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Cet6 阅读词汇讲义
讲解：张建
微博@教英语的张建
红书@考研英语张建
1【第一课：词汇部分】
concoct /kənˈkɑː kt/ vt.捏造；混合而制
interface /ˈɪntərfeɪs/ n. 界面
decade /ˈdekeɪd/ n. 十年
decent /ˈdiː snt/ adj.得体的；相当好的
indecent /ɪnˈdiː snt/ adj. 下流的；不礼貌的
pocket /ˈpɑː kɪt/ n. 口袋；钱 vt. 隐藏；忍受
specification /ˌspesɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 规格；说明书；详述
laptop /ˈlæptɑː p/ n. 膝上型轻便电脑，笔记本电脑
application /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n. 应用, 申请, 志愿书, 应用程序 n. [计] 应用, 应用程序
device /dɪˈvaɪs/ n. 装置, 设计,设备
plug /plʌɡ/ n. 塞子, 栓, 插头 vt. 插入, 塞住, 接插头 vi. 被塞住
wireless /ˈwaɪərləs/ n. 无线电 adj. 无线的, 无线电的
expand /ɪkˈspænd/ vt./vi. 使膨胀, 详述, 扩张
incident /ˈɪnsɪdənt/ n. 事件，事变
incidence/ˈɪnsɪdəns/ n. 发生率；影响；
incidentally /ˌɪnsɪˈdentli/ adv. 伴随地, 偶然, 顺便
Millennials /mɪˈleniəl/ n.千禧世代；千禧一代
proverbial /prəˈvɜː rbiəl/ adj. 谚语的, 谚语式的, 众所周知的
norm /nɔː rm/ n. 基准, 模范, 标准, 准则
normal /ˈnɔː rml/ adj. 正常的；正规的
deliver /dɪˈlɪvər/ vt. 递送,释放
2sensor /ˈsensər/ n.传感器
consent /kənˈsent/ v./n.同意
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. 一致
dissent /dɪˈsent/ vi./n.不同意
resent /rɪˈzent/ vt.憎恨
nonsense /ˈnɑː nsens/ n.胡话
automation/ˌɔː təˈmeɪʃn/ n. 自动化, 自动操作
intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ adj. 聪明的, 智能的, 了解的
quotient /ˈkwoʊʃnt/ n.商
quota /ˈkwoʊtə/ n. 定额；限额
facility /fəˈsɪləti/ n. 设备
unprecedented/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ adj. 空前的
rapidly/ˈræpɪdli/ adv. 飞快地, 迅速地, 赶紧地
extract /ˈekstrækt/ n. 摘录, 选段 vt. 取出, 榨取, 摘录
leverage /ˈlevərɪdʒ/ n. 杠杆作用, 杠杆装置
access /ˈækses/ n. 通路, 入口, 接近, 进入, 使用权, 发作 vt. 访问, 存取, 接近, 使用
drama /ˈdrɑː mə/ n. 戏剧，戏剧性事件
dramatically /drəˈmætɪkli/ adv. 戏剧地, 引人注目地
serve /sɜː rv/ vt. 招待，供应；为…服务 vi. 服役，服务，发球 n.发球
capacity /kəˈpæsəti/ n. 容量, 能力, 才能, 资格
widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ adj. 广布的, 普及的
operation /ˌɑː pəˈreɪʃn/ n. 操作, 动作, 手术
3embrace /ɪmˈbreɪs/ n./vt./vi. 拥抱, 互相拥抱
profitable /ˈprɑː fɪtəbl/ adj. 有利润的, 有利益的, 赚钱的
ordinary /ˈɔː rdneri/ adj. 平常的, 普通的, 平凡的 n. 平常的人
subordinate /səˈbɔː rdɪnət/ n. 部属，下属 adj.从属的
coordinate /koʊˈɔː rdɪneɪt/ vt.协调 adj.协调的 n.坐标
tango /ˈtæŋɡoʊ/ n.探戈
tangible /ˈtændʒəbl/ adj. 可触摸的, 有实体的,有形的
intangible /ɪnˈtændʒəbl/ adj. 无形的，难以理解的
【第一课：文章部分】
Our world now moves so fast that we seldom stop to see just how far we
have come in just a few years. The latest iPhone 6s,for example, has a dual-core
processor and fits nicely into your pocket. By comparison, you would expect to
find a technological specification like this on your standard laptop in an office
anywhere in the world.
It’s no wonder shat new applications for the Internet of Things are moving
ahead fast when almost every new device we buy has a plug on the end of it or a
wireless connection to the internet. Soon, our current smartphone lifestyle will
expand to create our own smart home lifestyle too.
All researches agree that close to 25 billion devices, things and sensors will
beconnectedby 2020whichincidentallyisalsothemomentthatMillennials(千禧
一代) are expected to make up 75 percent of our overall workforce, and the fully
connected home become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.
However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and
even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin
towakeuptothemassivesavingsthattechnologycandeliverthroughconnected
4sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and
facilities management.
Online security cameras, intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that
control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of
control, efficiency, and improvements to what were once classed necessary
costs when running a business or managing a large building.
We can expect that the ever-growing list of devices, systems and
environmentsremainconnected,always onlineand talkingtoeachother.Thebig
benefit will not only be in the housing of this enormous and rapidly growing
amount of data, but will also be in the ability to run real time data analytics to
extract actionable and ongoing knowledge.
The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to
creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data to deliver cost savings,
improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these
smart cities.
The good news is that most of this technology is already invented. Let's face
it, it wasn't too long ago that the idea of working from anywhere and at anytime
was some form of a distant utopian(乌托邦式的) dream, and yet now we can
perform almost any office-based task from any location in the world as long as
we have access to the internet.
It's time to wake up to the fact that making smart buildings, cities and homes
will dramatically improve our quality of life in the years ahead.
51.What does the example of iPhone 6s serve to show?
A)The huge capacity of the smartphones people now use.
B)The widespread use of smartphones all over the world.
C)The huge impact of new technology on people's everyday life.
D)The rapid technological progress in a very short period of time.
52. What can we expect to see by the year 2020?
A)Apps for the internet of Things. C)The emergence of Millennials.
5B) The popularization of smart homes. D)Total globalization of the world.
53.Whatwill business owners do when they become aware of the benefits ofthe
internet of Things?
A)Employ fewer workers in their operations.
B)Gain automatic control of their businesses.
C) Invest in more smart buildings and cities.
D)Embrace whatever new technology there is.
54. What is the most exciting challenge when we possess more and more data?
A) How to turn it to profitable use. C)How to link the actionable systems.
B)How to do real time data analysis. D)How to devise new ways to store it.
55. What does the author think about working from anywhere and at anytime?
A)It is feasible with a connection to the internet.
B) It will thrive in smart buildings, cities and homes.
C) It is still a distant utopian dream for ordinary workers.
D)It will deliver tangible benefits to both boss and worker.
【第二课：词汇部分】
photography /fəˈtɑː ɡrəfi/ n. 摄影；摄影术
photic /ˈfoʊtɪk/ adj.光的；发光的
photophobia /ˌfotəˈfobɪə/ n.畏光
photosynthesis /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ n.光合作用
geography /dʒiˈɑː ɡrəfi/ n. 地理
telegraph /ˈtelɪɡræf/ n. 电报
biography /baɪˈɑː ɡrəfi/ n. 传记
calligraphy /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/ n. 书法
laborious /ləˈbɔː riəs/ adj. 艰苦的；费劲的；勤劳的
6ordeal /ɔː rˈdiː l/ n. 折磨；严酷的考验
infinite /ˈɪnfɪnət/ adj. 无限的
definite /ˈdefɪnət/ adj.确定的
companion /kəmˈpænjən/ n. 同伴；朋友；指南；手册
document /ˈdɑː kjumənt/ n.文件 vt.记录
file /faɪl/ n. 文件 vt. 提出
profile /ˈproʊfaɪl/ n.简况
high-profile adj. 高调的；备受瞩目的
interrupt /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/ vt./vi. 中断；打断
associate /əˈsoʊʃieɪt/ vt. 联想，联系
fellow /ˈfeloʊ/ adj. 同类的，同伴的 n. 同事，朋友
embark /ɪmˈbɑː rk/ vi. 上船/飞机; 开始从事
presence /ˈprezns/ n. 存在；出席；参加
absence /ˈæbsəns/ n. 没有；缺乏；缺席
absent-minded adj. 心不在焉的；健忘的
slight /slaɪt/ adj. 轻微的，少量的
blight /blaɪt/ vi. 枯萎 n.枯萎
forbade /fərˈbeɪd/ vt. 禁止（forbid的过去式）
digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/ adj. 数字的
heighten /ˈhaɪtn/ vt./vi. 提高；增高
relief /rɪˈliː f/ n.减轻
relieve /rɪˈliː v/ vt.减轻
7belief /bɪˈliː f/ n. 相信
believe /bɪˈliː v/ vt.相信
receive /rɪˈsiː v/ vt. 接收
reception /rɪˈsepʃn/ n. 接待；接收
recipient /rɪˈsɪpiənt/ n. 接受者
blue-ribbon adj. 第一流的；头等的
hang onto 紧紧抓住，依附
immerse /ɪˈmɜː rs/ vt. 沉浸
emerge /ɪˈmɜː rdʒ/ vi.出现
submerge /səbˈmɜː rdʒ/ vt./vi. 淹没；潜水 adj. 在水下的
emergency n.出现，急诊
immersed adj. 浸入的；专注的
satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/ vt./vi. 令人满意；令人满足
Jupiter /ˈdʒuː pɪtər/ n.木星
Mercury /ˈmɜː rkjəri/ n.水银，水星
merchant /ˈmɜː rtʃənt/ n. 商人
merchandise /ˈmɜː rtʃəndaɪz/ vi.推销
Pluto /ˈpluː toʊ/ n. 冥王；冥王星
plutocrat /ˈpluː təkræt/ n. 财阀；富豪
plutocracy /pluː ˈtɑː krəsi/ n. 富豪统治
Venus /ˈviː nəs/ n.金星
erode /ɪˈroʊd/ vt. 腐蚀
8erotic /ɪˈrɑː tɪk/ adj. 色情的 n. 好色之徒
Mars /mɑː rz/ n. 火星；战神
march /mɑː rtʃ/ vt./n.行军
snap /snæp/ vt./vi. 突然折断，拉断；猛咬
engaged /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒd/ adj. 忙碌的；使用中的；已订婚的vt. 吸引，占用vi. 从事；参与
painstaking /ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋ/ adj. 艰苦的；勤勉的；小心的n. 辛苦；勤勉
luxury /ˈlʌkʃəri/ n. 奢侈，奢华；奢侈品；享受adj. 奢侈的
master /ˈmæstər/ n. 主人；大师 vt. 精通；控制
enrich /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/ vt. 使充实；使肥沃；使富足
distract /dɪˈstrækt/ vt. 转移；分心
absorb /əbˈsɔː rb/ vt. 吸收；吸引；理解
derive /dɪˈraɪv/ vt./vi. 源于
instructor /ɪnˈstrʌktər/ n. 教练; 教师
supervisor /ˈsuː pərvaɪzər/ n. 监督员; 指导者
mentor /ˈmentɔː r/ n. 导师 vt. 指导
amentia /əˈmenʃɪə/ n. 智力缺陷
demented /dɪˈmentɪd/ adj. 失去理智的
mentation /menˈteɪʃən/ n. 心智活动
【第二课：文章部分】
Photography was once an expensive, laborious ordeal reserved for life's
greatest milestones. Now, the only apparent cost to taking infinite photos of
something ascommonas a meal isthe spaceonyourhard drive andyour dining
9companion's patience.
But is there another cost, a deeper cost, to documenting a life experience
instead of simply enjoying it? "You hear that you shouldn't take all these photos
and interrupt the experience, and it's bad for you, and we're not living in the
present moment," says Kristin Diehl, associate professor of marketing at the
University of Southern California Marshall School of Business.
Diehl and her fellow researchers wanted to find out if that was true, so they
embarked on a series of nine experiments in the lab and in the field testing
people's enjoyment in the presence or absence of a camera. The results,
published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, surprised them.
Taking photos actually makes people enjoy what they're doing more, not less.
"What we find is you actually look at the world slightly differently, because
you're looking for things you want to capture, that you may want to hang onto,"
Diehl explains. "That gets people more engaged in the experience, and they tend
to enjoy it more."
Take sightseeing. In one experiment, nearly 200 participants boarded a
double-decker bus for a tour of Philadelphia. Both bus tours forbade the use of
cellphonesbutonetourprovideddigitalcamerasandencouragedpeopletotake
photos. The people who took photos enjoyed the experience significantly more,
and said they were more engaged, than those who didn't.
Snapping a photo directs attention, which heightens the pleasure you get
from whatever you're looking at, Diehl says. It works for things as boring as
archaeological(考古的)museums, where people were given eye-tracking glasses
and instructed either to take photos or not. "People look longer at things they
want to photograph," Diehl says. They report liking the exhibits more, too.
To the relief of Instagrammers (Instagram 用户) everywhere, it can even
make meals more enjoyable. When people were encouraged to take at least
three photos while they ate lunch, they were more immersed in their meals than
those who weren't told to take photos.
10Was it the satisfying click of the camera? The physical act of the snap? No,
they found; just the act of planning to take a photo—and not actually taking it—
had the same joy-boosting effect. "If you want to take mental photos, that works
the same way," Diehl says. "Thinking about what you would want to photograph
also gets you more engaged."
51.What does the author say about photo-taking in the past?
A)It was a painstaking effort for recording life's major events.
B)It was a luxury that only a few wealthy people could enjoy.
C)It was a good way to preserve one's precious images.
D)It was a skill that required lots of practice to master
52. Kristin Diehl conducted a series of experiments on photo-taking to find out
_______.
A)what kind of pleasure it would actually bring to photo-takers
B)whether people enjoyed it when they did sightseeing
C)how it could help to enrich people's life experiences
D)whether it prevented people enjoying what they were doing
53. What do the results of Diehl's experiments show about people taking
pictures?
A)They are distracted from what they are doing.
B)They can better remember what they see or do.
C)They are more absorbed in what catches their eye.
D)They can have a better understanding of the world.
54. What is found about museum visitors with the aid of eye-tracking glasses?
A)They come out with better photographs of the exhibits.
B)They focus more on the exhibits when taking pictures.
C)They have a better view of what are on display.
D)They follow the historical events more easily.
55. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A)It is better to make plans before taking photos.
11B)Mental photos can be as beautiful as snapshots.
C)Photographers can derive great joy from the click of the camera.
D)Even the very thought of taking a photo can have a positive effect.
【第三课：词汇部分】
notoriously /noʊˈtɔː riəsli/ adv.众所周知地;声名狼藉地
inedible /ɪnˈedəbl/ adj. 不能吃的
foodie /ˈfuː di/ n. 吃货
treaty /ˈtriː ti/ n. 条约
contract /ˈkɑː ntrækt/ n. 契约，合同
unreliable /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 不可靠的
liable /ˈlaɪəbl/ adj.有责任的，有义务的
quantify /ˈkwɑː ntɪfaɪ/ vt.量化
qualify /ˈkwɑː lɪfaɪ/ vt./vi 取得资格
hover /ˈhʌvər/ vi./n. 盘旋，徘徊
acquaintance /əˈkweɪntəns/ n.熟人；相识；了解
accquire /əˈkwaɪər/ vt. 获得；取得
overestimate /ˌoʊvərˈestɪmət vt. 对……评价过高
underestimate /ˌʌndərˈestɪmeɪt/ vt. 低估
overvalue /ˌoʊvərˈvæljuː / vt. 对…估价过高
undervalue /ˌʌndərˈvæljuː / v. 低估……的价值
massive /ˈmæsɪv/ adj.大量的
overweight /ˌoʊvərˈweɪt/ adj.超重的
12outweigh /ˌaʊtˈweɪ/ vt. 比……重
remarkable /rɪˈmɑː rkəbl/ adj. 卓越的，非凡的
vigil /ˈvɪdʒɪl/ n.监视，警戒
vigilance /ˈvɪdʒɪləns/ n.警戒，警觉
invigilate /ɪnˈvɪdʒɪleɪt/ vt. 监视，监考
invigilator /ɪnˈvɪdʒɪleɪtər/ n.监考人
surveillance /sɜː rˈveɪləns/ n.监督，监视
constrain /kənˈstreɪn/ vt. 束缚
constraint /kənˈstreɪnt/ n. 约束
scale up 扩大规模
large-scale 大规模的
dip/dɪp/ v.浸，下沉
dig /dɪɡ/ vt. 挖
digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/ adj. 数字的
digital literacy 数字素养
format /ˈfɔː rmæt/ n.格式
formula /ˈfɔː rmjələ/ n.公式，准则
transform /trænsˈfɔː rm/ vt.改变，变化
contain /kənˈteɪn/ vt.包含；控制；容纳
retain /rɪˈteɪn/ vt.保持
detain /dɪˈteɪn/ vt.拘留；耽搁
unreliable /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ adj. 不可靠的；靠不住的
13tough /tʌf/ adj.牢固的；强壮的，困难的
rough /rʌf/ adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的
recall /rɪˈkɔː l/ vt. 召回；回想起，记起；取消n. 召回；回忆；撤消
acquire /əˈkwaɪər/ vt. 获得；取得；学到
acquaintance /əˈkweɪntəns/ n. 熟人；相识
address/əˈdres/ n. 演讲，致辞 vt.设法解决；演说
contemporary /kənˈtempəreri/ adj.当代的
scary /ˈskeri/ adj. 可怕的；恐怖的；吓人的
invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəbl/ adj. 无形的；无形的；不显眼的
【第三课：文章部分】
Human memory is notoriously unreliable. Even people with the sharpest
facial-recognition skills can only remember somuch.
It's tough to quantify how good a person is at remembering. No one really
knows how many different faces someone can recall, for example, but various
estimates tend to hover in the thousands-based on the number of
acquaintances a person mighthave.
Machines aren't limited this way. Give the right computer a massive
database of faces, and it can process what it sees-then recognize a face it's
toldto find-with remarkable speed and precision.This skillis whatsupports the
enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 2lst century. It's also
what makes contemporary surveillance systems soscary.
The thing is, machines still have limitations when it comes to facial
recognition. And scientists are only just beginning to understand what those
constraints are. To begin to figure out how computers are struggling,
researchers at the University of Washington created a massive database of
14faces---they call it MegaFace and tested a variety of facial-recognition
algorithms (算法) as they scaled up in complexity. The idea was to test the
machines ona databasethatincluded upto 1milliondifferent images ofnearly
700,000 different people---and not just a large database featuring a relatively
small number of different faces, more consistent with what's been used in
otherresearch.
As the databases grew, machine accuracy dipped across the board.
Algorithms that were right 95% of the time when they were dealing with a 13,
000-image database, for example, were accurate about 70% of the time when
confronted with 1 million images. That's still pretty good, says one of the
researchers,IraKemelmacher-Shlizerman."Muchbetterthanweexpected,"she
said.
Machines also had difficulty adjusting for people who look a lot alike-either
doppelgangers( 长 相 极 相 似 的 人 ),whom the machine would have trouble
identifying as two separate people, or the same person who appeared in
different photos at different ages or in different lighting, whom the machine
would incorrectly view as separatepeople.
"Once we scale up, algorithms must be sensitive to tiny changes in
identities and at the same time invariant to lighting, pose, age,
"Kemelmacher-Shlizermansaid.
The trouble is, for many of the researchers who'd like to design systems to
address these challenges, massive datasets for experimentation just don't
exist--at least, not in formats that are accessible to academic researchers.
TrainingsetsliketheonesGoogleandFacebookhaveareprivate.Thereareno
publicdatabasesthatcontainmillionsoffaces.MegaFace'screatorssayit'sthe
largest publicly available facial-recognition dataset outthere.
“ An ultimate face recognition algorithm should perform with billions of
people in a dataset, ”the researcherswrote
46.Compared with human memory, machines can .
15A) identify human faces more efficiently
B) tell a friend from a mere acquaintance
C) store an unlimited number of human faces
D) perceive images invisible to the human eye
47.Why did researchers create MegaFace?
A)To enlarge the volume of the facial-recognition database
B)To increase the variety of facial-recognition software
C)To understand computers' problems with facial recognition
D)To reduce the complexity of facial-recognition algorithms
48.What does the passage say about machine accuracy?
A)It falls short of researchers' expectations.
B) It improves with added computing power.
C) It varies greatly with different algorithms.
D) It decreases as the database size increases.
49.What is said to be a shortcoming of facial-recognitionmachines?
A)They cannot easily tell apart people with near-identicalappearances.
B)They have difficulty identifying changes in facialexpressions
C)They are not sensitive to minute changes in people'smood
D)They have problems distinguishing people of the sameage
50.Whatisthedifficultyconfrontingresearchersoffacial-recognitionmachines?
A)No computer is yet able to handle huge datasets of
humanfaces
B) There do not exist public databases with sufficient facesampler
C)There are no appropriate algorithms to process the facesamples
D)They have trouble converting face datasets into the rightformat.
【第四课：词汇部分】
plunge /plʌndʒ/ vi./vt. 使陷入 n. 突然跌落
16rescue /ˈreskjuː / vt.营救
generalist/ˈdʒenrəlɪst/ n. 多面手
specialist /ˈspeʃəlɪst/ n. 专家
vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/ adj.生动的
survive /sərˈvaɪv/ vt./vi. 幸存
revival /rɪˈvaɪvl/ n.复活
vigor /ˈvɪɡər/ n.活力
vigorous /ˈvɪɡərəs/ adj.精力充沛的
vitamin /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ n.维他命
approach /əˈproʊtʃ/ n./vt./vi.接近 vt.处理
scream /skriː m/ vt./vi.尖叫
cream /kriː m/ n. 奶油，精华，面霜
calculate /ˈkælkjuleɪt/ v.计算；打算
count /kaʊnt/ v.重要，数数
cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/ vt.培养
culture /ˈkʌltʃər/ n. 文化，文明 vt. 培养
evade /ɪˈveɪd/ vt/vi.逃脱；逃避
invade /ɪnˈveɪd/ vt./vi.侵略
wade /weɪd/ vi.跋涉
counterpart /ˈkaʊntərpɑː rt/ n.极相似的人或物
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntər/ vt. 遭遇
counterbalance /ˌkaʊntərˈbæləns/ vt. 抵消
17morality /məˈræləti/ n. 道德，品行
conflict /ˈkɑː nflɪkt/ vi./n.冲突
inflict /ɪnˈflɪkt/ vt. 造成
affliction /əˈflɪkʃn/ n.痛苦
loophole /ˈluː phoʊl/ n. 漏洞
peril /ˈperəl/ n. 危险；冒险
imperil /ɪmˈperəl/ vt. 危及；使陷于危险
choke /tʃoʊk/ vt. 呛；使窒息 vi. 窒息；阻塞
divorce /dɪˈvɔː rs/ n. 离婚；分离
soldier /ˈsoʊldʒər/ n.军人
solid /ˈsɑː lɪd/ adj. 固体的；可靠的
consolidate /kənˈsɑː lɪdeɪt/ vt./vi. 巩固
abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ adj.抽象的 n.抽象；摘要
code /koʊd/ n.代码，密码
scenario /səˈnærioʊ/ n.情节
scene/siː n/ n.场景
duty/ˈduː ti/ n. 责任；[税收] 关税
customs /ˈkʌstəmz/ n. 海关；风俗
assess /əˈses/ vt. 评定；估价
highlight /ˈhaɪlaɪt/ vt.突出；强调
emphasize /ˈemfəsaɪz/ vt. 强调
underline /ˌʌndərˈlaɪn/ vt. 强调
18underpin /ˌʌndərˈpɪn/ vt. 巩固；支持
odds/ɑː dz/ n.机率
probability /ˌprɑː bəˈbɪləti/ n.机率
adventure novel 历险小说
detective novel 侦探小说
erotic novel 艳情小说
fan fiction 同人小说
ghost novel 灵异小说
mystery novel 悬疑小说
science fiction 科幻小说
文艺片 literary film
战争片 war movie
侦探片 detective story
爱情片 affectional film
悬疑片 suspense film
译制片 dubbed film
恐怖片 dracula movie
伦理片 ethical filml
纪录片 documentary
动作片 action movie
complication /ˌkɑː mplɪˈkeɪʃn/ n.复杂
sophisticated /səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/ adj. 复杂的
19【第四课：文章部分】
In the beginning of the movie l, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save
after twocars plungeinto thewater-DelSpoonerorachild.EventhoughSpooner
screams “SaveherSaveher!” therobotrescueshimbecauseitcalculatesthat
he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah's 11 percent. The
robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would
humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic
counterparts to make?
IsaacAsimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghisthreelawsof
robotics, which hold that 1. Robots cannot harm humans or allow humans to
come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would
conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so
conflicts with laws 1 or 2.These laws are programmed into Asimov's robots-they
don'thavetothink,judge,orvalue.Theydon'thavetolikehumansorbelievethat
hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don't do it.
TherobotwhorescuesSpooner’slifeinI,RobotfollowsAsimov'szerothlaw:
robots cannot harm humanity(as opposed to individual humans)or allow
humanity to come to harm--an expansion of the first law that allows robots to
determine what's in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm
a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to
save others.
Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov's
lawsisdebatableAwordsuchas"harm"isvague(whataboutemotionalharm?Is
replacing a human employ harm?), and abstract concepts present coding
problems. The robots in Asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in
the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess
situations.
Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players,
conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios, It’s doubtful that a
20computer program can do that-at least, not without some undesirable results. A
roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human
proxies(替身) called "H-bots" from danger. When one H-bot headed for danger,
the robot successfully pushed it out of the way. But when two H-bots became
imperiled, the robot choked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to
save and letting them both "die. "The experiment highlights the importance of
morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what's best for
humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?
46. What question does the example in the movie raise?
A) Whether robots can reach better decisions.
B) Whether robots follow Asimov's zero" law.
C)How robots may make bad judgments.
D) How robots should be programmed.
47. What does the author think of Asimov’s three laws of robotics?
A) They are apparently divorced from reality.
B)They did not follow the coding system of robotics.
C)They laid a solid foundation for robotics.
D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.
48. What does the author say about Asimov's robots?
A) They know what is good or bad for human beings.
B)They are programmed not to hurt human beings.
C)They perform duties in their owners' best interest.
D)They stop working when a moral issue is involved.
49.Whatdoes the author wantto sayby mentioningthe word "harm" inAsimov's
laws?
A)Abstract concepts are hard to program.
B) It is hard for robots to make decisions.
C) Robots may do harm in certain situations.
D) Asimov's laws use too many vague terms.
2150. What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory found in his
experiment?
A)Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.
B) Robots can have moral issues encoded into their program.
C)Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.
D)Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.
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