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人教版选择性必修第二册重点单词短语
Unit 1 Science And Scientists............................................................................................- 1 -
Unit 2 Bridging Cultures..................................................................................................- 11 -
Unit 3 Food And Culture.................................................................................................- 20 -
Unit 4 Journey Across A Vast Land..................................................................................- 28 -
Unit 5 First Aid................................................................................................................- 37 -
Unit 1 Science And Scientists
1．contradict vt.与……发生矛盾，与……抵触→contradictory adj.相互矛盾的；
对立的；不一致的
2．infect vt.使感染；传染→infection n．感染；传染
3．prove vt. 证明；检验→proof n．证据；证明；检验
4．intervene vi.干涉；干预→intervention n．介入；出面；干涉
1．suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象 adj.可疑的；
不可信的
①I suspect (that) you once thought otherwise. v t . 怀疑
②Two suspects are now being interrogated in connection with the killing. n . 犯罪
嫌疑人
③His reason for being absent is suspect. adj . 可疑的
2．blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责
①He bears the blame of his brother. n . 责备；指责
②You can hardly blame Peter for being angry with her. v t . 责怪；指责
③Whenever something goes wrong，everyone blames it on me.
v t . 把 …… 归咎于
3．handle n．把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)
①You have to turn the handle and then pull it towards you. n . 把手；拉手
②A label on the crate read：“Handle with care”． v t . 处理；搬动③Garden tools can be dangerous if carelessly handled. v t . 操纵；使用
4．link n．联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
①The road links all the new towns. v t . 把 …… 连接起来
②Scientists have established possible links between cancer and diet. n . 联系
③The two countries have successfully solved the boundary issue，which now
has become a link of friendship between the two peoples. n . 纽带
5．decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt. & vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降
低
①The population began to decrease. v i . 减少；减小；降低
②They decreased the size of the group from 25 to 15. v t . 减少；减小；降低
③There has been some decrease in imports. n . 减少；降低
Words and Phrases
once and for all最终地；彻底地
(教材P ) However，he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for
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all.
然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。
[例1] He will explain it fully once and for all.
他将把它充分地解释一次，就此了结。
[例2] The teacher has warned the student once and for all.
那位老师已断然警告那名学生了。
[知识拓展]
all at once 突然；同时
at once 立刻，马上
once and again 一而再，再三
subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)
(教材P ) Snow subscribed to the second theory.
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斯诺赞同第二种理论。
[例1] He subscribed for 1，000 shares.
他认购了一千股。
[例2] I subscribed to that magazine.It is put out every week.我订阅了那本杂志。它是周刊。
[知识拓展]
subscribe to 同意；赞成；订阅……
subscribe...to... 把……捐赠给……；把……签署在……上
(教材P ) Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame．
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斯诺怀疑是水泵的问题。
(1)suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n．犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象
[例1] I suspect him to know everything about that.
我猜想那件事他全都知道了。
[例2] She had no reason to suspect that Sylvia had not told the truth.
她没有理由怀疑西尔维娅没说实话。
[知识拓展]
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是……
(2)blame vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责 n．责备；指责
[例1] They placed the blame on the doctor.
他们把责任归咎于医生。
[例2] He tried to escape blame for what he had done.
他试图不为自己的行为负责。
[知识拓展]
(1)be to blame (for sth.) (对某事)负有责任，(因某事)应受责备
blame sb. for sth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame sth. on sb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)put/lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人
take the blame for sth. 承担某事的责任
link n. 联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联
(教材P ) Moreover，Snow was later able to show a link between other cases
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of cholera and the different water companies in London.
此外，斯诺后来还发现了其他霍乱病例与伦敦不同的供水公司之间的联系。
[例1] The two companies have linked.
这两家公司已联合了。
[例2] The new bridge will link the island to the mainland.新的桥梁将把该岛与大陆连接在一起。
[知识拓展]
(1)link...to/with... 将……和……联系/连接起来
link up 连接；结合
link up with... 与……联合；使与……衔接
(2)a link between A and B A与B之间的联系
decrease n．减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低
(教材P ) Through Snow's tireless efforts，water companies began to sell clean
3
water，and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
在斯诺的不懈努力下，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，在世界范围内霍乱的威
胁大幅减少。
[例1] The decrease in sales was almost 20 percent.
销售量差不多减少了20%。
[例2] His interest in this subject gradually decreases.他对这个科目的兴趣在逐
渐减退。
[知识拓展]
(1)on the decrease 在减少中
a decrease in... 在……方面减少
(2)decrease to... 减少到……
decrease by... 减少了……
decrease from...to... 从……减少到……
[名师点津]
decrease的反义词increase的用法
increase to 增加(长)到……
increase by 增加(长)了……
on the increase 在增加
thanks to 幸亏；由于
(教材P ) Fortunately，we now know how to prevent cholera，thanks to the
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work of John Snow.
幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。
[例 1] Thanks to his research，the UN has more tools in the battle to rid
the world of hunger.多亏了他的研究，联合国在消除世界饥饿的战斗中又多了些方法。
[例2] Thanks to his effort，it is more successful than we have expected.
由于他的努力，(这件事)获得了比我们预期更大的成功。
[知识拓展]
because of 因为；由于
as a result of 作为……的结果；由于
due to 因为；由于
owing to 由于；因为……的缘故
transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变
(教材P ) Moreover，in his use of maps and statistics，Snow transformed the
3
way scientists study diseases.
此外，斯诺利用地图和统计数据改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。
[例 1] He seems to have been miraculously transformed into a firstclass
player.
他似乎奇迹般地变成了一流的球员。
[例2] Things cannot be transformed overnight.
事情不可能在一夜之间改变。
[知识拓展]
(1)transform A into B 把A变成B
transform sth. from A to B 使某物从A变成B
(2)transformation n. 改变；改革
pour vt.倒出；倾泻；斟(饮料)
(教材P ) A nonNewtonian fluid is strange because you can pour it like a liquid，
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but if you put any pressure on it，it suddenly becomes hard as concrete.
非牛顿流体很奇怪，因为你可以把它像液体一样倒出来，但如果你对它施加压
力，它会突然变得像混凝土一样硬。
[例1] After the meeting the people poured out in crowds.
散会后人们成群地涌出来。
[例2] People poured into the hall.
人们涌进大厅。
[知识拓展]
pour in 涌进pour into 涌进……
pour out 倒出；涌出；倾诉
pour out of... 从……中涌出来
pour down (雨)倾盆而降
break out(战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发
(教材P ) However，after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932，Qian made
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the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China
needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.
然而，在1932年“淞 沪 会 战”爆发后，钱学森决定转学航空专业，因为他
意识到中国需要自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。
[例1] Something unexpected always breaks out in this area.
在这一地区总有意想不到的事情发生。
[例2] The Second World War broke out in September 1939.
第二次世界大战爆发于1939年9月。
[知识拓展]
break in 强行进入；打断
break through 突破；冲破
break up 破碎；解散；分手
break off 断开；中断；停顿
break away from 逃脱；脱离
break into 强行闯入；突然开始
break down 出故障；垮掉
in charge of主管；掌管
(教材 P ) He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in
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charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile
programme.
他受到了来自祖国的英雄般的欢迎，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责中
国的太空和导弹计划。
[例1] I'll be in charge of the whole factory next week when the director is away.
下周厂长不在时，我将负责整个工厂。
[例2] The cook is in charge of the kitchen helper.
这位厨师负责管理帮厨工。[知识拓展]
take charge of 掌管/负责……
in charge of 控制/管理……
free of charge 免费
in sb.'s charge＝in the charge of sb. 由……主管(含被动意义)
fault n. 弱点；过错
(教材P ) Above all，Hawking was willing to admit his faults.
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最重要的是，霍金愿意承认自己的错误。
[例1] It was all my fault.
这都是我的错。
[例2] There is a fault in this machine.
这台机器出了故障。
[知识拓展]
find fault with sb. 挑某人的毛病；对某人吹毛求疵
find fault in 看出……的缺点；找出……的毛病
Sentence Patterns
“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
(教材 P ) As a young doctor，John Snow became frustrated because no
2
one knew how to prevent or treat cholera ．
作为一名年轻的医生，约翰·斯诺变得沮丧，因为没有人知道如何预防或治疗
霍乱。
句式分析：句中how to prevent or treat cholera为“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
作动词knew的宾语。
[例1] No one knew how to treat this dreaded disease.
没人知道如何治疗这种可怕的疾病。
[例2] I don't quite know what to say in answer to your question.
我不太清楚如何回答你的问题。
[知识拓展]
(1)常见的特殊疑问词：疑问代词who，what，which等和疑问副词how，when，
where等。(2)语法功能：该结构相当于名词性从句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位
语等(作主语时，谓语动词常用单数)。
(3)通常用在tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，discuss等动词后面的
特殊疑问代词与构成不定式的动词之间为动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式。
so...that...引导结果状语从句
(教材 P ) He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak
2
was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
他发现，在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500多人死亡。
句式分析：句中so...that...意为“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
[例1] He was so foolish that he accepted her invitation.
他接受了她的邀请真是太傻了。
[例2] They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.
他们走得那么快，我没法跟上他们。
[知识拓展]
(1)so＋that...
(2)such＋that...
[名师点津]
(1)little表示“少”时用so修饰，但表示“小”时用such修饰。
There was so little time left that we must hurry.
时间不多了，我们要快一点。
They are such little children that they can't understand it.
他们是这么小的孩子，他们不会理解的。
(2)在“so...that...”和“such...that...”结构中，当“so/such...”置于句首时，其所在
的句子要用全部倒装。
So hot a day was it that they all went swimming.
＝Such a hot day was it that they all went swimming.
天气这么热，他们都去游泳了。
“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级
(教材 P ) Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's
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aerospace science than Qian Xuesen.
也许再没有哪一位科学家比钱学森对中国航天科学的影响更大了。句式分析：句中no...greater...than为“否定词＋形容词/副词比较级＋than”结
构，表示最高级。
[例 1] Unfortunately，the technology of climate change is no simpler than
anything else.
不幸的是，改变气候的科技比任何事情都要复杂。
[例2] What a wonderful novel！I have never read a more moving one.
多么好的一本小说啊！我从未读过比这更感人的了。
[知识拓展]
表示最高级意义的其他常见结构：
never＋比较级
nothing/no＋so＋原级＋as...
nothing/no＋比较级＋than...
比较级＋than＋
1．Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world，until a British
doctor，John Snow，showed how it could be overcome.
[分析] 本句为复合句，until 引导时间状语从句，其中 how it could be
overcome为how 引导的宾语从句。
[译文] 霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺展示
了如何战胜它。
2．He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe
that more than 500 people died in ten days.
[分析] 本句为复合句，动词 discovered 后是 that 引导的宾语从句，其中
so...that...引导结果状语从句。
[译文] 他发现，在两条特别的街道上，霍乱爆发非常严重，10天内就有500
多人死亡。Unit 2 Bridging Cultures
1．call vt.& vi.喊；命名；召唤；认为→recall vt.& vi.记起；回想起
2．qualify vt.& vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格→qualification n．(通过考试或学习课
程取得的)资格；学历
3．ambition n．追求的目标；夙愿；野心；抱负→ambitious adj.有野心的；有雄心
的
4．adapt vt.&vi.(使)适应；改编→adaptation n．适应；改编本→adaptable adj.可适
应的，有适应能力的
5．comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰
→comfortable adj.舒服的→comfortably adv.舒服地；自在地→uncomfortable adj.不
舒服的；不安的；不自在的→uncomfortably adv.不舒服地；不自在地
6．participate vi.参加；参与→participation n．参加；参与
7．present vt.提出；赠送；呈现 n．礼物；现在 adj.出席的；现在的；存在的
→presentation n．报告；陈述；出示；拿出
1．qualify vt.& vi.(使)具备资格；(使)合格
①I won't qualify until next year. v i . 具备资格
②This certificate qualifies the products. v t . 使合格
③His past experience qualified him to handle such a delicate matter. v t . 使具备资
格
2．comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰
①You can now watch the latest movies in the comfort of your own home.
n . 舒服；安逸
②She is enjoying the comforts of life. n . 令人感到安慰的人或事物
③I often take comfort from reading. n . 安慰④It comforts her to feel his arms around her. v t . 安慰；抚慰
3．involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加
①The demonstration (游行示威)involved 200 students. v t . 涉及
②The reforms will inevitably involve a lot of new paperwork for teachers.
v t . 需要
③What kind of organizations will be involved in setting up these projects?
v t . 使参加
Words and Phrases
adaptation n．适应；改编本
(教材P ) Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie
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Lei chose to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new
culture.
虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭，他们可以帮助她适
应新的文化。
[例 1] This play by George Bernard Shaw is an adaptation of a classic Greek
story.
萧伯纳的这个剧本是根据一个古希腊传说改编的。
[例2] The adaptation of the play for radio manuscript was easy.
把剧本改编成广播稿很容易。
[知识拓展]
(1)make an adaptation to... 适应……
(2)adapt vi.& vt. (使)适应；(使)适合
vt. 改编；修改
adapt to... 适应……
adapt oneself to... 使某人自己适应……
adapt sth. for/into... 把……改编成……
adapt sth. from... 由……改编
comfort n．安慰；令人感到安慰的人或事物；舒服；安逸 vt.安慰；抚慰
(教材P ) “When I miss home，I feel comforted to have a second family，”
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Xie Lei said.
“当我想家的时候，我为有第二个家而感到安慰，”谢蕾说。[例1] She comforted herself that her husband would be home soon.
她安慰自己说她的丈夫很快就会回来。
[例2] You are a great comfort to your parents.
你是父母最大的安慰。
[知识拓展]
(1)in comfort 舒适地；放松地
be a comfort to sb. 对某人来说是个安慰
It's a comfort to do sth. 做……是令人安慰的事
(2)comfort sb.＝give comfort to sb. 安慰某人
(3)comfortable adj. 舒服的；安逸的
(4)comfortably adv. 舒适地
(5)uncomfortable adj. 不舒适的
[名师点津]
comfort作“舒适；安慰”讲时，为不可数名词，但作“令人感到安慰的人或事
物”讲时，则是可数名词，前面常出现不定冠词a。类似的还有：success，failure，
surprise，joy等；但fun例外，虽然也可指具体的人或事，但它是不可数名词。
participation n．参加；参与
(教材 P ) Xie Lei also found many courses included students' participation in
15
class as part of the final result.
谢蕾还发现，很多课程都把学生的课堂参与作为最终成绩的一部分。
[例 1] We were very pleased with the high level of participation in the charity
events.
我们为大家积极参与慈善活动感到非常高兴。
[例2] Participation is encouraged at all levels.
鼓励各级人士都来参与。
[知识拓展]
(1)participation in 参加；参与
(2)participate vi. 参加；参与
participate in (doing) sth. with sb. 与某人一起参加/参与(做)某事
participate with sb. in sth. 与某人分担某事
(3)participant n. 参加者；参与者
[名师点津]participate 是不及物动词，常与in构成搭配，同义短语是join in，take part in。
presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出
(教材P ) Students need to generate ideas，offer examples，apply concepts，and
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raise questions，as well as give presentations.
学生需要有自己的想法，提供例子，应用概念，提出问题，以及发表演讲。
[例 1] On presentation of the relevant identity documents you may collect
your property.
你只要出示有关的身份证件就可以领取你的财产。
[例2] The Queen will make the presentation herself.
女王将亲手赠送礼品。
[知识拓展]
give a presentation of 对……作陈述
make a presentation to 为……颁发奖品
speak up 大声点说；明确表态
(教材 P ) At first，Xie Lei had no idea what she should say，but what
15
surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few
weeks.
刚开始，谢蕾不知道该说什么。但使她惊奇的是，没过几周，她就能在课堂上大
胆发言了。
[例1] Please speak up so that the people at the back of the room can hear you.
请大点声讲，让屋子后面的人也能听见你的声音。
[例2] It's about time someone spoke up for these basic truths.
该是有人公开讲清楚这些基本事实的时候了。
[知识拓展]
speak for 代表……讲话；为……辩护
speak one's mind 说出心里话
speak well/ill of 表扬/批评
speak of 谈起；提到
feel at home舒服自在；不拘束
(教材P ) Now halfway through her exchange year，Xie Lei feels much more at
15
home in the UK.
现在一年的交流时间已过半，谢蕾感到她在英国的学习和生活自如多了。[例1] Will you ever feel at home here?
在这里你会有无拘无束的感觉吗？
[例2] Make the new students feel at home in your school.
让新生们在你们的学校里感到舒适自在。
[知识拓展]
be at home 觉得舒适；无拘束
feel/be at home with sb. 和某人合得来
be home free 稳操胜券，遥遥领先
see sb. home 送某人回家
engage vi.参加；参与(活动) vt.吸引(注意力、兴趣)
(教材P ) “Engaging in British culture has helped，” she said.
15
“融入英国文化很有帮助，”她说。
[例1] His good nature engages everyone.
他善良的性情吸引每个人。
[例2] She tried to engage him in conversation.
她试图让他参与对话。
[知识拓展]
engage in (使)从事；参与
engage oneself in 正做着，正忙着
be engaged by 为……所吸引
be engaged in 从事；正做着；正忙着
be engaged to 同……订婚
involve vt.包含；需要；涉及；影响；(使)参加
(教材P ) As well as studying hard，I've been involved in social activities.
15
除了努力学习，我还参加了一些社会活动。
[例1] I didn't mean to involve you in all this.
我没打算让你牵涉到这一切当中。
[例2] We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.
我们希望参加庆典的人越多越好。
[知识拓展]
get/be involved in 参与；卷入；与……有关联
involve sb. in sth. 让某人经历，让某人做(尤指令人不快的事)behave vt.表现 vi.& vt.表现得体；有礼貌
(教材P ) Some may struggle and suffer from culture shock when learning how
20
to behave in new surroundings.
在学习如何在新环境中得体举止时，有些人可能会感到吃力，并承受文化冲击
的折磨。
[例1] He behaved well at school.
他在学校表现良好。
[例 2] Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped
people understand how much they behave like humans.
简研究这些猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解它们的行为跟人类的是
多么相似。
[知识拓展]
(1)behave well/badly to/towards sb. 对待某人好/差
behave oneself 守规矩；表现得体
behave as if/though... 表现得好像……
(2)behaviour n. 举止；行为；习性
optimistic adj.乐观的
(教材P ) As I always tell my son，there are no great difficulties for a person
20
who is brave，optimistic，and willing to work hard!
我总是告诉儿子，对于一个勇敢、乐观、愿意努力工作的人来说，没有什么大的
困难！
[例1] He is an optimistic young fellow.
他是一个乐观的年轻人。
[例2] He remained strongly optimistic that an agreement could be reached.
他仍然很乐观地认为协议能够达成。
[知识拓展]
become optimistic 变得乐观
be optimistic about 对……乐观
gain vt.获得；赢得；取得；增加 n．好处；增加
(教材P ) The education you gain and the experiences you have will change you
20
for the better.
你获得的教育和你拥有的经验会使你变得更好。[例1] No pains，no gains.
不劳无获。
[例2] To gain a complete mastery of English，one must study very hard.
要想精通英语就必须刻苦学习。
[知识拓展]
gain...from/by... 从……中受益
gain strength/weight/power/experience 增加力气/体重/能力/经验
gain independence (from ...) (脱离……)获得独立
cooperate vi.合作；协作；配合
(教材 P ) Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps us
20
view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our own
culture.
与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看待世界，进而让我
们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。
[例1] We hope we can cooperate even more closely in the future.
希望我们今后能更加密切地合作。
[例2] He has said he will cooperate fully with the police enquiries.
他说他对警方的调查将全力配合。
[知识拓展]
cooperate with (sb.) in (sth.) 和(某人)合作(某事)
cooperate in harmony 协调地合作；配合默契
Sentence Patterns
It was the first time that...这是第一次做……
(教材P ) It was the first time that she had left China.
14
这是她第一次离开中国。
句式分析：句中It was the first time that...表示“这是第一次做……”。that从句
常用过去完成时。
[例1] It was the first time that she had sung in public.那是她首次公开演唱。[例2] It was the last time that I had seen him.
那是我最后一次看见他。
[知识拓展]
句型结构 从句时态 意义
It was the first (second...) time
过去完成时
that... 这是第……次做某事
It is the first (second...) time that... 现在完成时
the first time (that)．..第一次……时
(教材P ) The first time that she had to write an essay，her tutor explained
14
that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their
ideas，but that he mainly wanted to know what she thought!
她第一次写论文时，导师跟她解释说，如果引用别人的观点就一定要注明，不
过导师主要是想知道她自己是怎么想的！
句式分析：名词性短语the first time (that)在此作连词，引导时间状语从句，表
示“第一次……时”。
[例1] The first time I saw her，she wore a red skirt.
我第一次见到她时，她穿着一条红裙子。
[例2] I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.
第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很糟。
[知识拓展]
(1)the first time用作连词引导时间状语从句，意为“第一次……时”，而for the
first time是介词短语，意为“第一次”，在句中作状语。
(2)引导时间状语从句的短语或词还有every time，each time，the last time，the
moment，the minute，immediately，directly等，起从属连词的作用。
动词ing形式作主语
(教材P ) Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds helps
20
us view the world from different angles and thus gives us more insight into our
own culture.
与来自不同文化背景的人合作有助于我们从不同的视角看待世界，进而让我
们对自己的文化有更深入的了解。
句式分析：句中Cooperating with people from diverse cultural backgrounds为动
词ing形式作主语。[例1] Doing is not so easy as saying.
做不像说那么容易。
[例2] Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
[知识拓展]
(1)动词ing形式是一种非谓语形式，可以在句中充当除谓语动词以外的多种成
分，除了作主语外，还可以作宾语、表语等。
(2)动词ing形式作主语时(特别是较长时)，经常可以换用形式主语it的句式。
(3)动词ing形式作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。
1．When I got lost，I had to ask passersby for help，but people here speak
fast and use words I'm not familiar with.
[分析] 句中but 连接表示转折关系的并列句，第一个分句中When I got lost
为when 引导的时间状语从句，I'm not familiar with为省略关系代词that的定语从
句，修饰先行词words。
[译文] 当我迷路的时候，我不得不向路人求助，但是这里的人说得很快，而且
使用我不熟悉的单词。
2．Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation，Xie Lei chose
to live with a host family，who can help with her adaptation to the new culture.
[分析] 句中 Although some foreign students live in campus accommodation 为
although 引导的让步状语从句，who can help with her adaptation to the new
culture为关系代词who 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词family。
[译文] 虽然有些外国学生住在学校宿舍，但谢蕾选择了寄宿家庭，他们可以
帮助她适应新的文化。Unit 3 Food And Culture
1．consist vi.组成；构成→consistent adj.一致的；连续的
2．elegant adj.精美的；讲究的；文雅的→elegantly adv.优美地；雅致地；高雅地
3．stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品→stuffed adj.塞满了的；已经喂饱
了的
4．except vt.把……除外；免除 prep.除……外→exception n．例外→exceptional
adj.特别的；罕见的
5．minimum adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 n．最小值；最少量→maximum adj.最
大值的；最大量的 n．最大的量、体积、强度等
6．consume vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗→consumer n．消费者，用户，消耗者
1．stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品
①She stuffed her clothes into the wardrobe. v t . 把 …… 塞进
②We must as well buy our own stuff. n . 东西；物品
③Every case he had was already stuffed with clothes. v t . 填满
2．slice n．(切下的食物)薄片；部分；份 vt.把……切成薄片
①They wanted to make sure they had got a slice of the profits. n . 部分；份
②She sliced the bread thin. v t . 把 …… 切成薄片
③The sausage is also sold prepacked in slices. n . ( 切下的食物 ) 薄片
3．minimum adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 n．最小值；最少量
①What is the minimum price? adj . 最低 ( 限度 ) 的
②They want to spend a minimum of both time and money.
n . 最小值；最少量
③This can be done with the minimum amount of effort. adj . 最小的
Words and Phrasesprior adj.先前的；优先的
(教材 P ) Prior to coming to China，my only experience with Chinese
26
cooking was in America，with Chinese food that had been changed to suit
American tastes.
在来中国之前，我对中国烹饪的唯一经历是在美国，中国的食物已经被改变以
适应美国人的口味。
[例1] I have a prior engagement at five.
我已经先有一个在五点钟的约会。
[例2] She visited me on the day prior to her death.
她去世的前一天还来看我。
[知识拓展]
prior to 在……之前的
consist vi.组成；构成
(教材 P ) For example，America's most popular Chinese dish is General
26
Tso's chicken，which consists of fried chicken covered in a sweet sauce，flavoured
with hot red peppers.
例如，美国最受欢迎的中国菜是左公鸡，这道菜是用甜酱汁包裹的炸鸡，加上
红辣椒调味。
[例1] The spirit consists in wholehearted devotion to public interests.
这种精神就是一心为公。
[例2] Health does not consist with intemperance.
健康和饮酒无度是不能并存的。
[知识拓展]
consist of 由……组成(或构成)
consist in ＝lie in 存在于……，在于……
consist with 与……一致；符合
(教材P ) Later，I learnt that the most famous food in Shandong is
26
pancake rolls stuffed with sliced Chinese green onions.
后来我才知道，山东最有名的食物是煎饼卷大葱。
(1)stuff vt.填满；把……塞进 n．东西；物品
[例1] I stuffed everything into a suitcase.
我把东西全塞到一个手提箱里去了。[例2] That's my stuff in the drawer.
抽屉里是我的东西。
[知识拓展]
stuff...into... 把……塞进……
stuff...with... 用……填满……
stuff up...with 用……堵上……
(2)slice n．(切下的食物)薄片 vt.把……切成薄片
[例1] I usually buy sliced bread—it's less bother.
我通常都买切片面包——比较省事。
[例2] A cucumber was sliced into rounds.
黄瓜被切成了圆片。
[知识拓展]
(1)a slice of 一片；一份；一部分
slice...off 切下
slice up 切成片
(2)cut...into slices 把……切成片
(3)sliced adj. 切成片的
(教材P ) At a minimum，the kinds of food local people consume tell us
27
what they grow in their region，what kinds of lives they lead，and what they
like and do not like.
至少，当地人吃的食物种类告诉我们，他们在他们的地区种植什么，他们过着
什么样的生活，他们喜欢什么，不喜欢什么。
(1)minimum adj.最低(限度)的；最小的 n．最小值；最少量
[例1] Today's minimum temperature is 10℃.
今天的最低气温是10 ℃。
[例2] We zipped along at a minimum of 55 mph.
我们以最低每小时55英里的速度行驶。
[知识拓展]
a minimum of 最少……
above the minimum 超过最低限度
at a/the minimum 至少
below the minimum 低于最低限度down to a minimum 降到最低点
(2)consume vt.吃；喝；饮；消耗
[例 1] Arguing about details consumed many hours of the committee's valuable
time.
争论细节问题耗费了委员会数小时的宝贵时间。
[例2] The fire soon consumed the wooden buildings.
大火很快就把那些木制建筑物烧毁了。
[知识拓展]
be consumed with 因……而变得憔悴；给……弄得心劳神疲
consume away 消耗掉；憔悴；枯萎凋谢
regardless of不管；不顾
(教材P ) This is true regardless of how healthy the rest of their diet might be.
32
无论他们其他方面的饮食多么健康，都确实如此。
[例1] I shall go regardless of the weather.
无论天气怎么样我都要去。
[例2] The allowance is paid regardless of age or income.
津贴发放不分年龄或收入。
[知识拓展]
(1)regardless of the fact that... 不顾……的事实
(2)regardless adv. 不管；不顾
(3)in spite of＝despite 尽管；不顾
quantity n．数量；数额
(教材 P ) Processed foods often contain less nutrition，and have higher
32
quantities of sugar，salt，and fat than fresh ingredients.
加工食品通常含有较少的营养，并且比新鲜原料含有更多的糖、盐和脂肪。
[例1] Quantities of food were spread out on the table.许多食品被摊放在桌子
上。
[例2] The quantity and quality of the fruit can be controlled.
水果的数量与质量可以被控制。
[知识拓展]
(1)a large/small quantity of＝large/small quantities of“大/少量的”，既可以修饰
可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词a (large/small) quantity of 后接名词作主语时，谓语常用单数形式
(large/small) quantities of 后接名词作主语时，谓语常用复数形式
(2)in quantity 在数量上；大量地
in large quantities 大量地
ideal adj.完美的；理想的；想象的 n．理想；完美的人(或事物)
(教材P ) The ideal diet is a balanced one，without too much or too little of
32
any one thing.
理想的饮食是均衡的，任何一种东西都不要吃得太多或太少。
[例1] She's looking for a job but hasn't found her ideal yet.
她在寻找一份工作，但迄今为止还没有找到理想的。
[例2] Sam was a real leader who had high moral ideals.
萨姆胸怀崇高的道德理想，是真正的领袖人物。
[知识拓展]
the ideal and the real 理想与现实
realize/fulfil one's ideal(s) 实现理想
be ideal for 对……极为适合
trick n．诀窍；计谋；把戏 vt.哄骗；欺骗
(教材P ) There is no one trick to healthy eating.
32
健康饮食没有什么诀窍。
[例1] An old dog cannot learn new tricks.
老狗学不会新把戏。
[例2] I thought I saw a ghost，but perhaps it was only a trick of the light.
我以为我看见鬼了，但这大概不过是灯光在捉弄人。
[知识拓展]
(1)play tricks/a trick on sb. 搞恶作剧；开某人玩笑
make fun of sb. 取笑某人
play a joke on sb. 取笑某人
(2)trick sb.
Sentence Patterns
do强调谓语动词(教材P ) On the other hand，it does tell us a lot about Americans.
26
另一方面，它确实告诉了我们很多关于美国人的事情。
句式分析：句中的“do tell”属于“do(does/did)＋动词原形”结构，用来强调谓
语动词，加强语气。
[例 1] I do hope you can give up smoking，because I want you to live as
long and healthy a life as I have.
我的确希望你能把烟戒掉，因为我希望你能像我一样活得健康长寿。
[例2] We did need help those days.
在那些日子里我们的确需要帮助。
[知识拓展]
“do(does/did)＋动词原形”结构，用来强调谓语动词，表示“的确，真的，务
必”，有时态和数的变化。这种强调一般只适用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
不定式作后置定语
(教材 P ) When my family and I had just arrived in China，we went
26
looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.当我和我的家人刚到中国的时候，我
们去北京找一个吃饭的好地方。
句式分析：句中不定式to eat作后置定语，修饰名词place。
[例1] I had gone to Maine looking for a place to work. 我去了缅因州，寻找一
个工作的地方。
[例2] Are you going to the conference to be held next week?
你准备参加下周举行的会议吗？
[知识拓展]
(1)在the first，the second，the last，the next，the only等词和形容词最高级后
或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。
(2)在time，way，chance，ability，promise等抽象名词后，常用不定式作定语。
while引导时间状语从句
(教材P ) Put more simply， while people continue to argue over whether
32
or not fatty food is dangerous ，we already know that sugar is a killer.
简而言之，当人们还在争论高脂肪食物是否危险时，我们已经知道糖是杀手。
句式分析：句中while引导时间状语从句。
[例1] While he was in prison，he wrote his first novel.
他在狱中写出了第一部小说。[例2] Nothing much changed while he was away.
他不在的时候，没有什么太大变化。
[知识拓展]
(1)while用作并列连词，表对比，意为“而”。
(2)while用作从属连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“在……期间，当……的时
候”。从句中的谓语动词通常是延续性动词。
(3)while 用作从属连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，相当于
though。
(4)while用作从属连词，引导条件状语从句，意为“只要”，相当于as long as。
(5)while用作名词，意为“一会儿；一段时间”，此时主要用于短语中；after a
while过了一会儿；for a while暂时，一会儿；all the while一直，始终等。
1．And，since the dish was also invented recently，it tells us that Americans are
not afraid to try new foods.
[分析]句中since the dish was also invented recently为since 引导的原因状语从
句，that Americans are not afraid to try new foods为that 引导的宾语从句。
[译文] 而且，由于这道菜也是最近才发明的，它告诉我们美国人并不怕尝试新
食物。
2．It has become a favourite traditional dish of the people in North China，where
making dumplings has always been a family affair with everyone—from the
youngest to the oldest—joining in to help.
[分析]句中where 引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词North China，其中动名
词短语making dumplings 作主语，现在分词短语joining in to help作介词with 的宾
语补足语。
[译文] 它已经成为中国北方人民最喜爱的传统菜肴，在那里包饺子一直是家
庭里每个人的事务，从最年轻的到最年长的，都参与进来帮忙。Unit 4 Journey Across A Vast Land
1．please vt.& vi.(使……)高兴；(使……)满意→pleasant adj.令人愉快的；友好
的→pleased adj.欣喜的；高兴的；愉快的→pleasure n．高兴(的事)
2．literal adj.照字面的；原义的→literally adv.字面上；真正地
3．breath n．呼吸的空气→breathless adj.气喘吁吁的；屏息的→breathe v．呼吸
4．freeze vi.& vt.(froze，frozen) 结冰；(使)冻住→freezing adj.极冷的；冰冻的
5．anticipate vt.预料；预见；期望→anticipation n．预期；期盼
6．during prep.在……的期间；在……的时候→duration n．持续时间；期间
1．arise vi.出现；发生；产生；起床；起身
①Seeing his mother return home，the boy arose from his chair immediately.
v i . 起身
②New problems will arise one after another in future. v i . 出现
③They arose at sunrise to get an early start to the park. v i . 起床
2．highlight n．最好或最精彩的部分 vt.突出；强调；使醒目
①I'll show you the highlights of the event. n . 最好或最精彩的部分
②These figures clearly highlight the difference in world living standards.
v t . 突出
③ Featured ads are placed topmost in each category and are shown
highlighted. v t . 使醒目
3．drill vi.& vt.钻(孔)；打(眼) n. 钻(头)；训练；演习
①He used a drill to bore a hole in the door. n . 钻 ( 头 )
②The dentist drilled my tooth. v t . 钻 ( 孔 ) ；打 ( 眼 )
③The soldiers have drill every day. n . 训练
4．thunder vi.打雷；轰隆隆地响；轰隆隆地快速移动 n．雷声；轰隆声
①There was a loud crash of thunder and large drops of rain started falling.
n . 雷声②He bowed to the thunder of applause from the audience. n . 轰隆声
③It thundered，but no rain fell. v i . 打雷
④The guns thundered in the distance. v i . 轰隆隆地响
5．frost n．霜；严寒天气；霜冻 vt.使蒙上霜 vi.结霜
①The fields have frosted up in this wintry morning. v i . 结霜
②The cold has frosted the windows. v t . 使蒙上霜
③The car windows were covered with frost. n . 霜；霜冻
Words and Phrases
arise vi.(arose，arisen) 起身；出现；由……引起
(教材P ) The next morning，the two girls arose early to take the train to Lake
38
Louise，passing through the Canadian Rockies.
第二天早上，这两个女孩起得很早，坐火车去路易斯湖，途经加拿大落基山脉。
[例1] During the night a great storm has arisen.
夜里来了一场猛烈的暴风雨。
[例 2] He formed a picture of his future that arose bright and colourful in
his mind.
他脑海中浮现出一幅光明灿烂的未来景象。
[知识拓展]
(1)arise from/out of 由……而引起；由……而产生；从……中产生
arise from... 从……上站起来
(2)arise作“呈现；出现；发生”之意时，主语多为抽象名词argument/problem/
quarrel/question/movement等
take sb.'s breath away令人惊叹
(教材 P ) When the train arrived at the station，they took a taxi to Lake
38
Louise，where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional
beauty.
火车抵达后，她们乘坐出租车来到路易斯湖，那里湛蓝的湖水异常美丽，令她
们惊叹不已。
[例1] These gorgeously lit images will take your breath away!
这些华丽的灯光图像将会使您屏息凝神！
[例2] Life is not the amount of breaths you take，it's the moments that takeyour breath away.
生命的真谛不在于你呼吸的次数，而在于那些令你惊叹不已的时刻。
[知识拓展]
hold one's breath 屏息；屏气
lose one's breath 喘不过气来
catch one's breath 喘口气；缓口气
take/have a deep breath 深吸一口气
out of breath 上气不接下气；喘不过气来
bound adj.准备前往(某地)；一定会
(教材P ) They spent the night，and then took a coach bound north through
38
the Canadian Rockies to Jasper.
她们过了一夜，然后乘坐长途汽车，向北穿越加拿大的落基山脉，来到贾斯珀。
[例1] This train is bound from Shanghai to Nanjing.
这列火车是从上海开往南京的。
[例 2] Who said that making a robot so much like a man was bound to cause
trouble?
谁说造像人一样的机器人是注定要惹出麻烦的？
[知识拓展]
be bound to do sth. 一定会做某事；有义务做某事
be bound for 开往；飞往；驶往
be bound up with sth. 与某事有密切关系
be bound up in sth. 忙于(专心于；热衷于)某事
freeze vi.& vt.(froze，frozen) 结冰；(使)冻住
(教材 P ) Edmonton is freezing cold in winter，with daily temperatures
38
averaging－10 ℃.
埃德蒙顿的冬天非常寒冷，每天平均气温为－10 ℃。
[例1] A freezer freezes water solid.
冰柜能使水结成冰。
[例2] Water freezes at 0 ℃.
水在零摄氏度结冰。
[知识拓展]
freeze with 因……而呆住freeze to death 冻死
freeze up (某物)冻住；(因紧张、害怕或兴奋)
不动，停住；惊呆；吓呆
freeze sb. with a frown 皱起眉头使某人感到沮丧
anticipate vt.预料；预见；期望
(教材P ) However，they did not anticipate seeing such an open country，and
39
were truly amazed.
然而，她们没有料到会看到这么空旷的一个国家，着实感到惊讶。
[例1] The directors anticipated a fall in demand.
董事们预感需求会降低。
[例2] I anticipate that the result will be a draw.
我预料结果会打成平局。
[知识拓展]
anticipate doing... 期望或预料做……
it is widely anticipated that... 普遍预料……
contrary adj.相反的；相对立的 n．相反的事实(或事情)
(教材P ) Well，contrary to what many people believe，there are a lot of vast
43
and empty spaces in China，actually.
嗯，与许多人认为的相反，实际上中国有很多广阔而空旷的地方。
[例1] My sister's taste in dresses is contrary to mine.在服装方面，我妹妹的爱
好和我完全不同。
[例2] They did not say the contrary.
他们没有说意思相反的话。
[知识拓展]
on the contrary 相反地；正相反，恰恰相反
contrary to 与……相反，与……背道而驰；违反
to the contrary 相反地
proceed vi.行进；继续做
(教材 P ) After Li Daiyu and her cousin arrived in Toronto，the largest and
44
wealthiest city in Canada，they only had a few hours to kill before they had to
proceed to the next leg of their trip to Montreal，so they went on a tour of the city.
李黛予和表妹来到多伦多这个加拿大最大、最富有的城市后，离出发到下一站蒙特利尔之前只有几个小时的时间，她们就在多伦多逛了逛。
[例1] It proceeded smoothly.
事情进展得很顺利。
[例2] They will proceed to build another laboratory building.
他们将继续建造另一座实验大楼。
[知识拓展]
proceed from 出于；来自；发生于
proceed on/upon 按照……行事；遵照……进行
proceed to 向……进发；进入(下一个议程项目)；
接着做
proceed to do sth. 继续做某事
astonish vt.使十分惊讶；使吃惊
(教材 P ) Standing in the distance，they were astonished to see misty clouds
44
rising from the great Niagara Falls，which is on the south side of the lake.
她们站在远处眺望，看到湖的南边从尼亚加拉大瀑布上升腾而起的水雾，感到
非常震撼。
[例1] It astonished her that Mrs. Browning should seem so anxious.
勃朗宁夫人竟显得如此焦急，这使她很惊讶。
[例2] I was astonished when I heard the hospital had burnt down.
当我听到那所医院被烧毁时，我大为惊讶。
[知识拓展]
(1)astonish sb. 使某人大为震惊
(2)astonished adj. 感到惊讶的
be astonished at sth. 对某事感到惊讶
be astonished to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶
(3)astonishing adj. 使人吃惊的；惊人的
(4)astonishment n. 惊讶；惊奇
advertisement n．(informal ad) 广告；启事
(教材P ) They were surprised to see that all the signs and advertisements were
44
in French and many people spoke English with an accent.
她们惊讶地发现所有的标志和广告都是用法语写的，许多人说英语都带着口
音。[例1] If you want to sell your old sofa，why not put an advertisement in the
local newspaper?
如果你想卖掉旧沙发，何不在本地报纸上登个广告呢？
[例2] He glanced his eyes down the classified advertisements.
他浏览分类广告栏。
[知识拓展]
(1)put/place an advertisement in a newspaper 在报纸上发布广告
an advertisement for sth. 一则……的广告
(2)advertise vt.& vi. 做广告；登广告
advertise for sb./sth. 为征求……而登广告
advertise for sb. to do sth. 登广告招聘/雇用某人做某事
(3)advertising n. 广告宣传
advertiser n. 广告商
owe vt.欠(账、债、情等)
(教材P ) You owe it to yourselves to stay longer.
44
你们应该多待一会儿。
[例1] You owe the lady an apology.
你欠这位女士一个道歉。
[例2] He owes his good health to plenty of exercise and a regular life.
他把他的身体健康归功于运动和有规律的生活。
[知识拓展]
(1)owe sb. sth.＝owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
owe...to... 把……归功于……
owe it to sb. that... 多亏某人……
(2)owing to 因为；由于
Sentence Patterns
rather than与其；不愿 (连接两个并列成分)
(教材P ) Rather than travel by commercial airline all the way, they decided
38
to fly to Vancouver and then take the train.
她们决定先乘飞机到温哥华，然后再坐火车，而不是全程乘坐商务航班。句式分析：句中rather than连接两个并列不定式短语，位于句首时，只能接不
带to的不定式。
[例1] He only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information，
which must be facts rather than opinions.
他关心的只是目击者是否提供了真实的信息，这些信息必须是事实而不是个
人观点。
[ 例 2] They thus increased their annual grain production rather than
diminished it.
他们这样增加了而不是减少了粮食年产量。
[知识拓展]
(1)rather than连接的两个并列成分作主语时，谓语与rather than前面的成分在
人称和数上保持一致。
(2)rather than后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to，但当rather than
位于句首时，只能接不带to的不定式。
过去分词短语作状语
(教材 P ) Seen from the train window，the mountains and forests of
38
Canada looked massive.
透过火车车窗加拿大的山脉和森林看起来非常壮观。
句式分析：句中过去分词短语Seen from the train window在句中作状语。
[例1] Ordered over a week ago，the books are expected to arrive any time now.
这些书一个多星期以前就被下订单了，现在预计随时会到。
[例2] Born in a poor family，Nadia had only two years of schooling.
由于出生于贫困家庭，纳迪亚只上过两年学。
[知识拓展]
过去分词短语通常在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。过去
分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。
with复合结构
(教材 P ) Edmonton is freezing cold in winter， with daily temperatures
38
averaging － 10 ℃ ．
埃德蒙顿的冬天非常寒冷，每天平均气温为－10 ℃。
句式分析：句中with daily temperatures averaging －10℃为with复合结构，在句
子中作状语。[例1] With a red handkerchief in his hand，he shouted at Mary crazily.
他手里拿着一块红手绢，发疯似地朝玛丽叫喊。
[例 2] Instead, he and another man are hiding in a small hut during a
snowstorm with nothing to eat.
相反，他和另一个人被暴风雪困在一个小木屋里，没有任何东西可以吃。
[知识拓展]
with 复合结构在句中常作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、方式、条件等。其结构如
下：
with＋宾语＋
there be句型
(教材P ) There are fantastic restaurants and clubs around，too.
44
附近也有很棒的餐厅和俱乐部。
句式分析：本句为 there be 句型，表示“有……”，主语为后面的 fantastic
restaurants and clubs。
[例1] There is some water in the bottle.
瓶子里有一些水。
[例2] There are many flowers in the park.
公园里有许多花。
[知识拓展]
there be 句型有多种变体，主要有：
(1)There＋seems/happens/appears to be＋主语＋其他
(2)There＋stands/lies/lives/exists/remains/...＋主语＋其他
(3)There＋情态动词＋be＋主语＋其他
(4)There used to be＋主语＋其他
(5)There be句式的非谓语动词形式：There being/There to be...
1．When the train arrived at the station，they took a taxi to Lake Louise，where
the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty.
[分析] 句中When the train arrived at the station为when 引导的时间状语从句，
where the blue water literally took their breath away with its exceptional beauty为where 引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Lake Louise。
[译文] 火车抵达后，她们乘坐出租车来到路易斯湖，那里湛蓝的湖水异常美丽，
令她们惊叹不已。
2．They went through two wheatgrowing provinces，where they saw a bunch of
farms that covered a very large area.
[分析] 句中 where they saw a bunch of farms that covered a very large area 为
where 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词provinces，其中that covered a very
large area为that 引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词farms。
[译文] 他们经过了两个种植小麦的省份，在那里他们看到了一大片农田。
Unit 5 First Aid
1．radiate vt.辐射出(光、热等) →radiation n．辐射；放射线
2．metre n．米→millimetre n. 毫米；千分之一米
3．minor adj.较小的；次要的；轻微的→minority n．少数；少数民族
4．urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的；急切的→urgency n．紧迫；急迫；急事
5．loose adj.松的；未系紧的；宽松的→loosely adv.松弛地；零散地
1．acid n．酸 adj.酸的；酸性的；尖刻的
①Everyone doesn't like to hear the acid remarks. adj . 尖刻的
②This chemical acts as a part of an acid in our experiment. n . 酸
③Cars cause pollution，both smog and acid rain. adj . 酸的；酸性的
2．minor adj.较小的；次要的；轻微的 n．未成年人；辅修科目
①He had three minors this semester. n . 辅修科目
②This is a very minor operation and there is very little risk involved.
adj . 较小的
③The law forbids shops to sell alcohol to minors. n . 未成年人Words and Phrases
technique n．技能；技术；技艺
(教材P ) What firstaid techniques do you know of? 你知道哪些急救技巧？
50
[例1] The new technique works better than the one it has replaced.
这项新技术比之前的效果要好。
[例2] She needs to work on her interview technique if she's going to get a job.
如果她想找到工作，就需要在面试技巧上下功夫。
[知识拓展]
have a technique for 有……的技术
technique in ……方面的技术
sense of touch触觉
(教材 P ) It also helps control your body temperature，prevents your body
50
from losing too much water，warns you when things are too hot or cold，and
gives you your sense of touch.
你的皮肤是抵御疾病、毒素和阳光的屏障。它还有助于控制体温，防止身体失
去太多的水分，当东西太热或太冷时，给你警告，并使你有触觉。
[例1] His sense of touch gradually took the place of sight.
他的触觉逐步代替了视觉。
[例 2] Newly developed robots have a sense of touch and are able to see and
make decisions.
新开发的机器人有触觉，可以看见物体，还能做决定。
[知识拓展]
sense of responsibility/duty 责任感，责任心
sense of humor 幽默感，幽默
sense of belonging 归宿感，归属感
sense of smell 嗅觉
sense of beauty 美感；审美感
sense of direction 方向感
minor adj.较小的；次要的；轻微的
(教材 P ) Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by other minor
50
household incidents.例如轻微的晒伤和其他轻微的家庭事故造成的灼伤。
[例1] That's a relatively minor matter.We can leave it till later.
相对来说那是件小事。我们可以把它留到以后解决。
[例2] Even minor head injuries can cause longlasting psychological effects.
即使是轻微的头部创伤也会对心理产生长期影响。
[知识拓展]
(1)a minor matter 小事
a minor party 少数党
(2)minority n． [U，C]少数民族；少数
a/the minority of 少数的
be in the/a minority 占少数
loose adj.松的；未系紧的；宽松的
(教材P ) Cover the burnt area with a loose clean cloth.
51
用一块宽松的干净布覆盖烧伤区域。
[例1] She is wearing a loose dress.
她穿着一件宽松的连衣裙。
[例2] His logic is too loose to make much sense.
他的推理太不严密，没什么道理。
[知识拓展]
at a loose end 无所事事；无事可做
break loose from 摆脱，挣脱
have (got) a loose tongue 说话没遮拦
on the loose 在逃；不受约束
urgent adj.紧急的；急迫的；急切的
(教材 P ) If the victim is suffering from second or thirddegree burns，there is
51
an urgent need to take him/her to the hospital at once.
如果患者属于二度或三度烧伤，就需要立即送他/她去医院。
[例1] Can you come to the phone—it sounds urgent.
你能来接个电话吗——听起来挺紧急的。
[例2] Don't forget that one，it's rather urgent.
别把那件事情忘了，情况相当紧急。
[知识拓展](1)an urgent problem 急迫的问题
be urgent for sb. to do sth. 急切地催促某人做某事
It is most urgent that... ……很紧急
(2)urgently adv. 紧急地，急迫地
ease vi.& vt. (使)宽慰；减轻；缓解n.容易；舒适；自在
(教材P ) Putting butter or oil on burns helps because it may reduce swelling and
51
ease discomfort.
在烧伤的地方涂上黄油或油会有帮助，因为它可以减少肿胀和缓解不适。
[例1] A smile is a sign that you are happy，which helps put people at ease.
微笑表示你感到高兴，它能使人感到自在。
[例2] My parents are retired and now live a life of ease.
我的父母都退休了，现在过着安逸舒适的生活。
[知识拓展]
(1)take one's ease 使某人放松一下
at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
put sb. at ease 使某人感到轻松自在； 使某人安心
feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松
with ease 容易地；毫不费劲地
(2)ease sb. of sth. 减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)
panic vi.& vt.(使)惊慌 n．惊恐；恐慌
(教材P ) Listen carefully and don't panic.
55
仔细听，不要惊慌。
[例1] I felt very nervous and had to force myself not to panic.
我感到非常紧张，不得不强迫自己不要惊慌。
[例2] There was a panic when the building caught fire.
大楼起火时，人们一片惊慌。
[知识拓展]
(1)panic over/at 因……而恐慌；对……感到惊慌失措
panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事
(2)get into a panic 陷入恐慌(动作)
be in a panic 陷入恐慌(状态)
(教材P ) Chen Wei，a high school student in Beijing，had his dinner
56interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table.
陈伟是北京的一名高中生，当他听到另一张桌子上有人在尖叫时，他的晚餐被
打断了。
(1)interrupt vi.& vt.打断；打扰 vt.使暂停；使中断
[例1] I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here?
对不起，打断你一下，但他们怎么会住在这儿呢？
[例2] It is not polite to interrupt others when they are talking.
在别人讲话时打断他是不礼貌的。
[知识拓展]
(1)interrupt sb./sth. (with sth.) (因某事)打断某人/某事
be interrupted by 被……打断
(2)interruption n. 打扰；插嘴；打岔；阻断物
without interruption 连续地；不断地
(2)scream vi.& vt.(因愤怒或恐惧)高声喊；大声叫 n．尖叫；尖锐刺耳的声音
[例1] People were staggering about，screaming with pain.
人们跌跌撞撞地四处乱跑，痛苦地尖叫着。
[例2] People ran for the exits，screaming out in terror.
人们奔向出口，恐惧地尖叫着。
[知识拓展]
scream at 朝……尖叫
scream for 为……而喊叫
scream out 尖声喊出；尖叫着
desperate adj.绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的
(教材 P ) He was now holding his throat with his face turning red，while his
56
desperate friends were slapping him on the back.
现在他正掐着自己的喉咙，红着脸，而他绝望的朋友们在拍打着他的背。
[例1] They made a desperate attempt to save the company.
他们为挽救公司作孤注一掷的努力。
[例2] They are desperate to escape.
他们急于想逃跑。
[知识拓展]
(1)be desperate about 对……绝望be desperate for 极想要……
be desperate to do... 渴望做……
(2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地；拼命地
justify vt.证明……有道理；为……辩护；是……的正当理由
(教材P ) How could I justify sitting there and doing nothing?
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我有什么理由坐在那儿什么都不做呢？
[例1] He tried to justify his absence with lame excuses.
他想用站不住脚的借口为自己的缺席辩解。
[例2] How can you justify spending so much money？你怎么才能对花掉这
么多钱做出令人满意的解释呢？
[知识拓展]
justify (doing) sth. 证明……正当
justify...to 向……证明……合理
justify oneself in doing... 在做某事证明自己有正当理由
Sentence Patterns
as引导非限制性定语从句
(教材 P ) As you can imagine，getting burnt can lead to very serious
50
injuries.
正如你想象的那样，烧伤会导致非常严重的伤害。
句式分析：句中As you can imagine 是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，
as指代整个主句的内容，作imagine的宾语。
[例1] As you can imagine，running out of memory is a bad thing.
正如你可以想象的，内存耗尽是一件很糟糕的事情。
[例2] As you know，if you do the same thing over and over again，you begin to
do it automatically.
正如你所知道的，如果你反复做同一件事，你就会不自觉地做它。
[知识拓展]
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，置于主句的前、中、后
均可，意为“正如……”。
(2)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，通常可用it作形式主语，后接that引导的主语从句或用what引导的主语从句来转换。
(3)as引导限制性定语从句，其先行词的前面通常有such，the same 修饰，构成
the same...as，such...as结构。
if...省略句结构
(教材 P ) Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary，unless you see
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the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
如果有必要的话，用剪刀剪掉衣服，除非你看到布料粘在烧焦的皮肤上。
句式分析：句中if necessary为if it is necessary的省略结构。
[例1] If necessary the patient can then visit his doctor for further advice.
如有必要，病人可以上门咨询自己的医生以得到更多的建议。
[例2] The article could be spun out to 6，000 words if necessary.
如果需要的话，这篇文章可以加长到六千字。
[知识拓展]
if possible 如果可能的话
if so 假如这样的话
if not 假如不是这样的话；不然的话；否则
if ever 即使有
have sth. done结构
(教材 P ) Chen Wei，a high school student in Beijing， had his dinner
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interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table.
陈伟是北京的一名高中生，当他听到另一张桌子上有人在尖叫时，他的晚餐被
打断了。
句式分析：句中had his dinner interrupted是“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构
his dinner与动词interrupt之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
[例1] The boss had me set down what people present at the meeting said.
老板让我记录下出席会议的人员所说的话。
[例2] The patient is going to have his temperature taken.
这个病人准备请人给他量体温。
[知识拓展]
(1)have/get sth. done可以表示：使某事被做(主语有意识的行为，可能是主语自
己做，也可能是让别人做)；遭遇/经历(此事违背主语的意愿)。若宾语和宾补之间是主动关系则用：
(2)have sb. do sth.(do强调做某事这一事实)
(3)have sb./sth. doing (doing强调持续进行某一动作)
1．It also helps control your body temperature，prevents your body from losing
too much water，warns you when things are too hot or cold，and gives you your
sense of touch.
[分析] 句中and 连接表示顺承关系的四个并列谓语，其中when things are too
hot or cold为when 引导的时间状语从句。
[译文] 它还有助于控制体温，防止身体失去太多的水分，当东西太热或太冷时，
给你警告，并使你有触觉。
2．Applying oil to the injured areas is a bad idea，as it will keep the heat in the
wounds and may cause infection.
[分析] 句中Applying oil to the injured areas 为动名词短语作主语，谓语为第三
人称单数，as引导的是一个原因状语从句。
[译文] 在烧伤的地方涂油是不明智的，因为它会使里面的热散不出去，并可能
导致感染。
