等用的“衣料、布”。一般作不可数
除 名词。如:
（3）clear up 的三个意义： I put a piece of wet cloth around my face and lay on
A.表示“清理，收拾，解决”。如： the floor for about two hours.
The dustmen were busy clearing up the snow on the 注：用于表达特殊用途的布，如“桌布、抹布”等
road. 时，cloth用做可数名词。如：
清洁工正在清除路上的积雪。 He washed a table cloth just now.
This book has cleared up many problems for me. clothes意为“衣服”，总是以复数形式出现，泛指身上穿的各部分衣着，包括上衣、裤子、内衣、背心 The whole family united to help him.全家齐心协
等。如:Look at these clothes. They are on Mrs 力帮助他。
Green’s clothes line. come about: happen 产生；发生。相当于不及物动
注意： 词，和happen, take place一样无被动语态。
（1）“一件衣服”不可说 a clothes, 应说 an ①How did this accident come about ?这事故怎
article of clothing;“一套衣服”可说 a suit(set) 么发生的？
of clothes. ②I don’t know how the quarrel came about.我
(2)clothes 前不可直接用数词修饰，如不可说three 不知道怎么发生的争吵。
clothes. come across=meet with(meet…by chance/accident)
(3)clothes 前可用 these, those, the, many, few 修 无意中碰到，找到，想到
饰，口语中可用much, little修饰。 Perhaps I shall come across him somewhere in the
(4)chothes作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数形式。 park.
dress 可用于可数和不可数名词，用于可数名词时 也许我会在公园的某个地方遇到他。
常指妇女、儿童服装、内衣或外衣等公共场合穿的 He came suddenly across an idea.
衣服。用于不可数名词时，统指“衣服”。该词可 他突然有了一个好主意。
作动词，意为“给……穿衣”。如： come down下来，流传下来，倒塌，没落，病倒，减
What colour is Mrs Green’s dress? 价
He could not wash himself or get dressed. The song comes down to us from the 10th
combine; connect; join; unite century.（流传下来）
此组动词意为“联合、连接”。 这首歌是从10世纪流传到我们这一代的。
combine意为“结合、联合”，指为了某一目的而 The roof of the house came down during the night.
把两事物结合在一起。如： 我听说计算机要降价。
We must combine theory with practice.我们必须 come out
把理论和实践联系起来。 come out是本单元需要掌握的一个重点词语，现
He combines botany with chemistry.他把植物学 在我们对它们的用法作一比较全面的了解。
和化学联系起来了。 (1)come out(= be published)出来；出版
connect“连接”，指用东西把两事物连接在一起， I’ll let you have a copy of my book as soon
或两事物直接相连，二者仍保持原状。 as it comes out.我的书一出版我就送你一本。
The two cities are connected by a railway. 两座 (2)come out (= to bloom)长出；发芽；开花；（使）
城市由铁路相连。 开花；（使）繁盛
He connected the gas stove with gas pipe.他把煤 Spring comes, the trees turn green and flowers
气和接在煤气炉上。 come out.春天来了，树变绿了，花儿开了。
join意为“连接”，指以线、绳、桥等把两物或两地 (3)come out (= to appear)出现；出来
连接在一起，和connect意思相近，也可指两物互 Ever since then, the bat comes out only at night.
相紧密相接。如： 从那时起，蝙幅只在晚上出来。
We had better join the island to the mainland (4)come out(= to win…)获得（名次）
with a steel bridge.我们最好建一座钢筋桥把这个 I came out first in the examination.我考试得了第
岛与大陆连接起来。 一名。
Where does this stream join the Changjiang (5)come out(= to become known)传出，公之于众；
River?这条河和长江在哪里会合？ （秘密）泄露
unite意为“联合”，指两种以上的事物结合为一 The truth will come out some day.总有一天会真
体，有合二为一的意味，强调结合后的统一性。 相大白的。
The two companies will unite into one.这两家公 (6)come out (= to be seen, as in a photograph)
司将合并成一家。 （在相片等中）显示；被看见Mary always comes out well in photos.玛丽总是 common ,ordinary
很上相。 二者都有“普通的，平常的”的意思，但侧重点不
(7)come out (= to be developed)冲印；冲洗 同。ordinary侧重表示“外表平凡，平平常常”；而
The boss said that the photos had been come common指“普遍存在，经常碰到”。对比：
out for a long time.老板说照片已经冲印出来很 in ordinary dress穿着平常的衣服；
久了。 in an ordinary way以通常的方式；
(8)come out (= to be removed; disappear)去掉； an ordinary – looking man相貌平常的人；
消失 an ordinary event平常的一件事；
Would you please help me to make the ink in common excuse常用的借口；
my shirt come out?你能帮我把衬衣上的墨水渍去 common knowledge常识；common people普通人
掉吗？ 老百姓；
(9)come out (to be on strike; to refuse to work) have a bathroom in common合用洗澡间。
罢工 [应用]完成句子
The workers came out for a pay raise.工人们为 ① 那 是 一 首 普 通 的 舞 曲 。 It was a piece
增加工资而罢工。 of______dance music.
(10)come out (= to end in the stated way)后来发 ②这种天气在南方是很常见的。This sort of
现；结果是 weather is quite _________in the south.
The answer to the question came out wrong.这个 ③这弟兄两个没有什么共同之处。These two
问题的答案后来发现是错误的。 brothers have nothing ________ _________.
(11)come out (= to express clearly)(意思)表达清 Key:①ordinary ②common ③in common
楚 communicate v. （1）vt.传达，传送，传染
The meaning of his speech did not come out communicate information/feelings/news…to sb.
well.他讲话的意思不很清楚。 把信息、感情、消息……传递/传达给某人
(12)come out (= to be counted)算出来；总计 I’ll communicate the news to you directly.
The total expense（花费）comes out at 5000 yuan. 我会直接把消息传达给你。
总开支达五千元。 (2)vi.通讯，通话
come to light 发现，暴露（= be discovered / communicate with sb.(by)用……与某人联络/沟
exposed /found out / be brought to light） 通
Much more new evidence has come to light(has We communicate with each other by
been discovered/has been exposed/has been brought telephone/letter. 我们用电话/信件彼此沟通。
to light),so the judges have to sentence the man to 拓展：communication n.[u]通讯[c]消息pl.通讯系
death. 统
新的证据不断被发现，所以法官们不得不判这 Radio and television are important means of
个人死刑。 communication. 收音机和电视机是信息交流的重
When the old woman died, it came to light that she 要工具。
was actually very rich. Communications satellite helps the human a lot
老太婆死后，人们才发现她其实很富有。 in many ways . 通讯卫星在很多方面对人类有
common adj.共同的；一般的；公共的 很大的帮助。
A great interest in music was common to them. complete, finish
他们对音乐都有共同的强列的兴趣。 二个词都有“完成”之意，但complete更突出使
The common people in those days suffered a lot. 一切完备、没有欠缺、多指完成工程、设计等。而
当时一般民众生活都很苦。 finish 是一般用语。常用短语有：complete the
We work for the common good.我们为了公共利 work完成工作；complete the new railway 修完铁
益而工作。 路；complete one’s collection of stamps完备集邮；finish one’s homework/middle school/writing ②congratulation是名词，多用作复数形式。注意
the article 完成作业/中学毕业/写完文章。 下列用法：
注意：complete还可用作形容词，意为“完全的， Congratulations!（单独使用）祝贺你！
彻底的、完成了的”。completely 是副词，“完全 Congratulations on your success 对你的成功我表
地 、 彻 底 地 ” 。 如 ： a complete 示祝贺。
sentence/strange/success/failure完整的句子/完全陌 Congratulations to everybody!祝贺大家！
生/完全成功/彻底的失败。This job is completely Please accept my congratulations on your birthday.
new to me.这项工作对我来说是完全陌生的。 请接受我对你的生日祝贺。
[应用]单句改错 [应用]选择正确答案
① You have to finish to read the whole passage We offered him our congratulations him passing
in five minutes. the college entrance exams.(MET’93)
② Professor Smith has been complete successful A. at B. on C. for D. of
in working out the problem. connect连接，把……联系起来
Key:①改to read为reading,因为finish后只能接动 (1)vt. The road connects London and Edinburgh.
名词。②改complete为completely。 这条路把伦敦和爱丁堡连在一起。
congratulate v. 祝贺，庆贺 The two cities are connected by a canal.
常用短语：congratulate sb. on / upon sth. / 这两座城市由运河连在一起。
doing sth.为某事向某人祝贺 A good student must connect what he reads with and
congratulate oneself that…因……而自己庆幸 what he sees around him.
congratulations常用于祝贺语，后可接on，也可 一个好学生必须把他所读的与所见的联系起来。
单独用。 (2)be connected with与……有关系；与……有
I’d like to congratulate you on your success. 亲戚关系
对你的成功我表示祝贺。 She is connected with the Smiths.
I’d like to offer my congratulations on your 她与史密斯家有亲戚关系。
success. 对你的成功我表示祝贺。 对比：join…to…
You really should congratulate yourself on your Every family is joined to the world by Internet.
appearance. 每个家庭由网络与世界联系在一起。
(= You really should congratulate that you are so connect vt.; vi.连接；联系。
handsome.) 你真该为自己的外表而庆幸。 ① He connected the two speakers to (with)the
对比：celebrate sth.庆贺某事 recorder.他把两个喇叭同录音机相连。
We’ll celebrate the New Year with a dance ② Many people connect China with the Great
party. 我们将举行跳舞晚会以庆贺新年。 Wall.许多人把中国与长城联系在一起。
拓展：in celebration of… 庆祝…… hold a consider用法小结
celebration举行庆祝（会） consider是个很常用的动词，其意义不同，句型结
congratulate, congratulations 构也不同。我们在学习中要特别注意。
①congratulate是动词，作“祝贺、庆祝”解时 （1）作“仔细考虑、深思熟虑”解，consider可作不
必须以被祝贺的人作宾语，构成：congratulate sb. 及物动词或及物动词。
on sth./doing sth.表示“祝贺某人……”。另外： 作及动词时，后可接名词、代词、动名词作宾语，不
congratulate oneself表示“庆幸，感到幸运”。如： 能接动词不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式，相当
We congratulated him on his success/his having 于宾语从句。例如：
succeeded. Consider carefully before you decide.你要慎重考
我们祝贺他的成功。 虑后再做决定。
I congratulated myself on having escaped unhurt. They considered your suggestion.他们仔细考虑了
我因自己幸免于难而感到幸运。 你的建议。He is considering studying abroad.他在考虑出国 Are you content with your work?你对你的工作满
留学。 意吗？
We are considering how to help them.我们在考 （3）vt.使（某人）满足。
虑如何帮助他们。 The little boy contented himself with a new toy.
（2）作“将……视为、认为、以为”解。 那男孩有了新玩具就满足了。
①可用consider+名词+（to be）名词（形容词）或 continue v.继续
consider+名词+as+名词（形容词）结构，但当不定
式为行为动词时，不能省略，不可用于进行时。这
样用时相当于that引导宾语从句。例如：
He considers himself(to be)clever(=as clever).=He They rain continued for three days.雨连续了3天。
considers that he is clever.他认为自己很聪明。 They continued their game after lunch.
I consider him(to be)my closest friend(as my 他们午饭后继续比赛。
closest friend).=I consider(that)he is my closest He continued writing /to write late into the night.
friend.我把他视为我最亲密的朋友。 他继续写作到深夜。
He is considered to have invented the first The weather continued cold.天气持续寒冷。
computer.他被认为是最早发明计算机的人。 cover盖上；掩盖；占据（时间）（空间），走过（路
②还可用于consider+it(形式宾语)+形容词+不定式 程）；采访。
结构。例如： ①My mother covered the baby with a blanket.
I consider it wrong for students to smoke.我认为 ② She tried to cover the fact that she had been
学生抽烟是不对的。 to the place.
consider 的 用 法 ： ① You should consider the ③I’m covering the accident.
question.你应该考虑这个问题。 create; invent; discover
②跟从句 三者含义相近，但用法不同：
He began to consider when he would get （1）create“创造、创作”，指产生出新的东西，其
married他开始考虑什么时侯结婚的事情。 对象往往是精神上的，如艺术、文学作品中的人物
③跟疑问词 + to do sth. 及新的科学领域等。例如：
He is considering how to get there in time.他正 Shakespeare created many famous characters.莎士
想怎么能及时赶到那儿。 比亚创造了许多有名的人物。
④跟动名词 （2）invent“发明”，指创造出原来自然界不存在
Who considers answering the question?谁正在考 的东西，如工具、方法、手段、灯泡、汽车、电视、合
虑回答这个问题？ 成材料等。例如：
⑤为……着想 who invented the telephone?谁发明了电话？
He always considers others before himself他常先 He invented a new teaching method.他发明了一
为别人着想。 种的教学方法。
⑥名词为：consideration(不可数) （3）discover指“发现或找到”某种自然界本来已
take sth. into consideration把……考虑在内 存在，但以前未被人类发现或认识的事物，如发现
If you want to go on holidays in Beijing,you should 元素、电、煤、石油、铁等矿藏以及新星、星系或科
take the cost into consideration. 学真理等。例如：
如果想到北京去度假，你应该考虑费用问题。 I discovered an unopened letter in the drawer.我
content 在抽屉里发现了一封未拆的信。
(1)n.内容；目录 crowd
He always reads the contents of a book first of crowd 可用作名词，表示“人群，群”；用作动词，
all.他读书总是先从目录看起。 表示“群集，拥挤”。如:
（2）adj.满足的；甘心的 a crowd of children 一群孩子；crowds of books成堆的书；a cheering crowd 欢呼的人群；crowd day by day一天天地
into 挤进；crowd in 拥入；crowd round围在…… day after day日复一日，一天又一天
的周围；a crowded city/train拥挤的城市/火车；be ① Day by day he seems to grow a little
crowded with 挤满、塞满 stronger.
[应用]汉译英 ②I have to do this work day after day.
①很多村民从大门拥入，院子里很挤。 deal with,do with
②大厅里挤满了学生。 1)二者都可表示“对付，应付，处理，安排”，
Key:① Many villagers crowded in through the 但deal是不及物动词，可与how连用；而do是及
gate and the yard was crowded. 物动词，只与what连用表示上述意义，不能单独使
②The hall was crowded with students. 用。对比：We don’t know what to do with the
cut短语归纳 waste materials./We don’t know how to deal
1）用作动词： with the waste materials.
get one’s hair cut理发；cut a loaf of bread in 我们不知道怎样处理这此废料。
two 把一块面包一切为二；cut a figure in stone What’s the best way of dealing with thieves?
雕刻石像；cut the price 降价；cut the article 删节 对付小偷最好的办法是什么？
文章；cut down trees 伐树；cut down on smoking （此句中的deal with不可替换成do with）
减少吸烟；cut in 插嘴，插入，cut in with a few 2)deal with还可表示“论述，涉及到；与……相
words插嘴讲几句话；cut off a corner切掉一角； 处”等意义，而do with 无此用法。如：
cut off electricity 切 断 电 源 ； cut off three The books dealing with Asian problems sell well
sentences 删去三个句子；cut out 切掉，删掉;cut in colleges.论述亚洲问题的书在大学里很畅销。
out the last part of the play把剧本的最后一部分 That man is easy to deal with.这个人容易相处。
删掉；cut…open切开。 [应用]完成句子
2) 用作名词：the cuts on one’s arms 臂上的伤 ①你是怎么处理这类事情的？
口：make big cuts削减，降价 _________did you deal with matters of this sort?
[应用]介、副词填空 What did you ________ _________matters of this
① Big cuts have been made____the prices of sort?
medicine. ②我们要处理的棘手事太多了。
②The strong wind cut_____the electricity of the There are too many difficulties for us to _________
whole city. ______.
③The chairman spoke so fast that nobody could Key:①How/ do,with ②deal, with
cut____. delight
④All the trees were cut_____.They will have to to one’s delight
answer for their foolish action 该词组意为“使某人高兴”，还可以表达为“to
Key:①in ②off ③in ④down the delight of sb.”。
date back to / date from 能这样表达的还有 to one’s joy,to one’s
追溯到（某个时期），起始于（某个时期），从…… surprise,to one’s sorrow等。如：
时候就存在 To my shame, I completely forgot our date.
The tower dates back to 1173. demand
这座塔起始于1173年。 ①当可数名词“要求”用
The old church dates from the first century A.d. We refused his unreasonable demands.我们拒绝了
这座古老的教堂起始于公元1世纪。 他的无理要求。
My interest in stamp collecting dates from my ②当不可数名词用
schooldays. There is a great demand for typists but(a)poor
从学生时代起，我对集邮就开始感兴趣。 demand for clerks.打字员很抢手但是办公室职员几乎没人需要。 （3）be determined(to do sth.)下定决心；有决心，
③当动词用：demand+名词、代词、从句或to do 后接不定式或从句。如：
sth.如： He was determined to study English well.他下决
They demanded the right to do things they like. 心把英语学好。
他们要求有做自己喜欢做的事情的权力。 I was determined not to follow their advice.
The lady demanded to see our headmaster.那个女 We were determined that we should never allow
士要求见校长。 such things to happen again.我们决定绝不允许这
He demanded that we (should)try to finish our 类事情再次发生。
work on time.他要求我们按时完工。 （注意从句运动用should + 动词原形）]
宾语从句用虚拟语气形式，主+should+动原…… determine to do sth.决定（心）做……
④demand问 I left him,determined never to set foot in that house
“How old are you?”he demanded. again.
他问我“你多大啦？” devote…to…把……献给，把……用在
depend on(=rely on)依靠；依赖；以……而定；取决 devote oneself to…致力于，献身于
于……。如： be devoted to…专心致志于，献身于，忠于
① Whether you will succeed or not depends on ①Mary devotes too much time to eating.
how hard you ② He has devoted his whole life to benefiting
work.你是否成功得看你努力的程度。 mankind.
② I don’t want to depend on my parents any ③He devoted himself entirely to music.
longer.我不想再依赖父母了。 ④ He was still devoted to the study of
destroy t.毁坏；破坏；毁灭。 chemistry.
① Don’t destroy the box .It may be useful.不 ⑤He is very devoted to his wife.
要弄坏这个盒子，可能还有用。 die out 熄灭；绝种；逐渐消失。如：
② The whole building was badly desdtroyed by ①The fire died out .火灭了。
the fire.整幢楼房都被大火严重烧毁了。 ②That talkative man’s voice died out.那个健谈
determine v. 的人的声音渐渐地听不见了。
（1）决心、决定，其后可接动词不定式、从句或on 2.the + 形容词（分词）表示一类人的用法。
引导的短语。如： 常见的短语有：
We determined to get the work done before the old(young; rich; poor; learned; living…).如：
October 1.我们决定在“十一”之前完成这项工作。 The living should carry out what the dead unfinished.
She determined to go that very afternoon. 活着的人（后人）应该把前人未竞事业进行到底。
Have you determined where you’re going to 3.no more than①(=noly)仅仅，不过。②两者都不。
spend the summer vocaion?你决定在哪儿过暑假 如：
了吗？ ①What can I do, I’m no more than a citizen.
They determined on an early start.他们决定早动 我能怎么样，我只不过是个平民百姓。
身。 ②Tom is no cleverer than Jack.汤姆和杰克都不
He has determined on going home next week.他 聪明。
决定下周回家。 但是：not more than 表示A 不如B（……）或不
（2）使……决意，后接不定式或介词短语作宾补。 超过。如；
如： ①My English is not better than yours.
What determined you to accept the invitation?什 我的英语不如你的好。
么原因使你接受这个请帖？ ② I think you are not more than twenty years
The situation determined him against further old.
delay.形势使他决定不再拖延。 我想你不满二十岁吧。diet; food
两者都可作“食物”解。diet指的是习惯上吃的食
物或规定要吃的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定
质的食物，如病人的疗养饮食。food是一般用语。 When they finish their talk, the two may be
凡能吃喝的具有营养的东西都可称food.例如： quite a distance from the place where they were
The Chinese diet is considered to be the standing.当谈话结束时，两个人离他们原来站的地
healthiest in the world。中国的饮食被认是世界上 方可能有相当一段距离了。
最健康的饮食。 The waterfall can be heard at a distance of two miles.
Proper diet and exercise are both important to 在两英里外就能听到这瀑布声。
health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康都很重要。 Hills are blue in the distance.远处的山呈蓝色。
He is on a special diet to lose weight.他服用特 The lion looks dangerous, so I decide to keep a
别饮食以减肥。 distance away from it.狮子看起来很危险，所以我
The doctor put him on a liquid diet after 决定离它远点儿。
operation.手术之后医生规定他吃流食。 What’s the distance between Beijing and Shanghai?
They eat different kinds of food which change 北京到上海之间的距离是多少？
into energy.他们吃的各种各样的食物都转化成能 disturb,interrupt
量。 disturb有“打扰，扰乱，使（人）心神不宁”之意。
His food includes eggs, vegetables, fruit and 如 ： disturb the sleeping child/one’ s plan/the
some soft drinks.他的食物包括鸡蛋、蔬菜、水果和 piblic peace 打扰睡觉的孩子/打乱计划/扰乱社会
一些软饮料。 治安；be mentally disturbed精神上受到影响；be
dip into 蘸进；随便翻阅；稍稍研究 disturbed about 对……感到不妥。
I haven’t read that book properly. I’ve only dipped 对比：interrupt 有“打断，打扰”之意，侧重打断。
into it. 如：Don’t interrupt me while I’m busy.我忙的
我没有好好读那本书，仅随便翻阅一下。 时候不要打扰我。
I’ve only dipped into politics. [应用]完成句子
我对政治研究不深。 ①她获悉母亲得急病后感到心神不安。
discover She was________ ________ her mother’s sudden
discover sth.发现某物；discover oneself暴露自己 illness./She
的身份；discover sb. doing sth.发现某人在做某事 was________ _______hear of her mother’s sudden
discover sb./sth.to be…发现某人（物）……； illness./She was________ ________ the news of her
discover + that 从句发现……常用搭配：discover mother’s sudden illness.
one’s mistake/an island/the truth 发现自己的错 ②不要打断那位演讲者，他讲完再问你的问题。
误/一座岛/事实的真相 Don’t _________ the speaker;ask your question after
[应用]完成句子 the meeting.
①我们发现他是一位出色的舞蹈家。 Key:①disturbed, about/disturbed,to/disturbed, by
We ____her _____ ____ a good dancer./We _____ ②interrupt
that_____ ____a good dancer. do all sb.can to do sth.:do what sb.can to do
②有人发现她在偷东西。 sth.尽某人的所能做某事
Someone ______ ______ ______ things./Someone all 后面为that 所引导的定语从句，that在从句中
discovered that 作宾语已被省略；can后面为避免重复省略了do;
______ ______stealing things. 后面的to do sth.为不定式（短语）作目的状语。
Key:① discovered ， to, be/discovered, she, was all(that)sb.can(do) 相 当 于 宾 语 从 句 what
②discovered,her,stealing/she,was sb.can(do)。
distance n.距离；远处 ①I’ll do all I can to help you.我将尽力帮助你。② He did all he could to improve his spoken do reading( 读 书 )/washing( 洗 衣 服 )/cooking( 做
English. 他尽了最大努力来提高英语口语水平。 饭)/shopping(买东西)/cleaning(打扫除)等。
Do give her my regards.请一定代我她问好。 Do what I told you to .
助动词 do 及其变化形式可在肯定句中用来强调 Don’t be late again.
动词，意为“务必；一定；的确；真的”,加强了句 Make sure the door is shut. 让对方做或不做某
子的语气。 事时
①Do be careful! 一定要小心 dozens of几十；许多。
② I do like you.我真的喜欢你。 ①She bought dozens of dresses.她买了许多衣服。
③She does work very hard.她学习确实很努力。 ② I’ ve borrowed dozens of books for my
④—Why didn’t you tell him?你为什么不告诉 daughter.我为女儿借了许多书。
他？ doubt v.& n.怀疑，不相信
—I did tell him.我告诉他了。 n.
do sb. a favour或do a favour for sb.给某人帮个 of…对……（抱）怀疑或悲观（态
忙，如果有to do sth.则常用。 度）
do sb.the favour to do sth.如： doubt 从句在否定句及疑问句中多跟that
① I wonder if you can do me a favour?我不知 引起的从句，在肯定句中多跟
道你能不能帮我个忙？（没有说干何事） whether(if)引起的从句。
② Please do me the favour to open the door, I ①I doubt the truth of this report.
want to go out. ②They have never doubted of success.
麻烦你给我开一下门，我要出去。 ③I don’t doubt that you are honest.
do up 收拾（东西）。整理、梳装打扮、系（扣） ④Can you doubt that he will win?
好…… ⑤I doubt if that was what he wanted.
① He was so hurried that he did up his buttons 该词作名词时有以下短语
wrongly. beyond(all)doubt毫无疑问；in doubt怀疑，犹豫，
他太着急了以致于扣错了纽扣。 不肯定；no doubt肯定地，想必；without doubt毫
②She spent a long time doing up her hair.她花 无疑问，一定地
了很长时间把头盘起来。 ①The truth of the story is beyond doubt.
Do you think so? ②I was in doubt about what to do.
①“so”用于避免重复前面所说过的内容，等于代 ③No doubt I learned a lot from that lecture.
替 肯 定 的 名 词 性 从 句 ， 可 与 ④Without doubt these theories were all wrong.
believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose, dream vi.做梦，迫切希望
think 等及 It appear…,It seems 和 I’m afraid 连 As he slept, he dreamed a dream. 他睡觉时
用。 做了一个梦。
“Will they go to see him?” W e dream of peace.我们梦想和平。
“I believe so.(?I believe[that]they will go to see 拓展：dream a pleasant/sweet/horrible dream 做
him.)” 好梦/甜梦/噩梦
② 表 示 否 定 时 ， 用 not 代 替 so, 但 在 live a happy/quiet/hard/normal life 过幸福/平
believe,suppose,think 等动词之后，如 I don’t 静/艰苦/正常的生活
think(believe,suppose)so等，通常仍可与so连用。 die a glorious death死得光荣
③不能和表示确信、疑问的词语连用。 Do you dream at night?你晚上做梦吗？
I doubt about it.(√) dream of……多用于否定句中，“做梦也没想到，
I doubt so.(×) 从未想到过”
do walking 步行。“do + 动名词”结构表示“干 I never dream of getting so much money.
某事，有较灵活的译法。 我从未幻想过得到这么多钱。Dream+从句 在hope, like, love, promise, want, wish等词后作
We never dreamed that the film was so long. 宾语的不定式常省略。再如：
我们怎么也没想到这部电影这么长。 You may go if you want to.
dream of迫切希望、渴望。 She can get a job if she hopes to.
People all over the world are dreaming of peace. —How about going hunting with me tomorrow?
全世界人民都渴望和平。 —I’d like to, but I have no time.
dreamy(adj.)模糊的，梦幻般的 （2）Don’t close the window until I ask you to.
I don’t believe your dreamy words.我不信你的 在allow, ask, tell 等词后作宾语补足语的不定式
梦语。 常省略。再如：
动词 + about Don’t touch the light unless your mother allows you
read about 读到有关的内容；know about 了解； to.
learn about 得知有关……；hear about 听说过； Don’t plant potatoes until the peasant tells you to.
forget about 忘记有关……；talk about 谈论； （3）He didn’t want to hand in his composition,
argue about争论；chat about闲谈；tell about讲述 but he had to.
有关……；think about考虑；write about写有关 在 be able to, be going to, have to, need to,
的……；joke about 拿……开玩笑；worry about enough to, used to等后的不定式需省略。再如：
为……担心。 I don’t sing much, now, but I used to a lot.
[应用]汉译英 If you don’t want to say anything at the meeting, you
①我已在报纸上读到了有关这次事故的情况。 don’t need to.
②这件事我几乎忘了。 She didn’t go out last night, because she was afraid
Key:① I’ ve read about the accident in the to.
newspaper. 在 afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry 等词后作状
②I almost forget about this matter. 语的不定式常省略。再如：—Will you go with me
动词+at to see the film tonight?
动词+at, 其中的at多表示“目标，方向”。如： —I’ll be glad to.
shout at 朝……喊；laugh at 嘲笑；throw at 动词 + off短语
朝……扔；shoot at朝……射击；point at指着；aim fly off 飞走；go off 离开；take off 脱下，起飞；
at瞄准；call at拜访；stare at盯着；glance at一瞥； run off 跑开；fall off 掉下；turn off 关上；get off
take a look at 看一眼；pull at 拉，扯；arrive at到 下来；drive off 驶离；hurry off 匆忙离开；keep
达；come at 朝……起来；tear at撕，扯 off 离开，勿靠近；pay off 还清（债）put off 推迟；
[应用]完成句子 send off驱逐；set off 出发，动身；throw off 扔掉
①别对那孩子大声嚷嚷，你吓坏她了。 匆忙脱衣；ring off 挂断电话；
Don’t ________ ________ the girl. You frightened [应用]完成句子
her. ①此处很危险，让孩子们离开。
②他被朋友们嘲笑了。 It’s dangerous here.______ ______ the children.
He _________ _________ _________ by his friends. ②火车刚到，一大群人正在下车。
Key:①shout, at ②was, laughed, at The train has just come in, with crowds of
动词不定式的省略 people_____ ______it.
为了避免重复，我们常常把作宾语、宾补和谓语动 Key:①keep ,off ②getting, off
词的一部分的不定式省略，只保留动词不定式的 动词 + up
符号to。现将常见省略不定式的几种情况通过实 go up(物价等)上涨，上升；build(up)one’s health
例加以简析，供大家参考： 使身体强壮；turn up 出席，到场，开大音量；divide
(1)—How about coming to my house? up 分配；分给；set up 建立；come up走近，发芽；
—I’d love to if it doesn’t give you so much trouble. pick up 拾起，用车接，收听（节目）;send up发射；get up 起床；grow up 长大；look up仰望，查阅； due to , be due to
eat up 吃光；drink up喝光；use up用光；stay/sit be due(to)有“应付给，应到的，预期的”之意，多
up熬夜；give up放弃；take up占空间，从事，开始 用作表语，to不定式符号；而due to表示“由于，
干；keep up保持，继续；put up举起，建起；hang 起因于”时，to是介词，相当于because of。如：
up挂起来；hold up举起；join up 连接起来；rise The train is due to arrive at 12.火车应于12点到。
up奋起反抗；move up向前移动；lift up扶起;do When is the ship due?船预定何时到？
up包，捆；hurry up赶快；call up 打电话；break up The accident was due to careless driving 车祸是
拆散，破裂;make up组成，化妆，编造；bring up抚 粗心驾车引起的。
养大；dress up打扮；add up加起来；warm up变 [应用]完成句子
暖，热身。 ①那项计划由于资金不足而失败。
[应用]完成句子 The program failed ________ _________lack of
①物价在天天上涨。 money.
Prices are_____ _____ day after day. ②希尔先生预定明天演讲两次。
②衣服常常挂在火炉附近。 Mr Hill_________ _________ ________ lecture
The clothes are often_______ ______ near a fire. twice tomorrow.
③妈妈的把孩子扶起来，领走了。 Key:①due,to ②is ,due, to
The mother_____ the baby______ and took him earn v.赚；得到
away. ①earn n. ②earn sb. sth ③earn one’s
④他到乡下呆了一段时间，身体好了起来。 living
He went and stayed in the countryside for a period of He earns $10,000 a year.他一年赚10,000英镑。
time and _____ ______ ______ _______. His honesty earned him great respect.他因诚实而
Key: ① going, up② hung, up③ lifted, 博得人们的尊敬。
up④built, up, his, health She earned her living by singing in a nightclub.
drop用法归纳 她靠在夜总会唱歌谋生。
drop可用作名词“滴”；用作不及物动词“掉下， earn, gain, win ,get
滴下”；用作及物动词“使掉（滴）下”。如： 四个词均有“得到”之意，但 earn指经过艰苦努
a drop of blood一滴血；drop by rop/in drops一 力所得到的报偿，意为“赚得”；gain指作出很大
滴一滴地；drop from the tree从树上掉下来；drop 努力而“获得”，所得东西常有一定价值；get是
to the ground 落在地上；drop the letter into the 普通词，指不一定需要努力就能“得到”；win意
mailbox把信投进信箱；drop a handkerchief/stone 为“赢得”，含有取胜一方具有优越条件而能克
掉下手帕/石头 服障碍之意。这四个词有时可通用。
习语：drop in 顺便拜访；drop in on sb.顺便走访 [应用]英译汉
某人；drop in at his school顺便拜访他的学校。 ①earn much money/a prize/one’s living
[应用]完成句子 ② gain a victory/experience/the first prize/ten
①我看见一个苹果从树上掉下来。 dollars/a living/success/the battle/a doctor’ s
I saw an apple______ _______ the tree. degree
②他们这样做是搬起石头咂自己的脚。 ③get one’s help/full marks
In doing so they are lifting a rock to _______ Key: ①挣得很多钱/获奖/谋生
________on their ②获胜/取得经验/获得一等奖/赚10美元/谋生/获
feet. 得成功/赢得战斗/获博士学位
③你路过的话，千万要来。 ③得到某人的帮助/得满分
Do _______ _______ if you happen to be passing. earn one’s living,make one’s living 谋生，挣钱
Key: 过活。
①drop,from ②drop, it ③drop, in The professor earns his living by teaching at alanguage school. The party ended up with a song.
eat up 吃光；吃掉。 晚会以一首歌曲结束。
He was so hungry that he ate up all the cakes If you continue to drive so carelessly, you’ll end up
and none was left.他太饿了，把所有的蛋糕都吃 in hospital.
完了，一点也没剩。 如果你继续这样不小心开车，你会进医院的。
类似的短语还有：drink up喝光；喝净。/burn up 对比：end指完结或终止，为意义最单纯的用语；
烧完；烧掉。/use up 用完；用尽。/clean up打扫干 close指把已开始的事物像关闭似的加以结束；
净。 finish尤指最后的修饰工作，或把已经做的加以完
effect 成；
have effect on 对……有影响，相当于affect： complete指把不完美的各点或有缺陷的部分加以
It has had such a bad effect on him. 补充完成。
effort短语归纳 Let’s end the discussion.
make the greatest effort 做最大努力；make great The meeting was closed by the chairman’s speech.
efforts尽最大努力；make a special effort作出特 Try to finish your homework before 9 o’clock.
殊努力；make an effort to do sth.努力做某事； Have you completed your new programme?
make every effort to help you 尽力帮助你;make escape（1）vi.逃走；vt.逃避
one last effort作最后的努力；make no effort不努 The soldier managed to escape by running into the
力；spare no efforts to do sth.不遗余力去做某 woods.
事;with(an)effort 艰难地；without effort轻而易举 那个士兵进树林逃掉了。
地；in an effort努力。 You were lucky enough to escape punishment /
[应用]完成句子 being punished.
①他身体很强壮，可以轻易地提起那个重箱子。 你很幸运逃脱了惩罚。
He is strong enough to lift the heavy box _________. (2)n.[c]逃脱，逃亡
②我们会不遗余力地阻止他们采取这一步骤。 have a narrow escape 九死一生，死里逃生
We will ________ _______ _______to prevent them exam; exmination; test; quiz
from takingthis examination通常只指正式的“考试”，如期末考
step. 试、入学考试等。exam是examination的缩写，常用
③他艰难地游泳，为的是救出那个孩子。 于口语，多为学生使用。test 为“小考”成“考
He swam with difficulty________ _________ 查”,quiz为“测验”,特指事先无准备，随时进行
_______ ________ save 的测验，也可指（广播节目中的）一般知识测验、问
the boy. 答比赛、猜谜等。例如：
④我不会努力去帮助这样的人。 He did very well in the entrance examination. 他
I’ll ________ _________ _______ to help such a 在入学考试中成绩很好。
person. There’ s going to be a physics test this
Key:①without,effout ②spare, to ,efforts afternoon.今天下午将进行物理考试。
③in, an, effort, to ④make, no, efforts The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我
make efforts to do sth.努力（尽力）干…… 们进行了一次五分钟的小测验。
make an effort (at)尽力，努力…… example; pattern;model
spare no effort不遗余力 pattern“型、式样、图样”可指供模仿的某物原型
I made every effort to get it (at getting it) 或精心设计出的图样或模型，也可指榜样。如：
end up 结果，结束 Can you use the sentence pattern?他会用这个句
He started as an employee and ended up as head of 型吗？
the firm. She is a pattern for us.她是我们学习的典范。
他以职员开始而最后成为公司的主管。 model“模型、模范”，指供模仿或值得信效的人或物。如： ①她很久没有儿子的消息了，因而期待着他的电
Have you seen his model ship?你看见过他的船 话。
模吗？ She hasn’t heard from her son for a long time, so she
example “例子、榜样”,主要指人及其行为和活 _______
动被他人信效。如： telephones from him.
Example is better than precept.身教重于言教。 ②他正等着要和你说句话。
except; besides; except for+名词/except that+句子 He ________ ________ to have a word with you.
用法区别。 Key:①expects ②is ,waiting
except 相当于but,表示“除了……以外（不包括在 expert n.专家，能手 adj.精通的
内）”，常与 all, nobody,everything,everybody, ①an expert on … 一名……方面的专家
nowhere等表示整体概念的词连用。besides相当于 ②be expert at/in doing sth. 于……很内行
apart from，表示“除……以外（尚有）”之义。 an expert on computer science 计算机方面的专
except for.../except that ...表示“除了……”之意， 家
引述一个相反的原因或细节，因而部分地修正了 She’s expert at/in looking after babies.
句中的主要意思。如：Your article is well written 她对于照料婴儿很内行。
except for some grammar mistakes.你的文章写得 explain t. 说明；解释；讲解。
好，只是有几处语法错误。 ① He explained why he was late.他说明了迟到
excuse, pardon,forgive 的原因。
excuse“原谅，宽恕”，语气较轻，指对轻微的冒犯 ②Please explain this exercise to me . 请把这个
失礼等的原谅；pardon用于正式场合时意为“赦 练习给我讲一讲。
免”，也有“原谅，对不起”之意，语气最重； express one’s satisfaction with对……表示满意
forgive指免除某人犯错误或违法承担的后果，或 be satisfied with对……感到满意
不追究其应受责备的行为。三个词都常与for连用 The officials expressed their satisfaction with the
表示“原谅某人……”。 preparation for the exhibition.
[应用]汉译英 fall短语归纳
①请原谅我迟到了。 fall from a tree从树上掉下来；fall off a table从
②我永远不会原谅你昨天晚上说过的话。 桌子上落下；
Key:①Please excuse we for being late. fall out of bed 从床上跌下来；fall asleep入睡；
② The court pardoned the man who had broken fall ill病倒；fall behind落后；fall in love with sb.
the law for a certain reason. 爱上某人；fall to pieces倒塌，垮台，崩溃，解体；
③ I’ll never orgive you for what you said to fall into the water跌进水中；fall down 倒下；fall
me last night. onto the ground掉（倒）在地上；have many falls
expect, wait 跌下许多跤；in the fall在秋季。
二者均有“等待”之意，但有不同。expect侧重心 [应用]完成句子
理状态，因而可译为“期待，期盼”， 是及物动词； ①那个孩子从墙上掉下来伤着了右腿。
而wait指行动，有“不干别的事专门等”之意，是 The boy____ ____the wall and hurt his right leg.
不及物动词。对比： ②他不想在学习上落后于别人。
They are busy with prepartions, expecting the He didn’t want to _____ ____others in his studies.
foreign guests.他们忙着准准备，期待着外宾的到 Key:①fell,off ②fall,behind
来。 fall ill 生病，得病
Holding little flags, the children are waiting for ①Tom is absent,for he has fallen ill.
the foreign guests.孩子们手拿小旗，在等待外宾的 ②John was caught in the storm and he fell ill.
到来。 fall over意为“跌倒”，“跌跤”。如：
[应用]完成句子 When he was skating, he fell over some times.fall to pieces 以肉饲养狗
该短语意为“垮台”，“崩溃”，“倒塌”，“解 feed meet to a dog
体”。如： Cows feed on hay during winter.
①Most buildings fell to pieces in the earthquake feel like…想（做某事）；愿意。
in this city. I feel like going to a museum.我想去博物馆。
②Most organizations fell to pieces after political I feel like a drink. Have you got any beer?我想
reform. 喝点东西，你俩有啤酒吗？
far below + n. fight with,fight against 意为“为反对……而战、
该词组意为“远远低于”，“比……低得多”，其 与……作斗争”,against 后面接的是反对的对象，
中far是副词，用以加强语气。如： 如：
The production of this factory was far below the They are fighting against their enemy.他们在与敌
normal level last year. 人作战。
far from:不仅仅，远不是（跟动名词、形容词、名词 Political leaders fought against slavery.政治领导
或代词）。如： 们为了反对奴隶制度而斗争。
① Far being slow, they are actually fast enough. fight for 意为“为争取……而斗争、因为……而
他们一点也不慢，相反非常迅速。 打架”。如：
②It’s far from perpect.它还很不完美。 Two dogs fight for a bone,and a third runs away
另外：由far引出的短语 with it.两只狗为抢一块骨头而打架，另一只狗把
①go far(物)经用、时间长 骨头叼走了。
This food can’t go far.这些东西不够吃。 fight with意为“同……（一起并肩）作战、与……
②so far:到目前为止、到…程度（地步） 作战”，它含有两重意思，试比较：
I can only tell you so far.我只能给你说到这一步。 They fought with the Italian in the last war.他们
③as far as就……而言、从……来看、尽……所能 在最后的这次战争中是与意大利人作战。
只要……、一直查到某地 They fought with the Italian against France in
As far as I know, he will not come.据我所知，他 that war.在那次战争中，他们和意大利联合作战反
不会来啦。 对法国。
You should stick to your opinion as far as it is figure; shape;form
reasonable.只要你有理，就应该坚持。 这组名词都有“形状”的意思。
We walked as far as the church. shape 着重指人或物等的比较具体的整个外形，不
我们一直走到教堂跟前。 太正式；form指有实体结构和看得见的某种特殊
feed vt. 喂养；以……为。常用结构： 形状或是抽象的形式；figure指物时，侧重指轮廊，
feed…with/on sth . feed sth . to 指人时，着重指姿态。如：
①She feeds her baby with /on cow’s milk./she Coins may be of different sizes,weights, shapes, and
feeds cow’s milk to her baby.她用牛奶喂孩子。 of diff-
② I feed my cat with/on fish./I feed fish to erent metals. 硬币可能大小、轻重、形状不同，铸
my cat .我用鱼喂猫。 造的金属也可能不一样。
另外：feed (vi.)on 相当于 live on , 意为 The shape of Italy is like a leg.意大利国的形状
“以……为主食”。 像一条腿。
Sheep feed mainly on grass.羊以草为主食。 Change these sentences into the Present Perfect
fight against;fight for Passive,putting the verbs into the correct forms.
feed…on…以……饲养（动物） 用动词的正确形式将下面的句子变成现在完成时
feed on(动物)以……为食 的被动语态 。
feed…to…喂（动物）……当饲料。 Ice,snow and steam are forms of water.冰、雪、蒸
feed a dog on meat 气是水的几种形态。You can see the tall stone figures and visit the It’s fine today.今天天气很晴朗。
temples of the gods.你可以看到那些高大的石雕 What a fine view it is!多么美丽的风景！
像，参观那些神殿。 —How are you？
这组名词也可当动词用，shape意为“使什么东西 —你好吗？
具有某种具体的外 —Fine, thank you.
形”，常有“塑造”等具体意义；form指通过协商 —很好，谢谢！（不可用于否定句及疑问句）
组织等形成某种习惯、计划或组织等，一般相当于 First there was a fine rain but then it rained heavily.
“形成”;figure通常指象征某事物。 开始是毛毛细雨，接着就下大了
find (2)adv.很好
(1)vt.发现，发觉 Everything went fine.一切顺利
She found a wallet lying on the ground. (3)[c]罚金a traffic violation fine违反交通规则罚
她发现地上有个钱包。 款
We found her still asleep. (4)v.处罚金
我们发现她还在睡觉。 If you make such a mistake again, you’ll get fined.
He found her left behind. 如果你再犯这样的错误，你就会挨罚。
他发现她被落在后面。 短语：fine and 非常，极（强调后面所接的形容词）
(2)n.发现，发现物（尤指贵重或悦人的） one fine day/morning有朝一日
I made a great find in a second-hand bookshop first of all 指按时间，顺序等处于第一位的，如：
yesterday. 例：First of all let me say how glad I’m to be
昨天在旧书店里我有重大发现。 here.首先我要说我来到这儿是多么高兴。
对比：find多指偶然发现，碰见；后可接名词、复 I’m interested in coins ,but first of all I’m a
合结构或从句。find out指通过观察、探索而发现 stamp collector.我对硬币感兴趣，但我首先是个集
事实的真相、真情，通过调查找出原因，或发现秘 邮的。
密、错误等；一般接名词、代词或从句。discover指 比较：first与at first
发现客观事物的存在，发现已存在而不为人知的 first 译为“首先/，是从动作的先后角度来考虑
事情；多用于好的事物。 的。”如：
Have you found the book you have been looking Before we go , I must first change my clothes .
for? 走之前我得先换衣服。
你一直找的书找到了吗？ at first意为“起初/，含有后来不这样了的意思。”
Have you found out why he was late? 如：
你弄清他为什么迟到吗？ At first I didn’t like him ,but now I do .起初
Columbus discovered America. 我不喜欢他，但现在喜欢了。
哥伦布发现了美洲。 for the first time 意为“第一次”。如：
find one’s way（to）找到；设法找到去……的路 It was there that they met for the first time .正
Can you find your way to the post office? 是在那儿他们第一次见了面。
你能找到去邮局的路吗？ fit
Rivers find their way to the sea. 条条江河通 ①be fit for适合于
大海。 This job is fit for you.这份工作适合你干。
拓展：make one’s way非常困难地前进 ②主语+be + fit + to do sth.如：
feel one’s way 摸索着前进 Nobody is fit to take his place.没有合适的人接
force / fight one’s way突破……而前进 替他。
push one’s way排开……而前进 ③（物，衣物之类）+fit+sb.表示衣帽之类适合某人，
fine adj./adv./n./v. 合身。
(1)adj.美好的，天气晴朗的，（身体）好的，细的 The shirt does not fit me well.这件衬衫不太合我的身。 Time flies like an arrow. 光阴似箭。
fix vt.安排；修理；准备；安装；固定 The little girl flew to her grandmother.
这女孩向她奶奶飞跑过去。
(3)n.苍蝇
butter（奶油）+fly（苍蝇）=butterfly（蝴蝶）
dragon（龙）+fly（苍蝇）=dragonfly（蜻蜓）
fire（火）+fly（苍蝇）= firefly（萤火虫）
（=lighting-bug,美语）
We have fixed the time and date of the party. follow t.
我们已经确定了聚会的日期和具体时间。 (1)跟随；跟着。
Something has gone wrong with my tape-recorder. I We followed the professor into the lab . 我们跟
must have it fixed. 着教授走进了实验室。
我的录音机坏了，我得请人修一下。 (2)听懂；理解。
Mother decided to fix them something to eat. Would you please say it again? I can’t follow
母亲决定给他们准备点吃的。 you. 请再说一遍好吗?我没听懂。
It’s not polite to fix your eyes on others. 4. know about/of : have information concerning
盯着别人看是不礼貌的。 听说（关于……的事情）；知道；了解。
It is necessary for a child to form the habit of fixing Know vt. : have in mind as the result of
his attention on/ upon what he is doing. experience or because one has learned 认识，知
孩子养成专心做事情的习惯是很有必要的。 道。
fix a date 确定日期 ① I don’t know the writer , but I know about
fix a time确定时间 him.我不认识那位作家，但我听说过他。
fix a place确定场所 ② I know him ,but I don’t know about him.
fix vt.决定，确定 我认识他，但我并不了解他。
fix+n./wh-/to do sth. for a start/to start with首先，第一点
My uncle is fixing to set up a company. You have no right to be here, to start with.
fix up vt.搭起、安装，修理，安排（住宿等），提供， 首先，你无权在此。
We must fix the house up before we move into it. It won’t work：for a start, we don’t have so
Flash much money and secondly we cannot get the
in a flash permission.
该介宾词组意为“转眼间”，“突然间”，“瞬 那不行，首先我们没那么多钱，其次我们不能被批
间。”如： 准。
In a flash. I realized where we had met before. for example / such as
fly for emample 用来举例说明，例子通常是一个。它
(1)vt.飞跃 +地点或距离作宾语：驾驶（飞机）； 可放在所举例子的前面，也可放在后面；such as
（用飞机）运送；放（风筝） 用来列举事物，只能放在所列举的事物的前面。另
fly the Atlantic / the English Channe/ a distance of 外，只列举有代表性的事物，并不全部列出。如：
2000 km Some students are often late for school, Li Ling
飞跃大西洋/英吉利海峡/2000公里的距离 ,for emample .有些学生上学经常迟到，例如李玲。
Supplies of food have been flown to the refugees. He can speak several foreign languages, such as
补给的粮食空运给那些难民。 English, Janpanese,
The children are flying their kites. German and so on.他会说好几种外语，比如英语、
孩子们在放风筝。 日语、德语等。
(2)vi.飞，飞行，飞跑 forbid(forbade, forbidden)①forbid sb.to do sth.如： the meeting .会上你可以畅所欲言。
My mother forbids me to keep in touch with freeze,freezing,frozen
that boy.我妈不让我与那个男孩交往。 freeze是动词“结冰，凝固”；freezing可用作名词
②forbid(one’s)doing sth.如： “冰点”，用作形容词“冰冷的”，用作副词“极
The law strictly forbids individual’ s running 冷地”；frozen既是freeze的过去分词形式，也可
business in some fields.法律严禁私人从事某些经 用作形容词，表示“冷冻的”。对比：
营活动。 Water freezes below freezing. 冰点以下时水结冰。
③常用被动形式 It was freezing cold that morning.那天早晨非常
Smoking is forbidden here.这儿不许抽烟。 地冷。
④表示“使……不可能，使……无法……” The roads are frozen in places.路上多处结冰。
The bad weather forbids a spring outing.坏天气 [应用]英译汉
使我们无法春游。 ①above/over freezing
否定转移 ②freezing weather
I/We think, believe,suppose, imagine 接宾语从句 ③be frozen to death
时，通常否定主句谓语;但变反意问句时，却必须和 ④give sb. a freezing cold
从句的人称、谓语保持一致，而且要考虑主句中有 ⑤freezing machine
无 not。如：I don’t think she is right,isn’t?/I ⑥frozen meat
believe that they will win the match, won’t ⑦I’m frozen,so I can’t write
they? ⑧ I’m freezing,so I’ve to put on a heavy
[应用]汉译英 coat.
①我猜今天夜里不会有雨。 Key:
②我们认为美国不会赞同我们的和平计划。 ①零度以上 ②很冷的天气
Key: ③被冻死 ④冷冷地看某人一
①I don’t suppose there will be rain this night. 眼
② We don’t think America will agree to our ⑤制冷机 ⑥冻肉
peace plan. ⑦我冻坏了，不能写东西了。⑧我觉得冷极了，我
form 得穿件厚大衣
in the form of 以……的形式呈现，prep.take the frighten
form of 以……形式呈现，vt. 用作动词，frighten表示“吓唬、使惊恐” 。如：
The cookies are all in the form of stars. frighten the birds away 把鸟吓跑；be frightened
?The cookies all take the form of stars. by 被……吓坏；be frightened of sb./sth.害怕某
free adj. 人/物；be firghtened at 因……而受到惊吓；be
(1)空闲的；有空的。 frightened off away 被吓跑了；be frightened to
Are you free tomorrow?明天你有空吗？ dath被吓死；frighten sb.into(doing) sth.吓得某人
（2）免费的；无偿的。 做某事。
①Do you enjoy free medical care ?你享受免费 辨析：frightened, frightening:前者表示“感到恐惧
医疗吗？ 害怕”，后者表示“令人惧怕”。对比：
②—Why are you so happy?你怎么那么高兴？ frightened children吓坏了孩子；
—Because I got two free ticket. 我免费弄到两张 frightening voice令人恐惧的声音；
票。 her frightened look
(3)自由的。 她那恐惧的样子（自己内心害怕所显露出的表情）
①The birds in the cage wish to be free.笼中之 her frightening look她那可怕的样子（其样子使别
鸟盼望自由。 人害怕）
② You are free to say anything you want to at [应用]完成句子①那可怕的声音使我非常恐惧. ⑤a 1,500-metre race
The _______ voice made me very ________. ⑥run a race
②他吓得那个老太太签署了那份文件。 ⑦have a volleyball match
He _______ the old lady _______ ________ the ⑧watch a match
paper. Key:①做游戏，比赛 ②进行一次篮球比赛 ③亚运
③她看到蛇吓坏了。 会 ④赛马 ⑤一千五百米赛跑 ⑥赛跑 ⑦举行排
She________ ____________ the sight of a snake. 球比赛 ⑧观看比赛
④你怕老虎吗？ get a general idea of 对……了解大意（大概情
Are you __________ ________ tigers? 况）
Key:① frightening , frightened ② frightened, Read the chapter quickly to get a general idea.
into, signing 快速阅读这一章，了解大意。
③was, frightened, at ④frightened, of I have a general idea of that town.
“复合名词”变复数的几种形式 我对那个镇子的大概情况有所了解
(1)由man和woman构成的复合名词变复数时，两 get in touch with sb.; keep in touch with sb.
个成分都要变。如： 这两个相似动词短语的区别是：前者是表示动作
a man doctor→men doctors男医生 性的，作“和（与）某人进行接触”解，如：
a woman driver→women drivers女司机 Finally Hank and his friend gave each other
(2)由“名词+名词”以及“动名词+名词”构成的 their addresses and promised to get in touch
复合名词，把复数词尾放在一个名词上。如： again with each other when they both returned
police officers 警官 boy-friends男朋友 to the States.最后，汉克和他的朋友互换了地址，
match-boxes火柴盒 flower shops花店 并且保证回美国后和对方联系。
frying pans平底锅 而后者表示状态，作“和（与）某人保持着联系”
(3)由“名词+副词”构成的复合名词，把复数词尾 解。如：
放在名词上。如： Some students keep in touch with me all the
passers-by过路人 lookers-on旁观 time.一些学生一直和我保持着联系。
者 get sb. / sth. doing使某人/某物开始活跃或使某
(4)由“家庭成员+in-law”构成的复合名词，复数 物开始工作
形式放在第一个成分上。如： Let me try now, I will get the car going
fathers-in-law（岳父） sisters-in-law（嫂 现在让我试试，我会把汽车发动起来。
嫂） 拓展：get sb. to do sth. = have sb. do sth.
sons-in-law（女婿） 让/使某人做某事
(5)复合名词中没有名词时，把复数词尾放在最后 get sth. done = have sth. done请人做某事
一个词上。如： I’ll get him to do the job.我会让他做这项工
go-betweens中间人，媒人 grown-ups成 作。
年人 When did you get your hair cut?
game,race, match 你什么时候理的发？
三个词都有“比赛”之意。game通常指“游戏、比 感叹句表达方式
赛”，其复数形式往往指大型运动会。race多指赛 感叹句表示说话时的惊讶、喜悦、赞赏和愤怒等情
跑，赛马、赛车、赛船等运动。match指竞技比赛。 绪。大多数感叹句是由what和how引导，其句型
[应用]英译汉 结构为“What(或 How)+感叹部分+主语+谓
①play games 语！”。也有少量其他形式的感叹句，现一并归纳
②play a game of basketball 如下：
③the Asian Games (1)What 引导的感叹句
④horse race. What 用做定语，修饰名词，其引导的感叹句句型结构为： Who do you think you are!你算老几！（疑问句）
①What+a(an)+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！如： “Stop the train! Stop the train!”(祈使句)
What an orphan he is!他是个多么可怜的孤儿啊！ Wonderful!(一个词)
②What+a (an)+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓 Happy New Year!(词组)
语！如： get through 接通电话；完成；通过
What a beautiful voice she has!她的声音多美啊！ I can’t get through. The line’s busy.我没能接
③What+形容词+可数名词复数+主语+谓语！如： 通电话。占线了。
What kind doctors they are!他们是多好的医生啊！ get through the work/the exams/the book 完成工
④What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语！如： 作/通过考试/看完这本书
What good news it is! 打电话的其他交际用语：
(2)How 引起的感叹句 Can you ring up …?你能给……打电话吗？
How 用做状语，修饰形容词、副词和动词，其引导 I can’t get through.我没能接通（电话）
的感叹句句型结构为： The line is busy.（电话）占线。
①How+形容词+主语+谓语！ I’ll try again later.一会儿我再试试。
How clever you are! Could I speak to… please?我找……接电话。
②How+副词+主语+谓语！ This is … speaking .我是……
How well she dances! Hold on, Please.请等一等。
③How +形容词+a(an)+可数名词单数+主语+谓语！ Can I take a message?我可以捎个口信吗？
如： Could you ask … to ring me back, please?
How good a student he is! 你让……给我回个电话好吗？
④How+主语+谓语！如： I’ll ask …… to call you.
How the teachers worked!教师们工作多么努力啊！ 我要让……给你打个电话。
⑤How+many(few)+可数名词的复数+主语+谓语！ They are talking on /over the phone. 他们在通电
如： 话。
How many books you have read! You are wanted on the phone.有电话找你。
⑥How much(little)+不可数名词+主语+谓语！如： She answered the phone.她接了电话。
How little money the coat cost! give构成的短语
(3)“What+a(an)+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓 ①give away 送给人、分发、泄露、暴露
语！”句型可转换为“How+形容词+a(an)+可数 Let’s give away our dog.我们把狗送人吧。
名词单数+主语+谓语！”句型。如； ②give back:送还、恢复（健康）
What a clever boy he is! Living here has given me back my health.在这住
How clever a boy he is! 使我恢复了健康。
(4)感叹句常将主语和谓语动词省略，以“What+名 ③give in交进来，让步、妥协、投降
词！”或“How+形容词！”的形式构成。如： The boy gave in the money he picked up.
What a fine student! 那小孩把捡到的钱上交了。
What mountains! In the end,they gave in.最终，他们屈服了。
How wonderful! ④give off散发出
How brave! The gas gave off an unpleasant smell.那种气体发
(5)其他形式的感叹句 出难闻的气味。
有时候，可不用what和how来表示感叹，而用陈 ⑤give out用完、耗尽、没有了。
述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词或词组来表示 Money gave out.钱用完了。
感叹。如： ⑥give up放弃、不再做、把……献给……
She is such a nice girl!她是一个多好的姑娘啊！ My father has given up smoking.我爸“戒烟
（陈述句） 了。”He has given up his life to teaching. 意
他一生都献给了教育事业。 keep on doing ① = go on doing ②指不顾困难
Don’t give up,try again.别泄气，再试一次。 反对或警告而坚持做某事。如：He kept on
give birth to 生……；造成……的原因。 smoking after the doctor told him to stop .医生
①She gave birth to a baby last week. 告诉他停止后，他还是继续抽烟。
②His illness gave birth to his absence. go through 浏览；经历；历经
Give my regards/ best wishes/love to sb. 向人问 He went through several houses, but haven’t bought
好时 one yet.
give off,放出（光、烟、气味等）、散发， 他看了好几套房子，但一套还没买。
give out,放出，发出（声音，光线，气味等），（食物、 The country has gone through too many wars.
燃料、力量等）用尽、筋疲力尽。 这个国家已经历了太多的战争。
①These red roses give off a sweet smell. The plan must go through several stages.
② This device gives out flashes of light in the 这个计划必须经历几个过程。
fog. 拓展：go through with完成
③Both my strength and money gave out. He hasn’t gone through with his composition
go bad 变坏 yet. 他还没写完作文。
类似的：go wrong,go mad,etc. go with 与……相配；适合。
go 通常表示不好的变化。 I’ d like a pair of shoes to go with my
Alice’s face went red with anger. trousers.我想要一双和我的裤子相配的鞋。
My husband’s hair is going gray. go/do without
“go+doing”表示“去干某事”，多指从事与体育 该短语表示“没有……将就着也行”。Without既
娱乐有关的活动。 是介词也是副词，亦即带不带宾语都行。
go fishing 去钓鱼 go riding去骑马 [应用]完成句子
go boating 去划船 go climbing去登山 ①他没钱买电视，只能过着没有电视的日子。
go swimming去游泳 go shooting去射击 He had no money for a TV set,so he had to _______
go walking 去散步 go hunting去打猎 _______ ______.
go shopping去买东西 go cycling去骑车 ②我们没有地图也行。
go dancing去跳舞 go camping 去露营 We have no map but we can ________ ________
“go+doing”还可以表示从事某种职业。 Key:①go,without,it ②do,without
go farming务农 go nursing当护士 had better (not) do sth.最好（不要）做某事。
go on doing , go on to do , go on with 用来委婉地提出建议或劝告.had通用于各种人称
1) go on doing sth .指继续做同一件事。如： 和数的形式.。
After a short rest , they went on working . 短暂 ① You’ d better give up smoking.It dose no
休息之后，他们继续工作。 good to your health.你最好把烟戒掉，吸烟对健康
go on with sth . 指继续同一件事，此时 with 后 没好处。
能接名词，代词，不能跟ing 形式。如:After a short ②she had better not come this evening .今晚她
rest ,they went on with the work . 短暂休息之 最好不要来。
年，他们继续那项工作。 hand down(=pass down)相传、传给
go on to do sth . 指接着做另外一件事。如： 意思是“（从上代）传下来（给后代）”。
After finishing the words , they went on to go In poor families,clothes may be handed down from
over the text.结束单词后，他们接着通课文。 one child to the next.
2) 类似意义的说法。 hand back 把……归还……；hand in 面交，提出；
continue doing/ to do = go on doing; hand on 传阅，依次传递；hand out 分发；hand
go ahead with = go on with ,隐含有付出努力之 over 移交。happen句型归纳 对的、正确的、合适、恰当、正当；c.对头、没事了。
(1)happen to do sth.(主语常为“人”)，意为 如：
“碰巧。恰好”。to 后可用不定式的一般式to do, He didn’t feel quite right.他感觉不太舒服。
完成式to have done进行式to be doing如： Your advice is right你的建议是对的。
You happened to be out when I came to your house. Which is the right answer?哪个答案正确？
我到你家时，你正好出去了。 ③当副词用，向右
She happened to have just finished reading the book. Don’t forget to turn right when you meet a
碰巧她刚刚读完那本书。 bookstore.看到那家书店别忘了向右转。
The two salesmen happened to be quarrelling when The crowd divided right and left.
the manager entered. 人群走散了（各奔西东）。
经理进去时两个售货员碰巧在吵架。 have/find + difficulty/trouble + (in)doing sth ./ with
(2)It(so)happen that…“（如此）碰巧，恰好”。如： sth.
It happens that he is a teacher of English. There be + difficulty/trouble + (in) doing
恰好他是位英语老师。 sth./with sth.做某事有困难/麻烦；在……方面有困
It so happened that he was going that way too. 难/麻烦。
如此碰巧的是他也往那边走。 其中的difficulty和trouble为不可数名词；doing前
注意：句型1）和2）可互换，如： 的介词in 可省略。
I happened to have no money with me./It happened ① I have some difficulty(in)pronouncing some
that I had no money with me. English words.有些英语单词我发音有困难。
我碰巧身上没带钱。 ② Everyone in the town knew him; so we had
(3)happen to sb./sth. “某人/物出事，发生了…… no difficulty(in) finding his house。镇上所有的人
情况”。 都认识他，所有我们毫不费力就找到了他的家。
如：What has happened to your hand?你的手怎么 ③ The boy had little difficulty with maths.这孩
了？ 子学数学没困难。
Be careful not to let anything happen to that child. ④There was much difficulty (in) finding him.好
小心别让那个孩子出任何事。 不容易才找到他。
[应用]选择正确答案 have mercy on/upon sb.
①—We haven’t heard from Jane for a long 该短语意为“宽恕（或可怜）某人”，类似的词组
time.(MET’91) 还有show mercy to sb.。
—What do you suppose __________to her? He always has mercy on the poor.
A.was happening B.to happen at the mercy of …任由……摆布，在……的掌握
C.has happened D.having happened 中。
② They happened to _______for Tianjin when 如：They were lost at sea,at the mercy of the
we got there.(MET’) winds and the waves.
A.leave B.have left C.leaving D.had left have no choice but to do sth.
③If anything __________you,let me know. 该结构意为“别无选择的干……”
A.is happened to B.is happening 如：You have no choice but to obey me.
C.happens on D.happens to have on,have…on
Key:①C ②B ③D have on 表示“穿着，戴着”，有have on sth.或
have a right to do sth.有权做某事 have sth.,on结构，强调状态，无进行时，但有动词
right:①当名词用，可有复数形式如：human rights —ing 短语形式。have…on 表示“有事，有约
人权；但是当方向（右边）讲时，不可数，turn to the （会）”。对比：
right向右转 On Children’ s Day,children always have on
②当形容词：a.右面的、向右的、政治上右倾的；b. their new clothes. 儿童节那天孩子们总是穿着新衣服。 ③ They have never heard American country
I’ve nothing on tomorrow.Let’s go together. music。他们从没听过美国的乡村音乐。
明天我没事，咱们一起去吧。 （4）hear from sb.收到某人的来信。
误：In fact the king was having nothing on. —Have you heard from Peter recently?最近收到
正：In fact the king had nothing on.事实上国王 彼得的信了吗？
什么也没穿。 — No,I haven’ t heard from him for three
正：The king having nothing on walked in the months.没有。我已3个月没收到他的信了。
front.一丝不挂的国王走在最前面。 heart短语归纳
[应用]汉译英 lose heart 失去信心；lose one’s heart to sb./sth.
①He has something on this evening.I’ve to go 爱上某人/事；give heart to sb.鼓励某人；give
without him. one’s heart sb./sth.爱上某人/事；put one’s
②He has his uniform on this evening. heart into 一心扑在某事上；heart and soul全心全
have something(nothing,much,little)to do with 意地；have a kind heart 有一幅好心肠;break
与……有（没有，有很大，有一点）关系。 one’s heart使某人伤心；learn…by heart 记住，
①I have nothing to do with that young man. 背诵；with a heavy/light heart 心情沉重地/轻松
②His job has something to do with telephones. 愉快地
③This has little to do with what we are talking [应用]完成句子
about. ①这个队一场比赛未赢，结果灰心了。
④Do you have anything to do with that club? The team had won no game and it ________
He sends his regards/best wishes/love to you. 带 ________.
人问好时 ②我们很奇怪她怎么爱上一个外国老头。
也可用：Please remember me to your parents. We wonder why she ________ _________ ________
head vi.向……前进，朝某方面行进。后面接 _______an
for,forward 的介词短语，或表示方向的副词 old foreigner.
east,eastward等。head south向南行 ③世上无难事，只怕有心人。
①Where are we heading? Nothing is too difficult in the world if you _______
②Those ships are heading for HongKong. _______
hear vt,;vi. ________ _______it.
（1）听见、听到（声音）。 ④全心全意地为人民服务是一个党员的义务。
①Listen!I heard somebody knocking at the door. It’s the duty of a Party member to serve the people
听！我听到有人敲门。 ________
②Old Granny can’t hear very well.老奶奶听觉 _________ _________ __________.
不好了。 Key:① lost,heart② lost,her,heart,to③ put,your,heart
(2)hear that(宾从)听说某事 ,into④heart,and,soul
①I heard that he had come back.我听说他回来 help oneself to“自行取用（食物等），随意使用”
了。 Help yourself to more cakes.
② I heard that we were going to Qingdao for a help to do sth.
holiday.Is that true?听说我们要去青岛度假，是真 该动宾结构意为“有助于干某事”，且不定式符
的吗？ 号to 可以省略，即构成help do sth.的表达形式。
（3）hear of 听说；获悉。 如：
① I have heard of him,though I don’t know ①This book helps to understand this question.
him.尽管我不认识他，但我听说过他。 ②Exercises help build up.
② They have never heard of American country hold短语归纳
music.他们从没听说过美国的乡村音乐。 hold one’s hand 抓住某人的手；hold me by thearm抓住我的胳臂；hold one’s breath屏住气； long is it since he joined the army?
hold back one’s tears 忍住泪水；hold a how long/how soon/how far/how often
meeting 开会；hold 100 passengers容纳100名乘 (1)how long 多久。表示一段时间，句中的动词应
客；hold a position守住阵地；hold back 阻止； 是延续性的。是对for 或since等所表示的时间状
hold one’s head high昂首，趾高气扬；hold up 语的提问。
the wounded part 抬高受伤的部位； hold it tight —How long have you lived here ?你在这里住多
抓紧；hold everything in secret 对一切都保密； 久了？
catch/get/take hold of a rope 抓住绳子；hold a ①—For three years.3年了。
child in one’s arms 怀抱孩子；hold a final ②—Since 1997.从1997年至今。
examination举行期末考试 ③—Since I graduated from college.从大学毕业
[应用]介、副词填空 至今。
① Nothing can hold______the wheel of the (2)how soon (将来)多久；（过）多久（以后）。是对
history. in 所表示的时间状语的提问。
②I held her _____ the hand and tried to follow —How soon can you finish the work?多久你能
her. 完成这工作？
③ He was saved by taking hold______ the big —In three hours. 3小时后。
stick. （3）how far 多远。用来提问距离。
④Please hold______ your hand if you have any —How far is your hometown from here?你家乡
questions to ask. 离这里多远？
Key: ①back ②by ③of ④up —Twenty kilometres.20公里。
How do you do ? 初次见面打招呼 答语为How (4)how often(每隔)多久；多经常。用来提问频度。
do you do ?也可用 Nice /Glad/Pleased to meet —How often do you usually go home?你多久回
you.熟人见面打招呼 How are you?随便一些可 家一次？
用Hello, Hi. —Twice a month. 一个月两次。
How do (did )you find…?(你觉得/认为……怎么 how to do sth.是由“疑问副词+动词不定式”构
样？)是征求对方对某人、某事的看法或意见的用 成的复合结构，在句中可作表语。
语。回答时在find 后要跟复合宾语。 How to deal with it hasn’t been decided.
How did you find the dishes? My question is how to feed so many people.
(I found them)Tasteless. however adv. 然而；但是。表示转折，起承上启下
How do you find Peter Gray? 的作用。本身具有相对的独立性，通常逗号与句子
I found him dishonest. 其他部分隔开。
How long have you had it?你买了多久了？ ① He likes singing. He can’t sing very well,
瞬 时 动 词 come/go/leave/start/arrive/buy/die/join/ however. 他喜欢唱歌，然而唱不好。
borrow/marry等不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。 ②He didn’t agree with me ; however, he said
如how long, for 和 since所表示的时间。 nothing.他不同意我的看法，但他什么也没说。
①他去世三年了。 human(being)[c]人，与动物等对比的人(the human
不能说：He has died for 3 years. 人类)
而应说：He has been dead for 3 years/He died 3 A human being tells the machine what to do, when to
years ago. do and how to do.
It is 3 years since he died. 人让机器做什么、什么时候做和怎样做。
②他参军多久了？ In the story human beings were replaced by robots.
不能说：How long has he joined the army? 在这个故事里，人类被机器人所代替。
而 应 说 ： How long has he been in the hurt,wound
army?/How long has he been a soldier?/How 二者都有“受伤”之意，但含义有所不同。Wound指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤等，尤指战争、 他想啊想，终于有了一个主意。
战斗中受伤。而hurt既指肉体上的也指精神上的 She had the idea of discussing the problem with her
伤害，含强烈疼痛意味。如： husband.
be badly wounded in the battle 战斗中受重伤； 她有一个与丈夫商讨此事的办法。
wound sb.to death 使某人受伤致死； I have an idea that he will lose. 我认为他会输
hurt one’s back摔伤了后背；hurt one’s feeling 的。
伤害某人的感情；be hurt by his words被他的话 Do you have any idea where he has gone?
所伤害。 你知道他到哪儿去了吗？
注意：A.wound可用作名词： if与unless的异同
have a wound in the chest胸部受伤； 1)通常unless 等于if not 如：
receive a serious wound受重伤；the wounded伤 I won’t go unless he comes .= I won’t go if the
员。 doesn’t come .
B.hurt还可用作不及物动词，表示“疼痛难受”对 2)在下面的句子中不可做此替换。如：
比： I’ ll be surprised if he doesn’ t have an
The girl fell off her bike. She hurt one of her legs accident .他要是不出事故，我倒会感到奇怪了。
hurts. unless 不能用于“由于未发生B而产生A”的句
姑娘从自行车上掉下来，有一条腿疼得厉害。 子，再如：
[应用]完成句子 I’ll be quite glad if she doesn’t come this
①这位战士头部受了伤. evening.要是他今晚不来，我才高兴呢。
The soldier ______ ______ _____in his head./The mix .混合mixture n. 混合物
soldier ______ Water and oil will not mix .油和水不相溶合。
_______in the head./The soldier head ______ Mix black with white 混淆黑白。
______. 注意：下面句子中mix 的形式。
②他们说我的那些话使我很伤心。 A rain is falling ,mixed with snow .雨夹着雪在
I was rather__________by what they said about me. 下着。
③我右腿疼。 I’m sorry(that)…很抱歉……。是自认为表现欠妥
My right foot ________. 或做事失误时的道歉用语，其后的从句说明道歉
④他的伤似乎是很重。 的内容和原因。
It seemed that he _________badly_________. ①I’m sorry I can’t answer the question.对不
Key:① received,a, would/was, wounded/was 起我不会回答这个问题。
wounded ②I’m sorry that I broke your glass.很抱歉我把
②hurt ③hurts ④was, hurt/wounded 你的杯子打破了。
I must be off now. I must go now . I imagine
must be leaving now. 表示自己要走时 1)接名词、代词：You can’t imagine the life on
I think it would be a good idea to(do sth.) the island.你无法想象岛上的生活。
“我想，干某事是个好主意”（是委婉地提出建议 2）接动名词：She never imagined her going
的交际英语）。 abroad for further education.她从没设想过会出国
A：I’m afraid I’m putting on weight. 深造。
B:I think it would be a good idea to keep on doing 3）接从句：You can’t imagine how worried I
moning exercises. was those days.你想象不到那几天我是多么焦虑
idea n. 主意，想法 啊。
①have an idea ②have the idea of doing 4）接复合宾语：The boy imagined himself to be
③have an idea that/wh-从句 a hero. 这男孩把自己想象成了英雄。
He thought and thought, and then he had an idea. [应用] 选择正确答案I can hardly imagine Peter ______across the Atlantic （1）in common(with)与……有共同处、（和……）
Ocean in five days.(MET’91) 一样。如：
A.sail B.to sail C.sailing D.to have sailed They have nothing in common with one another.
Key:C 他们相互毫无共同之处。
improve （2）in general 大体上、通常、一般说来。如：
1)用作及物动词，意为“改善，使更好，增进，提 In general boys like sports more than girls.一般
高”。如： 说来，男孩比女孩更喜欢运动。
improve one’ s English/the living （3）in particular= particularly特别、尤其。如：
conditions/one’ s method of study/oneself in I noticed his eyes in particular, because they
maths 提高英语水平/改善居住条件/改进学习方 were very big.我特别注意到他的眼晴，因为那双
法/提高教学水平。 眼晴很大。
2)用作不及物动词，意为“变得更好，增加。”如： （4）in short简单地说，总之。如：
After two days’ rest his health is improving. The man, in short,is not to be trusted.总之，那个
经过两天的休息，他的健康状况在好转。 人是不何信任的。
3)用作名词：improvement of soil土壤改良；make in debt(to)欠债，欠人情
improvement in 在某方面作出改进 out of debt还清负债，没欠债
[应用]一句多译 get(run,fall)into debt,vi.借债，负债
①他的中文水平在不断提高。 pay off the debt还清债务
②这篇文章你最好有所改进。 She was always in debt when she was out of work.
Key:① His Chinese is improving./He is In 1860,Abraham Lincoln was elected
improving his Chinese. president….1860年林肯被选为总统。
② You’d better improve your article./You’d president/chairman/head/captain/director/mornitor 等
better make improvement in your article. 表示头衔、职位的名词，在用作同位语、补语或表
in prep. 在……之后。用于“将来一段时间之后”。 语时，前面通常不加冠词。
① Your birthday is in two weeks’ time .你的 in future;in the future; for the future
生日还有两周。 in future意思是“从今以后”。例如：
② I’ll finish the work in 3 days/in 3 days’ In future,be careful with your pronunciation.今后
time. 这两项工作我3天后完成。 要注意你的发音。
注意：“将来具体时间之后”用after。 Such a bad habit must be got rid of in future.今
① I’ll be back in 3 days.3天后我回来. 后成长须改掉这样的坏习惯。
② I’ll be back after the New year. 新年后我 in the furture意思是“将来、今后的日期”，但
回来。 不一定就是从今立即开始，而是将来的时间。例如
in a word总之=in one word No one can know what will happen in the
In a word, I don’t trust him. future.没有人知道将来会发生什么事。
总这，我不信任他。 My sister wants to be actress in the future.我妹
Tom is brave, careful and calm. In a word, he is 妹将来想当演员。
admirable. for the future的意思是“就未来而论、今后”，作
汤姆既勇敢、细心又镇静。总之，他很令人羡慕。 “今后”解时可与in future替换使用。例如：
in charge of prep.担任……，管理……，负责 What are your plans for the future when you
in the charge of a person?in a person’s charge grow up? 你长大以后对你的未来有什么打算？
由（某人）照料（管理） For the future, we’ ll have to depend on
take charge of 担任……，接管。 ourselves.今后我们得依靠自己。
My father is in charge of this company. in honour of sb.(sth.) 为了纪念或表示敬意而举
in common, in general, in particular,in short 行某活动。①A memorial meeting was held in his honour. 换句话说，他们考试没有及格。
②It is only a dance in honour of my birthday. He became, in other words, a great hero.
也就是说，他成了一位大英雄。
in+名词+of in place/out of place在原处；在合适的位置。
in praise of为……颂扬、歌颂；in honour of 为纪 ① You should keep everything in place.(=in
念，为了向某人表示敬意；in memory of为了怀念 order)
in favour of 赞同，支持；in place of 代替；in 你应该把所有的东西都放好。
charge of负责；in search of寻找；in need of 需 ②What you said is somewhat out of place.你的
要。 话有些离谱了。
注意：上述短语多用作表语、状语或定语。 in the 1950s:in the 1950’s 20世纪50年代。介
[应用]完成句子，句意不变 词也可用during。
① This is a book which sings high praise for early/late in the 1990s:in the early/late 1990’s。
pioneers. 20世纪90年代早期/晚期。
This is a book ________ ________ ________ in the hope of
pioneers. 该短语表示“期待，抱有……的希望”，后接名词
② They startd off at once to look for the 代词或动名词，可替换成：in the hope that 从句
missing girl. 或hoping to…。对比:
They started off at once________ ______ They got up very early in the hope of catching the
_______the missing girl. first bus.
③We all agree to your plan. 他们起得很早，希望能赶上头班车。
We are all ______ ________ ______your plan. 注意：have the hope of…/There be hope of…有
④We usr plastics instead of wood or metal. 希望
We use plastics_______ ________ ________ wood 对比：She has the hope of success.她有成功的希
or metal. 望。
Key:①in, praise, of ②in, search, of There is still hope of persuading him to change his
③in, favour, of ④in, place, of mind.
in one’s opinion 在某人看来，依照某人的看法， 还有希望说服他改变主意。
也可以说： [应用]一句多译：
in one’s personal opinion 他到那里去，希望买一些新鲜鱼。
例：have a good /high opinion of sb . = think / He went there in the hope of buying some fresh
speak well/highly of sb. fish./He
对某人评价高，看法不好。 Went there in the hope that he could buy some fresh
in one’s will在某人的遗嘱中 fish./He went there hoping to buy some fresh fish.
will作为名词使用时意为“遗嘱”“意志力” in the last few years.
或“强烈的愿望”。 该短语意为“最近几年”，常和现在完成时连用，
Her death is god’s will, I suppose. 表示以前某时开始一直延续至说话时的动作或状
她的逝世是上帝的旨意，我估计。 态。in 可被 during 或 over 替换。常用的还有：
His strong will enables him to refuse all the worldly during the past ten days过去的10天里；over the
pleaseres. last 5 months 过去的 5 个月里；in the past few
他的强烈愿望使他可以拒绝世间所有的乐趣。 weeks 过去的几周里如：
Where there is a will, there is a way. We’ve learned quite a lot of English over the past
有志者，事竟成。 three years.
in other words换句话说 三年来我们学了不少英语。
In other words, they failed to pass the exam. [应用]单句改错①Many factories were built in the last ten years 语。
in my hometown. Look forward to,object to ,be used to,in addition
② Both my father and mother have been busy to,prefer…to,according to,stick to,etc.
since the past few weeks. insist 表示“坚持要求（某人或主语本身）干某
Key:①改were 为have been 事。”；suggest 表示“建议”，以及 order,
②改since为for/in/over demand, request, advise…，这些动词后的宾语从
in the past sixty years在过去的60年里（常与现 句常用虚拟语气形式。
在完成时连用） 即主语+（should）+动词原形+……，should常可省
Great changes have taken place in the past few years. 略。如：
in time 及时(=not later than),终究(=sooner or He insisted that he(should)be sent to the poorest
later) place to work。他坚持要求派他去最贫穷的地方工
I hope you will arrive in time for the meeting . 作。
我希望你及时到会。 instead of
Work hard and you will succeed in time. instead of是短语介词，意思是“代替、而不”，后
努力工作那么最终你将成功。 接名词、代词、动名词，有时接动词原形、不定式、
Increase v.& n.(使……)增长/加 形容词等。如：
Travel can increase our knowledge of the world. I’ll take that book instead of this one.我要那本
旅行能加深我们对世界的了解。 书不要这一本。
The number of students in this school has Instead of putting it off till the next day, he
increased to 3,000.这个学校的学生人数已增加到 started working right away. 他立即开始工作，不
3000人。 把它拖到明天。
The population of the area increased by 5% last You should give him advice instead of money.
year.这个地区的人口去年增加了5%。 你应给他忠告而不是金钱。
an increase in production/ number/population. A word of encouragement might have made me
生产/数量/人口增加 respect instead of hating him.一句鼓励的话当可
information: news新闻；消息。为不可数名词，如果 时可能使我尊敬他而不是恨他。
表示“几条消息”，应用piece Things are now better instead of worse.目前情况
①The news is true.这条消息是真的。 是好转而不是恶化。
② a piece of news 一条新闻；一则消息。two We made the trip by train instead of by car.我们
pieces of news 两条新闻；两则消息。several 是乘火车旅行的，不是乘汽车。
pieces of news几条新闻；几则消息。 instead of, instead, in place of, take the place of
insist on doing sth.坚持做…… He went to attend the meeting instead of me .
suggest doing sth.建议做…… I was ill so he went to attend the meeting instead .
enjoy doing sth.喜欢做…… 注意：instead 可用于句首，表示“相反的”。如：
类 似 的 She never studies .Instead, she plays tennis all
admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,deny,detest.dis day .她从不学习。相反地，她整天打网球。
-like,endure,escape,excuse,face,feellike,finish,forgive in place of很多时候可与instead of换用，但更强
,give 调“取代”之意。如：
up,can’t help,imagine, leave He isn’t fit for the job, so I’ll do it in place
off,mention,mind,miss,postp of him.他胜任不了这项工作，我要代他做。
-hone,practise,put off, resist,risk,can’t understand,und take the place of 是动词短词，在句中做谓语，如
-erstand,mean(意味着) Tractors have taken the place of horses .拖拉机
以上这些动词只能接动名词作宾语，不能接动词 已经取代了马。
不定式作宾语。在介词之间，也只能用动名词作宾 注意：instead of 后可接ing 形式，介词短语等。如:He came by bus instead of by train.他是乘汽车 式（短语），for/of sb.是不定式的逻辑主语。能用于
来的而不是乘火车。 该句型的形容词常有：（1）important/ unimportant/
He wanted to go to a film instead of staying at necessary/ possible/ impossible/ hard/ difficult/
home.他想去看电影而不是呆在家里。 easy/ useful/ usual/ unusual等。这些形容词的后面
Isn’t it easier to stay in the same place ？留在 常用for来表示不定式的逻辑主语。
原地难道不更舒服一些吗？ ① It’s important(for you)to learn English well.
否定疑问句用来表示对某事感到惊讶，含批评意 (你们)学好英语很重要。
味。相当于汉语的“难道不/莫非……？” ② It’s not easy for them to finish the work
① Don’t you know my address?难道你不知道 within three hours.对他们来说3小时内完成这项
我的地址吗？ 工作很难。
② Can’t you speak English?你难道不会说英语 （2）right/ wrong/ clever/ foolish/ stupid/ nice/
吗？ kind/ rude/ polite/ impolite等。这些形容词的后面
Isn’t it happy to live with us ?莫非和我们生活 常用of 介词短语表示不定式的逻辑主语。
在一起不快乐？ ①It’s kind of you to help us.你们帮助我们真
It句型：主语+动词+it+形容词或名词+不定式短语 是太好了。
此句型中，it 作形式宾语，常用于句型中的动词有 ② It’s impolite of a person to interrupt people
find,feel, think, consider, make 等。Einstein.who while they are talking.打断别人谈话的人是不礼
was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living 貌的。
in Germany. It takes sb. some time to do sth .做某事花某人
爱因斯坦是一个犹太人，他发现他不可能在德国 时间。其中的It 是形式主语。代替后面的不定式
继续生活下去了。 （短语）。
①I found it quite pleasant to work with him.我 ① It will take us a whole week to travel
发现和他一起工作很愉快。 through the forest. 穿过这片森林得用我们一整周
②He feels it his duty to help others.他感到帮助 时间。
别人是他的责任。 ②It took them 3 days to finish the work.干完这
It is hoped that… 人们希望…… 项工作用了他们3天时间。
It said that … 据说…… It’s time for sth . 该是做……的时候 如：
It is believed that… 人们相信 It’s time for lunch .该吃午饭了。
It is reported that… 据报道…… It’s time (for sb) to do sth . 如：
It is hoped that our team will win the game.人 It’s time (for us )to go to school.(我们)该上学
们希望我们的队赢得比赛。 了。
It is said that the strange old man is a great 也可用如下说法：
artist.据说那个怪老头是一位艺术大师。 The time has come for lunch.
It is believed that before writing was developed, The time has come for us to go to school.
people in China used to keep records by putting 注意：在It’s time ……句式中time 前可加 high,
a number of stones together.人们认为，在出现书 about 等修饰词，用法不变。其后跟that 从句时要
写以前，中国人常把石块放在一起来记事。 用虚拟语气。如：
It is reported in the papers that the president of It’s (high)time we got up.
the U.S.A will arrive next Monday.据报纸报道美 It’s about time (that) he knew the truth.
国总统下星期一抵达。 大约是他知道真相的时候了。（that可省略）
接不定式和动名词意义不同的词
It is/was + adj. + for/of sb.+ to do sth.某人做 1）remember doing/having done 记得曾做过某事
某事是……. remember to do记住去做某事 对比：
该句的It 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定 Do you remember meeting me at a party last year?Please remember to write to your parents when you 3)take part in 表示“参加会议、活动”，侧重说明
get there. 主语参加并发挥一定作用，part 前若有修饰语，要
2)regret doing/having done 后悔做了（或没做）某 用 不 定 冠 词 。 如 :take (an active)part in a
事/regret to do遗憾地去做某事 对比： party/school activities/physical labour(积极)参加聚
I regret telling her the truth. 会/学校活动/体力劳动。
I regret to say that you are completely wrong. 4)attend 表示“出席、参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼
3）try to do 尽力去做/try doing 试着去做 典礼、上课、上学、听报告”。如：attend a
对比：She tried to learn it by heart. meeting/a sports meeting/a concer/a show/school/a
She tried adding more salt to the soup. lecture 参加会议/运动会/出席音乐会/出席展览
4)forget doing 忘记曾经做过/forget to do忘记去 会/上学/听演讲。
做 [应用]完成句子
对比：I forget reading about it in a magazine. ①我哥哥参军2年了。
Don’t forget to shut off the gas when you finish It’s two years since my brother_______the army.
cooking. ②我的朋友和我一起祝你生日快乐。
5)stop doing 停止做/stop to do 停止某一动作去 All my friends_______ ________ ________ wishing
作另一动作（说明停止的目的） you a happy birthday.
对比：They didn’t start until it stopped raining . ③今晚有一个聚会，你参加吗？
We stopped to see what was going on. There will be a party this evening. Are you going
6)mean doing 意味着/mean to do 打算，意图做 to_______ ______ _______ it?
对比：Missing the train means waiting for an ④迈克没有参加莉莉的婚礼。
hour. Mike didn’t ______ Lily’s wedding.
I meant to come, but a friend of mine went to see Key:① joined ② join ， me,in③ take,part,in
me . ④attend
7)want doing 需要（物作主语，动名词主动表示被 keep doing sth.连续、持续地做某事。
动）/want to do 想做（人作主语） ① They kept sitting there for several hours.他们
对比：The wall wants painting. I want to paint 在那里连续坐了好几个小时。
the wall myself. ②He kept asking silly questions.他不住地问些愚
join,join in, take part in ,attend 蠢的问题。
1)join 表示“加入党派，组织、社团、俱乐部”等。 keep ;store; save
如 ： join the Party/Youth 三个词都有“存”的含义。
League/army/club/organization入党/入团/参军/加入 store是及物动词，“储藏、储存”的意思，一般强
俱乐部/加入组织。Would yo join us(in) singing? 调在一个空间范围内的保管和收藏。如：
和我们一起唱歌吧！ We had to store all this while we were away. 我
His brother joined the army a year ago. 们不在家时，得把所有的一切都收藏起来。如：
他哥哥一年前参军了。 After harvest we store the grain.收割后我们把粮
Join还可表示“来（去）和某人呆在一起，把…… 食存起来。
连在一起” save既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词，可指
I will join you in a few minutes.我一会就过来。 货币的储蓄。如：
Please join the two ends of the rope together.把 He was out of work, he had saved no money
绳子两头接起来。 before.他失业了，以前也没有攒下钱。
2)join in 表示“参加正在进行的活动”。如 ：join They are saving for a house.他们正在存钱买房。
in a game /discussion/conversation/walk/talk 参加 keep也有“保存”的意思，与store比较，它并不
游戏/讨论/谈话/一起散步/一起讨论。亦可说：join 强调特定的地点和场所，是由“保留”的意思引
sb. in (doing)sth.表示“加入某人一起做某事”。 申而来的。如：I have kept the old letters all the time.我一直把 on one knee.
这些旧信保存了下来。 knock into
Will you keep the papers for me?你能为我保存 该短语意为“把……敲人” ，也可意译为“撞着
这些论文吗？ 某人/某物”如：
keep off ①The wall is so hard I can’t knock nails into
短语动词。意为“远离”、“制止”、“使避开”、 it.
“不让接近”。如： ② He was reading while he eas walking and
A board stands by the house on which were written knocked into a tree.
“keep off”. lack
At night they made a fire to keep wild animals off. lack可用作及物或不及物动词，还可用作不可数名
keep one’s word 词，有“缺乏，缺少”之意。如：
该动宾词组意为“守信”，“遵守诺言”。词组里 lack money/courage 缺钱/ 缺少勇气；lack(in)
word不能用复数形式 words.同义词组为“keep a experience/ courage缺少经验/勇气；have no lack
promise”,反义词组为“break one’s word”。如 of...不缺乏；for lack of…因为缺乏。对比：
Once you promise someone to do something,you He is lacking in courage./He lacks courage.他缺
should keep your word. 少勇气。
keep sb.healthy使……保持健康 The plants died for lack of water. 因为缺水植物
keep,n.“使维持（某种状态）”后可接 adj. 枯死了。
(ving,p.p,adv.)等作宾补。 [应用]完成句子
①I was so tired that I could hardly keep myself ①她经验不足，无法获得这项工作。
awake. She________ ______ ______to get the job.
②I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. ②他们不缺钱，而缺技术工作。
③Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. They______ ______ _______ of money
④They kept us out. but_______skilled workers.
⑤Once a cold kept him in bed for three days. Key: ①lacked,the,experience ②have,no,lack,lack
keep up lately; recently
该短语动词有以下现象，分述如下： 两者均可表示“近来、最近”，但用法不同。
①keep sth.up使不低落，遵守 recently 是书面语，常被quite,just,but, very,only等
如：Even if we fail we should keep up our 词所修饰，以加强语气。主要用于肯定句中。如:
spirits. He’s only recently begun billogy. 他只是最近才
②keep sb.up使晚睡 开始学生物。
如：It’s wrong to keep the children up so late. I didn’t know it until quite recently.我一直到最
③keep up with sb.赶上，不落后，保持联系 近才知道。
如：I still keep up with my college classmates Lately常用于口语，指与现在有联系的一段时间，
far away. 常见于否定句或疑问句中。如：
我仍与远方的大学同学保持着联系。 I haven’t seen him lately.我近来没有看到他。
Knee lay the table, lay breakfast
go down on one’s knees 双膝跪地 两个动词短语均可作“摆好桌子”解，但各自的
go down on one knee单膝跪地 确切含意不同：lay the table单纯指“摆桌子（准
如：①The son went down on his knees, begging 备吃饭）”，可用于早、中、晚三餐的任何一餐的场
his father for 合，如：
mercy. I only laid the table.我只是摆好了餐桌（准备吃
② Some football players celebrate 饭）。而“lay breakfast”则很明确地表示“摆桌子
their“goal”by going down （吃早餐）”。如：I have laid lunch.我已经摆好午餐的桌子了。 例：She laid the baby gently down on the bed.
He has laid supper.他已把晚餐的桌子摆好了。 The hen laid an egg yesterday.
leave sth. to sb.（在死后）将……留给某人；请某 注意：① lying 既是“说谎”的现在分词，又是
人负责某事 “躺、位于”的现在分词。
His aunt left all her property to him after her ②lay既是“放置、产卵”“下蛋”的原形动词，
death. 他姑姑死后将所有财产都留给他了。 又是“躺、位于”的过去式。
I’ll leave it to you to buy the tickets.我委托 lie in
你负责买票。 短语动词lie in 意为“在于”。如：
lend to 引导；引起，造成，导致。 The way out lies in the development of education.
①Labour leads to happiness.劳动使人幸福。 like 用法小结
②Where does this road lead to?这条路通向哪里？ （1）like 用做动词（及物）通常表示一般的“喜
His carelessness led to his failre.他的粗心导致失 欢”，为口语用词，词意没有love感情强烈，反义
败。 词为hate。
Too much work or too little rest often leads ①like + n.(pron.)
to illness.过度工作或很少休息经常导致疾病。 Does Li Ming like bananas？李明喜欢吃香蕉吗？
Difference of opinion led to a heated argument. Do you like it?你喜欢它吗？
意见分歧导致了激烈的争论。 ②like + v.-ing(动名词)
lecture, speech, talk, repot Do you like working in China?你喜欢在中国工
lecture多指学术方面的“演讲，报告”；而speech 作吗？
指在公众面前做的经过准备的较正式的“演说， ③like + to + v.(不定式)
发言”；talk是一般性的“讲话，谈话”，report指 I like to keep busy.我喜欢生活得紧张。
正式的“报告，报道，汇报”。 ④would like(=would love)后接名词、代词或不定
[应用]英译汉 式，多用于有礼貌地提出要求，意为“想要、愿
①give a lecture ②attend a lecture 意”。
③make a speech ④give a talk Would you like something to drink?你想喝点什
⑤receive a report ⑥make a report 么吗？
⑦send in a report ⑧a school report I’d like two sweaters for my daughter.我要给我
key:①作演讲 ②出席演讲会 ③发表演说 ④发表 女儿买两件运动衫。
讲话 ⑤收到报告⑥作报告 ⑦呈交报告 ⑧成绩报 Would you like to come?你愿意来吗？
告单 ⑤ How do you like...?(=What do you think
lie—lied—lied—lying of...?)此句型用于询问对方对某人（物）的看法，意
lie—lay—lain—lying 为“你觉得 ……怎么样？”
lay—laid—laid—laying How do you like China?你觉得中国怎么样？
分析：(1)lie—lied—lied—lying意思是“说谎”。 (2)like 用做介词，意为“像……一样”，反义词
例：I have never lied in my life. 为unlike。
Obviously he was lying. ①like 后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。
(2)lie—lay—lain—lying意思是：“躺、平放、卧” Don’t throw it like that .别那样扔它。
“位于”。 They’re round,like the moon.它们是圆的，像月
例：The children lay on the grass, looking at the 亮一样。
beautiful sky. Walking on the moon is just like flying .在月球
The look is lying on the desk. 上行走就像飞一样。
(3)lay—laid—laid—laying ②look like意为“看起来像……一样”。
意思是“放置”“产（卵）”“下（蛋）”，lay是原 It looks like a chicken.它看起来像一只鸡。
形动词。 ③feel like+v-ing意为“想……”。I had a little,but I don’t feel like eating.我吃了 look around环视四周
一点，可我不想吃。 look after照顾；照看 look out当心
④ What’ s the weather like...?(=How’ s the look behind回头看 look through浏览
weather like...?)此句型用来询问天气情况，意为 look down向下看 look up 向上看；查寻
“……天气怎么样？”。 look into调查；研究
What’s the weather like in Australia now?现在 look at,stare at,glance at
澳大利亚天气情况怎么样？ look at指把眼睛转向目标，译成“看，看着”；
It’s (just)like sb. to do sth. stare at 表示由于吃惊、害怕或深思而张大眼睛看
该句意思是“某人（恰恰）就是……这个样子”， 译成“盯着，注视，凝视”，glance at指“匆匆一
表示赞扬或不满；若用否定式，则表示怀疑。如： 看，一瞥”。对比：
It is just like her to think of others before thinking of She stared at the footprint,full of fear.
herself. 她两眼盯着脚印，满心恐惧。
like crazy I’d like to look at your photo.
这是一个固定词组，口语用语，意为“疯狂地”， 我想看看你的照片。
“拼命地”。如： The middle-aged woman glanced at her watch and
In order to finish his work on time, he worked like hurried off.
crazy. 那位中年妇女匆匆看了一下表就离开了。
crazy是个形容词，意为“狂热的”，“醉心的”， 注意搭配：stare straight at 直直地盯着；stare into
与about连用。如： space凝视着空中；stare sb.in the face 盯着某人
Most youths are crazy about famous stars. 的脸看；stare sb.up and down.上下打量某人；
live by it赖……为生；以……为生（Δ不可用于被 glance over(through)a letter 匆匆阅读一封信；
动语态） glance round a room匆匆环视房间；at a glance
Live by(one’s)pen 以笔耕为生 一看就……；give/take a glance at 对……匆匆一
live out 活着，熬过 看。
live through(it)活过，度过……而不死 （Δ不可用 [应用]完成句子
于被动语态） ①她凝视远方，在思考着
The patient will not live through the night. She was ________ ________the distance,thinking.
l ive…life过着……生活 ②她羞涩地从她的扇子后面看了他一眼。
live a hard life过着艰苦的生活 She ______shyly______him form behind her fan.
live a happy life 过着愉快的生活 Key:①staring,into ②glanced,at
live a quiet life过着安静的生活 look forward to sth.(doing sth.)渴望、企盼……
live a miserable life过着悲惨的生活 ① They are looking forward to getting news of
Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the him.
USA.爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。 他们渴望听到有关他的消息。
The working people are living a happy life now. ②We should look forward,and don’t give up.
劳动人民过着幸福的生活。 我们应该向前看（乐观一些）不能放弃。
由look构成的短语： lose one’s sight(way; life; work;reason)分别表示：
look back upon/on回顾，回想过去 失明；迷路；牺牲；失业；失去理智等。如：
I like to look back upon my high-school days. His son lost his life in the fighting.他儿子在战
我喜欢回忆我高中时的岁月。 斗中牺牲了。
Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look Love
back upon these days. 或许将来有一天回忆起这 be in love with sb.
些日子很令人愉快。 该短语意为“爱上某人”，其中的be可用fall替
look as if /as though看起来好像 换，即fall in love with sb.也意为“爱上某人”。如： make sure 后还可接 of 或 about ,指“弄清，搞
Henry was/fell in love with Mary. 明”如：
make love to sb .向某人示爱 Have you made sure of the time of the train?你
make a promise 搞清楚火车的时间了吗？
该动词短语意为“允诺”，其中的promise为名词 We’ve made sure of our seats for the movie.
与它搭配的词组还有 keep one’s promise(守信) 比较：be sure of sth. /be sure that……确信……
等。如： be sure to do sth .一定……，必然……
He’s always making promises and then breaking be sure of doing sth.对做某事有把握 如：
them. I’ m sure of his success. = I’ m sure that
Promise 也可是动词（vt.& vi.）意为“允诺”， he’ll succeed.我确信他会成功。
“答应”。 He is sure to succeed .他一定会成功的。（说话人
所用动词句型为： 的判断）
promise to do sth(不定式作宾语) He is sure of succeeding in the exam.他对考试
promise sb. to do sth.（后接双宾语） 成功是有把握的。
promise (sb)that – clause 注意：It’s certain that he’ll win.此时不能用
(that-clause为宾语从句) It’s sure that ……
如：① He promises me to buy a bike for my make…to one’s own measure“依照某人的尺寸
birthday gift. 做……”如：
② He promises me that he will buy a bike for This coat is made to you own measure,I’ m
my birthday gift. sure it will fit you nicely.这件大衣是你订做的，
make……do sth.使……做某事。做补语的不定式 我想肯定很合身。
不带to,但在被动语态中则带to,即:be made to do to当介词用，“依照、按照”如：
sth. She is dancing to the music.她在随音乐节拍跳舞。
The landlord made him work 12 hours a day.地 make up 编（造）；构成；化妆make up 组成，构成
主让他一天干12个小时的活。 还有“化妆、打扮；编造（故事等），弥补” 之意
被动式：He was made to work 12 hours a The government is made up of ten members.
day(by the landlord). She made up a story to avoid being examined.
与make意义相近的词还有let/have/get,但get的使 It’s a lie. He made up the story.这是谎言，都是
用结构为:get…to do sth. 他编造出来的。
How can we get the trees to grow quicker?我们 Ten doctors made up a medical team.十名医生组
怎么能让树长快点呢？ 成了一支医疗队。
make fun of取笑；嘲笑。 Although she doesn’ t make up, she looks
① It’s wrong to make fun of the blind.取笑盲 beautiful.尽管不化妆，她依然美丽。
人是不对的。 make use of
② It’s bad manners to make fun of a person 该短语动词意为“利用”，其中 use 前可被
who is in trouble.拿困境中的人开玩笑是不礼貌 good,the best, much,little no修饰。如：
的。 You must make good use of any opportunities you
make sure 弄肯定，设法做到，确保，安排妥，务必, have of practi-
后接宾语从句。如： sing English.
He made sure that he had enough food for the 以 use为核心，组成的词组有：
journey. 他 设 法 为 旅 行 备 足 了 食 物 。 Make in use 在使用中；out of use(目前)不使用
sure(that)you pick the child up at five. come into use 开始被使用；go out of use 不再使
Please make sure the house is locked.务必确保房 用。
门已锁上。 manage vt.经营；设法；对付money by improving technology.
a mass of…意为“一大堆……”，“一大
She managed the house very well.她把家管理得 片……”。
很好。 “情态动词may/might +完成时”的结构，有以下
We managed to finish the work ahead of time. 用法：
我们设法提前完成了任务。 ①may/might + have + 过去分词表示推测过去某
I shan’t be able to manage without help. 动作“可能”发生了。如：
没有人帮助，我无法办到。 I can’t find my sunglasses, I may/might have left
[辨析] manage to do sth. /try to do sth. them at the
manage to do sth.强调已达到目的或出现了结果， restaurant yesterday.
含“成功”之意。try to do sth.意为“试图或尽力 一般来说，may和might两者意思上没什么区别，
做某事”，多表示一种企图或决心，而不表示一定 只是may比might表示的可能性大些。如：
成功。如： He may have heard of it from Jack.
we’ve managed to make up for the lost time. He might have heard of it from Jack.
我们设法把失去的时间补了回来。 在下列情况下，may和might 用法有区别：
He tried to pass the examination,but failed. 句子的主要动词是现在时，间接引语中用 may/
他努力想通过考试，但没成功。 might;
manage to do/try to do 句子的主要动词是过去时，间接引语中只用might.
manage to do sth. 意为“设法完成或做到某事”， 如：
含有成功之意。 He says that she may/might have misunderstood him.
He managed to organize a live concert. = He He said that she might have misunderstood him.
succeeded in organizing a live concert. ②might + have + 过去分词，表示对本来可能发
他设法组织了一次现场直播的音乐会。 生而实际并未发生的动作的感叹或遗憾含有“责
try to do sth.意为“试图做，尽力做某事”，是否 备”、“抱怨”之意，而may + 完成时无此含义
成功，并不肯定。 如：
He tried to work it out, but he failed.他努力想 You might have told us earlier.
把它算出来，但没成功。 This medicine might have cured your cough
marry mean to do sth.
该结构意为“有意要干某事”。如：
I’m very sorry if I hurt your feelings in fact.I didn’t
mean to.
She married very early/well.她结婚很早/她嫁得很 mend ; repair
好。 repair指将受损、故障、用旧之物修理好，如用于修
Jane iis going to marry John.简就要嫁给约翰了。 补机械方面的东西多用repair。如：
—Is she married?她结婚了吗？ Ask him to repair my watch/TV set.请他给我修
—Yes, she has been married for five years.是的， 一下手表/电视机。
她已经结婚五年了。 The garage charged forty dollars to repair the
She was married to a doctor.她和一个医生结了 car. 修车行修理这辆车收了四十美元。
婚。 repair还可作“弥补、补偿”讲。如：
He married his son to a rich lady.他为独生子娶 How can I repair the damage I have caused?我
了个有钱的女子。 怎样才能弥补我造成的损失？
masses of… I’d like to repair our differences .我想我们应该
该词组意为“大量的”，与lots of 相同，后接可 重归于好。
数名词或不可数名词。如：They saved masses of mend指将打破、撕碎或用坏之物修补完整，“缝补衣服”多用mend。如：
His clothes need mending.他的衣服该补了。 more and more… 越来越……
She mended the broken jar with cement. 她用水 Our school is becoming more and more
泥把破碎的缸补好了。 beautiful.我们的校园变得越来越美丽了。
mend 还可意为“改正、纠正、治愈、使恢复健康” more or less 或多或少；大体上；大约。
等。如： ①—How far is your family away from here?你
The prisoner is mending his way.囚犯在改过自新。 家离这里多远？
It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 —Ten kilometres ,more or less.大约10公里。
mistake短语归纳 ② The work is more or less finished. 这项工作
1)用作名词：by mistake 由于差错；make 大体上完成了。
mistakes 出错；make no mistake没出错；correct no longer 不再。通常置于行为动词之前，动词be
one’ s mistake 改 正 错 误 ； recognize one’ s 之后，偶尔也置于全句的末尾。
mistake承认错误；make mistake about sb./sth.误 ①He no longer lives here.他不住这里了。
会（解）某人/事 ② Don’t worry about her. After all she is no
2)用作动词：mistake one’s meaning误解某人的 longer a child .别为她担心。毕竟她不再是个小孩
意思；mistake sb./sth.for错当成，误以为是……；be 子了。
mistaken 弄错，错误的。 ③I shall wait no longer.我不等了。
moment短语归纳 more than
for a moment 一会儿；in a moment一会儿之后； 该词组意为“不仅仅是”，“不只是”。
a few moments alter过一会儿；a moment ago刚 如：Flag is more than a piece of cloth. It stands
才；at any moment随时，立刻；at the moment此 for a state.
刻，现在；at that very moment 就在那时。 More than 与one 连用，构成词组more than one
注意：the moment此结构中，the moment 用作连 后接单数的名词和动词。如：
词，引导一时间状语从句，表示“一……就”。相 More than one person is going to lose his job.
同意思和用法的表达形式还有：the minute, the must + have + 过去分词
instant 和the second。如： 表示推测过去某动作“一定发生了”。如：
Telephone me the moment you get the results. — They quarrelled quite often and whenever they
The moment the teacher entered the quarrelled they threw glasscup at each other.
classroom,the students stood up.老师一进教室，学 —They must have broken a lot of glasses.
生们就站起来了。 necessary
[应用]完成句子 necessary主要用于两种句型：①It’s necessary
①你最好不要离开，主席随时会到这里。 for sb. to do
The chairman will be here______ ______ ______,so sth.某人有必要做某事② It’s necessary that…有
you’d better not be off. 必要……。注意：that从句中谓语用should + 动词
②我稍等一下，他一会儿就到。 原型，should 可省略。另外：不能使用 sb. is
Just______ ______,he will come here______ a necessary to do 结构，因为通常是“某事或做某
moment. 事有必要”，而非人有必要。误：He is necessary
Key:①at,any,moment ②a, moment,in to return home this afternoon. 正：It’s necessary
more for him to return home this afternoon.
twelve more steps意为“再有12个台阶” [应用]汉译英
We must climb twelve more steps to the top. ①他有必要改进自己的学习方法。
基数词 + more + n.s.= another + 基数词 + n.s. ②有必要的话，我们可以多雇几个人收庄稼。
如： Key:
There are 3 more chairs /another 3 chairs for dinner. ① It’ s necessary for him to improve hismethod of study:/It’s necessary that the should one.这个问题并水比那个（容易的）问题难。
improve his method of study。 This question is not more diffcult than that one.
② If necessary,we’ll employ more men for the 这个问题不如那个问题难。
harvest. no more than;not more than;no more...than;not
no longer 常可相当于 not…any longer. not 用来 more...than
否定谓语, any longer 置于句末。上面的句子可分 no more than 意为“仅仅、只不过”，相当于
别改作: only。它与数字连用时，意为“仅仅至多”，强调
①He don’t live here any longer. “少”，带有说话者的感情色彩。如：
② Don’t worry about her. After all she isn’t I am no more than a teacher.我只是个教师而已。
a child any longer. There were no more than two hospitals in this
③I shall not wait any longer. city before liberation.解放前，这座城市里只有两
注意：no more（相当于not…any more）也是“不 家医院（表示很少）
再”的意思。no longer是把现在的情况和过去对 not more than 后面接数词时，表示“不超过、最
比，时态以现在时为多，有时也用过去时或将来时 多”的意思。用来说明情况，并含有“少”之意，
no more 指今后如何，通常用将来时态。 也不带有说话者的主观色彩。如：
①I can no longer stand it.我再也受不了。 There are not more than ten minutes left.最多只
②I will go there no more.我再也不到那地方去 剩下10分钟了。（表示客观事实）
了。 “no more+形容词（副词）原级+than”意为“两
美国人有时用起来比较随便。 者同样不”，前面和后面同时否定，带有感情色彩
He is no more/no longer ill.他的病好了。 如:
另外：涉及数量或程度时要用no more; 谈到时间 This tool is no more useful than that one.
表示once but not now（有一度、曾经那样，但现 这件工具与那件工具一样没有用。（两者都没有
在不了时），要用no longer. 用）
①There is no more bread.没有面包了。 “not more+形容词（副词）原级＋than”意为“Ａ
② I no longer support the Conservative Party.我 不比Ｂ更……”。这是比较级的正规用法，表示比
不再支持保守党了。（曾经支持过） 较的事实，两者都肯定。如：
no more than:only仅仅；只有。具有感情色彩，强 Ｔhis tool is not more useful than one.这样工具
调“少”。与no less than 相对。 不及那件工具有用。（两者都有用）
Not more than:less than;at most不到；至多。说明 noise ; voice; sound
客观事实。与not less than相对。 这三个词均指“声音”
①He has no more than 20 yuan.他只有20元钱。 voice是可数名词，指人发出的声音。如：
（强调钱“少”） I didn’ t recognize John’ s voice on the
He has not more than 20 yuan.他有不到20元钱。 telephone.在电话里我没听出约翰的声音。
（说明客观事实） We could hear the children’ s voices in the
② No less than 50 people attended the meeting. garden.我们能听见花园里孩子们的声音。
参加会议的人不少于50多个。（强调“多”） sound词意最广泛，它包括各种性质的声响，不论
Not less than 50 people attended the meeting.参 大声还是小声，音乐或噪音，有意义的还是无意义
加会议的有50多人。（说明客观事实） 的声音均可，多作可数名词。如：
注意：no用于比较级之前总含有感情色彩；not用 A joyful sound came from the distance. 远处传
来否定比较级则只说明客观事实。 来欢快的声音。
①you are no taller than I.你并不比我高。（我们 The door was open, and the sound came from
两人都矮） the kitchen.门开着，声音是从厨房传来的。
you are not taller than I.你不如我高。 noise泛指一切在的、杂乱的或令人讨厌的杂声和
② This question is no more diffcult than that 吵闹声，既指单一的刺耳、尖锐、磨擦的声响，也可指混合在一起不协调的声响，不论是由人或物所 钱，而是时间。
发出的，可以是可数的，也可以是不可数的。如： not just…but…：not only…but(also)…（also可省
Loud noise can make people ill.大的噪音能使人 略）不仅/不但……而……。
生病。 该句型可连接两个并列的主语、谓语、宾语、表语
Don’t make such a loud noise.别弄出这么大的 和状语，说话的侧重点在后一部分。当连接两个并
声响。 列主语时，谓语应同靠近的主语在人称和数上取
Not all the parts of the car will be made in the 得一致。
factory.并非所有的汽车零件都在这个工厂里制造。 ① Not just you but he likes the country music
not 与总括词（即表示全部意义的词）连用，表示部 very much.不但你，而且他也很喜欢乡村音乐。
分否定。not 有两个位置，可放在总括词前，也可用 ②He can not just drive but repair a car.他不仅
来否定谓语。不管总括词在句中作主语，还是作宾 会开而且会修车。
语、状语，都表示部分否定。 ③ I like not just pop music but country music.
常 见 的 总 括 词 有 ： both/all/every/everyone/ 我不仅喜欢流行音乐，而且喜欢乡村音乐。
everybody/everything/everywhere. ④ This book is not just interesting but also
① Not all of them go in for sports.他们并不都 useful.这本书不但有趣而且有用。
喜欢运动。 ⑤ Lu Xun is famous not just in China but in
相当于：All of them don’t go in for sports. the whole world.鲁迅不只在中国有名，而且在全
或：Some of them go in for sports,but others 世界都很著名。
don’t. not only…but also
②I don’t like both of the novels.这两部小说我 ①连续两个并列主语时，谓语和but also后的一致
并不都喜欢。 （即就近原则）
相当于:I like only of the novels. ②Not only…but also…构成一倒装句式（强调状
③ You can’ t get this kind of vegetables 语或谓语时用；强调主语时不用倒装）。
everywhere.这种疏菜你并不是在哪里都能买到。 ① Not only you but also he likes playing
相当于：You can only get this kind of vegetables football.
somewhere. 不光你，他也喜欢踢足球。
如果表示全部否定则应用：neither(两者)/none(多 ② Not only can he sing, but also he can dance
者)/no one/nobody/nothing/nowhere. well.
①None of them go /goes in for sports.他们都不 他不仅能唱歌，舞也跳的不错。
喜欢运动。 （注意，第一句倒装，第二句不用倒装形式）
②I like neither of the novels.这两部小说我都不 not…until三种句型
喜欢。 not…until有三种句型，即：正常语序、倒装语序和
③ You can get this kind of vegetables nowhere. 强调句型。
在哪里你也买不到这种疏菜。 （1）正常语序
not…but … 不是……而是…… The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell
Shakespeare was not a musician but a writer.莎 asleep.
士比亚不是音乐家而是作家。 I didn’t know the truth of it until the next day.
Not the students but the teacher is hoping to （2）倒装语序
visit the Great Wall.不是学生而是老师希望去参 Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the
观长城。 room.
He can’t read or write in English,but can speak Not until the next day did I know the truth of it.
English fluently.他不能读英语和写英语，但能流利 （3）强调句型
地说英语。 It was not until the child fell asleep the mother left
They neet not money but time.他们所需要的不是 the room.It was not until the next day that I knew the truth of Nowhere is there a place for him to settle down.
it. 类 似 的 副 词 还 有 hardly scarcely, no
（4）注意事项 sooner,seldom, never, little等。
①在not…until句型中，主句中的动词均为短暂性 Of + n（. 抽象句词）相当于该名词相应的形容词，
动词，如leave,start等。而在until的肯定句型中，主 在句中可用作表语或补语。
句的谓语动词一定要用延续性动词，因为until作 能 用 于 该 句 型 的 名 词 有 ： help/ use/ value/
为连词和介词意为 up to the time when; up importance 等。其对应的形容词分别为：helpful/
to“直到……时”。如： useful/ valuable/ important.
②until只连接表示时间的短语和从句，不能用于 ①This book is of great use/ very useful.这本书
地点和数量。如： 很有用。
We walked until the edge of the forest.(误) ② His advice is of great value/ very valuable.他
Our classroom can hold until fifty students.（误） 的建议很有价值。
from time to time ③ English is of great importance/ very important
now and again means now and then 时 to us.英语对我们来说很重要。
而 offer
sometimes offer sth. 提 供 ， 提 出 ； offer sb.sth./offer
once in a while sth.to(for)sb.
at times 为某人提供、提出;offer to do sth.主动提出做某事
now that; due to; because of; owing to; since; as offer sb.sth.for(money)卖给某人要多少钱；offer
now that作“既然”讲时，相当于since。now that sb.(money)for sth出钱买东西
中的 that 可省去。如：Now(that)you are well 短语：offer advice/suggestions/congratulations/the
again, you can travel, 你既然恢复了健康，就能够 price 提出劝告/建议/表示祝贺/出价；make an
旅行了。 offer of help 主动提供帮助；accept one’s offer
due to作 “起因于、归功于”时，常作表语或跟 接受某人的建议
在名词后，如： [应用]完成句子
His failure is due to the fact that he lacks ①他把座位让给了老人。
experience.他的失败源于他缺少经验。 He ______his seat______ the old man./He _____the
Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious old man his seat.
results.粗枝大叶造成的错误可能带来严重后果。 ②我的同桌主动提出帮我学英语。
The team’ s success was largely due to her My deskmate_____ ______ _____ me with my
efforts.该队的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。 English.
because of“由于、因为”，在句中作状语或表语。 ③有人出1万元买你的这套房子。
如： Someone will _____ you 10,000 yuan______ your
Lincoln is admired because of his good house.
leadership.林肯由于其出色的领导而受到人们的赞 Key:① offered,to /offered② offered,to
赏。 ,help③offer,for
His anger is because of your bad deeds.他是因 on holiday 在度假，此时holiday 前不加冠词。类
你的失礼行为而生气。 似说法如：on a visit/a trip/a journey 要带冠词。
owing to“由于、因为”，常在现代英语中与 take a holiday 休假
because of, due to换用。如： 用介词on 表示处于一种状态，若用for 则表示目
Owing to unfavourable weather, I was unable to 的。如：
carry on with it.由于天气不好，我不能把它进行 He is on holiday .他在度假。
下去。 He is on a visit to America.他正在美国访问。
nowhere放在句首，该句应使用倒装结构。 He wnet to the countryside for his holidays.他去乡村度假。 stand on one’s head倒立
He went to America for a visit .他去美国进行一 [应用]完成句子
次访问。 ①她趴在床上，哭个不停。
比较：holiday, vacation, leave She ______ _______ ______ ______in the
holiday 与vacation一般可通用，但 vacation侧重 bed,crying all the while
于长时间的假期，如: summer vacation, holiday ②你想倒立几个小时是很不容易的。
可长可短。leave 指政府工作人员或士兵的假期， It’s difficult for you to _____ ______ ______ ______
也可用于指因事（病）而请的假。如: ask for leave for several hours.
请假，a sick leave of three days 三天的病假 Key:①lay, on, her, stomach
on one condition ②stand,on, your,head
该介词短语意为“规定一个条件”。如： on the air/in the air/by air/in the open air
He allowed me to do it on one condition. on the air表示(用无线电、电视)播送节目。如：
on condition that这是一短语连词（=only if）,引导 What’s on the air this evening?今晚的广播内容
条件状语从句。如：I’ll give you the day off on 是什么？
condition that you work on These programmes come on the air everyday. 这
Saturday morning. 些节目每天广播。
on one’s arrival… 其反义词为go off the air“停止广播”。如
该词组意为“一到达……就……”（= on This radio station goes off the air at midnight.这
arriving…）。如： 家广播电台于午夜停止广播。
On her arrival she helped me to prepare supper. in the air表示“在空中、在流传中、（问题，计划
on one’s way to…正在到……，动身往……，在 等）悬而未决（未确定的）、充满了（某种）气氛”。
往……的路上 如：
He was on his way to school when suddenly a There was dampness in the air.空气潮湿。
policeman stopped him. Bofore the matter was publicly announced, it had
他正在上学的路上就在这时一个警察截住了他。 long been in the air.这件事在公诸于世之前早就
They telephoned to say that they were on the way, 传得满城风雨了。
but they might be late. The plan is quite in the air.这个计划还很渺茫。
他们打电话说他们正在路上，但他们可能来晚。 The Spring Festival was in the air for weeks
I called on a friend of mine on my way back. before.几周前就充满了春节的气氛。
我在回来的路上拜访了我的一个朋友。 by air 表示“乘飞机、由航空”。如
You mustn’t forget to call in at Brown’s on the way He went to Shanghai by air.他乘飞机去上海.
home. in the open air 表示“在户外、在露天里”。如：
你千万别忘了在回家的路上到布朗先生家拜访。 People love life in the open air.人们喜欢露天生
拓展：by the way顺便说；in the way挡道；in a 活。
way 某种意义上；lose one’s way迷路；by way on the point of…
of 途经，经由；work one’s way 通过苦干……； 该短语常在句中作表语，意为“正要（去做某
no way 决不；make one’s way 前进；all the 事）”，意思相当于be about to do sth.。如：
way to…一路至…… We were on the point of calling him up when he
on+身体部位 came.
lay the person on one’s back让这个人仰卧着； 对于point名词应掌握它的用法如下：
lie on one’s back/stomach/side仰卧/趴着/侧着身 ①if/when it comes to the point如果/当时机到来
躺着； （时）如：
sleep on one’s side 侧身睡； When it comes to the point,he refused to help.
stand on one foot 一条脚站着； ② from sb.’s point of view 从某人的角度来看如： He has two companise. One is in China and the other
Try to look at school from the child’s point of view. is in the States.
once; 1)意为“曾经”时，侧重“有一次”的意思， 他有两家公司，一家在中国，另一家在美国。
是副词在句中做状语，如：Once he owned a large In winter, some birds will fly away, and others
house . 他曾经拥有一所大房子。 wills stay here.冬天，一些鸟飞走了，另外一些留
注意：once与ever的区别 了下来。
ever常用于疑问句，有时可用于过去分词前，多在 Some stamps are new, and the others are all ones.
完成时态中。在句中可译为“曾经”，有时不需翻 有些邮票是新的，其余全是用过的。
译。如： [应用]选择正确答案。
Have you ever been there ?你去过那儿吗？ ①Some people like to stay at home on Sunday,
The largest tree ,ever found there ,is one about but _______like to go to the cinema.
500 years old .那儿发现的最大的树有大约500年 (NMET’85)
树龄了。 A.another B.other C.others D.other one
2)意为“一旦”时，用作连词引起从句。如： ② Of the three foreign guests, one is from
Once you go there ,buy a book for me . London,_________two are from New York.(80 年
Once you began, you couldn’t stop. 一旦开 高考)
始，你就不能停。 key:①C ②B
Once you object to a man, everything he does open
is wrong. 一旦你反对一个人，那么他做的一切都 1)用作动词动词：打开门，经营、开办
是错的。 ： open a door/window/a small shop/one’ s
对比：once强调条件意味；as soon as强调时间 hand/one’s eyes/one’s mouth/fire 开门/开窗/开
的紧接 一家小商店/张开手/睁开眼/张开嘴/开火；be
As soon as you come to Beijing, please let opened to traffic通车；open up开采（发）
me know. 你一来北京就请告诉我。 Now,he opens a small factory of his own.现在他
once more:once again再一次；又一次。 自己办了个厂。
①Read after me once more.再跟我读一遍。 Open the door, please!请开门！
②I’d like to see him once more.我想再见他一 2）用作形容词,表状态，“开着的”：keep open开
面。 着门；be open开门、开业；cut…open切开；leave
one after another一个一个地，表示数量多并连续 the door open 开着门；in the open air 在野外；
出现 an open secret 公开的秘密；keep one’s eyes
School was over and students went out of the school open睁眼
gate one after another. Don’t keep the door open.
放学了，学生们一个接一个地走出校门。 别让门开着（即：请把门关上）。
对比：one by one表示按顺序逐个进行或出现 [应用]选择正确答案
Don’t hurry! You should enter the office one by one. 3) be open to对……开放
不要着急，你们应该一个个地走进办公室。 Many school libraries are open to children on
拓展：by and by一点一点地，逐渐地 little Sundays.
by little一点一点地 不少学校的图书馆周日给孩子们开放。
step by step 一步一步地，循序渐进地 ①John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep
one…the other, some…others his eyes________.(MET’92)
one…the other 相当于 one…one,表示两者中的 A.open B.to be opened
“一个。另一个”；some…others表示许多中的 C.to open D.opening
“一些，另外一些”；some…the others表示“一 ②Some new oilfields ________since 1976.
些，其余所有的”。对比： A.were opened up B.has been opened upC.have been opened up D.had been opened up ①她仍欠裁缝上周做衣服的钱。
③ The computer center, _________ last year,is She still________ the tailor_________ the clothes
very popular among the students in this school. she had last week.
A.open B.opening ②他现在还活着是多亏了你。
C.having opened D.opened He ________ it__________you that he is still alive.
Key:①A ②C ③D Key:①owes, for ②owes, to
open up owe…to…应该把……归功于……；欠……的情
(1)开门，展开，打开 I owe a great to my parents.
open up = open the door开门 我欠父母的情很多。
open up the parcel打开包裹 He owes his success to good luck.
(2)（景色等的）展现 他的成功全造运气。
A beautiful view opened up before us. I owe thanks to you for your help.
一幅美景展现在我们面前。 我得谢谢你帮助我。
(3)开发，开辟，创建 拓展：owing to由于
open up a new situation / a bright future / more The old professor couldn’t attend the meeting owing
waste land to illness.
开创一个新局面/美好的前程/开辟更多荒地 老教授因病不能参加会议。
(4)吐露真情 part-time
She never opened up to me on the subject. It is a good idea to start a part-time job. 做一
关于那个问题，她从未对我开诚布公。 项兼职的工作是个好主意。
or else = other wise = if not否则 pass 短语归纳
Hurry up or else you’ll be late. pass sth.down把某物一代一代传下去；pass sth.on
快点，否则人会迟到的。 将某物传、交给某人；pass away逝世； pass by路
Study hard or else you won’t pass the exam. 过，忽视；pass sb. sth./pass sth.to sb.把某物递给
努力学习，否则你会考试不及格的。 某人；pass the exam/test/law通过考试/测验/法律
Put on more clothes or else you’ll catch a 注意：past是介词“过，经过”或名词“过去”；
cold.多穿些衣服，否则你会感冒的。 passed是pass的过去式和过去分词。如：
order food 叫食物 half past six六点半；in the past few years在过去
order n.&vt./vi.订购…… 的几年里；Two weeks passed.两周的时间过去了。
place an order for sth.订购…… He walked past the gate.他从大门口走过。
order sth.from…向……订购…… [应用]完成句子
order sb.sth. ?order sth.for sb.为某人订购…… ①去年他母亲去世了。His mother _________
I have ordered you some new clothes. __________ last year.
owe ②这戒指是我家传来来的。This ring_________
①表示“欠钱，欠债”，用于owe sth.to sb.或 __________ _________ __________in my family.
owe sb. sth.结构。如： ③ 那 本 书 你 看 完 了 给 我 。 __________the
We still owe over 1,000 yuan to Lao Wang. book_________ ________me when you’ ve
我们还欠老王1000多元钱。 finished it.
②用于引申意义，表示“欠情，感恩，感激，归功 ④那个年轻人听到这个消息，由于震惊昏了过去。
于”。如： When the young man heard the news. he________
I owe thanks to Annie or this priceless gift of speech. _________with the shock.
我感激安妮给了我说话能力这个无价之宝。 Key:① passed, away ② has, been, passed,
If I have improved in English, I owe it to my teacher. down③Pass, on, to ④passed, out
[应用]完成句子 pass…(to…)将……递给，传达Please pass me the bread and butter.请递给我面 with one’s permission经某人允许；
包奶油。 without one’s permission 未经允许；
Pass the word to him that Napolean will come 如：You have to ask the teacher for permission
himself.把拿破仑要亲自来的消息告诉他。 to do that.你应该得到老师的同意再去做那件事。
拓展：（1）vi.走过，通过 Because of the large You have to ask permission to go there.你应该请
crowd in the street the truck was unable to pass. 求许可到那里去。
因为大街上人很多，卡车无法通过。 [应用]选择正确答案
(2)n.通行证 No permission has _______ for anybody to enter the
Nobody can go into the hall without a pass.没有 building. (MET’88)
通行证，任何人不准进入大厅。 A.been given B.given C.to
pay for 付……的货款，为……付代价 give D.be giving
pay off 全部还清，偿请（借款） Key:A
① Did you pay 300 yuan to him for that Permit
bicycle?②I have just paid off my loan from the a driving permit
bank. 该词组意为“驾驶执照”，词组里permit是名词，
③You’ll have to pay for your mistakes. 意为“许可证”，“执照”。如：
perform, performance You won’t get into the conference hall without a
perform 是动词“履行，表演”，而performance是 permit.
名词“表演，演出”。如:perform a task/an personally
operation/one’s duties/a play/a part 做工作/做手 (1)就我个人来说(= in my personal opinion)，用
术/尽责任/上演一出戏/演一个角色；perform to sb. 于表示个人的意见，通常于句首。
对某人表演；give a performance演出； Personally, I don’t see much difference between the
对比：act/play a part扮演角色；put on a play上 two.
演一出戏 就我个人来讲，这两者没多大差别。
[应用]完成句子 (2)亲自
① 他 们 总 是 很 耐 心 地 做 实 验 They The manager went personally to the hospital to see
always________their experiments_________great the worker who was seriously ill.
patience. 经理亲自去医院看望患重病的工人。
②今晚演出什么戏？What play_______ _______ 拓展：person/ c. /人personal adj.个人的
_______tonight? personality / c. u. / 个性，品格；人物
③这位歌唱家以前从未在北京演唱过。The singer persuade vt.说服
has never________in Beijing_______. ①persuade sb. 劝说某人
Key:① perform,with② will,be,performed③ perfor ②persuade sb. to do 说服某人做某事
med,before ③persuade sb. into doing 说服某人做某事
perform exercises to music. ④persuade sb. out of 说服某人放弃某事
短语意为“伴随音乐做体操”，从中可知“do sth. Do you think you can persuade me?
to music”判决书为“伴随音乐做某事”。如： 你以为你能说服我吗？
She likes dancing to music.她喜欢随着音乐跳舞。 She has persuaded her husband to give up
permission短语归纳 smoking and drinking.她已说服自己的丈夫戒烟戒
ask for permission请求许可； 酒。
ask sb.for permission to do sth.请求某人允许做 The young man was persuaded out of the wrong
某事； idea.那位年轻人被说服放弃了那种错误的想法。
ask permission to do sth.请求得到允许做某事； pick out认出；显眼；挑选
give sb.permission to do sth.允许某人做； Can you pick out your brother in the crowd?你能在人群中认出你弟弟吗? numbers of
Ｔ he houses in the painting picked out in
white. 画上的房子以白色而显得醒目。 much
It’s so beautiful！How did you pick it out? a great/good deal of
这么漂亮！你是怎么挑出来的？ (2) a large/great amount of +不可数名词
pick up large/great amounts of
(1)捡起；捡起。The naughty boy picked up a a lot of
stone and threw it at the dog.那调皮的孩子捡起
块石头向狗扔去。 lots of
（2）用车接；中途顺便搭人接物。 (3) plenty of +可数或不可
①I’ll pick you up at the school gate.我用车到 数名词
校门口接你。 a large/great quantity of
② On her way home,she went to the nursery to large/great quantities of
pick up her son.回家的路上，她顺便到托儿所接
她儿子。 point out 指出（to+n.）
（3）接收（相当于receive）。 The teacher pointed out my mistakes to me.
It’s easy for my radio to pick up VOA.我的收 point+(n.)+at/to/toward+n.
音机接收美国之音很容易。 指向，对着……；显示
play vt. n. 弹，奏；打，玩 He quietly pointed his gun at the deer.
play the piano 弹钢琴 play the music演 practice
奏音乐 Practice makes perfect . 熟能生巧。
play basketball 打篮球 play games 玩游 practical, real , true
戏 practical 指“实践的”，“实际的”，“讲求实际
play the game 守信用 play cards 打牌 的”，如：practical activities 实践活动 practical
play with 拿……来玩 work 实际工作
play an important part it 起重要作用 She is a practical woman.她是位讲求实际的妇女。
at play 在玩耍；在赌博 at the play 看戏 Real“真实的”，“实在的”，表示实际存在的意
pleasure n.荣幸；愿意 义，如：
It’s my pleasure to help you.愿意为你效劳。 real silk 真丝his real name 他的真名
It’s a pleasure for me to be invited to the true “真的”，指某种事实，故事，消息，信息，朋
party.应邀参加晚会我深感荣幸。 友等是真的，如：a true story 一个真实的故事
Plenty of 许多；大量。既可修饰可数名词，又可修 praise短语归纳
饰不可数名词。 praise可用作名词或动词，均表示“赞扬，表扬”。
①There is plenty of rain here in china.在中国这 如：sing high praise for高度赞扬；praise sb. for
个地方雨量充足。 因……而赞扬其人；receive praise from sb.得到某
② Plenty of trees have been planted along the 人的称赞；win high praise 受到高度赞扬；give
road.路旁种了很多树。 praise to sb.表扬某人。
表示“许多；大量”之意，用来修饰名词的词和词 [应用]完成句子
组可以分为三类: ①校长高度赞扬了他的勇敢行为。
many The headmaster_________ _________ ________
many a ________his brave deed.
a great/good many +可数名词 ②他经常帮助别人，因而得到同学们的赞扬。
(1) scores of He often helps others, so he __________
agreat/good/large number of __________ _________his classmates.Key: ① sang, high, praise, for ② receives 做准备。/We are well prepared for the final
praise, from exam.这次期末考试我们已完全做好了准备。
prefer宁愿，更喜欢 [应用]完成句子
1)接名词、代词 ①爸爸为我们准备了一顿丰盛的午饭。
Which do you prefer, rice or bread? I would prefer Father _______ _____ a good lunch./Father ______ a
rice. good lunch______ us.
米饭和面包你更愿意吃什么？我宁愿吃米饭。 ②明天是儿童节。孩子们在准备去爬山。
2)接不定式 Tomorrow is Children’s Day. The children are
Jake preferred to have some Chinese food. ______ _____ _____climbing.
杰克更喜欢吃中餐。 ③我们必须让所有的人为可能的洪水做好准备。
3)接动名词 We must_______ all the people______ the possible
I prefer doing some writing in my spare time. flood.
我更喜欢业余时间写点什么。 ④外交部长对这样的问题没有思想准备。
4)跟不定式的复合结构 The Foreign Minister ______ not______for such
I should prefer you not to stay there too long. questions.
我希望你不要在那里呆太久。 Key:①prepared,us/prepared,for②preparing, to ,go
5)接that从句（从句中用should型虚拟语气） ③prepare,for ④was,prepared
We prefer that we (should)have the discussion after prepare sb.for…
the lecture. 该短语意为“使某人对……进行准备”。如：
我们宁愿一听完课就讨论。 Mother is preparing me for my journey.
6)用于特殊句型： prepare 作为动词，既是及物动词，又是不及物动
①prefer…to…宁愿……不愿，与……相比更喜欢 词且常与for连用。如：
（后接名词、代词、动名词） Mother asked my sister to prepare lunch.
I prefer popular songs to folk songs. present
和民歌相比我更喜欢流行歌曲。 be present at 出席
She prefers singing to dancing. How many people were present at the
跳舞和唱歌她更喜欢唱歌。 meeting?多少人出席了会议？
②prefer-rather than…宁愿……而不愿（prefer后 拓展：present(1)n.礼物
接带to 的不定式，rather than后省略to） What present do you want for Christmas this year?
I prefer to write my letter rather than type it. 今年圣诞节你想要什么礼物？
我宁愿写而不愿打印这封信。 (2)v.赠予
prepare Now that the sports meet is over, our principal will
prepare a plan/cards/a meal/one’s lessons 准备 present the prize.
一 个 计 划 / 卡 片 / 一 顿 饭 / 备 课 ； prepare 既然运动会已结束，我们校长将颁奖。
sb.sth./prepare sth.for sb.为某人准备某物；prepare (3)adj.现在的，目前的
to do sth.准备做某事；prepare sb.for 使某人 I’m not going to buy a car at the present high prices.
对……进行准备；make preparations for 为做准备 以目前的高价，我不打算买小汽车了。
辩析： (4)presently(adv.) = soon
① prepare one’s lessons(指教师)备课；prepare She will be here presently.
for one’s lossons (指学生)准备功课 她不久就会来。
②prepare for “为……做准备”，侧重指动作； (5)常用短语：
be(get)prepared for “对某事从物质上，心理上做 at the present time = at present目前，现在
好了准备”是系结构，表示状态。对比：We are for the present暂时
preparing for the final exam我们正在为期末考试 pretend to be a lawyer该结构中pretend 意为“装扮”，“装假”，后跟 allow/permit sb. to do sth.
不定式或宾语从句 。其中不定式（有时态变化）是 允许/答应某人做某事
试题中的重点考查形式。如： 分析：二者的汉语意思一样。但用法有区别，请看
When mother came in, be pretended to be writing . 例子：
price n. 价格。常用结构： My father promised me to give up smoking. 我
（1）at a high/low price以高价/低价 爸爸答应我戒烟。（是“爸爸”戒烟，而不是
He is very happy because he bought a new car “我”戒烟。即：动词不定式是主语发出的动作）
at a low price.因为低价买了一部新车，所有他很 My father doesn’t permit/allow me to smoke.我
高兴。 爸爸不允许我抽烟。
（2）英语中买卖的物品以“贵、贱”论，即 在此结构中，动词不定式是宾语发出的动作。
expensive/dear或cheap;物品的价格以“高、低” 另外，两者的结构区别如下：
论,即high或low. promise to do sth.（后跟不定式）
—Your new car only cost you 20,000 dollars. allow/permit doing sth.（后跟动名词）
It’s really cheap.你的新车只花了2万美元，真便 例：I promised to help him with his English.
宜。 Drinking wine is not allowed /permitted in our
—Yes, the price is very low indeed.是啊价格确 school.
实很低。 pronounce t. i. 发……音；发音。名词形式为
（ 3 ） 提 问 price 时 应 用 what( 多 少 ) pronunciation.
。 ①How do you puonounce the word?这个单词你
What’s the price of that dress?那件衣服多少钱? 怎么发音？
相当于：How much is that dress?/How much 需 ② This letter in the word doesn’t pronounce.
用what提问“多少”的还有population/area/size/l 这个单词中的这个字母不发音。
ength/width/height/weight等名词。 Provide sb.with sth.供给某人……
prison provide it 供给……，提供……
throw(cast, put)sb.into(to)prison, take sb.to prison provide:
把某人关入监狱. n.eg.The hotel will provie tents.
区别：in prison与in the prison前者表示“坐牢、 n.+for sb. ?sb.+with sth.
服法、服刑”；后者表示“在一所监狱”，有可能 eg.They provide food and books for the children.
是在看望囚犯，也可能是监管人员。 ?They provide the children with food and books.
Tom’s brother was put(thrown、cast)into prison provide for赡养，抚养
because of murderer,and he will be in prison for He had to provide for a big family
thirty years. supply vt.提供……供给……
汤姆的哥哥因犯谋杀罪而被关进监狱，他将在监 n.
狱服刑三十年。 supply
progress sth.to sb. ?sb.with sth.
(1)vi.进展，发展 They didn’t supply those children with books for
Space research has progressed greatly. studying. ?
空间研究已经取得了很大进展。 They didn’t supply books to those children for
(2) n. make great / little / no / much progress studying.
He has made rapid progress in English this term. provide vt. 提供；供给
这学期他英语进步很快。 ①provide n. for ②provide n. with
Tom is not making much progress at school. The government provided food and houses for those
汤姆在学校进步不大。 who were homeless.
promise sb. to do sth. 政府给无家可归的人提供食宿。The school provides the students with textbooks. put out
/The school provides textbooks for the students. 使熄灭，扑灭，吹灭；发出；生产，出版；
学校为学生提供课本。 It book the firefighters more than three hours to put
17.come to 达到，共计 out the big fire.
The total cost of repairs came to about $100. 消防队员花了三个多小时扑灭了这场大火。
修理费总计约100美元。 The book will be put out soon.
The things I bought came to 100 yuan. 这本书将很快出版。
我购物总计花了100元。 The police have put out a general call to the public.
The cost of the trip totaled/came to/added up to 1000 警察局向群众发出通知。
dollars. The company put out 13 new machines every week.
这次旅行的费用共计1000美元。 这个公司每周生产13台机器。
put on /pull on/wear/have on /dress/in The government will put out a new statement next
(1)put on 和pull on 穿上；戴上。相当于及物动词 week.
以衣物作宾语，着重于穿、戴的动作。put on 为普 政府下一周将发表一项新的声明。
通用语；pull on多用于穿袜子、戴手套或比较随便 常用词组：put down 记下，写下，镇压 put up
地穿上。 举起，张贴，修建
① It’s cold outside.You’d better put on your put on 上演，穿上，戴上 put away 储存，收拾
hat.外面很冷，你最好戴上帽子。 起来
② She put /pulled on her coat and went out of put aside 存储，留下 put off推迟，延期
the room hurriedly.她穿上大衣，匆忙地走了。 put up with忍受
(2)wear 和have on 穿着；戴着。相当于及物动词， 对比：come ou（t vi.）bring ou（t vt.）publish（vt.）
有衣物作宾语，着重于穿、戴的状态。have on不用 出版
于进行时态。 put sb. to the trouble(of doing sth.)给某人添麻烦，
①He always wears/has on black shoes.她一直穿 使某人为做某事而为难，trouble是不可数名词。如：
着黑鞋。 They didn’t want to put me to the trouble of
② She is wearing/has on a red coat 她穿着红大 meeting them at the station.他们不想麻烦我去车
衣。 站接他们。
(3)dress 穿；戴。可用作及物动词，以人作宾语，即 question
dress sb（. 给某人穿衣）；也可用作不及物动词。既 (1)n.问题。
可强调动作，又可表示状态，表示状态时常用be ①Let me ask you a question.让我问你个问题。
dressed in 结构。此外dress还可用作名词。 ② He has decided tha question.他解决了这个问
①Mary is dressing her daughter.玛丽正给她女儿 题。
穿衣服。 (2)vt.质问；询问。
②She usually dresses well.她总是穿得很好。 ①He was questioned by the teacher.他受到老师
③He is dressed in a black jacket.他穿着黑上衣。 的质问。
②I question the truth of the story.我怀疑这个故
(4)in 穿着；戴着。是介词，以衣物或表示颜色的名 事的真实性。
词作宾语，表示状态。构成的介词短词可作表语或 question vt.询问，盘问，提问
定语。 You have no right to question me.
① My brother is in a blue jacket.我弟弟穿着蓝 你无权盘问我。
上衣。 He was questioned by the police.
② The boy in a blue jacket is my brother.穿蓝 警察盘问了他。
上衣的孩子是我弟弟。 The teacher question us on verbs.
③My brother is in blue.我弟弟穿着蓝衣服。 老师就动词考问我们。常用短语：ask sb. a question问某人问题 义。如：river rise河水涨；price rise 物价上涨；rise
question（v.）sb. on就……提问某人 from one’s seat从座位上站起来；rise early早起
beyond（all）question毫无疑问 短语：raise a shout of joy高兴地喊起；
out of question（certainly）毫无疑问 raise chickens/horses/children/a question 养鸡/养
without question毫无疑问 马/养育孩子/提出问题；rise up起义，奋起反抗；
out of the question（quite impossible）不可能 get a rise /raise增加工资。
祈使句+and+陈述句 [应用]完成句子
1）这种结构可以替换成“条件句+陈述句”。 ①他站在那儿注视着国旗缓缓升起。
如： He stood there watching the flag_______ ________.
Work hard,and you’ll be successful in time./If you ②价格涨到10美元。
work hard,you will be successful in time. The price_________ _________to 10 dollars./The
只要你努力，一定会成功。 price_______
注意：祈使句后and可替换成then. to 10 dollars.
2）祈使句+or+否定陈述句=否定条件句+否定陈述 ③不久就能看到蒸气从湿衣服上冒出来。
句。如： Soon steam can be seen __________ from the wet
Get ready or you won’t pass the test./ If you don’t get clothes.
ready,you won’t pass the test. ④他要求老板加薪。
做好准备，要不你小测验不会及格的。 He asked the boss fo_________ ________.
注意：祈使句后的or可替换成otherwise. Key:①being, raised ②was raised /rose
quite,rather与名词连用时冠词的位置 ③rising ④a, rise(raise)
quite, rather表示“相当”意义与名词连用时，a/an rather
可放在之前，亦可之后；但the 必须置于它们的前 1)注意下列词的程度
面。如:quite a big house/a quite big house相当大 a bit/ a
的一套房子。如：a quite easy problem/quite an little→slightly→rather→much→completely→quite
easy problem相当容易的一个问题；a rather good 2)rather 修饰形容词加名词时，若有冠词a 或an ,
player /rather a good player相当不错的一名运动 则rather 在冠词前、后皆可。如：It was rather a
员；the rather/quite tall tree 那棵相当高的树。 cold day . = It was a rather cold day.
[应用]完成句子 3）rather和fairly
①今天相当冷。 rather表示不接受性，为否定意义；fairly 表示接受
It’s _____ _____ cold day today. 性，为肯定意义。如：
②他是个相当不错的艺术家。 It’s rather cold today .（不愉快）
He is ______ ______ _______artist. It’s fairly warm today .（心中舒服）
Key: ①rather,a ②quite,a ,good 4) rather +比较级；rather/ much/ far+too+adj./adv,
raise, rise 而fairly,quite ,very 则不能。如：I did rathre better
①raise是及物动词，后接宾语，可用于被动语 in the exam. That’s rather too difficult.
态。表示把人或物提高到较高的位置（水平），即指 5) rather than 而不是 如：
具体的物，又用于抽象意义。如： He , rather than you, is to be punished . 是他而
raise one’s hand/head/eyes/a stone/the flag/one’s pay/ 不是你要受惩罚。
the I decided to write rather than (to)telephone.我决
price/one’s voice 定写信而不是打电话。
举起手/抬起头/往上看/举起石头/升旗/提高工 还可用于下面两种结构。
资/提价/声音大点。 ① would do sth . rather than do sth .= would
②rise是不及物动词，不能接宾语，无被动语态， rather do sth. than do sth .宁愿做某事而不愿做
表示“上升，升起，起身，起立，起床，增长”等意 某事。② prefer to do sth . rather than do sth .（意义 for this/that reason 因为这个/那个原因：for no
同上） good reason没有正当的理由；for a simple reason
因为一个很简单的原因； for some political
reach sth./reach for sth. reasons因为政治原因；for the reason of health由
(1)reach sth.表示“够得着某物”，reach是及 于健康原因；give a reason提供理由。
物动词。如：reach the top of the shelf够得着架子 注意：reason词后的表语从句用that引导，定语从
顶部；reach the apple on the tree够得着树上的苹 句多用why引导，偶尔用which引导。
果。 [应用]用适当的连词填空
(2)reach for sth.表示“伸手（脚）去够某物”，其 ① His reason for being late was________he
中的 reach 是不及物动词。亦可替换成 reach out missed the bus.
for sth.或reach out one’s hand(foot)for sth.，意 ② The reason__________he didn’ t come to
义相同。 school was that he was ill.
(3)reach还可用作不及物动词表示“延伸”。如： ③ The doctor gave reason________ couldn’t
The woods reach as far as the river.树林子延伸 explain the failure of the operation.
到河边。 Key :①that ②why ③which/that
(4)短语：reach an agreement达成协议； recognize vt.辨认出；承认
beyond/out of one’s reach够不着，力所不及；
out of the reach of sb.某人够不着；
within one’s reach够得着，力所能及。
[应用]完成句子 Do you recognize his hand writing ?你能认出他
①他伸手去够树枝，但是够不着。 的笔迹吗？
He ______ ______ the stick but could not_______it. They recognized him to be a great leader.他们承
②你最好把吃的东西放在小孩够得着的地方。 认他是一位伟大领袖。
You’d better have the food _______the boy’s He didn’t recognize that he had made a big
________. mistake.他不承认自己犯下了大错。
Key:①reached, for, reach reduce
②within, reach reduce the number of减少……的数量；
ready reduce the cost/one’s weight/the price/speed 降
be ready to do sth.（=be willing to do sth.）乐意 低成本/减肥/降价/减速
做某事 注意：reduce是increase的反义词。与by连用表示
Tom is always ready to help others. “减少了多少”；与 to 连用则表示“减少到多
汤姆总是乐于助人。 少”。
If I’ve made any mistake, I’m ready to apologize. [应用]完成句子
如果我有错误，我愿意道歉。 ①今年吸烟人数已减少了30%
realize vt.意识到；实现 The number of smokers has been reduced
realize one’s mistake 认识到自己的错误 _________30%.
realize one’s meanings 领会某人的意思 ②现在一辆自行车的成本已降低到50美元。
I didn’t realize that my English was limited Now the cost of a bike has been reduced _______50
until I was abroad.直到出国以后我才意识到自己 dollars.
的英语水平很有限。 Key:①by ②to
She managed to realize her dream at last. refer to, refer…to
她终于设法实现了梦想。 1）refer 可用作及物动词，用于 refer… to,表示
“将……提交给”。如：
reason refer this problem to the school 把这个问题提交学校； not.这得看你是否想做。
refer the matter to the United Nations.将这件事 remain
情提交联合国 (1)vi剩下；（人）留下，逗留
2)refer表示“谈到，涉及；查阅，参考，指”时是不 The fact remains that she is a liar.
及物动词，需用refer to结构。如： 她是个说谎者的事实仍在。
The book which you referred to is not in the library. They went off but she remained three days in that
你所指的那本书不在图书馆。 country.
His report refers to the situation in the Middle East. 他们走了，而她在那上国家逗留了三天。
他的报告谈到中东的形势。 (2)link v. （ continue to be ） +pred. （ 表
短语：refer to the map/one’s notes/the dictionary 语）(n./adj./pres. p. /past. p/ prep.p等)
查阅地图/参考笔记/查字典 The weather remains cold and wet.
注意：look up word in the dictionary 查字典 天气依然寒冷潮湿。
对比：refer to 指语言、内容与某人（物）有关；而 Pollution in the city remains a problem.
point to表示用手指向某人（物）。如： 这个城市的污染依然是个问题。
I didn’t know whom she was referring to. You can’t let your room remain like this.
我不知道她指的是谁。 你不能让房间一直这样。
She pointed to the map and explained to the students. ①He remained silent at the meeting.在会上他一
她指着地图给学生做出解释。 言不发。
[应用]完成句子 ②His books remain very new because he hardly
①我在加拿大时，一位朋友经常提起白求恩大夫。 read them。他的书仍然很新，因为他几乎没读。
A friend of mine often ______ _______ Dr.Bethune 对比：remain既指人逗留在一定场所，也指物逗
when I was in 留在一定场所或保持原来的形状或状态，或暗示
Canada. 纵使别人离去，自己仍然留下来。Stay会话用语，
②两国把这件事提交给了联合国。 只表示人逗留在一定场所
The two countries. _______the matter _______the e.g. Let’s stay here until he appears.
United Nations. 让我们留下来等他到来。
Key:①referred,to ②referred,to 拓展：remaining adj.剩下的 the remaining
rely on / upon相信，信赖 money = the money left剩余的钱
He relied on his parents’ advice. remainings n.（复数）剩余（物），残骸，遗迹
他相信父母的劝告。 the remains of ancient Rome 古罗马的遗迹
I rely on you to tell me all about it. the remainder（of）=the rest（of）剩下的东西/其
我要靠你把这件事的来龙去脉告诉我。 余的人
Such people are not to be relied on. remain;stay
这样的人是靠不住的。 remain vi.逗留、保持；指人（也可指物）逗留在一
对比：rely on / upon指由过去的经验，使人相 定的场所，也指物保持原来的形状或状态。
信对方必定能完成所交代的事情；depend on指依 stay 逗留；仅指人（不可用物）逗留在一定场所。
赖别人的支持或援助；trust(in)指深信绝对不会发 How many weeks shall you remain/stay here?你
生被出卖或令人失望的事情。 将在此地停留多久？
I rely on his ability.我相信她的能力。 I shall remain/stay to see the end of the game.我
She depends on her friends to make a decision. 将留下来看比赛的结果。
她依靠朋友帮她做决定。 Let it remain as it is .听其自然.
He is a man to be trusted. It remained unharmed.它仍然无损。
他是一个可以信赖的人。 remain+表语（名词、形容词、不定式、分词和分词
It depends on whether you want to do it or 短语）意为“保持……、仍是……”作“剩下、遗留”讲，用remain。如： 坏严重的东西。如：repair a bridge/house/car/TV
after the fire, nothing remained to the house.大火 set/watch修桥/房子/汽车/电视/手表。 习惯上可用
过后，屋子所剩无几。 于指补鞋，但不用于指补衣服。
If you take two from four, two remains.四减二剩 ②mend 多用于指修理的物体较小，结构较简单的
二。 日常用具，或缝补衣服、袜子等。如：mend a
remind,remember shoe/sock/basket/box/pen 补鞋/袜子/篮球/修补箱
remind表示“提醒，使记起，使想起”，可接复合 子/修钢笔。
宾语，that从句或与of连用；而remember意为“记 ③ fix 是美国英语，可与 repair 替换。如：fix a
得（做）某事”，主语必须是人。如： machine/chair/typewriter修机器/椅子/打字机。
He reminded me to answer the letter as early as [应用]完成句子
possible. ①游泳池今天不开放，因为正在维修。
He reminded me that I would answer the letter The swimming pool won’t be open today because
as early as possible.他提醒我尽早回信。 they are_____.
This photo reminds me of my childhood.这张照 ②这座房子已经是年久失修了。
片使我想起了我的童年。 This house has been____ ______ _____ for
Do you remember the advice I gave you?你记得 many years。
我给你的忠告吗？ ③你过不去，大桥正在维修。
[应用]完成句子 You can’t go through because the bridge is _____
①这使我想起我们假日里一同做过的事。 _____.
This _______ _______ ______what we did together Key:① making, repairs② out,of, repair③ under
during our holidays. repair或:being, repaired
②我还记得小时候被带着去北京的事情。 reply;answer
I still______ _______ _______to Beijing when I was reply和answer均可解作“回答、答道”，但用法
a child. 有别。reply 用做不及物动词时，可用 reply to
Key:①reminds,me,of ②remember,being,taken sb./sth.;作及物动词后跟直接引语或宾语从句，但
remove sth.to…把……移向…… 不能直接跟人或物作宾语。如：
remove it去除；脱掉? Please reply to my question.请回答我的问题。
remove sb.(sth.)from+n. He replied that he knew the news.他回答说他知
remove+n.+(from+n+to+n.) 道这消息。
answer 用作及物动词，可直接跟名词或代词作宾
You should remove your coat in the warm room. 语，而reply应加to才可接名词或代词。如：
repair He answered the examination paper quite well.他
1)用作名词，表示“修理，维修”。 考卷答得很好。
①可用单数和复数形式，但不和数词或不定冠词 fail to reply to a question/letter未能回答问题/回
连用。This car 信
needs a lot of repairs before you can use it. 这 request
部汽车需要大修之后才能使用。/The repair of the request 用作名词，也可用作动词，均表示“请求”
ship cost much money.这艘轮船的修理花了很多 如：
钱。 make a request for…请求、要求得到……；request
②短语：make repairs/do repairs 修理（必须用复 sth.from sb.向某人要求某物；request sb.to do sth.
数）；under repair 在修理；be out of repair失修 请求某人做某事；request that…(从句中应使用
2)用作动词，仍作“修理、维修”解。 should型虚拟语气，should可省略)；
repair,mend,fix三者的区别。 [应用]完成句子
①repair多指修理的物体较庞大，构造较复杂或损 ①下岗工人请求得到帮助。The workers out of work______ ______ ______ 该短语意为“扮演……角色”（=play a part
______help. of…）。如：
②要求学生们不要触摸实验室里的任何东西。 In this film he will play the role of a policeman.
Students_______ ________not to touch anything in room,space
the lab. room,space都可以用作不可数名词，表示“空间，
③我父母要求我再学一门外语。 余地”。另外，room
My parents requested that______ ______ _______a 有“房间”之意，可数；space有“太空”之意，不
second foreign language. 可数。常用短语：live a room 5住在5号房间；
My parents_______me______ ______a second three rooms三个房间；take up much room占很多
foreign language. 空间；standing room 立足之地；in space 在太空
Key:①made,a,request,for ②are,requested [应用]单句改错
③I,should,learn/requested,to,learn ① There is much rooms for improvement in our
respect work.
（1）vt.尊重；重视；遵守。 ② There isn’t enough spaces in this classroom
①You should respect the teachers.你们应尊敬老 for 30 desks.
师。 ③ The universe exists in the space, as we all
②Everyone must respect the law.人人都应守法 know.
（2）n.尊敬；请安；问候。 Key: ①改rooms为room
① We have been told to show respect for our ②改spaces为space
elder.父母教导我们必须尊敬长辈。 ③去掉space前的the
② My father sends his respects to your parents. run out, run out of
我父亲向你父母问好。 二者均表示“用完、耗尽”，但run out不及物，同
right now = at the moment ,at present 眼下，现 give out, run short;而run out of及物，相当于use
在 up, run short of。对比：Money is running out.钱
比较：right away = right off ,immediately, at 快用光了。We’re running out of money.我们的
once , in no time 马上，立刻 钱快用光了。
ring up n.给……打电话 All the money has given out./All the money has
Could you please ring me up as soon as you come been used up.所有的钱已花光。
back? The oil is running short.油快用完了。
请你一回来就给我打电话好吗？ He is running short of oil.他快把油用完了。
Please ring up the train station and find out whether [应用]一句多译：两周过去了，他们的食品用完了。
the train from Guangzhou has arrived or not. Key:Two weeks passed, and their food ran out.
请给火车站打个电话看看广州来的火车到站没有。 Two weeks passed, and they ran out of the food.
“打电话”的其他表达法： Two weeks passed, and their food gave out.
①call up sb. ②telephone sb. Two weeks passed, and their food had been used up.
③ telephone to sb. ④ make a telephone call to Two weeks passed, and their food ran short.
sb. Two weeks passed, and they ran short of the food.
ring构成的其他短语： 如何表示“不同，区别”
ring back 回电话 ring off(= hang off)挂断电 1)tell the difference between A and B.说出 A 和
话；停止讲话 B的区别；辨别A和B
（反义词）hold on不挂断（电话） 2)tell A from B.区别、辨别A和B
ring the doorbell 按门铃 3)What’s the difference between A and B?A和
Role B什么不同？
play the role of… 4)There be some differences between A and B.A和B 之间有不同之处。 同意……
5)A be different from B.A和B不同 say“Good-bye”to sb.向某人告别。
6)make sb./sth.different from 使 某 人 / 物 不 同 Say“Sorry”to sb .向某人道歉。
于…… After saying “ Good-bye” to us, he left
7)do sth. differently from…做起某事与……不同 hurriedly.和我们道别之后，他匆匆离开了。
8)make no difference无关紧要 Sea
[应用]完成句子 at sea 在航海中，在海上
①我几乎讲不出这两个单词之间的区别。 at the sea 在海边
I can hardly_____the difference________ these two 在英语中，有许多结构用与不用定冠词在意思方
words. 面有着很大的区别。
②绵羊和山羊有什么不同？ go to sea 当水手，当海员
________ ________ ________between a sheep and a go to the sea 到海边去
goat? keep house 料理家务
③哪一边赢对我都不重要。 keep the house呆在家中不出门
It _______ ________ ________ to me which side in bed 睡着，躺在床上
may win. in the bed在床上
④你确实很富，但这并不能使你不同于别人。 at play在玩，正在游戏
You are rich indeed, but that doesn’t _________ at the play 在看戏
__________ __________ ________ __________. search;search for; look for
⑤事实和他所说的大不一样。 (1)search指“搜查某地或搜身”，其宾语可以
The fact _______quite________ _________ what he 是房屋、人身、衣袋等名词。如：
said. They searched their homes without any reason.他
⑥你能分辩出她和她的姐姐吗？ 们毫无理由地搜查了他们的家。
Can you _________ her________her sister? They searched him but found nothing.他们搜了他
Key:①tell, between 的身，但没有找到什么。
②What’s,the,difference (2)search for 则指“搜寻、搜索某人或物”。如：
③makes,no, difference They searched for him everywhere.他们到处搜寻
④make, you,different,from,others 他。
⑤is,different,from The police searched the wood for the lost child.
⑥tell,from 警察在树林里寻找走失的孩子。
save; rescue 试比较：They searched his clothes.他们搜查了他
save意为“救、挽救”，是普通而含义广泛的常用 的衣服。（看是否藏有东西）
词。指通过救援不但使受害者（人、动物或物）能脱 They searched for his clothes.他们在搜寻他的衣
离危险或祸患，而且使其在今后能安全地生存下 服。（要找到衣服）
去。有时可与rescue通用。如: 另外，search也可用做名词，in search of “寻找、
He operated on her at once, and Edison’s mother was 寻求”是个常见短语。如：
saved. The boys went in search of something to eat.孩
They fight against the enemy to save their country. 子们去找东西吃。
rescue意为“救、营救、挽救”，多指在直接的危险 (3)look for意为“寻找”，同search for意义大体
或祸患中给予迅速而有效的救援，一般指救人。如 相同。但search for 意味较强，用很大注意力搜寻。
Helicopters were sent to rescue them, but it was 而look for则较为通俗，常用于日常用语。如:
impossible for them to get close enough. I looked for my missing pen everywhere.我到处
say “Hi/Hello”to somebody 向某人问候。 找我丢失的那支笔。
类似的还有：say“Yes/OK/No”to sb./sth.同意/不 see…off 为…送行。① Is anybody seeing you off ?有人送你吗？ Key:① sentenced, to, to, death
② Tomorrdow I must go to the airport to see ②received, of
my brother off .明天我得到机场为我哥哥送行。 separate
see sb. doing sth . 看到某人正在做某事（看到动 (1)adj. 独自的、独立的、分别为不同的、各自的、分
作的一部分。） 离的、分开的。
see sb. do sth . 看到某人做过某事（看到了动作 My little son wants a separate room. 我小儿子想
的全过程。） 要个单词。
① I saw him crossing the treet.我看到他正在过 I want to listen to your separate opinions.我想听
马路。 你们每个人自己的看法。
②I saw him cross the street.我看到他过了马路。 (2) t. ; vi. 使分开；分离；隔开。常与from 搭配。
当用到不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to .但 Separate the bad apples from the good ones.把坏
在被动句中不定式须带to 。 苹果和好的分开。
He was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.人们 England is separated from France by the
看到他突然从树上掉了下来。 Channel.英吉利海峡把英国和法国分隔开。
send out 发出；放出 We talked until midnight and then separated.我们
Some unknown flowers in the garden send out nice 一直谈到半夜，然后才分手。
smell. Nobody can separate Taiwan from China.任何人
花园里有些不知名的花发出香味。 也不能把台湾从中国分裂出去。
The sun sends out light and heat.太阳发光发热。 set off (for)出发，动身（去某地）
send构成的其他词组： set off 引爆
Send away 撵走；开除；解雇 send for派人去叫 set out to do sth.着手……
（请） send up发射 n.
Sense set about+ doing开始（着手）做……
make sense讲得通；很有意义 ①We’ll set off fox Xi’an at six tomorrow.
This sentence doesn’t make any sense. ②Polonium is used to set off a nuclear bomb.
sentence 短语归纳 ③ He set out to break the record for the
sentence用作名词或动词，有“宣判，判决”之意。 crosschannel swim.④ I don’t know how to set
如:pass sentence on sb.判某人的刑；announce about this job.
sentence on sb.宣布对某人的判决；serve one’s shoot sb./sth;shoot at sb./sth.
sentence服刑；be sentenced to hard labour被判服 在shoot sb./sth.中，shoot为及物动词，除了shoot
苦役；be sentenced to six months in prisom被判 the arrow(射箭)外，其宾语多为射击的对象，即人
处六个月监禁；be under the sentence of death/be 或动物等。Shoot意为“打中、打死、枪决”。而在
sentenced to death 被 判 处 死 刑 ； have sb. shoot at sb./sth.中，shoot为不及物动词,at表示动
sentenced to death 判某人死刑；sentence sb. to 作的方向或目标，打中与否不得而知。试比较：
death 判某人死刑；receive a sentence of two Ｈe shoot the bear.他打中了那只熊。
years 被判两年徒刑。 Ｈe shoot at the bear.他朝那只熊射击。
[应用]完成句子 show off
①一个凶手被判三年徒刑，另一个被判处死刑。 该短语动词意为“炫耀”，而show sb./sth.off意
One murderer was______ ______ three years in 为“显示……的优点”。如：
prison and the other was sentenced_______ He is a man who is always showing off.
_________ . 由show 构成的短语动词有：
②那小偷被判5年监禁。 show up出现/出席，显眼
The thief_______a sentence _______ 5 years in show…over/round带……参观
prison. show…in领……进入；show…out领/送……出去如：Only three of the people we invited to the ①The busier he is ,the happier he feels。越忙他
party didn’t show up. 越高兴。
sign ② The harder you work, the greater progress
1)用作名词：traffic signs交通标志；road signs you’ll make.你学习越努力，取得的进步就越大。
路标； ③ The more hppily we live,the more we realize
signs for the rest rooms厕所标志：signs of heart how much we owe to the Party。我们过得越幸福
trouble 心脏病的迹象，signs of rain/earthquake下 就会更加认识到共产党的恩情。
雨/地震的预兆。 ④ The more I hear, the more I laugh.越听我笑
2）用作动词，表示“签名，作手势”。如：sign 得越厉害。
one’s name签名；sign the agreement 签署协议； so,neither,norr
sign to sb.朝某人做手势；sign to sb.to do sth.做 若表示另外一人也如何如何，则采用倒装形式，把
手势让某人干某事。 系列动词，情态动词，助动词等提到主语之前；若
[应用]完成句子 主语为同一人，表示其就是如何，是系动词等不用
①董事长在文件上签了名。 提前。
The president_______ ______ ______to the paper. 若句子为否定句，则用neither, nor ,如：
②警察做手势叫我停下。 I don’t know, nor do I care .我不知道，也不关
The policeman ________ ________ ________ 心。
_______. 若前句既有肯定又有否定，或并列谓语形式
Key:①singed,his,name②singed,me,to,stop 不一致，则采用so it is with……，或It is the
single, not a single same with……的结构，如：
single是形容词，有“单一的，单个的，单身的，唯 —— He is writer and has written a lot of works .
一的”意义；not a single表示“一个也没有”，起 —— So it is with me. ( 或 It is the same with
强调作用，位于句首时引起倒装。如：remain single me)
尚未成婚；the single person 唯一的人；a single 此时说明我也是作家，也写了很多作品。若用so
bed/ticket/man/room单人床/单程票/独身男子/单人 am I 只能说明我是作家。若用so have I 只能说
房间 明我也写了很多作品。再如：
He didn’ t make a single mistake in the —— He is good at English, but doesn’t do well in
exam./Not a single mistake did he make in the maths.
exam.他在考试中没出一处错误。 —— It is the same with me .( 或 So it is with
[应用]汉译英 me )
①今天上午这个商店里一个人也没有。 若用So am I 或 Nor do I 则只能分别说明其中
②他是能帮助我们的唯一的人。 一个方面。
Key: ① Not a single person has been in the so that 以便于；目的是为了。相当于in order that,
shop this morning. 引导目的状语从句。从句中常带有may/might;can/c
②He’s the single person that can help us. ould;will/would/should等情态动词
so far迄今为止；到现在为止。通常用现在完成时 ① He got up early so that he might catch the
连用，so far可置于句首、句中或句末。 first bus.他早起为的是赶上第一班车。
①So far we have learned English for six years. ②I put on my glasses so that I could see more
到今年我们已经学了6年英语了。 clearly.我戴上眼镜为的是看得清楚点。
② Your work has been good so far this year.今 ③ He spoke loud so that everyone could hear
年迄今为止你的工作很出色。 him.他大声说是为了让大家都能听到。
③ We haven’t heard from Tom so far.至今我 以上各句中的so that均可用in order that代替。
们还没收到汤姆的来信。 当so that从句的主语与主句主语一致时，常可简
6．the + 比较级，the + 比较级 越……，就越……。 化为in order to或so as to 结构。上面的①②句可转换为： too, how,quite时，a/an应放 adj.的后面。其结构是：
① He got up early in order to catch the first so/too/how/quite+adj.+a/an +n.。如：
bus. ①He is so good a student.
② I put on my glasses in order to see more ②It is too difficult a job for me.
clearly. spend vt.花费；用。其主语为“人”，宾语为“金
上面的③句不可简化。但： 钱”或“时间”；后面可搭配介词“on + 名词/代
He spoke loud so that he could be heard by 词”，或“in(可以省略) + 动名词”。
everyone.可转换为：He spoke loud in order to be 使用句式为：sb. + money/time + on sth./(in)doing
heard by everyone. sth.
注意：in order that/in order to 表示目的时，可置 ① They spent 2000 yuan on the TV set./They
于句首；so that/so as to 表示目的时不能置于句 spent 2000 yuan(in)buying the TV set.他们花了
首。 2000元这台买电视机。
② The writer spent 2 years(in) writing the
novel./on the novel.这位作家花了两年时间写这部
小说。
so…that/such…that如此…以致于/结果……。 另外：“花钱”还常用以下两个句式：sb.+ pay
adj. money + for sth./sth.+cost sb.+money
adv. ①They paid 2000 yuan for the TV set.
so+ adj.+a/an+n.(单数) +that ②The TV set cost them 2000 yuan.
many/much/few/little+n. “花时间”还常用 It takes sb. some time to do
sth. 句式。
a/an+adj.+n.(单数) It took the writer 2 years to write the novel.
such+ n.(复数) +that start with 以……开始
n.(不可数) Today’s class starts with a question.
stay link-v. 保持；维持。后面通常接形容词作表语
例句：①This film is so moving that I want ①The weather stays fine for three days. 天气好
to see it again.这电影太动人了，我还想再看一遍。 了3天了。
② He walked so fast that I couldn’t keep up ② The shop stayed open till six o’clock. 这家
with him.他走得太快，我跟不上。 商店营业到6点。
③This is so interesting a book stick
such an interesting book (1)vt.;vi.粘住；离不开；坚持
Einstein stuck to his theories and went on with
his work.爱因斯坦坚持他的理论并继续工作下去。
④ The villagers were such kind people that they （2）n.枝条；棍，手杖。
all came to help us.村民们都是好心人，都前来给 Professor Zhang walks with a stick.张教授拄着手
我们帮忙。 杖走路。
⑤It is such fine weather that we all want to go 2．prove vt.;vi.证明；结果是；证明是。
out for a walk.天气这么好，我们都想出去走走。 ① Again history proved them wrong.历史再次证
⑥ There were so many books in the shop that 明他们错了。
he didn’t know which to buy.书店里书那么多， ②I can prove that he never tells a lie.我能证明
他都不知道买哪些。 他从不说谎。
so young a body ③The method proved(to be)highly effective.这个
说明：在一个带有形容词的名词词组中，不定冠词 方法证明是非常有效的。
a/an 通常放在adj.的前面。但是，如果adj.前有so, still1) 用作形容词，意为“静止的，不动的，平静 一目的地的任何道路；path指只容人通行的小路，
的”。 山路。
如：keep(stay) still 保持不动；lie(stand)still 躺着 [应用]阅读下列句子，体会画线词的意思。
（站着）不 ①This is the point where two busy streets meet.
动；a still lake/evening 平静的湖/寂静的夜晚。 ② They turnede off the main highway onto a
2)用作副词，表示“还，仍旧”，可以修饰形容词、 winding earth road.③ There is a narrow road
副词比较组。如： from our village to the next one.
be still busy仍然很忙;win still greater success取 ④ Walk along the path or you may lose your
得更大成功。 way.
3)辨析 still,quiet,silent;still 侧重“一动不动”， strike
quiet指“安静”，无动作，无声音，无骚乱，其反义 A.用作及物或不及物动词
词是noisy（吵闹的、喧哗的）；silent指不出声，不 ①表示“敲、打、击”。如：
说话。对比：sit still坐着不动；Be quiet,and the The teacher truck the table whenever he was angry.
class will begin.请安静，马上就要开始上课了。 教师一生气就敲桌子。
Hearing the answer,be was silent for a minute or Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
more.听了回答之后，他沉默了一两分钟。 ②表示“（钟）打点，鸣”。如：
[应用]完成句子 The clock has just struck twelve.十二点的钟声刚
①他个子高，他哥哥更高。 刚响过。
He is tall,but his brother is _________ _________. ③表示“打动，给……以深刻印象，迷住”。如：
②我已经考虑了几个小时，但仍然不能决定。 What struck us most was the great number of
I have been thinking for hours, but I ______can’t bicycles on the street.
decide. 给我们印象最深的就是街上的自行车非常多。
Key:①still, talker ②still Visitors to Hangzhou are usually struck by the
stop…from doing sth.阻止……做某事。stop也可 beautiful scenery.到杭州的游客常被那里的美景迷
换为prevent 或keep. 住。
① Nothing can stop/prevent/keep us from doing I am struck by Annie’s honesty. 我被安妮的诚
that. 没有什么能阻止我们那样做 实所打动。
②This is the best way to stop/prevent/keep such ④表示“（蛇、兽）咬，抓”。如：
a thing from His cousin was said to be struck by a snake.
happening again.防止这样的事再次发生这是最好 据说他的表姐被蛇咬伤了。
的办法。 ⑤表示“罢工”。
当该句型用到动词stop或prevent时，后面的from Workers often strike in that country.
可以省略。 那个国家的工人经常罢工。
I tried to stop/prevent him(from)smoking, but I 短语：strike at 朝…… 打击；strike against撞……
failed.我试图劝他戒烟，但没成功。 strike sb. on the head打某人的头。
但当用到动词keep时，from不能省略。因为省略 B.用作名词：
后得到的是 另一句 型 keep…doing sth. 意为 go on strike举行罢工；be on strike 在罢工
“使……不断地做某事”。 【应用】完成句子
I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting for so long . ①他抓起一根棍子向我打来。
很抱歉让你久等了。 He seized a stick and ________ ________me .
street, highway, road, path ②孩子的头撞在墙上。
street指位于城镇都市内，路面平整，两旁有人行道 The child’s head ________ _______the wall.
和房子的公共通道，highway,指供车辆行使的主要 ③售货员为提高工资而罢工。
道路或公路，是城市间的主要通道；road指通向某 The salesmen _______ ________ ________ forhigher pay. 受 惩 罚 ” ， 与 from 搭 配 。 如 :suffer from
④铁路工人正在罢工。 headache/loss of memory/bad health 患头疼/患有
The railway workers _________ _________ 遗忘症/身体不好；suffer a lot from a strange
________. illness因怪病吃了不少苦。
Key:①struck,at ②struck, against [应用]汉译英
③went, on, strike ④are, on, strike ①那个城市因地震而遭到严重破坏。
struggle短语归纳 ②他们在战争中遭受了巨大痛苦。
struggle可用作名词或动词，表示“斗争，奋斗，挣 Key: ① The city suffered serious damage from
扎”。如：take up the struggle开始斗争；after a the earthquake.
struggle 经过战斗；through struggle 通过斗争； ②They suffered a great deal in the war.
struggle with sb.与某人搏斗；struggle against suggest vt.建议；提议。有三种常用句式（但不能说
difficulties/death/illness/nature/strong winds 与 困 suggest sb.to do sth.）。
难/死亡/疾病/自然界作斗争/与大风搏斗；struggle （1）suggest sth.
for a living/freedom为生活而挣扎/为自由而斗争； ①Who suggested the plan?谁提出的这项计划？
struggle to one’s feet挣扎着站起来。 ②She suggested Shanghai for their meeting.他提
[应用]完成句子 议在上海会面。
①我们一路上不得不与大风搏斗。 （2）suggest doing sth.（不能接不定式）
We had to _________ ________ strong winds all the ① He suggested going for a swim in the river
way. after lunch.他提议午饭后去河里游泳。
②老太太挣扎着站起来，向家里走去。 ② I suggest talking with him as soon as
The old woman _________ ________ ________ possible.我建议尽快和他谈。
________and struggled along the road to her home. （3）suggest than……此时的宾语从句通常用虚拟
Key:①struggle, against 语气，即谓语用“should+原形”，should可以省略。
②struggled, to, her, feet ①I suggested (that)Jane(should)start at once.我建
such as 例如；诸如。用于列举同类的人或事物。 议简马上出发。
①Writers such as Lu Xun and Ba Jin are well- ② I suggested Jack not wear the sweater.我建议
known to all.象鲁迅、巴金这样的作家是众所周知 杰克不要穿背心。
的。 ③We suggested he be punished.我们提议惩罚他。
② This summer we’ re going to visit some 注意：suggest当“表明;暗示”讲时后面的宾语从
places of interest,such as the Great wall,the 句不用虚拟语气。
Summer palace and the Imperial Palace.今年夏天 ①The smile on her face suggested she was very
我们要去参观一些名胜古迹，如长城，颐和园、故 happy.脸上的微笑说明她很高兴。
宫等。 ② His silence suggested that he didn’t agree
注意:and so on 等等。用于并列成分之后。 with us.沉默不语表明他不同意我们的意见。
Here you can buy oil,salt,sugar,vineger and so suggest+宾语从句
on.在这里可以买到油、盐、糖、醋等。 suggest 在此意为“建议”，后面的宾语从句的谓
suffer 语用了虚拟语气，其结构是：should do或do,否定
①用作及物动词，意为“遭受，蒙受，受到，忍 形式为：should not do或not do.如：
受 ” 。 如 ： suffer I suggested that LiMing (should)be sent to the south.
loss/pain/punishment/defeat/wrong/hardship/discoura 我建议把李明派往南方。
gement/disappointment/unfair/treatment/hunger 遭受 I suggested that he (should)not do it today.我建
损失/疼痛/遭到惩罚/遭到失败/受到冤枉/忍受艰 议他今天先不要做。
难/失去勇气/灰心丧气/受到不公正对待/挨饿。 suggest 只有作“建议”解时，后面才可以跟
②用作不及物动词，意为“受痛苦、受损失，折磨， “should(not)+动词原形”的形式，当 suggest 作“表明”解时不可以用此结构。如： 块金牌。
His smile suggested that he was quite satisfied (2)in surprise表示“吃惊地、惊奇地”，是介词短
with our work.他的微笑表示他对我们的工作很满 语，作程度状语，常位于谓语之后。例如：
意。 “How do you come to know it ?”Mr Zhao
同时，即使是suggest作“建议”解，在现代英语 asked in surprise.赵先生惊奇地问：“你怎么知道
中，谓语也可以用其他形式。 的？”
I suggest that you don’t ask him home for the He shouted to us in surprise.他吃惊地向我们呼
vacation.我建议你假期不要邀他回家去。（句中用 喊。
don’t ask,而没有用should not ask或not ask） (3)by surprise表示“出其不意、趁……不防、突
I suggest that Robert might go to Beijing and 然”，是介词短语，作方式状语。例如：
have a talk with Mr Wu.我建议罗伯特去北京同 He took the dog by surprise. 他趁那条狗不防突
吴先生谈一谈。（句中用might go而没有用should 然进行袭击。
go 或go） His visit took me by surprise.他的突然来访使我
supply vt.供应；提供给。常用结构： 感到意外
supply sb. with sth./supply sth. to sb.两种结构常 surprised adj.感到惊奇
常可以转换。 ①be surprised to do ②be surprised at
① The factory supplies us with some parts of ③be surprised that从句
the car. They were surprised to hear the news.
The factory supplies some parts of the car to us. 他们听到那个消息感到很惊讶。
这家工厂为我们提供一些汽车零部件。 He was surprised at their visit.
②The peasants supply vegetables to the city. 他对他们的来访感到惊讶。
The peasants supply the city with vegetables.农 We are surprised that she can finish all these things in
民们为城市提供疏菜。 such a short time.
suppose vt.认为；猜测 我们对她在短时间内做完这一切感到十分惊讶。
①suppose n. to be ②suppose that从句 swallow vt.吞吃；不嚼就吃下去
③suppose so/not She swallowed the medicine with the help of some
We all supposed him to be honest. 我们认为他 water.
老实。 她用水把药送下去了。
I don’t suppose that I shall come back until eight He just swallows his food; he is always in a hurry.
o’clock. 他吃饭狼吞虎咽，总是这么匆忙。
我想一直要到八点钟我才返回。 take 短语归纳
—Will he come?他会回来吗？ take along 带着，带在身边；take one’s place 坐
—I suppose so.我想他会。 某人的座位，代替某人的职位；take medicine 吃药
I suppose not./I don’t suppose so.我想他不会。 take steps采取步骤；take measures采取措施；take
Surprise advice 接受建议；take a taxi 坐出租车；take a
to one’s surprise表示“令人吃惊的是”，是介词 look at 看；take a bath/walk/rest/trip洗澡/散步/休
短语。作结果状语或插入语，位于句首，其中 息/旅行；take away拿走; take down拿下，记录下；
one’s 指形容词性物主代词或名词所有格， take back 带回，收回（话）；take off脱下（衣、鞋、
surprise前也可用形容词修饰。例如： 帽），（飞机）起飞；take out取出；take place 发生；
To my great surprise, he passed the English take the place of代替，取代；take up 开始，拿
examination.令我大为吃惊的是，他的英语考试极 起 ;take a deep breath 深 呼 吸 ； take one’ s
格了。 temperature 量体温；take a photo 照像;take a
To Mr Lin’s surprise, Miss Li alone got three photograph of给……拍照；take one’(a)seat 坐下
gold medals.使林先生吃惊的是，李小姐一人得三 坐好；take aim at 瞄准；take charge of 负责（管理某事或照顾某人）；take…for把……误当作；take 该词组意为“掌管”，“负责”，常与of介词连用
hold of 抓住；take interest对……发生兴趣；take 后接宾语，与“be responsible for”同意。如：
it easy别紧张，别过累；take notes作笔记；take Betty took charge of all the preparations for the
notice of 注意；take office就职；take a new look exhibition sales.
on呈现新面貌；take on workers 雇佣工人；take take…for example
part in参加（活动）；take pride in 为……而骄傲； take…as an example 以……为例
take the lead带头；take trouble费劲（力）；take You can take it for example that he always helps the
the side of 支持某人（方）；take a day off某一天 old.
休假，不工作；take one’s time从容行事，慢慢来； 你可以把他帮助老人这件事作为一个例子。
take turns轮流。take a bath:洗个澡 take a taxi: Take Peter as an example, he is brave and kind.
打的 take off:脱去；起飞 take care of:照料 take 以彼得为例，他既勇敢又善良。
exercise:运动 take away:拿走 take a look:看一看 take/have a look at 看一下。该动词短语比look at
take turns:轮流 take one’s time:慢慢做 take a 更侧着于一次性动作，即“看一眼”。
photo：拍照take one’s temperature:量休温take a Can I take/have a look at your new watch?我看
bus: 乘 公 共 汽 车 take medicine: 服 药 一看你新买的手表好吗？
take an interest in: 对……感兴趣 take a seat:就 类似的短语还有：take /have a rest /an exam/a
座 take the floor：起立发言 take a prize:获奖 bath等。
take the chair: 当 主 席 take place: 发 生 take on; take sth. on意为“从事”，“担任”，
take hold of:握住take a rest：休息一下 take in: “承担”。如：
收容take fire：着火 take a ①He is taking on a new job.
drive：乘马车take a nap:小睡一会儿（午觉）take a ②You’ve taken on too much.
shower：洗个淋浴 你承担的工作太多了。
take a trip:旅行take a walk：散个步 take sb. on接受挑战
[应用]完成句子。 如：He took Jack on at golf.
①你为什么不带你妈妈参加音乐会呢？ take on a new look呈现新面貌
Why don’t you ________ _______ your 如：Our country has taken on a new look every
mother__________to the where.
concert? take photograph of/take photograph for
②墙上的地图太旧了，取下来吧。 take photograph of 表示拍照的内容。 take
The map on the wall is to old. _________ _________ photograph for 表示拍照的目的。如：
________. He took some photographs of these beautiful flowers.
③对不起，我收回我刚才的话。 他拍了一些这些美丽的花的照片。
Sorry. I _______ _______ what I said just now. He took some photographs for the foreigners.
④我把他当成我弟弟了。 他为那些外国人拍了一些照片。
I ________him _________ my younger brother. take…by surprise对……突然袭击，出乎……意料。
Key:① take,along② Take, it ,down③ take, His parents took him quite by surprise when they
back④took,for suddenly appeared at the door.
take an interest in 对……感兴趣 take turns = take in turns轮流（做某事）
have an interest in 对……感兴趣 The two boys took turns at digging the hole.
lose interest in 对……失去兴趣 这两个男孩轮流来挖坑。
①He has a great interest in stamp-collecting. The three men took turns to drive so one would not
②I lost my interest in history. be too tired.
③His father took no interest in him. 这三个人轮流开车，因此，就不会有人过于疲劳
take charge 了。take up, take down She _________ _________ the letter the moment she
① take up arms/guns/knives/Japanese/too had read it.
much room/the whole ④工人们把旧房拆了，在原址建起了新房。
day/the cry/the song 拿起武器/拿起枪/拿起刀 The workmen__________ _________the old house
子/开始学日语/占太多的空间/占了整整一天的时 and built a new
间/喊起来/唱起来。 one in its place.
② take down the old picture /what he said 取下 Key:①torn, out ②torn, out(up)③tore, up
旧画/记录下他说的话。 ④tore, down
[应用]完成句子 .tear out撕下，撕掉
①他20岁时开始写作。 He tore some of the papers out of the book.他
He _________ _________ _________at the age of 从书中撕下了几页。
twenty. 对比：tear up撕碎，撕毁，连根拔起
②会议占了整个上午的时间。 She tore up the letter.
The meeting_________ _________the whole 她把信撕碎了。
morning. The trees were torn up by the hurricane.
Key:①took, up ,writing ②took, up 树木被飓风连根拔起。
talk of; talk about; talk on 另：tear down拆除（建筑物等） tear sth. in
这组词均可以表示“谈”，但程度不同。talk of 只 two/half 把……撕成两半
表示“涉及”；talk about 表示谈细节；talk on兼 tell A from B →tell difference between A and
有议论。如： B.
Talking of Shanghai, have you been there in ① Can you tell the difference between the two
summer?谈到上海，你夏天在那儿待过吗？ words?你能辨别这两个单词间的不同吗？
What are you talking about?你们在谈论什么呢？ ② It’s hard to tell one twin from the other.双
They are talking on the book.他们在谈论这本书。 胞胎很难分辨。
talk things through把话说完；充分讨论 the coming…:the next 即将/正在到来的。
You’d better talk things through. I will listen with ①—Hi,why are you so busy?你好，怎么那么忙？
complete attention. — Because I’ m preparing for the coming
你最好把话讲完。我会专心听的。 examination我正为快要到来的考试做准备
If I had enough time, I would have talked things ②We have decided to hold a sports meet during
through. the coming autumn.我们已经决定今年秋季开运动
如果有足够的时间，我会把话说完的。 会。
tear短语归纳 the rest 其余的人或物。可替代可数名词复数或不
tear out撕下，扯下，拔起；tear up 撕碎，拔起（后 可数名词。作主语时，谓语动词数的形式应由替代
一词义同tear out）;tear down撕下，拆毁，tear at 的名词形式决定。
撕 扯 某 物 ； tear sth.open 把 … … 撕 开 ； tear ① These three books are mine.The rest are his .
sth.to(into)pieces把……撕成碎片。 这三本书是我的，其余的是他的。
[应用]完成句子 ②Just give me a glass of the beer ; the rest is
①这本书的前几页被人撕掉了。 yours.给我一杯啤酒就行，其余的归你。
The first pages of this book were ________ the same (…)as…和/同……一样。same之前总是
________by someone. 带定冠词
②很多树被大风拔起了。 ①Jenny looks the same as before.詹妮看起来和
Many trees were________ ________by the strong 以前一样。
wind. ②He is the same age as his wife.他和他妻子同
③她一看完就把信撕碎了。 龄。③ I have the same opinion as you(have).我和你 There is a pen, two books and some other
意见一致。 things on the table.桌上有一支笔，两本书和一些
The same to you : I wish you the same .希望您 其他的东西。
也如此。 ② there be 句型有完成式 there have(has)been;有
当听到对方的良好祝愿时，常用此句来作答。 将来式there is
①— Have a good time.祝你愉快。 going to(will)be。
—The same to you.祝你愉快。 ③there be句型中可加情态动词。如：
②—Merry Christmas and Happy New year. 祝你 I am sure there used to be a shop near here.我
圣诞快乐、新年幸福。 肯定在这附近以前有家商店。
—The same to you .祝你也快乐、幸福。 ④ there be 句型中有的 be,还可以用其他词表示
但：—Happy birthday to you.祝你生日快乐。— “有、存在”，there live(一般跟人，有……一个人)
Thank you.谢谢。 there stand(指物，树、高楼之类)，there lie(物，如一
如果双方同一天生日，就用The same to you. 片土地等)。如：
There stand many tall buildings in our school and
句型：the + 形容词或副词比较级，the + 形容词 there lies a large wheat field in front of it.
或副词比较级（越……，就越……） 我们学校里耸立着许多高楼，校门口是一大片麦
①The more, the better.越多越好。 田
The more they talked, the more encouraged they there is no need…
felt.他们越说，就越感到鼓舞。 need 在此为不可数名词，意为“需要”、“必须”
The more he thought about it, the less he liked. 使用时应该注意它使用的句式结构，即我们只能
他对这个考虑越多，就越不喜欢。 说“There is no need for +n./(for sb.)to do ...”
The harder you study, the more progress you’ll 不能说“It is no need (for sb.)to do sth.”
make. 越努力学习，你的进步就越大。 There is sth.wrong with...,......出问题了，出毛病了
There are safety measures to follow while training. 相当于sth.is wrong with….
该句意为“训练时必须遵守安全措施”，这句话 ①—What’s wrong with you?你怎么了？
里应注意两点： —There is something wrong with my back.我的
①while training 是从属连词与分词连用，在句子 背有点毛病。
中做时间状语。结构“when/while + -ing 或过去 ②—Is there anything wrong with yous radio?你
分词短语”的使用条件是： 的收音机出毛病了吗？
when/while 从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同。 —Yes.It doesn’t work.是的，不响了。
如： think to oneself
You should have dropped in on me when staying 该动宾词组意为“心里想”。如：
here. She was thinking to herself how cold the room was.
除了when/while 外，其他的从属连词如if，as if, Think aloud 意 为 “ 自 言 自 语 ” （ =talk to
though, as oneself）。如：
before,after等，也有这样的用法。如： He stood there with his lips moving as if he talked to
If heated, ice can be turned into water. himself/thought aloud.
②to follow 是不定式做定语，修饰名词measures, think up 想出，想起（办法等）
是主动表被动。在There be 句型中，用不定式做 The students try to think up an idea to play football
的定语时，即就是不定式与所修饰的名词之间是 without$being seen.
动宾关系，也常用不定式的主动语态形式。如： think over熟虑；think out 想出，想透（问题等）
There is a lot of work to do. think of考虑，认为，想起think about 考虑，想出
there be句型：①是一种倒装句式，be后的主语要 think aloud自言自语
和be在数上保持一致。如： Think well/highly/much of 篙度赞扬……；对……赞赏、印象好。 three times 三次；how many times 几次；five
① All the teachers think well of Yang Pei.所有 times as large as…五倍的大小；this time 这一次；
老师都对杨蓓印象很好。 last time 上一次；next time 下一次；each/every
② Our work was well thought of.我肎的工作受 time 每一次；for the first time 第一次；
到了高度评价。 3)表示“时代，时报”多用复数形式
反义词组为：think poorly/little/nothing of in the old times 在古时候；in ancient/modern
this/that kind of… times 在古代/现代；in one’s time 在某人那个时
┉of this/that kind“葩种……” 代；be ahead of one’s time 在时代面前；at the
析：this/that kind of 后常用“单数名词”；而…of time of 在……时代；New York Times纽约时报
this/that kind前常用“复数名词”。即： 注意：have a good time 过得愉快，have a hard
this/that kind of+单数名词=复数名词+of this/that time/have hard times 日子过得艰难
kind [应用]完成句子
例：This kind of car is made in China（. 单数谓语 ①每次我去见他，他都忙着工作。
动词） ____ _____ I called on him, he was busy with his
= Cars of this kind are made in China.（复数谓 work.
语动词） ②这是我第一次来到北京。
throughout; all over; all through This is ______ ______ _____ _____ I have been to
本组词都有“遍及、贯穿”的意思，但所接名词不 Beijing.
同。throughout后接表示时间和地点等名词。如： ③她那个时候妇女不能上学。
He worked throughout the night and the next ______ _____ ______ women could not go to
day.他工作了整整一夜和第二天一天。 school.
The disease spread throughout the country.这种病 ④六十年代那里的人们日子过得很艰难。
蔓延全国。 In the 1960’s the people there_____ _____ _____.
all over一般接表示地点的名词。如： Key: ① Each, time ② the, first, time,that ③ In,
Just before he was killed, he sent a message to her, time,④had, hard,times
his comrades all over the country.在他被杀害之 to be honest
前，他把信送给了全国各地的同志们。 该固定词组意为“老实说”，是动词不定式结构，
all through 一般接表示时间的名词。如； 与“to tell the truth”同义，它常用来表达某人的
The light was burning all through the night.灯彻 期望。如：
夜亮着。 To be honest, I didn’t go there.
throw away抛弃 too…to结构
throw in插进（话语） 一般情况下“too… to ”表示否定意义“太……
throw off脱 而不……”。如：
throw out 抛出，丢弃 His brother is too young to go to school.他弟弟
throw over把……抛过去（抛回），抛弃（朋友） 太小还不能上学。
time The sentence is too difficult for me to translate.
1)表示“时间”，不可数 这个句子太难我译不了。
most of the time 大部分时间;enough time 足 但在以下情况，“too…to ”并不表示否定意义。
够的时间；ahead of time 提前；spare time 抽出时 （1）当too之后跟的是表示主语的态度、情感、心情
间；spend time 度过时间;take some time 花一些 或倾向的词时（常见的这类词有 glad, eager,
时间；pass time 度过一段时间；waste time 浪费 anxious, happy, ready, nervous, pleased等）。如：
时间；devote time in时间用在某方面；save time We were too eager to know the result of the
节省时间 exam.我们急于想了解考试结果。
2)表示“次数，倍”解，是可数名词，有单复数 She was too ready to speak.她太多嘴多舌。He was too anxious to leave.她急于离开。 turn out 结果是……、变成……
Sometimes we are too easy to overlook our own turn against 反戈一击、反对……，对……不满
faults.有时我们很容易忽略自己的错误。 turn back打退堂鼓，返回
（2）如果把以上结构中的不定式重复一次，则前一 turn down拒绝；把……（音量等）放低，开小
个表示肯定意义而后一个表示否定意义。如： turn in上交某物，交回
Such a man is too ready to blame others to turn into变为
blame himself.这种人最爱责人而不责己。 turn off关上（收音机、龙头等）；离开（公路等）；
（3）如果在“too...to”结构中含有not或never等 对……失去兴趣，反感
否定词时，则表示肯定。如：One is never too old turn on开（收音机等），使……感兴趣；吸引；
to learn.活到老，学到老。 向……进攻；责怪
English isn’t too diffcult to learn.英语并非难得 turn out结果是、最后情况是……，关（电灯、煤气
学不会。（或：英语并不难学。） 等），生产、造就
The girl is too careful not to make any turn over移交，随便翻阅
mistakes.这女生很细心不会出错。 turn to sb.寻救帮助；查阅资料；努力于、加劲干
Mary is too clever not to believe him.玛丽很聪 turn up来赴（宴、开会），出现；把（音量）放大；使
明不会相信他的。 作呕。如：
（4）在too前有only, just, simply, all, but等词时， ①There was no body that I could turn to.
不定式也表示肯定。如： 当时没有一个人能帮助我。
The foreign visitors are only too glad to have ② Please turn off the TV set. It’ s wasting
an opportunity to visit the Great Wall .这些外宾 power.
非常希望有参观长城的机会。 把电视关了吧，太费电啦。
The boy is only（just/but）too happy to help other ③Things turned out to be smoothly developing.
students.这位男生特别喜欢帮助别人。 事情结果正常发展。
He knows but too well to hold his tongue.他深 ④ Our suggestions were turned down at the
知少说为佳。 meeting.
Trick 会议没有采纳我们的建议。
play a trick on sb.= play with sb.捉弄某人，耍弄 turn当名词用时，意为“轮到某人干……，转折；倾
计谋 向；作风”等意思。如：
He is always playing tricks on others. She went hot and cold by turns.
他总爱捉弄别人。 她一阵热，一阵冷。
Don’t play tricks on me. I want to know the truth. by turns轮流；一阵……，一阵……；out of turn不
别耍我，我想知道真相。 该谁……干，不合时宜。do sb.a good(bad)turn 帮
troop n./v. 了某人的忙（倒忙）
（1）n. 一群，大量，许我troops军队，部队 turn to 其中to为介词。
A troop of school children went into the museum. （1）转向。
一大群学生走进了博物馆。 He turned to me and said hello to me.他转向我
The local people demand the withdrawal（撤 向我问好。
退）of foreign troops. （2）查阅；求助于。
当地的人们要求撤退外国军队。 If you are in trouble,please turn to me.如果你有
(2)vi.集合，群集；成群涌向，结队而行 麻烦，请找我。
The students trooped up on the sports ground. up 的用法：adv.守全，彻底
学生们在操场上集合。 Time is up.时间到了
We all trooped into/out of the hall. Have you used up you money?
我们成群地进入/走出礼堂。turn构成的短语 你的钱用完了吗？常用短语：eat up吃光；tear up撕掉；use up用 （此句的used to不可用would换用）
光；lock up锁住；burn up烧光；get up起床；up （3）be used to具有双重含义：
and down上上下下，来来往往。 ①be used to是use sth.to do sth的被动形式，意
up until… 为“被用来干某事”，to为不定式符号。例如:Rice
该结构意为“一直到……为止”，谓动常用完成 may be used to make wine.
时态。如： ②be used to表示“习惯于……，”be可以换为
Up until yesterday two sides had agreed on all the get或become,表示“开始、变得习惯于……”，to
items of this contract. 为介词，其后接名词、代词或动词作宾语。例如：
used to ;would; be used to I’m used to English food.
(1)used to 表示“过去惯常”，但“现在不做了”， very当形容词用时，意思为“正是，恰好是……”
指过去的习惯或状态，to 为不定式符号，后跟动词 如果有定语从句则常用that 引导。如：This is the
原形。有两点须注意： very book(that)I’m after.这正是我要找的书。
①否定式。used to do sth.的否定式有两种形式： waste
used not (usedn’t)to do sth. It is a waste of time/money to do sth.干……浪
didn’t use to do sth.例如： 费时间（钱）
He didn’t use to (usedn’t to)like country music,but It’s a waste of time to fix this watch.
now watch over
he is getting interested. 该短语动词意为“照看”，“保护”，“监视”。
②疑问式。used to do sth.的疑问式也有两种形 如：
式。其简短回答中的to通常不予省略，但动词原形 Will you watch over my clothes while I go shopping.
常被省略。 Watch out(for sth.)意为“注意”，“监视”，“当
Did + sb.(主语)+ use to do sth.? 心”。如：
Used + sb.(主语)+ to do sth.? The doctor told her to watch out for anything
Did he use to play basketball? unusual.
Used he to play basketball? way(s)后的定语从句
(2)would(可以)是will的过去式，也可表示习惯动 修饰way(s)(方法，方式)的定语从句其关系词可以
作。 用in which,that也可省略关系词，但不能直接使用
①would用于过去将来时。 which.如：I feel angry about the way(that)he has
过去将来时的基本形式是：would+动词原形，在英 treated me./I feel angry about the way in which
国英语中，主语是第一人称时，would 可换做 he has treated me.我对他对待我的方式感到生气。
should，第二、三人称用would。 对比：He found a way that/which led to success.
I thought I would make lots of new friends.我曾 (way在从句中作主语) 他找到了一条通往成功的
认为我会交上许多新朋友。 路。
②would表示过去习惯的动作。 [应用]单句改错
“would + 动词原形”表示过去的习惯动作，与 ①I don’t like the way which you laugh at her.
used to 同义，但与used to 有别。Used to do表 ② They didn’t to the experiment the way in
示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，同时隐含 that we do now.
有“现在已经有所改变”的意思，而“would+do key:①在which前加in或改which为that
sth.” 可以用来表示“过去经常发生”，但不表示 ②改that为which或去掉in
“过去存在的状态”。 welcome
She used to say“No pains,no gains”。 1)welcome sb.warmly/give sb.a warm welcome 热
她过去常说：“不劳而获”。（used to可以换为 烈欢迎某人；have a rather cold welcome 受到冷
would） 遇
I used to live in the countryside.我过去住在农村。 2)You are welcome to …欢迎光临某地；Welcometo China.欢迎到中国来；You are welcome. 不用 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的东西就是你的。
谢，别客气（回答感谢）。 (主语从句)
[应用]完成句子 Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can
①我们没料到他们会如此热烈地欢迎我们。 afford.到邮票销售处去把你能买得起的邮票都买
We didn’t expect that they_____ us such a warm 下来。（宾语从句）
_____. She would tell him whatever news she got.她会
②欢迎你们到我们学校来。 把所听到的任何消息都告诉他。（宾语从句）
You are ____ _____ our school. Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.把任
Key: ①gave, welcome 何使你烦恼的事都对我谈谈。（介词宾语从句）
②welcome,to whatever在这类从句中可作主语、宾语、定语等。
What about when we leave ? (2)引导状语从句，多表示让步，意思是“不管什么
What /How about a drink? 无论怎样”。如：
What /How about the two of us having a drink? Don’t change your plans, whatever happens.无
How do you like/find the film? 论怎样，你都别改变计划。
What do you think of it? 征求意见、看法时 Whatever I am, it’ s useful to know foreign
languages.无论我做什么工作，懂外语总是有用的。
What do you think I should do?你认为我该怎么 So don’t lose heart, whatever you do。因此无论
办？ 你做什么，都不要丧失信心。
其中的 do you think 看作插入语，相当于 what Whatever the old man was like, most of his
should I do,do you think? scientific work was sound.无论那位老人怎么样，
① I think Tom is the best student in our class. 他大部分的科研工作是好的。
我认为汤姆是我们班最好的学生。划线Tom 提问 You have to go on,whatever difficulties you
则得：Who do you think is the best student in meet.无论你遇到什么困难，你都必须干下去。
our class?你认为谁是我们最好的学生？ Whatever在这类从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、介
（不能说：Do you think who is the best student 词宾语、定语等。
in our class?） 这类句中的某些成分还可以省略。如：
② What do you think is going to happen next? The country is always beautiful whatever the
你认为下一步要发生什么事。 season(is).无论哪个季节，这个国家总是很美。
③Which way do you think is better?你认为哪个 when conj. (就在)这时、那时。用作并列连词，不能
方法较好呢？ 置于句首。
Wht is more更重要的，而且 ① I was listening to music when I heard
It’s a useful book, and, what is more, not an someone knocking at the door. 我正在听音乐，这
expensive one. 时听到有人敲门。
它是一本有用的书而且不贵。 ② I’ ll call on you tomorrow, when I’ ll
We invited a new speaker and, what is more, he was explain it to you. 明于我去看你，那时我再向你
happy to come. 说明那件事情。
我们请了一位新的演讲者而且他很高兴来。 when的用法：
同义 短语： moreover, in addition, besides, ①when在本句中，可以相当于if,引导条件状语从
what’s wore 句，意为“既然”。如：
whatever用法小结 How can I help them to understand when they won’t
whatever 是一种用法较特殊的代词，兼有连接词 listen to
和关系词的作用，主要有以下三种用法： me?
(1)引导主语从句和宾语从句，意思是“凡是…… ②when意为“当……的时候”，“在……时”，
的事物(=anything that)”. 引导时间状语从句。③when是并列连词（=and then）意为“就在这/那 如：Her face turned pale with fear.
时”，连接两个句子。如：We are about to go to word 短语归纳
city when it is raining. ①would like a word with sb.想和某人说句话；
whenever,“无论什么时候”，既可引导让步状语 have a word with sb.与某人说句话；
从 句 ， 也 可 引 导 名 词 性 从 句 ， get in a word /get a word in 插话；
whoever,whichever,whatever,wherever,however等也 in a (one)word总之， 一句话。
同样。 ② keep one’s word 信守诺言，break one’s
“no matter when” 只能引导让步状语从句，no word失信；translate sth. word for word 逐字翻译
matter what(who,where,which,when,how) 也同样。 have/get word(that)…有消息说，获得消息，听说；
① Whoever leaves the room last must close the Word has come/came that…传来消息说……；
door. ③have a few words with sb.和某人说几句话；
②Whoever came here,he will be welcomed. have words(with sb.)争吵，争论；in words 用言语
whisper with words 口头上，in other words/in another
whisper可用作名词或动词，意为“低语，私语”。 word换句话说;match words with deeds言行一致；
如：whisper to sb.对某人耳语；whisper about waster one’s words白费口舌；the last words临
sth./sb.小声议论某事/人；whisper sth. to sb.低声 终遗言；sharp words苛刻的话；soft words甜言蜜
告诉某人某事；in a whisper 低声地；It’s 语
whishpered that…私下说……。 ④[应用]完成句子
对比：say to sb.对某人说；speak to sb.和某人说 ①传来消息说中国女子足球队获亚军。
话；talk to sb.和某人说话；explain to sb.对某人解 _______ ________ _______the Chinese Women
释说；lie to sb.对某人撒谎说。 Football Team had won
[应用]完成句子 second place.
①老师低声给孩子们讲了个故事。 ②我听说他们昨晚相互争吵起来。
The teacher_________ a story to the children./The I________ _________ that they_________
teacher told the children a story ___________ _________with each other last night.
____________ _____________. work on/ work at
②有人私下说史密斯先生的生意在衰败。 work on与work at可通用，表示“忙于……”。
________ _________ _________ that Mr Smith’s 但在work on sth.中，sth是work的具体对象；而
business is falling. 在work at sth.中，sth. 只说明所从事工作的性质，
Key:①Whispered/in,a, whisper 即时间、精力用在某一方面的事情上，而不在于说
②It,is, whispered 明正在做什么。如：
with就……来说。 He is working on/ at a novel.他正在专心写一部
The problem with looking into space from the 小说。
earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth They have worked at this subject for many
air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，这就是地球 years.他们从事这项课题的研究已经好多年了。
的大气中有着大量的尘埃。 Bob worked hard on organizing other singers to
① With many of the poor, hunger is a constant sing for him for free.鲍勃积极地组织其他歌唱家
problem.食不果腹是许多穷人经常存在的问题。 为他义务演唱。
② The problem with these men was that they work out算出；解决。
had no knowledge.这些人的主要问题是他们没有 ① Can you work out how much money it will
知识。 need?你能算出需多少钱吗？
with fear ②I’ve worked out the problem.我已解决了这个
该介词短语意为“由于害怕”，with + n.有时用 问题。
来表示原因，其中的n.常是表示情感的名词。 8.take sides(in)袒护；站在……一边。① They took the side of their child.他们袒护自 —Would you like to drink some beer? 想喝点啤
己的孩子。 酒吗？
②She has taken sides in the quarrel.她参与了争 —Yes ,I’d like to .好吧，喝点。
吵。 (3)would like sb.to do sth.想要、希望别人做某事。
Worth 并不是主语做。
be worth doing = be(well)worthy of being done / ①I would like her to stay in the company.我希
to be done(很)值得做 望她留在公司里。
The city is worth visiting.这个城市值得参观。 ② I’d like you to lend some money to him.我
(= The city is worthy of being visited. = The city is 想要你借点钱给他。
worthy to be visited.) would like; should like
worth; worthy (1)两个短语均指“想要……”，与want同义，但
两者均是形容词，意思是“值得……的”，用法如 would(should)like的语气较want婉转或客气。
下： (2)would like 可用于各种人称；而should like则
（1）worthy可以作定语，worth不能。例如： 主要用于第一人称。例如：
a worthy rival值得较量的对手 He would(不用should)like to be a doctor.他希望
（2）worth后面直接跟名词（多为表示钱或代价的 当大夫。
名词），其作用相当于介词；worthy后面接名词时 We would(不用 should)like to hear your views
须与of连用（一般不接表示钱的名词）。例如：This about it.我们想听听你对这个问题的看法。
second-hand book is worth 100 dollars.这本旧书 (3)在疑问句中常用would like,而不用should like。
值100美元。 例如：
His deed is worthy of praise.他的事迹值得赞扬。 What would you like for breakfast?你早饭想吃什
（3）worth 后面可直接跟动名词的主动结构； 么？
worthy后接动名词的被动结构，且须与of连用， (4)这两个短语常常简略为’d like,后面可接名词、
worthy后也可接不定式的被动式。例如： 代词或动词不定式，不接动名词。例如：
This book is worth reading./ This book is Would you like to leave a message?你要不要留
worthy of being read./ This book is worthy to 话？
be read.这本书值得一读。 误：Would you like leaving a message?
The city is worth visiting./The city is worthy to be (5)在省略回答中，would like to 中的to 不可省略
visited./ The city is worthy of being visited. 只省略to后面的词语（但be 除外）。例如：
（4）表示“很值得”，通常用well修饰，而不用 ①—Would you like to join us tonigh?
very。例如： —Oh, I’d like to (join you),but I have a friend to see
The film is well worth seeing.这部电影很值得一 off at the station.
看。 ② —Would you like to be a singer?
would like 想要；愿意；希望。用来表示愿望，常用 —Yes,I’d like to be (a singer).
结构： would say总是会说……
（1）would like sth. would有过去、常常……之意，但它与used to 的
Would you like some beer?想喝点啤酒吗？ 用法不相同的。
（2）would like to do sth.愿意、想要做某事。 ①表示过去持续的状态或感情总是 used to 而不
第一人称作主语时也可用should，用常用缩写形式 是would。因此,would不与表示状态的动词连用。
① He’d like to go there but he is too busy.他 There used to be a hospital/here.(√)
想到那里去，但太忙了 。 这里过去有一所医院。
② I would/should like to study medicine and There would be…(×)
become a doctor.我想学医当医生。 ②used to 和would都可以表示过去规则的行为，
注意：回答时常用省略形式。 但通常would是在过去不大规则的行为时，或主语的关心、感慨等主观因素较强时使用，而used to 1 ） 修 饰 原 级 的 词 ：
则在客观地陈述相当期间的规则行为时使用。 very,so,too,quite,rather,fairly,pretty.
“I’ll leave this job for a better one”,he would say 2)修饰比较级的词：a little,a bit,slightly,any,much,a
when he was scolded by his boss. lot,a great deal,far,by far,rather,even,still,yet等。
③“would”常与“often,sometimes,for hours”等 3）修饰最高级的词：by far,much,almost,the second
表示时间的副词（短语）连用。 等。
④与现在或将来比较而表示“以前经常……”的 注意：基数词、分数、百分数也可修饰比较等级。
意思时，用used to。 [应用]完成句子
He will not have the money to spend on books as he ①恐怕箱子对你来说太重了，不过还是要谢谢你。
used to. I’m afraid the box is___heavy___you,but thank you
“喜欢”的表示方法 all the same.(MET’90)
英语中，表示“喜欢”的动词或词组有若干个，它 ②我的房间比你们的稍大一点。
们的语气强弱不同，有重有轻，意思也不完全一样 Our room is ____ ____ than theirs.
下面分别举例说明： ③我比你早到三个小时。
(1)love 意为“热爱”，指引起深厚的、强烈的感情 I came here______ _____ _____ than you.
的爱，并有一种依附意，语气最重。如： ④黄河是中国第二长河。
His mother,whom he loved deeply,died when he The Yellow River is_____ _____ _____river in
was only a small boy.他深深爱戴着他的母亲，当 China.
他小的时候，她与世长辞了。 Key ： ① too,for ② slightly,bigger
I love doing comedies .我喜欢演喜剧。 ③three,hours,earlier④the,second,longest
(2)be fond of 表示“喜欢” “热爱”，也表示对 year by year/year after year
某人或某事有感情，语气次于“love”。如： 形容词+with
Ants are fond of sweet food.蚂蚁喜欢吃甜食。 be pleased with sb./sth.对……满意；be satisfied
I’m fond of this child.我喜欢这个小孩。 with 对……满意；be busy with sth.忙于某事；be
(3)care for意为“喜欢、对……有兴趣”。如： careful with 对……注意、细心；be connected with
The girl cares much for new clothes.这个女孩很 与……有联系；be lined with 排列，站队；be
喜欢新衣服。 patient with sb.对某人有耐心；be popular with受
They do not care very greatly for art.他们对艺术 欢迎；be strict with sb.对某人严格要求；be wrong
不是很感兴趣。 with 出毛病，不顺心；be disappointed with对……
(4)like意为“喜欢”，指不反感，但不引起强烈的 失望；be angry with sb.生某人的气
感情和迫切的愿意，反义词为dislike.如： [应用]完成句子
Do you like reading?你喜欢阅读吗？ ①作为一名老师你应该对学生有耐心。
I like to read in bed.我喜欢在床上看书。 As a teacher you should_______ _______ ______
(5)enjoy意为“欣赏”“喜欢”，具有满足感，如： your students.
I enjoy foreign music.我喜欢外国音乐。 ②每条路旁都栽上了树。
Most students enjoy asking questions in English. Every road ______ ______ _____ trees.
大部分学生喜欢用英语问问题。 ③我们老师对工作认真，对学生也很严格。
(6)go in for“喜欢（做某类事）、有某种习惯或做 Our teacher is not only strict _________ his work but
法”。如： also________his students.
What sports do you go in for?你喜欢哪些体育运 ④夫妻都忙于工作，因而无暇顾及孩子。
动？ Both husband and wife _______ ______ ______their
We don’t go in for that sort of thing.我们不喜 work,so they
欢那种事情。 have no time to care for the child.
形容词、副词各等级的修饰语 Key: ①be, patient,with②is, lined,with ② Last summer I took a course on _______.
③in, with (MET’90)
④are,busy,with A.how to make dresses
向别人提建议时常用的句型。 B．how dresses be made
①Why don’t you do sth.……？你怎不……？ C.how to be made dresses
②Why not do sth.？（上句的省略）为什么不…… D.how dresses to be made
③You’d better do sth.你最好是……。 Key:①B ②A
例如： “一……就……”英语表达法
① Why don’t you ask them to help you?你怎 On his arrival he was sold to farmer and worked
么不叫他们帮助你呢？ in the fields.他一到就被卖给一个农场主，开始在
② Why not/don’ t you go for a walk with 田里劳动。
them?为什么不和他们一块去散步呢？ The moment he reached the country,he started
③ You’ d better go to see a doctor this his search.他一到那个国家，就开始寻找。
afternoon.你最好下午去看医生。 以上例句中的On his arrival和The moment均含
year by year(=every year)强调逐步转变的过程， “一……就……”“刚……就……”之意。下面
“逐年（变化）”。 就该意义的四种表达方式予以归纳。
They liked the cold wet weather there and their （1）as soon as 归纳：
number increased year by year.糜鹿喜欢那里凉爽 ①as soon as 引出的时间状语从句既可以放在主
湿润的气候，因此它们的数量逐年增长。 句之前，也可放在主句之后，表示它所指的动作发
The population increasing year by year.人口年复 生在另一分句所指的动作之前。
一年在增长。 ②as soon as 可以与动词的一般现在时，一般过
Year after year(=for years)强调“逐年不断、重复， 去时或完成时态连用，主句的动词使用相应的动
年年（重复）”。 词现在时，过去时或将来时。如：
Don’t plant the same crop in the same field He started as soon as he received the news.
year after year.不要年年都在同一块地里种同一种 他一得到消息就出发了。
植物。 As soon as he had got into the car, I
疑问词 +不定式 said“good morning”to him in French and he
what ,how, when,where,whether,which等疑问词 + replied in the same language. 他一上车，我就用
不定式构成的短语相当于名词从句，多用在 法语向他道了声早安，他也用法语作了回答。
ask,decide,know, tell, explain, find out, consider, （ 2 ） hardly/scarcely/barely… when/before… no
wonder后作宾语，可以改换成相应意义的宾语从 sooner…than…归纳：
句对比: ①注意搭配关系；hardly/scarcely/barely 和 no
①Please show us how to use it./Please show us sooner不可以放在when/before和than之后。
how we will use it. ② hardly/scarcely/barely 和 no sooner 否定词位于
请为我们示范一下如何使用。 句首时，句中的主语和谓语必须部分倒装。
② We don’ t know whether to accept his ③ hardly/scarcely/barely 和 no sooner 引导的是主
invitation./We don’t 句，表示它的动作发生在从句之前，故常用过去完
know whether we should accept his invitation. 成时；而when/before和than引导的从句只能与一
我们不知道是否应该接受他的邀请。 般过去时连用。
[应用]填空 ④该句型含“惊奇”之意。如：
① There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on Mrs Winthrop had no sooner left the room than
sale that I can’t make up my mind______ to they began to gossip about her.温思罗太太刚离
buy.(MET’92) 开房间，他们就议论起她来了。
A what B.which C.how D.where Scarcely/Hardly/Barely had he begun to speak whenI sensed that he was in trouble. 过马路的时候要小心。
他刚一开口，我就感到他遇到麻烦事了。 ②While (he was)walking along the sands.Crusoe
No sooner had we set out than a thunderstorm saw some footprints in the sand.克鲁索沿沙滩走
broke.我们一动身就遇上了大雷雨。 着的时候，看到沙子上有些脚印。
（3）the moment/the instant归纳： ③I won’t go to her party unless(I am) invited.
名词短语the moment/instant/minute/second和副词 要是不受到邀请，我就不去参加她的宴会。
immediately/ ④ He knows many things though(he is)very
directly可以用做连词，相当于as soon as,引导的 young.他年龄不大，但知道的事不少。
是时间状语从句；从句既可放在句首，也可放在句 （2）当从句为it is + adj.时，也常将it is省略掉。
中。如： ①When (it is)possible,I’ll go to Beijing to see
The moment I saw him, I knew that there was you.可能的时候，我将去北京看你。
no hope.一见到他，我就知道没希望了。 ②If (it is)necessary, I’ll come tomorrow.必要的
The instant you leave this tent, you will get a 话，明天我就来。
big surprise. 你一出账篷，便会大吃一惊。 只能接动名词作宾语的词
We will leave the minute you’re ready.你一准 1 ） 动 词 ：
备好，我们就走。 admit,advise,consider,delay,enjoy,excuse,escape,
She returned immediately she heard the bad finish, forbid, imagine, keep, mind, miss,
news.她一听到这个坏消息，就返了回来。 practise, suggest, unders-
I left directly the clock struck twelve.钟一敲十二 tand
点我就离开了。 2)词组:insist on, think of, give up, dream of,
（4）on + 动名词（或表示动作的名词）归纳： hear of,depend on,feel like,devote to, be used
动名词（或名词）结构表示它所表达的动作刚一发 to,can’ t help,prevent… from,look forward to,
生或完成，句子谓语所表示的动作就接着发生。它 put off, be worth
相当于as soon as 引导的时间状语从句。如： [应用]选择正确答案
On arriving in England, they were taken to the ① The squirrel was lucky that it just missed
Grystal Palace by train.他们一到英国便乘火车去 ________.
水晶宫。 A.catching B.to be caught
On his return from Europe, he set to work in C.being caught D.to catch
earnest.他一从欧洲回来，便开始认真工作。 ②Only one of these books is _________.
He was greeted by the Prime Minister on his A.worth to read B.worth being read
arrival at the airport.他一到机场，便受到总理的欢 C.worth of reading D.worth reading
迎。 ③I really enjoy ________ that kind of job.
另外，each time, every time如同上面四种类型一 A.do B.doing C.to do D.to be doing
样，可直接用作从属连词，引导状语从句。如： ④“What are you going to do this morning?”
Every time I listen to his advice, I get into “I’m thinking of _______ to visit my aunt.”
trouble. 我每次听了他的劝告，都会遇到麻烦。 A.go B.going
I’ll think of my hometown each time I listen C.having gone D.my going
to that song.我每次听这首歌，都会想起家乡。 Key:①C ②D ③B ④B
引导从句的词常有：when/while/whenever/before/ 只能接不定式作宾语的动词
after/until/till/和if/unless/though,但简化必须符合下 下列动词只能接不定式作宾语，不能接动名词：
面两个条件。 agree,ask,choose, decide, demand,expect,
（1）当从句与主句主语一致，且从句谓语有be的 hope,learn,long, manage,offer,plan,promise, pretend,
某种形式时，常可以把从句的主语及be省略掉。 refuse,wish,set out, determine,
① Be careful when(you are) crossing the street would love.[应用]选择正确答案 A.not to see B.not seeing
① We agree _______ here but so far she C.to not see D.having not seen
hasn’t turned up yet. ③ Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre
(MET’95) this even-
A.having met B.meeting ing.(met’92)
C.to meet D.to have met A.to be taken B.to take
② She pretended __________ me when I passed C.being taken D.taking
by.(MET’89)
Key:①C ②A ③A
