文档内容
题型一 阅读理解(主旨大意题)
目录
一、 考情概述.......................................................................................................1
二 、命题特点.......................................................................................................1
三、选项特点.........................................................................................................1
四、考法解题能力提升..........................................................................................2
五、链高考 · 探究................................................................................................7
六、精选考点题型专练........................................................................................13
一、 考情概述
主旨大意题是阅读理解的必考题目类型,每套试卷一般设置1—2题,其中,选择最佳标题类的
题目是每套试卷的必考点,段落大意题偶有出现,通常针对说明文和议论文设题。
主旨大意题在阅读理解中所占比例不高, 但难度较大, 是拉开分数差距的一个重要的题目类
型,因此考生应给予足够的重视。预计未来高考阅读理解主旨大意题的比例将保持稳定,考查
方式将从原来简单的主旨概括向综合性归纳转变。
二 、命题特点
主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,以及
归纳与概括信息的能力。题干中往往会出现下列词语:subject,topic, theme,title,main idea等。
主旨大意题的考查方向:
1.概括整篇文章的中心思想(main idea);
2.选择最佳标题(best title);
3.分析归纳文章某段的段落大意。
三、选项特点1.正确选项的特点
(1)通常不含细节信息和表示绝对意义的词。
(2)能概括文章或段落的主要内容。
2.干扰项的特点
(1)以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄,只阐述了文章的一部分内容(也就是文章的局部信息)或
文章主题的一个侧面。
(2)断章取义。以文章中的个别信息或个别词作为选项的内容,或者以次要的事实或细节冒充
全文的主要观点。
(3)主题扩大。归纳、概括的范围过大,超出文章实际所讨论的内容。
(4)似是而非。关键词好像在文章中提到了,但认真分析之后会发现它与文章的主旨毫无联
系。
(5)张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。
四、考法解题能力提升
考法1 归纳文章标题
命题透视 归纳文章标题类的题目是近几年全国卷每年每套试卷的必考点,主要考查考
生把握主题和理解中心思想的能力, 要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括
等方法, 对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括,最终准确地选出文章的标题。常见的设问形式:
1.Which is the best title for this passage?
2.Which of the following can be the best title for this passage?
3.What would be the most suitable title for the text?
【方法点拨】
1.要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖面广,一般要求能
覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。
2.选定标题的基本原则
(1)要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切的联系。
(2)看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。 注意避免出现概括不够、过度概括、以
具体细节代替主旨大意等错误。
3.选定标题的四大标准
精——概括文章中心思想的语言要精练。
准——注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。统——标题要能统领文章的细节信息。
新——标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣。
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,
but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and
nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef
Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5
per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what
she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,
11.
"We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway
restaurant," she explains."I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份),but Matt makes them for 26p a portion,
because they
are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware
how cheaply we can make this food ourselves."
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of
ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast
range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a
different family each week. In tonight's
special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The
team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty
recipes.
27.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D. Cooking Well for Less考法2 概括文章大意
命题透视 概括文章大意类的题目在高考试卷中较常考查,常见的设问形式:
1.What is the text mainly about?
2.Which is the main topic/idea of this passage?
3.What does this passage mainly tell us?
4.What is mainly described in the text?
5.Which of the following can best summarize this passage?
6.What's the subject discussed in this passage?
【方法点拨】
每篇文章都有一个中心思想,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。文章的主题句
常出现在首段或尾段,因此,我们要特别注意文章的首段和尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心
思想隐含在文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和
总结,从而得到文章大意。在寻找和归纳全文主旨时,考生应注意以下几点:
1.关注文章的首段,尤其是其中符合主题句特点的句子,留意下文是否有对该句的解释和细节
支撑。
2.快速通读文章主体部分的每一段,寻找每一段的主题句,判断各个段落是否与文章开头或结
尾的主题句相呼应。
3.注意文章的末尾,看此处出现的主题句和文章首段的主题句是否呼应。如果文章首段的主
题句语言精练,且在主体部分被从多角度说明或论证,又与尾段的主题句相呼应,则首段的这
个句子就是全文的主题句。
4.如果文章中出现了两种及两种以上的不同观点,则文章最后作者的观点一般为文章的主要
观点。此时要注意一些标志性的词或短语,如on the whole, in short, therefore, in spite of, on
the contrary, however等,因为这些词或短语之后的内容往往是作者的观点,也是全文的主旨大
意。
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National
Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the
Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of thecontinental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the
1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into
the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations —
major food sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of
vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote
populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and
completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider
reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the
elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would
kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.
Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and
coyote populations are down, while
beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable
experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as
well.
28.What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
考法3 总结段落大意
命题透视 总结段落大意类的题目在近两年的高考试题中出现的频率有所上升,常见的
设问形式:
1.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
2.What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3?
3.Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?4.What's the main topic discussed in the first paragraph?
【方法点拨】
每个段落通常都有一个主题句,段落主题句通常会出现在段落的首句或尾句中,有时也会出现
在段落中间。阅读中应尽量利用有关信息确定主题句的位置:
1.细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句常在段尾,即"分总"式。
2.先提观点,后举例子,主题句常出现在段首,即"总分"式,这种形式较多出现在说明文和议论文
中。
3.段落中没有出现主题句,考生要学会根据段落细节内容概括出主题句。
In 1988, a company in Ohio invented an alcohol-based hand cleaner, which was meant to
be used by health care workers, when soap and water were unavailable. Joe Kanfer, the company's
CEO, told me recently, "There were a couple of other alcohol products out there, but they were
really ugly. Either they were greasy (油腻的) or they burned your hands white." Kanfer took a
year and a half to develop this product which is visually appealing and does almost no harm to
one's skin. Still, Kanfer lost money on it for more than a decade because people couldn't get what
it was for.
The product is called Purell. Today, you can see it everywhere. My doctor uses it several times
during every office visit. You can
see it in almost every office in the U.S. and school picnics would be impossible without it. The
former president George W.Bush was
called a racist for using the hand cleaner, but after first shaking
hands with Barack Obama,Bush also gave some of it to him and recommended it as a cold
preventative (预防药). What was once barely even a product is now a growing product category,
worth hundreds of millions per year.
...
29.What does Paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. Purell brings in lots of money for Kanfer.
B. Purell has been widely used in the U.S.
C. Purell is a cold preventative.
D. Purell meets different needs.五、链高考 · 探究
Passage 1
语篇类型:说明文 主题:英国多代同堂的趋势在上升 词数:318
难度:★★★ 建议时间:7分钟
高考真题
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more
families are choosing to live together.1
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law:
she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a
growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof.
They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,
bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
"We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house,"says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts
in:"We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-
law."
And what does Nick think? "From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I
recommend it? Yes, I think I would."
It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the
numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households
with three generations living together had risen from 325,000 in 2001 to 419,000 in 2013.2
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their
elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is
said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16% in 1991. The
total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is
more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in
with their husband's family when they get married.
28.Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
A. Nick. B. Rita.C. Kathryn. D. The daughters.
29.What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the house with his mother-in-law?
A. Positive. B. Carefree.
C. Tolerant. D. Unwilling.
30.What is the author's statement about multigenerational family based on?
A. Family traditions. B. Financial reports.
C. Published statistics. D. Public opinions.
31.What is the text mainly about?
A. Lifestyles in different countries.
B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain.
D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
【命题分析】
▶素养解读
本文主要讲述了英国多代同堂的社会现象呈上升趋势,通过介绍英国多代同堂的居住方式,培
养考生的跨文化意识,并启发考生运用辩证的思维思考家庭和社会生活中的现象和问题。这
体现了学科核心素养中的文化意识和思维品质这两个方面。
▶试题分析
这篇材料考查的角度很全面,包括细节理解、观点态度、推理判断和主旨大意。其中第31
题为主旨大意题,考生要找准文章的中心句。
庖丁解牛
▶熟词生义
float 常见义:v.(使)漂浮 本文义:v.提出(计划、想法或方案)
▶词块积累
cut in 插嘴,打断(谈话)
be firmly rooted (in) (在……中)根深蒂固,深深扎根(于)
Passage 2
语篇类型:说明文 主题:青少年中小学阶段的受欢迎类型 词数:339
难度:★★★ 建议时间:8分钟
高考真题
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then camemy tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly
but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found
myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of
clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The
likablesplays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start
interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's
the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable
behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant
consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in
elementary school, are "most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior."
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring
the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). "We
found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their
classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can
lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date
— sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and
connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is
likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too.
"Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help
somebody gain an advantage," he said.
32.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind. B. Lonely.
C. Generous. D. Cool.
33.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34.What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35.What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice — You Won't Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【命题分析】
▶素养解读
本文作者结合自己的亲身经历和研究人员的研究结论,论述了受欢迎的人的两种类型:讨人喜
欢的人和追求地位的人。在语篇选择上注重关注人际关系,促使考生提高思辨能力。这主要
体现了学科核心素养中的语言能力和思维品质这两个方面。
▶试题分析
第33题是段落大意题,需要考生通读第二段并整合全段内容作出判断。
第35题是标题归纳题,需要考生在整体把握文章主旨大意和写作意图的情况下,选出最佳标
题。
庖丁解牛
▶熟词生义
employ 常见义:v.雇用 本文义:v.运用,使用
▶词块积累
rosy years 美好的几年 clinical psychology 临床心理学
dishonorable behavior 不光彩的行为 carry over 继续存在
六、精选考点题型专练
Passage 1
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 志愿者帮助解救被困海豚 282 ★★ 6分钟A group of volunteers joined forces to form a human chain to free four dolphins which had
been stranded(搁浅) in a canal for four days. The four dolphins were seen in the water near the
Fossil Park neighborhood in St. Petersburg, Florida, US, on Sunday. Experts from the Florida Fish
and Wildlife Conservation Commission(FWC) had monitored the dolphins’ activities in the past
few days and hoped that they would swim out with the tide.
But when the dolphins struggled to leave the canal, the brave volunteers joined members of
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Clearwater Marine Aquarium to
form a rescue team to free them. Dozens of people gathered to take videos and pictures of the kind
act. A team of 14 volunteers held hands to act as a block to guide the dolphins out of the narrow
channel. They shouted and patted the water with their hands to direct the dolphins to vast expanses
of Riviera Bay. Dolphins find their way in the water through echolocation(回声定位). That means
that they can recognize the echoes of sound waves that bounce off objects to find their way
around.
Andy Garrett, a biologist of the FWC said, "We were able to keep that chain together. The
dolphins were interested. They actually came over right away." He added that when the team
reached a bridge, the dolphins appeared a bit nervous and started doing some spins. "They made
one real hard pass at our team and then went under the bridge and took off," Garrett said. The
operation lasted about 45 minutes and the rescue team did not use nets or any items that could
stress the dolphins.
1.What can we know about the dolphins from Paragraph 1?
A. They formed a chain to protect themselves.
B. They lived in the water near the Fossil Park.
C. They were observed in secret by volunteers.
D. They were forced to stay in a canal for four days.
2.Why did volunteers shout and pat the water?
A. To make sounds to attract some people.
B. To guide the dolphins out to Riviera Bay.
C. To celebrate the success of saving dolphins.
D. To test the different reactions of the dolphins.
3.What words could best describe the volunteers?
A. Brave and caring. B. Cautious and humorous.C. Smart and ambitious. D. Optimistic and energetic.
4.What’s the main idea of the text?
A. Dolphins swam to the canal to hunt for food.
B. Rescuers formed a human chain to save dolphins.
C. Volunteers helped four dolphins escape from nets.
D. Experts studied the ways of dolphins’ finding directions.
Passage2
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 5G应用于故宫博物院 334 ★★★ 7分钟
When visitors to the Palace Museum feel a need to sit down for a cup of tea or find a
bathroom without a long line, they soon will be able to turn to their smart phones for the
information they need.
This modern-day solution comes thanks to an agreement signed on Friday by the museum
and Huawei Technologies Co., the telecommunication giant, to build a "smart network" using 5G
technology. Under the agreement, 5G Wi-Fi signals will cover the Palace Museum, China’s
imperial palace from 1420 to 1924, and the branch museum of the institution under construction in
northwestern Beijing.
"It’s essential to always stay close to the latest technology to better serve the public," said
Shan Jixiang, former curator(馆长) of the Palace Museum. Shan said there is still much room for
improvement in the handling of a huge number of cultural relics,such as when the priceless
painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival is exhibited again in the future. When
it was last exhibited in 2015, visitors stood in long lines until 3 a.m. to get a glimpse. The museum
ended up preparing instant noodles to serve the hungry visitors. "I don’t want that scenario to
reoccur," Shan said. "Our operation can be done in a more scientific way."
The new system will also make use of the closed-circuit television cameras that are set up all
over the Palace Museum to safeguard the museum’s precious relics. More than 1.86 million of
them are housed at the museum, which recorded nearly 20 million visits from the public last year,
topping all museums worldwide. "How can we make sure no single visitor who might have evil
ideas threatens these treasures?" Shan said. "After adopting the Internet of things, we can instantly
detect any motion involving the artifacts to prevent such threats."The 5G network will also be used to improve remote consultation through webcams, which
will facilitate conversations with overseas scholars to jointly find the best answers to restoration
and preservation issues.
1.What do we know about the Palace Museum?
A. Its visitors won’t have to queue up for the bathroom.
B. It served as China’s imperial palace for over 600 years.
C. It will cooperate with Huawei Technologies Co. to promote its management.
D. It will set up advanced television cameras for the purpose of safety.
2.What does the underlined word "scenario" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. Disaster. B. Situation.
C. Operation. D. Exhibition.
3.What are the figures in Paragraph 4 intended to show about the Palace Museum?
A. It is better than any other museums.
B. It has a rich collection of cultural relics.
C. It enjoys great popularity all over the world.
D. It faces a tough challenge of protecting relics.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. A Feast for Museum Visitors
B. A Revolution in Exhibition
C. A Protector of Cultural Relics
D. A Connection Between Old and New
Passage 3
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 机器人送包裹 326 ★★★ 7分钟
Want to get your package delivered via robots? Now there’s an app for that. If you live in
Washington, D.C., or Redwood, you may have glimpsed a small, boxy robot rolling along a local
sidewalk, minding its own business, but attracting the attention of many curious onlookers.
The autonomous machines were part of a pilot program last year by Starship Technologies
focusing on delivering meals from local restaurants in dozens of cities around the world. This
week, the company unveiled plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include
packages, a move that led it to declare itself "the world’s first robot package delivery service". Thenext time you order food, this cute robot might roll up to deliver it. The package delivery service
is not available to everyone yet.
The wheeled robots have a top speed of 4 mph and can detect obstacles from 30 feet away.
"The robot can operate through anything," Nick Handrick, head of operations for Starship’s D.C.
office, said, "If you have something in the way — a stick — it’s able to climb over it."
To sign up for the service, which costs a little more than $10 per month, customers need to
download the company’s app. Customers then create a "Starship Delivery Address", a unique
address inside a Starship facility, where they can have packages sent from some places. Once a
package is delivered to the Starship address, customers receive a text notification that allows them
to schedule a home delivery via robots. The robots are opened by customers via a mobile phone
code.
Barriers exist for robotic ground delivery, with many states requiring that humans be in
control of delivery robots. Those regulations haven’t stopped Starship Technologies from
accumulating experience on streets around the globe ahead of the company’s latest launch. The
company says its robots have covered more than 125,000 miles in more than 100 cities in 20
countries.
1. What can we know about the robotic delivery?
A. It is part of a trial project by Starship Technologies.
B. The robotic delivery is available to everyone at present.
C. You can use the service free of charge via smart phones.
D. The robots are opened by customers with a text notification.
2.What does the underlined word "unveiled"in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. Revised. B. Released.
C. Restored. D. Reset.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The good news of the service.
B. How the robotic delivery works.
C. The disadvantages of the robotic delivery.
D. Robotic delivery develops despite challenges.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A. A New Robot Was InventedB. Wheelless Robots Are on the Way
C. How Robots Deliver Packages
D. Packages Will Be Delivered by Robots
Passage 4
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 发光植物 318 ★★★ 8分钟
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research.Recent studies have found positive effects.A study conducted in Youngstown,
Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.In
another, employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaces were
decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) have taken it a step
further — changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform
diverse,even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their
leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals
in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of
the things that we use every day," explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical
engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光) in experiments using
some common vegetables.Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-
and-a-half hours.The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just
a start.The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to
turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be
sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime.The
engineers are also trying to develop an on and off "switch" where the glow would fade
when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since
lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源) — such as the distance from a
power plant to street lamps on a remote highway — a lot of energy is lost duringtransmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save
energy.
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water.
B. To change compositions of plants.
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
Passage 5
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 黄石国家公园的火山 336 ★★ 6分钟
In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob
Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before:
he couldn’t find the park’s volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone
was volcanic in nature — that’s what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy
features. But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes
of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩浆) piles up. Thesecan form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke
rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone
five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred
feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of
these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a
second less known type of volcano that doesn’t involve mountain building. These are
volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast
hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn’t
find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking
photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the
park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the
visitors’ centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to
spot the caldera: almost the whole park — 2.2 million acres — was caldera. The
explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across — much too huge to be seen
from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown
up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
58.What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
A. Its complicated geographical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C. The mysterious history of the park.
D. The exact location of the volcano.
59.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
60.What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A. Hot-air balloon. B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph. D. Bird’s view.
Passage 6语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 简约生活 305 ★★★ 7分钟
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often
assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is
that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used
things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a
large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to
illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we
promised to put the money into her school fund(基金) (our kindergarten daughter is
serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a
habit for them? And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use
less? Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I
decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I
expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max.
I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it
in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally,
completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to
move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full
attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for
both of us.
32.What do the words "more is more" in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better.
B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries.
D. Earn more and spend more.
33.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday.
B. Raising money for a poor girl.C. Adding the money to her fund.
D. Giving the money to a sick mother.
34.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea.
B. To show a parent’s love.
C. To train his attention.
D. To help him start a hobby.
35.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less D. The Pleasure of Giving
Passage 7
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
记叙文 绘画之父本杰明·韦斯特 319 ★★ 6分钟
Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he
was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him
he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel’s hair. There were no
camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead. He cut some fur from
the family cat to make a brush.
The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat
began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be sick. Benjamin was
forced to admit what he had been doing.
The cat ’ s lot was about to improve . That year, one of Benjamin’s cousins, Mr.
Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin’s drawings. When he went
home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版
画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin
had ever seen.
In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.
He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He asked Benjamin’s parents if
he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.In the city, Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy
began a landscape(风景) painting. William Williams, a well-known painter, came to see
him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on
painting to take home. The books were long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little,
having been a poor student. But he later said, "Those two books were my companions by
day, and under my pillow at night." While it is likely that he understood very little of
the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy decided
then that he would be an artist.
21.What is the text mainly about?
A. Benjamin’s visit to Philadelphia.
B. Williams’ influence on Benjamin.
C. The beginning of Benjamin’s life as an artist.
D. The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
22.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest?
A. The cat would be closely watched.
B. The cat would get some medical care.
C. Benjamin would leave his home shortly.
D. Benjamin would have real brushes soon.
23.What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?
A. He took him to see painting exhibitions.
B. He provided him with painting materials.
C. He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.
D. He taught him how to make engravings.
24.Williams’ two books helped Benjamin to .
A. master the use of paints
B. appreciate landscape paintings
C. get to know other painters
D. make up his mind to be a painter
Passage 8
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
议论文 送餐业务的现状和前景 327 ★★★ 7分钟The food delivery industry now is a hotly competitive business, attracting the world’s
biggest moneybags such as Alibaba and SoftBank. Balancing the needs of diners, cooks
and couriers(快递公司) is complicated. Most new companies lose money. Yet they have
received more than $30bn from venture capitalists (资本家) in the past five years. And
they are likely to get more.
The food-delivery business can be divided into two camps: mostly profitable
veterans(老手) and loss-making newcomers. The veterans, founded at the start of the
century, are led by publicly traded Grubhub in America, and Just Eat and Takeaway in
Europe. They account for the largest share of the market, offering customers online access
to restaurants. Their relatively simple business model, in which they take a cut of the bill
from the restaurants, has enabled Grubhub and Just Eat to turn a profit for years.
Takeaway makes money in its home market of the Netherlands.
The newbies, born more recently, have turned a once-tidy business into a food fight.
For most of them, delivery is their core business, so they share their cut of the bill with
riders as well as restaurants. This substantially broadens the market to restaurants, but
profit suffers.
The only mouth-watering aspect of the delivery business is its potential size.
According to Bernstein, almost a third of the global restaurant industry is made up of
home delivery, takeaways and drive-throughs, which could be worth $1 trn by 2023. In
2018, delivery amounted to $161bn, leaving plenty of room for online firms to expand.
Yet it is by no means clear if anyone can make money by delivering meals. In fact,
the economics may be even worse. Delivery businesses have ways to cut their losses. One
is to diversify further, by delivering groceries, flowers, booze, and even people, as well as
meals. Another is to provide cheaper meals by centrally supplying ingredients to
restaurants. In the dog-eat-dog world of food delivery, it will still be hard.
1.How can the veterans make a profit?
A. They get lots of support from capitalists.
B. They offer customers great convenience.
C. They draw a part of profit from restaurants.
D. They balance the complicated needs successfully.2.What makes the delivery business attractive?
A. Massive profits. B. Development prospects.
C. Satisfying service. D. Efficient management.
3.What is the author’s attitude towards making money by delivering meals?
A. Positive. B. Definite.
C. Uncertain. D. Confident.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Delivery businesses balance some complicated needs.
B. Meal delivery attracts the world’s biggest moneybags.
C. The two camps of delivery businesses compete fiercely.
D. The food-delivery business is anything but a tasty business.
Passage 9
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 有机农业的负面影响 309 ★★★ 8分钟
A new study published this week in the journal Nature Communications has
concluded that a 100 percent change to organic food production in England and Wales
would actually lead to a great increase in greenhouse gas emissions. In turn, this would
contribute to further climate change.
Although organic farming directly pours out fewer emissions than conventional
farming — around 20 percent lower for crops and 4 percent lower for farm animals — it
produces notably less food. As to this study’s findings, total organic agriculture in
England and Wales would produce 40 percent less food. With less food in the market, the
countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global
greenhouse gas emissions.
Organic farming also increases the amount of absorbing carbon, a process where
carbon dioxide (CO) is "absorbed" out of the atmosphere and captured by plants and
2
stored in the soil. However, even a total change to organic farming would only be equal
to a tiny part of the higher emissions from overseas land use.
"We predict a drop in total food production of 40 percent under a fully organic
farming process, compared to conventional farming, if we keep to the same national diet,"Dr. Adrian Williams, the lead author and reader in Agri-Environmental Systems at
Cranfield University, said in a statement. "This results from lower crop quantity, because
output is limited by a lower supply of nitrogen, which is mainly from other crops or
solid waste from cattle on the grassland."
Nevertheless, it is important to note that organic farming still holds some useful
benefits for the environment, such as reducing exposure to chemicals and improving the
varieties of creatures. In conclusion, the study suggests that organic farming will continue
to play a key role in resolving the world’s environmental problems. However, it’s just one
part of a much wider solution.
1.What will total organic agriculture bring to England?
A. More main food. B. More food imports.
C. More species of crops. D. More fresh oxygen.
2.How does organic farming increase the amount of absorbing carbon?
A. By taking in CO. B. By changing CO.
2 2
C. By giving off CO. D. By producing CO.
2 2
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. The ways to reduce organic farming.
B. The results caused by organic farming.
C. The solution to the environmental problems.
D. The advantages of organic farming.
4.Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A. Organic farming, green food
B. Organic farming, our hope in future
C. Organic farming, a mistake we made
D. Organic farming, a double-edged sword
Passage 10
语篇类型 主题 词数 难度 建议时间
说明文 久坐对大脑有伤害 352 ★★★ 8分钟
We’ve known that sitting for long periods of time every day has countless health
consequences, like a higher risk of heart disease. But now a new study has found that
sitting is also bad for your brain.A study conducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University of California, showed
that sedentary(久坐不动的) behavior is associated with reduced thickness of the medial
temporal lobe(中颞叶), a brain area that is critical to learning and memory.
The researchers asked a group of 35 healthy people, aged 45 to 70, about their
activity levels and the average number of hours each day spent sitting and then scanned
their brains. They found that the subjects who reported sitting for longer periods had the
thinnest medial temporal lobes. It means that the more time you spend in a chair, the
worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.
What is also interesting is that this study did not find a significant association
between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that
exercise, even severe exercise, may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects
of sitting.
It then surprisingly turned out that you don’t even have to move much to enhance
cognition; just standing will do the trick. For example, two groups of subjects were asked
to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Participants were presented with
conflicting stimuli(刺激), like the word "green" in blue ink, and asked to name the color.
Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 3-millisecond margin.
The cognitive effects of severe physical exercise are well known. But the possibility
that standing more and sitting less improves brain health could lower the standard for
everyone.
I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade
school teachers, who told us to sit down and focus, to Rodin’s famous "The Thinker",
seated with the chin on his hand.
They were wrong. You can now all stand up.
1.What can we know from Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4?
A. Severe exercise can lessen the damage of sitting.
B. Severe exercise can greatly improve our brain health.
C. Sedentary behavior will possibly damage our brain.
D. Brain health has nothing to do with sedentary behavior.
2.What does the underlined word "margin" in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Blank. B. Edge. C. Decrease. D. Difference.3.What is the received idea about deep thought?
A. Sitting more is good for our mental health.
B. Sitting is better when we think.
C. More exercise can improve our cognition.
D. We should stand while thinking.
4.The passage mainly tells us .
A. people tend to sit while thinking
B. standing more can make our brain healthier
C. physical exercise can improve our brain health
D. sedentary behavior leads to countless health problems
