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高考英语语法词汇专项突破：聚焦不定式与分词作定语、表语及补足语+巩固训练
【高考试题展示】
【考例1】（2022全国乙卷）It can help to build a community with a (share) future for mankind,”
he said.
答案与解析：shared。考查非谓语动词过去分词作定语。此处为非谓语动词做定语来修饰名词future。
因为动词share和名词future之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故填 shared。句意：这有助于构建
人类命运共同体。
【考例2】（2022年浙江6月卷）Through touch, the one thing gallery signs tell you not (do).
答案与解析：to do。考查不定式作宾语补足语。tell sb not to do sth“告诉某人不要做某事”为固定短语。
其中的不定式作宾语补足语，do与sb是主谓关系，即其动作由you发出，因此用不定式的主动形式，故填
to do。句意：通过触摸，这是画廊招牌告诉你不要做的一件事。
【考例3】（2020浙江1月卷）The median(中位数的)age of an American in 1950 was 30-today it is 41
and is expected (increase) to 42 by 2050.
答案与解析：to increase。考查非谓语动词不定式做主语补足语。及物动词expect可以跟不定式作宾语
补足语，即expect sb. to do sth., 根据其被动形式be expected to do sth.“被期望做某事”看出后跟不定式，不
定式这时候是主语补足语。故填to increase。
【考例4】（2023新高考I卷）No matter where I buy them, one steamer is rarely enough, yet two seems
greedy, so I am always left (want) more next time.
答案与解析：wanting。考查非谓语动词现在分词作宾语补足语。分析句子可知，此处考查“leave sb.
+宾语补足语”，本句是被动语态，want是主语补足语，根据句意，I与want之间是主动的逻辑关系，用
现在分词wanting，故填wanting。句意：无论我在哪里买，一蒸笼都不够，而两蒸笼又显得太贪心了，所
以我总是想下次再买。
【考例 5】（2023 新高考 II 卷）They talk to the flood of international tourists and to (visit)
Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China.
答案与解析：visiting。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。分析句子结构可知，空后是名词，所以空处
应填形容词作定语；visit对应的形容词为visiting“来访的”。故填visiting。句意：他们与蜂拥而至的国际
游客和来访的中国动物园管理员交谈，这些管理员经常来检查从中国租借来的大熊猫。
【考例 6】（2022 新高考全国 II 卷）When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartmentbalcony (阳台), Henry one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the
81 (fall) child.
答案与解析：falling。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。ran，jumped，hold out，and held是三个并列
的谓语动词，因此设空处应该使用非谓语动词。根据句意，fall为动词，意为“掉落”， child和fall之间
是主动关系，同时表示正在进行的含义。故应该使用现在分词作定语。故填falling。句意：当亨利看到一
个小男孩挂在六楼公寓的阳台上时，他跑了100米，跳过了1.2米高的栅栏，伸出双臂去接要掉下来的孩
子。
【考例7】（2022全国甲卷） Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation 73
(hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road.
答案与解析：held。考查非谓语动词过去分词作定语。动词hold意为“举行”，和谓语之间没有连词，
和逻辑主语“the Belt and Road Forum”之间构成被动关系，且动作已完成，应用过去分词，作后置定语。
故填held。句意：受到在北京举行的“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛的启发，曹决定徒步穿越这条路线，
以向古代丝绸之路致敬。
【考例8】（2021新高考I卷）But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 155 (astonish).
答案与解析：非谓语动词过去分词作宾语补足语。此处是“leave +宾语+宾语补足语”，补充说明宾
语us的感受，动词astonish应用-ed结尾过去分作形容词astonished，表示人的感受“感到震惊的”。故填
astonished。句意：但大自然就是这样——总是让我们惊讶。
【考例9】（2018·全国III）I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into
his eyes so he doesn't feel __________ (challenge).
答案与解析：looking, challenged。考查非谓语动词动名词作宾语和过去分词作表语。第一空考核动名
词作宾语。动词avoid后要加宾语，作宾语应该用动名词，此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛，故用 looking；
第二空考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词，表
示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。
【考例10】（2022年浙江6月卷）Blind people recognize shapes with their (exist) senses, in a
way similar to that of (sight )people, says Ella Striem-Amit, a Harvard scientist.
答案与解析：
答案与解析：existing；sighted。考查分词形容词作定语。形容词existing作定语，修饰sense。故填
existing。形容词sighted作定语修饰名词people，表示“能看见的、不盲的”。故填sighted。句意：哈佛大
学的科学家埃拉·斯特里姆-阿米特(Ella Striem-Amit)说，盲人用他们现有的感官识别形状，在某种程度上与
正常人相似。【不定式与分词作定语、表语及补足语解读】
不定式和分词的形容词特点体现在其可以作定语、表语和补足语。本文根据不定式、现在分词、过去
分词的特点，结合典型试题分别解读
一、不定式和分词作定语
（一）不定式作定语
不定式作定语表示一个将来的动作，其动作发生在谓语之后。多用于以下情况：
1. 修饰have，there be，with之后的名词，表示“有……，要……”。如：
She has a lot of work to do in the morning. （注意：she是do的执行者，不定式用主动形式表示被动意
义）
How still everything is! There’s not a sound to be heard. 多么宁静呀！一点声音也没有。
【考例1】(XXXX四川卷.10) The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area.
【考例2】(2017•天津)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train __________(catch).
to catch
答案与解析：have sth. to do有事要做，不定式作定语修饰train。
2. 被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时，用不定
式。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He was not a man to lose his head in an emergency. 他这个人在紧急情况下是不会糊涂的。
3. 要求用动词不定式作宾语的动词、或者要求用不定式作补语的形容词，其对应的名词一般用不定式
作定语。这样名词有：decision, tendency, ability, curiosity, failure, determination, intention, wish等。 如：
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
As a gentleman himself, he thought it was only impolite curiosity to ask where any other gentleman lived.
作为一个上等人，他认为，打听别人住在哪里是无礼的举动，是多管闲事。
4. 不定式作定语修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、希望、目的、权利等抽象名词。这样词有：
ambition抱负，effort努力，need，campaign战役/运动，opportunity/chance，force，promise，courage，
movement， method/way，struggle奋斗，motive动机，right权利等。如：
Professor Fang worked out a method to destroy bacteria on the seeds.
方教授想出了一个办法来消灭种子上的细菌。【考例】(XXXX北京卷. 21) Volunteering gives you a chance to change lives, including your own.
5. 被修饰的词是不定式动作发生的时间、地点、工具或对象时，不及物动词构成的不定式作定语，要
加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。如：
Do you have something for me to write with?
Sure. Once you get the hang of it, it's a piece of cake! It's nothing to worry about.
可不是嘛。你一旦掌握了窍门，那就成了小菜一碟！没什么可担心的。
（二）分词作定语
1. 现在分词作定语。单个的分词放在所修饰词前(left在后)，分词短语放在所修饰词后。现在分词表示
正在发生或与谓语同时发生，与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是主动关系，如果是动宾关系则用现在分词被动形
式。注意：现在分词的完成式通常不作定语，非限制性定语或被修饰词是表示泛指的名词除外。如：
The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the remaining 20 dollars/20 dollars left.
【考例1】(XXXX年上海卷，35)Sophia got an e-mail asking for her credit card account number.
【考例 2】（2017•江苏）Many Chinese brands,____________________(develop) their reputation over
centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
答案与解析：having developed。Many Chinese brands与develop之间是主动关系，先于主句动作之前
完成的动作或行为用现在分词的完成式 having done 作非限制性定语，相当于定语从句 which have
developed their reputation over centuries。
【考例3】（2019·全国II）When we got a call __________ (say) she was short-listed, we thought it was a
joke.答案与解析：saying。考查非谓语动词现在分词作定语。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在
分词形式saying作后置定语，解释名词call的内容，call与say是主动关系，故填saying。
2. 过去分词作定语。过去分词与被修饰的名词在逻辑上是被动关系，过去分词的动作发生在谓语之前
或没有时间性。departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-
traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come等不及物动词的过去分词形式作定语或表语，但不具有被动意义。还
有些过去分词已经成为形容词，失去了被动意义或者时间意义。如：
【考例】(XXXX 陕西卷，14)The witnesses questioned by the police just now gave very different
descriptions of the fight.
【考例】(XXXX湖南)29. You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.（三）to be done, being done, done作定语的区别
to be done表示将来；being done表示目前正在发生；done表示过去己经发生。如：
The meeting to be held tomorrow / being held now / held yesterday is important. 明天要开的/现在召开的/昨
天召开的会议很重要。
二、不定式和分词作表语
（一）不定式作表语
不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，表示主语的职业、职责、性质或表示愿望、目的、计划等具
体内容。ambition, dream, wish, hope, desire, goal, target, aim, purpose, plan, suggestion, duty, idea 等作主语时，
其对应的表语用不定式。如：
【考例】(XXXX重庆卷.34) The engine just won't start. Something seems to have gone wrong with it.
【考例】(XXXX浙江卷，32) Experts think we won’t have clean water to drink unless something is done
soon, but much remains to be done about environment protection.
【考例】（2019·全国II）Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no
plans___________ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
答案与解析：to retire。考查不定式作定语。此处用to do sth做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan,表
示“……的计划”，故填to retire。
（二）分词作表语
分词作表语含义是回答主语“怎么样”。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。英语
中有些表示心理活动的动词，用过去分词作表语时，多位于系动词(be, become, feel, get, look, seem等)之后，
表示主语本身(一般为人)“感到……”，此时过去分词具有形容词的特征，它可以作系动词 be, go, feel,
seem, look, remain等的表语；用现在分词作表语时，表示主语(一般为物)“令人……的”，此时现在分词具
有形容词的特征，它可以作系动词 be, go, feel, seem, look, remain 等的表语。excite, frighten, interest, tire,
surprise, amaze, move等表示情感情绪的现在分词作表语时，其主语多指物；对应的过去分词作表语时，其
主语多指人。这类词对应的现在分词在句子除了作表语外，其实已经转化为形容词，还可以在句子中作定
语，补足语等成分。这类心理活动的动词常见的有以下28个：
(1)amaze 使惊奇/惊叹——amazing令人惊奇的——amazed感到惊奇的
(2)amuse 使快乐，逗乐——amusing令人快乐的——amused感到愉悦的
(3)annoying令人生气/烦恼的——annoyed感到生气/烦恼的(4)astonishing令人惊讶的——astonished感到惊讶的
(5)boring令人厌烦的——bored感到厌烦的
(6)bothering令人心烦/烦扰的——bothered感到心烦/烦扰的
(7)confusing令人糊涂/混淆的——confused感到糊涂/混淆的
(8)delighting令人高兴的——delighted感到高兴的
(9)disappointing令人失望的——disappointed感到失望的
(10)embarrassing 令人难堪/尴尬的——embarrassed感到难堪/尴尬的
(11)encouraging令人鼓舞的——encouraged受到鼓舞的
(12)exciting令人激动的——excited感到激动的
(13)exhausting令人疲惫不堪的——exhausted感到疲惫不堪的
(14)frightening令人惊恐的——frightened感到惊恐的
(15)inspiring令人鼓舞的——inspired受到鼓舞的
(16)interesting令人感兴趣的——interested感到有兴趣的
(17)moving令人感动的——moved受到感动的，被感动的
(18)pleasing令人高兴的——pleased感到高兴的
(19)puzzling令人费解的——puzzled感到费解的
(20)relaxing 令人放松的——relaxed感到放松的
(21)satisfying令人满意的——satisfied感到满意的
(22)shocking令人震惊的——shocked感到震惊的[让人害怕或反感]
(23)surprising令人惊异的——surprised感到惊异的
(24)terrifying令人恐惧的——terrified感到恐惧的
(25)thrilling令人激动的——thrilled感到激动的
(26)tiring令人劳累/厌烦的——tired感到劳累/厌烦的
(27)touching令人触动/感动的——touched受到触动/感动的，被感动的
(28)worrying令人担忧的——worried感到担忧的
如：
Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day’s climbing.
爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态）
三、不定式和分词作补足语
（一）带to的不定式作宾语补足语常见动词有：allow, order, tell, recommend, prefer, warn, invite, force, get, permit, want, wish, forbid, advise,
persuade, depend on, call on, arrange for 等。注意: 1. be to blame用主动形式表示被动意义；2. agree, hope,
suggest等不跟不定式作宾补。如：
He didn’t allow us to smoke in his house.
【考例】（2012江西卷，33）Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to speak to the
new students.
（二）不带to的不定式作宾语补足语
使役动词(make, have, let)及感官动词(see, watch, observe, hear, notice, observe, look at, listen to等)后跟不
带to的不定式作宾补。注意：如果变为被动语态，不定式由宾补变为主语补足语，此时加to。如：
He made a face and made everybody laugh/ everybody was made to laugh.
【考例】(XXXX陕西卷.13) Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them.
【考例】（2017•全国I） They are required____________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from
injury and for several other bodily functions.
答案与解析：to process。此为require sb. to do sth.的被动语态 be required to do sth.，不定式在短语
require sb to do sth中作宾语补足语，而在被动语态be required to do sth则是主语补足语。
（三）现在分词作补语
宾语与宾补存在逻辑上的主谓关系，且宾补所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。常用动
词有：get/ leave/ keep/ send/ catch/ have sb. doing; see/ find/ watch/ feel/hear/ discover sb. doing等。
【考例】(XXXX 四川卷，8) I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its
breakfast.
（四）过去分词作补语
如果宾语补足语与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系，宾语补足语的动作具有“完成”概念，或宾语补足语
表示已经存在的状态，就用过去分词作宾语补足语。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的结构有：keep/ leave/
have/ get sth. done; find/ see/ discover/ observe/ notice/ hear sth. done; make oneself done等。如：
The police caught him stealing a car.→He was caught stealing a car by the police. 他正在偷汽车时被警察撞见。
【考例】(XXXX北京卷，29) When we saw the road blocked with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at
home.
【考例】（XXXX四川卷，12）Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.【实战演练】用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. He said at the Muslim conference______ (hold) here: “We don't want wars, but we are not afraid of wars”.
2. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail ______ (wait) for
her.
3. What he wanted to suggest is _____ (cut) down the price and increase the sales.
4. They might just have a place ____ (leave) on the writing course-why don't you give it a try?
5. FOSHAN, in southern China’s Guangdong Province, has become China’s first city ____ (employ)
foreigners _____ (work) for the government. The four foreigners were selected from 72 applicants. Their main
duties are____(promote) and attract international investment, collect overseas investment information and ____(set)
up channels with the world’s Top 500 companies.
6. He had his wallet___(steal), which made him____(upset). My heart was___ (fill) with pain at the ___
(shock) news.
Suggested Answers:
1. being held 2. waiting 3. cut/to cut 4. left
2. 5. to employ; to work; to promote; set 6. stolen; upset; filled; shocking
