文档内容
专题 09 词义猜测题
01专题网络·思维脑图
02考情分析·解密高考
03高频考点·以考定法
考点 词义猜测题
【高考解密】
命题点01 单词或短语猜测
命题点02 代词或名词指代猜测
命题点03 句子意义猜测
【技巧解密】
【考向预测】
04核心素养·微专题
微专题 词义猜测题易错陷阱
05创新好题·分层练考点 考查内容 高考考题设问
核心价值：
【2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷】C29.What does the
高考英语试卷取材广泛、体裁多样，引导学生德智 underlined word“declutter” in Paragraph 3 mean?
体美劳全面发展，加强对中华优秀传统文化和社会
【2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷】C30.What do the
主义先进文化的考查，充分发挥文化铸魂的育人功
underlined words “relate to” in Paragraph 2 mean?
能。
【2023年1月·浙江卷】B24．What do the
第一，强化体美劳教育引导，夯实全面发展基础。
underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean
在体育融入试题方面，2022 年新高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读
细 in the first paragraph?
题选取运动促进心脏健康的语篇，写作题选取一名
节 残疾学生积极参加跑步比赛的语篇。这些语篇和材 【2023年1月·浙江卷】C 29．What does the
料旨在引导学生提高运动意识，保持身心健康。在 underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer
理 美育融入试题方面，2022 年全国甲卷听力题选取一 to?
位艺术鉴赏家谈论自己经历的材料，阅读题选取介
解 【2023·全国甲卷】B24.Which is closest in
绍英国加的夫市艺术剧院的语篇，这些语篇旨在引
导学生加深对艺术的认识，培养健康向上的审美情 meaning to “a dab hand” in Paragraph 1?
题
趣。在劳动教育融入试题方面，各套试卷的语篇包
【2023·全国乙卷】D34.What does the
含了山区支教、烹饪、做家务等信息，涉及多种工
underlined word “conversation” in Paragraph 3
作场景，旨在引导学 生形成劳动观念，在学习和生
refer to?
活中培养劳动精神。
【2022·新高考I卷】What do the underlined
第三，关注时代发展与生活实践，引导学生培养核
words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
心素养。2022 年全国卷通过选取禁止开车使用手
机、悉尼新旧文化冲突、新媒体对家庭教育和生活 【2022·全国高考乙卷】29. What does
的影响、英国征收糖税的起因及效果等具有探讨性 “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
和思辨性的材料，引导学生形成独立思考的习惯，
【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】24．What do the
培养主动发现问题和解决问题的能力；通过选取高
underlined words “hit home for me” mean in
科技无人机在铁路交通中的应用、鹦鹉识别物体形状的实验、人类语言发展的研究及与捉迷藏相关的
儿童心理发展实验等语篇，激发学生对科学实验与 paragraph 2?
研究的兴趣通；通过选取关爱养老院老人的研究项
【2022·全国甲卷】28. Which of the following
目、勇救坠楼儿童、修复父子亲情关系等语篇,倡导
best explains “take the plunge” underlined in
友好互助、彼此关爱的和谐人际关系。
paragraph 2?
学科素养：
【2021·英语全国甲卷】29. What do the
1. 从话题选择来看，近三年围绕人与自然、人与社 underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably
会、人与自我三大主题全面考查英语综合运用能 mean?
力，试题取材广泛、体裁多样，进一步体现考试对
【2021年新高考I卷】C篇29. What does the
五育（德、智、体、美、劳）全面发展的引导作
underlined word “decimate” mean in the first
用，加强对中华优秀传统文化、和社会主义先进文
paragraph?
化的考查，充分发挥文化铸魂育人功能。落实立德
树人，彰显德育本色 。 【2021年全国乙卷】B25. What does the
underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
2. 从命题方向及趋势来看，全国卷试题高考英语试
题整体难度稳定且适中，从教材出发，强调主干知 【2021年新高考II卷】B篇25. What do the
识的运用以及基本能力的考查。同时全国卷试题高 underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in
考英语试题注重考查学生的思维品质、创新能力以 paragraph 3?
及解决实际问题的能力。
、
命题点01单词或短语猜测
典例01
【2023年新高考I卷C篇】
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
典例02【2023年1月·浙江卷】C
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public
debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa
Ovadia, Israel’s former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents
and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such
wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond,
professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There’s never a stage
at which the system knows what it’s talking about.”
29．What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Arguments. B．Doubts. C．Errors. D．Differences.
典例03
【2023年全国甲卷】
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing
together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
......
Which is closest in meaning to “a dab hand” in paragraph 1?
A．An artist. B．A winner. C．A specialist. D．A pioneer.
命题点02 代词或名词指代猜测
典例01
【2023·全国乙卷D篇】
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made:a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we considercontact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just
the texts,but the objects.
34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society.
典例02
【2020年新高考I卷C篇】
In the mid1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months,
physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to
Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost
Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,
where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American
travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24yearold who
picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid
workers.
29．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
命题点03 句子意义猜测
典例01
【2021年全国甲卷C篇】
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous
crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our
own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when
trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over,
helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud,
shouting: “ Safe! Safe! Safe ！ ” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean?
A．Be careful! B．Well done!
C．No way! D．Don't worry!
一、单词或短语猜测
1. 根据定义推测词义：
有时作者会通过给词汇下定义来帮助读者理解该词的基本含义，如线索词that is, or, namely, in
other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put it another way, which is等。
2. 根据举例推测词义：
有时，划线部分后会根由一些具体的例子，这些例子可以帮助考试理解该词的词义。线索词 such
as, such...as, for example, for instance, like , including, especially等。
3. 根据对比关系或转折关系推测词义：
表达对比或转折关系的词需注意but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead, similarly, on the contrary,
in contrast to等。
4. 根据同义词或并列结构推测词义：
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调和重复，会使用意思相同或相近的
词，此时，只要知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另一个词的意思。
5. 根据构词法推测词义：
英语中的很多词汇，尤其是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的，因此，掌握主要的构词法有
助于猜测词义。
6. 根据因果关系推测词义：
因果关系时一种常见的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。根据线索词as, since, because, for , so,
thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason,accordingly, so...that, such...that等可知上下句存在因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的
含义。
二、代词或名词指代猜测
定关键：返回原文，找到指代词，理清句子结构。
找替代：根据上下文，寻找复合逻辑关系的名词、代词、短语或句子等。
再核对：比较选项，找出与符合逻辑的选项。
一般来说，it/this/that指代一件事；
it/he/them/they/one/those指代上文提到的人或事。
三、句子意义猜测
一定位：定位划线句，利用语法和逻辑关系准确分析原卷
三归纳：归纳总结，找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项
考向01-单词或短语猜测
1.【山东省烟台市、德州市高三一模】As the new year approaches, crowds around the world may be expecting
whizzes and bangs to light up the sky. The appeal of fireworks could fizzle out with the growing use of drones (无
人机) for light shows, though.
Ollie Howitt, a leader of SkyMagic, which used a team of 300 drones to create a display for London’s new
year celebration last year, said demand had increased substantially. “We do think it’s going to be something that’s
ever catching on, as opposed to it being a short-lived sort of fashion people have suddenly got interested in. Drones
are reusable and there’s no fallout. In that sense they’re a very good, sustainable option,” she said.
But not everyone agrees. A spokesperson from the British Fireworks Association said drones could also pose
environmental problems. “Suggestions are that drones have less of an impact on the environment, but we have
serious concerns about electrical demand and use of lithium batteries which are known not to be all that ‘green’,”
they said.
...
8．What does the underlined phrase “fizzle out” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Catch on. B．Wind up.
C．Create an impact. D．Make a comeback.
2.【江苏省七市（南通、泰州、扬州、徐州、淮安、连云港、宿迁）高考二模】
Almost everyone has heard the expression, “the calm before the storm”.It is usually used to describe apeaceful period just before a very stressful situation or a tense argument.
British sailors coined the phrase in the late 1600s; they noted that before certain storms the seas would seem to
become static and the winds would drop.
But why is it often so calm before a storm?
Science has given us the answer. According to US infotainment (资讯娱乐) website How Stuff Works, a calm
period occurs because many storms, such as tornadoes and hurricanes, draw in all the warm and humid air from the
surrounding area. As this air rises into the storm clouds, it cools and acts as “fuel for the storm, like petrol in a car”.
...
28．The underlined word “static” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A．violent B．quiet C．fast-changing D．warm
考向02-代词或名词指代猜测
【辽宁省县级重点高中协作体高三下学期一模】
Take the wheel of an electric vehicle and prepare to be amazed. The latest technology is there, with tablet-like
screens instead of old-fashioned switches. Add falling price which makes owning and running many electric
vehicles (short for EV)as cheap as fossil-fuel alternatives, and the open road signals. Above all, the instant
acceleration of battery power makes driving easy and exciting.
EV should be recharged roughly every 250 miles. When you do find a public charging point, it is sometimes
inaccessible, which causes “range anxiety”. It is one of the main reasons drivers give for not buying an EV. Who
might install them? Drivers will need a mix of fast "long distance" chargers installed near motorways and slower
“top-up” chargers available in the car parks of shopping centers, restaurants and so on. Dedicated charging firms
and carmakers are investing in infrastructure. Oil companies are putting chargers in petrol stations and buying
charging companies.
...
9．What does the underlined words "range anxiety" in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The reason for drivers' not buying an EV.
B．The issue of who might install charging points.
C．The doubt of whether drivers can charge free in petrol stations.
D．The worry of drivers' not finding accessible public charging points.
考向03-句意猜测
1.【河北省高三模拟调研卷（三）】It was the first day of Spring here but it didn't feel like it. The Coronavirus(冠状病毒) Pandemic was sweeping
the globe and everywhere there were feelings of uncertainty, fear, loneliness and even despair. "Social Distancing"
had become the new norm. Here the schools had been closed, the restaurant dining rooms had been shut, and people
had been told to work from home whenever they could. Even the sheltered workshop where my oldest son worked
had been closed until furl her notice. People had made a run on the stores and large areas of the shelves were bare.
On the news the numbers of sick and dead continued to rise. It felt like there was a weight on the souls of everyone
in the world.
My own family was staying at home as much as possible and as I looked out my window I wondered how long
this crisis would last. It was then, however. that I saw something that lifted that weight off of my soul, made my
face smile, and made my heart feel happy again. On the street below my house there was an old friend of mine from
high school who was a teacher there now. With him was my younger son s former aide from the high school as
well. They were delivering the school lunches door to door to the hungry children who were stuck al home.
Watching them made me think of something everyone's childhood television neighbor. Mr. Roger's once said:“ In
the bad times, always look for the helpers. ”
I have no doubt this crisis will pass as all the crisis before it have. But it is our choice on whether it brings out
the best in us or the worst in us. Let it bring out the best in you. Use it to strengthen your faith. Use it to free
yourself from fear. Use it to grow kinder, more giving, and more loving. Become a helper to all those in need and
you will be a happy person today and in all the days to come.
14．What Mr. Roger said actually means ______.
A．in bad times we should watch mon TV programs
B．school lunches arc not easy to forget for many people
C．we should prepare more lunches for school children
D．people look forward to helping hands in bad times
2. 【四川省乐山市高中第一次调查研究考试】
One of Britain's few typical contributions to world culture may come to an end, according to a survey that
suggests holiday postcards are being emailed and texted into extinction（消亡）. More than half of the 1,000
holiday-makers interviewed said they had decided to send fewer cards, turning instead to their electronic
competitors.
A quarter of the respondents（受访者）dismissed postcards as old-fashioned and slow to arrive. A further
14% admitted that thinking of something to fill the space was too challenging, compared with a call home.Although officially invented by a Hungarian, Emanuel Herrmann, in 1869, the idea of illustrated cards was taken
up with most enthusiasm in Victorian Britain, joining Gothic architecture and landscape gardening as fields in
which the country excelled.
...
9．What does the underlined phrase "was taken up with most enthusiasm" in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Gained popularity. B．Took place. C．Came back. D．Went into service.
词义猜测题易错陷阱
【易错点陷阱一】单词或短语猜测
【吉林省长春市第二实验中学2023-2024学年高三试题】A listener whose head is in some “sweet spot” hears
high-quality sound. But as one gels farther from the sweet spot, the sound diminishes. That’s because sound waves
from different loudspeakers interact to cancel out each other’s sound.
What does the underlined word “diminishes” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Becomes lower. B．Travels faster.
C．Gets sweeter. D．Sounds nicer.
【易错点陷阱二】 代词或名词指代猜测
【安徽省皖江名校联盟2023年高三联考】The creators of the wall hope it will bring an urgently needed solution
to the threats facing the African continent, creating 10 million jobs in rural areas, as well as preventing 250 million
tons of carbon. The initiative is Africa-driven, which for those on the continent, is vital, and may hold the key to
success. “The Great Green Wall…is about ownership, and that has been the failure of development aid because
people were never identified with it,” said Elvis Paul Tangam, African Union Commissioner for the Sahara and
Sahel Great Green Wall Initiative.“But this time they identify. This is the very thing of us!”
What does “us” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．African Unions. B．All advocates. C．Land owners. D．All Africans.【易错点陷阱三】 句子意义猜测
【浙江省名校协作体2023-2024学年高三适应性试题】Last year, after a winter of practicing skiing on the green
tracks for beginners each week, Alicia was french-frying her way down blues and even attempted her first black.
That month also witnessed me visiting the mountain more times than in the 15 years combined and I’ve got myself
a partner for life.
......
What does the father imply by saying “I’ve got myself a partner for life.”?
A．It is rewarding to learn new skills. B．Skiing has become his lifelong hobby.
C．He will explore more with his daughter. D．His daughter will accompany him forever.
（2023上·黑龙江哈尔滨·高三哈九中校考期中）
Have you ever heard someone say, “breakfast is the most important meal of the day”, or give you advice about
why it’s vital to start the day with a healthy breakfast? It seems that this meal, for many of us, is necessary for our
day to start well, but is it really that important?
The word “breakfast” comes from “breaking the fast” — the idea of ending the period in which we didn’t eat
during the night. The regeneration process that takes place while we sleep consumes some of our natural food
reserves to heal our bodies. Breakfast gives us an opportunity to replenish those depleted (耗尽的) stores of things
like protein and calcium. So, in that way, a healthy breakfast makes sense.
There are also many often-quoted studies which seem to correlate (相关) a state of being overweight with
skipping breakfast. In fact, it leads many health experts to advise a healthy breakfast to not only regulate but also
lose weight. In a US study, 50, 000 people were monitored over seven years, and those who ate a health y breakfast
were found to have a lower BMI (体重指数), which seems to suggest that breakfast may indeed help people
maintain a healthy weight.
But it might not be as simple as that. Some experts, like Alexandra Johnstone, professor of appetite research at
the University of Aberdeen, suggest those who skip breakfast might be less aware of healthy diets and nutrition, and
people who eat breakfast might have a healthier lifestyle overall-exercising and not smoking, for example. And she
also points out that with the rise in popularity of intermittent (间歇性的) fasting to lose weight, there may also besome benefits of not eating breakfast, like improving blood sugar control and lowering blood pressure.
So, while breakfast has its benefits, it might not be the most important meal. It seems that a healthy lifestyle
with a balanced diet might be more important for many of us than just one single meal.
1．What does the first paragraph serve as?
A．An introduction.B．A background. C．An explanation. D．A comment.
2．What does the underlined word “replenish” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Set aside. B．Deal with. C．Make up for. D．Run out of.
3．What conclusion can we draw from Johnstone’s research?
A．Skipping breakfast may do good to our health.
B．Those who eat breakfast can keep a lower BMI
C．Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
D．Intermittent fasting contributes greatly to weight loss.
4．What does the author suggest we do at the end of the text?
A．Try new lifestyles. B．Be aware of the benefits of each meal.
C．Pay more attention to breakfast. D．Follow a balanced diet.
（2023上·湖北·高三华中师大一附中校考期中）
In 2022, campaign group Fashion Revolution Chelsea dye garden for its Chelsea Flower Show presentation.
An ancient craft, natural dyeing is a practice whose time has come again, with hand tie-dyed fashion also making a
comeback in recent years.
The revival has been encouraged by Covid lockdowns, “which allowed people to explore the craft at home,”
says natural-dyeing enthusiast and teacher Susan Dye. It’s unlikely, though, that the practice would have caught on
in quite the same way if not for a continually growing discomfort about fashion’s heavy footprint. From carbon
emissions to animal cruelty, fashion is under considerable inspection. “Put it this way, 97% of dyes used in the
industry are petrochemically (石油化学产品) based,” says sustainable fashion consultant Jackie Andrews, who
helped advise the UN Ethical Fashion Initiative. “We’ve got net zero targets which mean we’re going to have to
remove all those petrochemicals from the manufacturing cycle.”
Fashion is a huge polluter. According to the UN Environment Program, the industry is responsible for up to
one-fifth of all industrial water pollution — due to the fact that most clothes today are produced in poorer countries
where regulation is weak and enforcement weaker still. Waste water is dumped directly into rivers and streams,
poisoning the land as well as the water sources of people and animals who rely on them.It’s easy to see why someone who cares about people, planet and animals, as well as clothes, might turn to
natural plant dyeing. From the beauty of the raw materials-often wild plants-to the property of only bonding with
natural fiber like cotton and linen, from the minor footprint of upclycling old clothing that has grayed or faded over
time to the vibrant and long-lasting dyeing results, plant dyeing feels like a quiet act of rebellion. This is why,
while beginners start with simply changing their clothes’ color, new worlds open. Many of today’s natural dyers
grow their own dye plants, run local community workshops, and advocate for change in industrialized fashion
systems and beyond.
5．What is the main reason for the growing discomfort mentioned in paragraph 2?
A．The adoption of petrochemical-based dyes.
B．The challenging net zero targets to be achieved.
C．The fashion industry’s focus on luxurious designs.
D．The disturbing consequences of the fashion industry.
6．The author illustrates “Fashion is a huge polluter” by ______.
A．making a comparison B．giving examples
C．listing numbers D．introducing a new topic
7．What does the underlined phrase “a quiet act of rebellion” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．A protest against turning to natural fiber.
B．An objection to upcycling old clothing.
C．A struggle for a sustainable fashion industry.
D．A resistance to vibrant colors in natural dyeing.
8．What would be the most suitable title for the passage?
A．The Environmental Impact of Natural Dyeing
B．Fashion Revolution’s Dye Garden Presentation
C．The Return of Natural Dyeing with Ethical Appeal
D．The Petrochemical Dye Industry and Its Challenges
（2023上·江苏南通·高三如皋市搬经中学校联考期中）
Without convenient access to phones or pens for letter-writing, wolves must rely on howls to communicate
over long distances. These howls allow the animals to maintain their territories as well as keep track of other pack
members.
While dogs are descendants (后代) of wolves, some dogs don’t know how to howl at all, whereas others, like
sled dogs, will do so frequently. A new study exposes family dogs to wolf howls to better understand why some ofour canine ( 犬 类 的 ) companions no longer seem to bother with this seemingly important form of dog
communication.
An ELTE scientist Fanni Lehoczki and colleagues put 68 purebred pet dogs to the test by observing their
reactions to recordings of wild wolf howls. According to the results, breeds (品种) which are genetically more
similar to wolves are more likely to reply with their own howls to wolf howl playbacks.
Young dogs, regardless of breed, can give a response to wolf howls, indicating most dogs, no matter the breed,
are capable of howling. But the more closely related an adult dog is to a wolf, the more likely they are to howl back
in response to a wolf howl.
“Interestingly, this genetic effect on howling occurs only among older dogs (greater than five years) , for
which an experience or some age-related personality effect can be a plausible explanation,” says Tamas Farago
also from ELTE.
What’s more, those dogs that responded with howling showed greater stress behaviors, such as mouth licking
or shaking. “This result on the stress behaviors may also confirm our assumption that more ancient breeds, due to
their genetic relatedness, can process the information encoded in wolf howls better,” the researchers write in their
paper.
“Dingoes (澳洲野犬) , which took an evolutionary path away from domestic dogs around 8, 000 years ago,
are known to howl extensively to find each other, just like wolves. This suggests social factors could still play a
larger role in determining canine vocal (发声的) behavior than genetics,” explains Lehoczki.
“Our findings are among the first ones indicating that domestication can change how animals process and react
to other’s vocalizations. This, ultimately, might help us better understand the evolution of vocal communication,”
the researchers conclude.
9．What does the new study mainly want to find out?
A．How wolves communicate over long distances.
B．Why some dogs do not communicate by howling.
C．Whether wolf howls influence dogs’ communication.
D．What is the difference between family dogs and wild ones.
10．What does the underlined word “plausible” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Reasonable. B．Creative. C．Surprising. D．Unbelievable.
11．What does the result on the stress behaviors show?
A．Ancient breeds feel uneasy in the presence of wolves.B．Ancient breeds understand the meaning of wolf howls.
C．Ancient breeds try to send messages to the howling wolves.
D．Ancient breeds have difficulty communicating with wolves.
12．What do the researchers mainly talk about in the last paragraph?
A．The limitations of the new study. B．The application of the findings.
C．The challenges for further study. D．The significance of the findings.
（2023上·江苏·高三马坝高中校考期中）
Some people worry that there’s too much technology in our lives.And they may have a point, given how
countless people now carry the internet around in their pocket and use it as a primary form of communication. It’s
practically difficult to shun technology in our world. There are computer microchips(微芯片) in our watches, our
cars, light switches, even our pets! Where will it end?
Well, if certain people have their way, it’ ll go even further. We’ll have microchips implanted(植入) into our
brains that can interact with the computers by thought alone. It may sound like something from the science fiction,
but in many ways, things look quite promising. Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via
computers microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains.
For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even
predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause
activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being
looked into for illnesses like depression.
However,it’s another thing to place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical concerns,not
least of which is what these chips will be made of. The inside of the brain is a mass of highly reactive chemicals
and electrical activity. Implants would need to be inert(静止的) enough to not upset the delicate processes by their
presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them.Current technology has made
impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent
certain that it’s safe.
How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain? A surprising 60 per cent
of Americans say they’d be okay with it, but that’s when it’s purely theoretical. In reality, the possibility of having
strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad
at fictional microchips in vaccines(疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists.Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface(接口) implants is still far away from us.
13．What does the underlined word “shun” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．Develop. B．Avoid. C．Change. D．Trust.
14．What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 3?
A．The possible treatment for particular diseases.
B．The process of human-computer interaction.
C．The existing application of microchip implants.
D．The future of microchips and devices alike.
15．How may most Americans react to implanting chips in the brain in reality?
A．They may reject it.
B．They may expect it.
C．They may adjust to it.
D．They may feel curious about it.
16．What might be the best title for the text?
A．Computer-brain interface: The light of the future
B．Innovation is necessary to make progress
C．Where are we in the medical technology?
D．Mind-controlled tech: Is it possible?
（2023上·广东广州·高三华南师大附中校考阶段练习）
Anyone can be late a handful of times, but to be the person who is always late—that’s an art, a frustrating art.
Or, a side effect of your personality, scientists have found.
So what is it that causes some people to constantly miss trains, make it to the wedding just after the bride’s
shown up and regularly annoy their friends? And why is it so hard for us to fix it? “There are allsorts of
punishments for being late, but we are still late even when those punishments and consequences exist.” said Justin
Kruger, a social psychologist at New York University.
One of the commonest reasons why people are frequently late is that-they fail to accurately judge how long a
task will take—something known as the planning fallacy. Research has shown that people on average
underestimate the tune to complete a task by a significant 40 percent.
Besides, forever-late-comers are more likely to be multitaskers. A 2023 study found that out of 181subway
operators in New York City, those who preferred multitasking were more often late for their job. This is because
multitasking makes it harder to have the awareness of what you’re doing. It’s also discovered there is a personalitytype that’s more likely to be late. While highly nervous, achievement-oriented Type A individuals arc more possible
to be punctual, Type B individuals, however, who are calmer and more relaxed, have a higher chance to be late.
Admittedly, knowing all of this doesn’t necessarily help fix the problem. But scientists are starting to work on
strategies that can slowly improve our punctuality. For people who constantly underestimate tasks, breaking down
an activity into detailed steps can help people estimate how long something will take more accurately. As for your
personality type, unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to change that. But accepting that you need to struggle
for it may just help. Acceptance, after all, is the first step to change.
17．What does the underlined word “fallacy” mean in paragrqph3?
A．A reasonable argument. B．A mistaken belief.
C．A modest expectation. D．A realistic idea.
18．Which of the following is a feature of forever- late-comers?
A．They tackle more than one task at a time.
B．They plan to spend longer time on a task.
C．They suffer from concentration difficulties.
D．They have high expectations for achic’vcments.
19．What is a possible way to help those who are always late?
A．Learning to accept who you are. B．Changing your personality type.
C．Keeping to the timetable accurately. D．Divide a task into smaller ones.
20．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Late comers should be severely punished.
B．Time management contributes to success.
C．The habit of being late is related to character.
D．Accepting your personality improves punctuality.
（2023上·北京房山·高三北京市房山区良乡中学校考期中）
The world’s oceans will likely lose about one-sixth of their fish and other creatures within 100 years if climate
change continues on its current path. Every degree Celsius that the world’s oceans warm, their biomass is expected
to drop five percent, a study found.
The study predicts that if there is no change in the rate of worldwide greenhouse gas production, there will be
a 17-percent loss of biomass by the year 2100. But, if the world reduces carbon pollution, biomass losses could be
limited to only about 5 percent.
Warming temperatures are the biggest issue. But climate change also produces oceans that are more acidic andhave less oxygen. This also harms sea life. Much of the world depends on the oceans for food or work.
The findings make sense and the possible effects of the predicted losses of animal life are huge. “Climate
change has the potential to cause serious new conflicts over ocean resource use as the human population continues
to grow,” said scientists.
Marine biologist Boris Worm, who helped run the study, added that the “building blocks of marine life—
plankton and bacteria—may decline less heavily.”
“Those marine animals that we use directly, and care about most deeply, are predicted to suffer the most,” said
Worm. He works at Canada’s Dalhousie University.
Scientists had already believed climate change would likely reduce future ocean life. But past computer-based
studies looked at only part of the picture or used only one model. The latest study used six different computer
models to give the best picture look yet, William Cheung said.
University of Georgia marine biologist Samantha Joye was not part of the research. But she praised the study
as well researched and extremely detailed, and called it “an urgent call for action”.
21．What does the underlined word “biomass” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Ocean temperature. B．Total marine life.
C．Sea condition. D．Ocean level.
22．Why do scientists think that climate change might cause conflicts?
A．It may reduce the sea resource. B．It leads to the extinction of marine life.
C．It pollutes the environment of the ocean.D．It may increase the world population.
23．Which sea animals will be harmed the worst by sea warming?
A．The largest ones. B．The ones in deep oceans.
C．The bacteria on sea surface. D．Those we humans need most.
（2023上·北京·高三北京市第十三中学校考期中）
Do you listen to quiet music to help you wind down before sleep? However, this practice could be counter-
productive, according to a new study by Michael K. Scullin and colleagues at Baylor University. The work,
published in Psychological Medicine, found that bedtime music was associated with more sleep disruptions and that
instrumental music is even worse than music with lyrics.
In the first study, 199 online participants living in the US reported on their sleep quality and music listening
frequency and timing, as well as their beliefs about how this affected their sleep. Almost all—87%—believed that
music improves sleep, or at least does not disrupt it. However, the team found that more overall time spent listeningto music was associated with poorer sleep and daytime sleepiness. Just over three quarters of the participants also
reported experiencing frequent “earworms”—having a song or tune “stuck” and replaying in their minds. A quarter
reported experiencing these during the night at least once per week, and these people were six times as likely to
report poor sleep quality. The team’s analysis suggested that listening specifically to instrumental music near
bedtime was linked to more sleep-related earworms and poorer sleep quality.
The team then ran an experimental study on 48 young adults. After arriving at the sleep lab at 8:45 p. m.,
participants went to a quiet bedroom, where they completed questionnaires that included measures of stress, sleep
quality and daytime sleepiness. They also had electrodes applied, ready for the night-time polysomnography to
record their brain wave activity, as well as heart rate and breathing, and reported on how relaxed, nervous,
energetic, sleepy and stressed they felt. At 10:00 p. m., they were given some “downtime”, with quiet music
playing. Half were randomized to hear three songs while the other half heard instrumental-only versions of these
same songs.
Participants reported decreases in stress and nervousness and increased relaxation after listening to either set
of songs, and also showed decreases in blood pressure. So-as earlier studies have also suggested- quiet music at
bedtime was indeed relaxing at the time. However, a quarter of the participants woke from sleep with an earworm,
and the polysomnography data showed that instrumental versions of the songs were more likely to induce these
awakenings as well as other sleep disruptions, such as shifts from deeper sleep to lighter sleep. Taken together, the
findings represent “causal evidence for bedtime instrumental music affecting sleep quality via triggering earworms”
the team writes.
Why instrumental-only songs should have a bigger impact than music with lyrics isn’t clear. The three songs
used in this study were chosen because they were likely to be familiar. Hearing them without the lyrics might have
prompted the participant’s brains to try to add the words, which might have made earworms more likely. If this is
the case, all instrumental music may not have the same effect. However, the data from the first study is consistent
with the idea that instrumental music generally is more of a problem.
24．According to the passage, the participants in both studies______.
A．were required to listen to light music B．felt their sleeping problems resolved
C．had their sleeping quality monitored D．provided feedback on bedtime music
25．What does the underlined word “induce” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Lead to. B．Impact on. C．Break in. D．Focus on.
26．What can we learn from the passage?A．Earworms are mainly caused by music with lyrics.
B．Bedtime music leads to high blood pressure and anxiety.
C．Quiet music improves sleeping quality while loud music harms sleep.
D．Both familiar and unfamiliar instrumental music can cause sleeping problems.
27．The passage is mainly about______.
A．how instrumental music disturbs sleep
B．the possible negative effect of bedtime music
C．how people can improve their sleep quality
D．differences between music with and without lyrics
（2023上·山东青岛·高三统考期中）
At the times in my life that I had been upset or angry, a good hug was usually a very quick cure for what was
bothering me. After receiving a warm and genuine embrace from a loved one or friend, the tension in my body
would melt almost immediately.
How does a hug deliver such a remarkable effect so quickly? Touch is a powerful means of communication
and a great way to relieve the response to stress. Through touch, a person’s intention is readily discernible–you can
tell comfort from potential harm easily. In the positive mode, hugs are one type of touch that relays the message: “I
care about you. You matter.”
We require touch with other living beings to grow well. Children who are not held or hugged have significant
developmental and socio-emotional delay accompanied by smaller brains. This means that physical contact is not
only critical for how these children behaved, but for the development of the brain itself.
For adults, touch affects the response to everyday conflict. Some researchers interviewed404 adults daily for
14 days regarding their health, conflicts, how they felt emotionally (positive or negative), and whether or not they
received a hug. People who had received a hug and had an interpersonal conflict reported feeling more positive
with less severe negative reactions on that day. It has also been found that hugging may favorably influence the rate
of infection from a cold as well as symptoms.
As hugs are a great way to relieve the response to stress, it is not surprising that the number of hugs that a
woman receives from her partner is highly related to lower blood pressure as well as higher levels of hormone
known as oxytocin, colloquially labeled the “love hormone”.
Hugs, of course, are a form of touch that share elements with other types, like massage (按摩) as well as
gentle, light touch. Like hugging, massage is a great way to release tension.28．What does the underlined word “discernible” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Complex. B．Evident. C．Abstract. D．Varied.
29．What can we infer from paragraph 4?
A．Hugs can settle the conflicts. B．Hugs can effectively cure a cold.
C．Receiving a hug can cause positive reactions. D．The researchers take education into account.
30．What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph?
A．Advantages of touch. B．Different types of hugs.
C．Fear of inappropriate hugs. D．Positive functions of massage.
31．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．Touch is a great way to relieve the response to stress.
B．Children require touch from loved ones to grow well.
C．Hugs from partners can bring women lower blood pressure.
D．Caring touch can bring mental and physical benefits to people.
（2023上·四川成都·高三树德中学校考阶段练习）
In the animal kingdom, mimics (模仿) are not rare. Stick insects pretend to be twigs. Hawk moth caterpillars
resemble poisonous snakes. The examples, though, are visual. Auditory mimicry is rarer. Danilo Russo of the
University of Naples Federico II thinks he has found a novel case of it, as he describes in Current Biology. Some
bats, he believes, mimic angry bees in order to scare away owls that might otherwise eat them.
Dr. Russo first noticed bat buzzing a few years ago. The noise struck him as similar to the sound of some bees.
He wondered whether bat buzzing was a form of mimicry which helped to scare off would-be predators.
To test this idea, he and his colleagues first recorded the buzzing that captured bats made. Then, with
protective clothing, they began the more dangerous task of recording the buzzing made by different bees. Computer
analysis revealed that bees’ and bats’ buzzing were, indeed, similar.
Then the researchers recruited several owls. They put the owls, one at a time, in an enclosure with branches for
them to stay on, and two boxes with holes in them. They placed a loudspeaker alongside one of the boxes and, after
the birds had settled in, broadcast through it five seconds of uninterrupted bat buzzing and a similar amount of
insect buzzing three times in a row for each noise. As a control, they broadcast in like manner several non-buzzing
sounds made by bats.
During the broadcasts and for five minutes thereafter, they videoed the owls. After analysis, the results were
unequivocal. When they heard both the bat buzzing and the bee buzzing, the owls moved as far from the speakersas they could. In contrast, when the non-buzzing bat sounds were played, they crept closer.
Dr. Russo believes this is the first reported case of a mammal using auditory mimicry to scare away a predator.
They strongly suspect, however, that it is not unique. Anecdotes suggest several birds also make buzzing noises
when their nests are disturbed. And with the result of the experiment, he therefore predicts that auditory mimicry is
far more widespread than currently realized.
32．What was Dr. Russo’s assumption of the study?
A．Only some bats have the capacity of auditory mimicry.
B．The buzzing of bats is similar to the sound of some bees.
C．Auditory mimicry is rather common in the animal kingdom.
D．Bats imitate the voice of angry bees to frighten away enemies.
33．How did Dr. Russo test his idea?
A．By collecting computer data.
B．By consulting experts in this field.
C．By referring to other scholars’ analysis.
D．By conducting series of scientific experiments.
34．What does the underlined word “unequivocal” in paragraph 5 possibly mean?
A．Disappointing. B．Controversial. C．Definite. D．Uncertain.
35．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．Animal Mimicry: Buzz off
B．Bats: No More Victim to Owls
C．A Self-protection Behavior among Animals
D．A New Trick to Scare Away Owls
（2023上·浙江宁波·高二校联考期中）
Cathy Brennan calmly paddled her bright yellow kayak (皮艇) down the Potomac River, continuing her
voyage, the latest of her solo trips on major waterways. It was tough, but it allowed Brennan to let go of everything
else, empty her brain of the everyday chores and focus on the now. “I’m in the moment, looking at the waves.” said
Brennan.
The journey is a minimalist style: sleeping bag, small tent, rain jacket, change of clothes, first aid kit, apples
and cheese sticks. When she’s thirsty, she scoops water from the rivers and pumps it through a filter. “I always
drink the river,” she says. Brennan loves being on the rivers, seeing the bald eagles above, deer on the banks and a
fascinating array of bugs and insects that never find their way into homes.However, every few days Brennan will find a hotel for the night where she can get a shower and eat a
cheeseburger. She’ll also check in with her husband John, who has helped her select the river and research the trips
at their home. “He’s my virtual Sherpa with benefits,” Brennan says, laughing. She has a phone with her but rarely
calls or texts anyone. Her children usually keep track of her via the transponder that sends them her location every
10minutes or so.
Brennan knows that solo kayaking is not for everyone and she’s not reckless. Brennan grew up on a lake and
was a strong swimmer and boater from an early age. When going through rough rapids, she watches the weather
carefully. She is cautious about where she camps and who is around her. She has packed up her gear and headed
back out on the river when she has felt unsafe.
Surely, she is alone on these journeys but she isn’t lonely. She suggested that we all need some disconnection
from the wired world to find the wider world around us.
36．What can be learned about Cathy Brennan from paragraph 1?
A．She longs for calmness. B．She seeks inner peace.
C．She is fond of travelling. D．She is tired of everyday housework.
37．Why does Brennan regard her husband as “virtual Sherpa with benefits”?
A．Because he keeps track of her. B．Because he arranges the route for her.
C．Because he accompanies her on the river. D．Because he contacts her with calls and texts.
38．What does the underlined word “reckless” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Cautious. B．Fearless. C．Ambitious. D．Thoughtless.
39．How is Brennan’s kayak trip according to the passage?
A．Odd and instructive. B．Romantic and thrilling
C．Costly and relaxing D．Tough and rewarding.
