文档内容
四级文章精读
【1】22年6月第二套passageone
原文
Social media can be a powerful communication tool for employees, helping them to
collaborate, share ideas and solve problems. Research has shown that 82% of employees think
social media can improve work relationships and 60% believe it can support decision-making
processes.These beliefs contribute to a majority of workers connecting with colleagues on social
media,evenduringworkhours.
Employers typically worry that social media is a productivity killer; more than half of U.S.
employersreportedlyblockaccesstosocialmediaatwork.Inmyresearchwith 277employees of
a healthcare organization I found these concerns to be misguided. Social media doesn't reduce
productivitynearlyasmuchasitkillsemployeeretention.
In the first part of the study I surveyed the employees about why and how they used
platforms like Facebook, Twitter, or Linkedln. Respondents were then asked about their work
behaviors, including whether they felt motivated in their jobs and showed initiative at work. I
found employees who engage in online social interactions with co-workers through social media
blogstendtobemoremotivatedandcomeupwith innovativeideas.Butwhenemployeesinteract
withindividualsoutsidetheorganization,theyarelessmotivatedandshowlessinitiative.
In the second part of the study I found 76% of employees using social media for work tookan interest in other organizations they found on social media. When I examined how respondents
expressed openness to new careers and employers, I found that they engaged in some key
activitiesincludingresearchingneworganizationsandmakingnewworkconnections.
These findings present a dilemma for managers: employees using social media at work are
more engaged and more productive, but they are also more likely to leave your company.
Managersshouldimplementsolutionsthatneutralizetheretentionriskcausedbysocialmedia.
They can create social media groups in which employees will be more likely to collaborate
and less likely to share withdrawal intentions or discussions about external job opportunities.
Managerscanalsousesocialmediatodirectlyreduceturnover（跳槽）intentions,byrecognizing
employees’accomplishmentsandgivingvisibilitytoemployees’successstories.
【重点词汇】
collaborate /kəˈlæbəreɪt/ v. 合作
contributeto 有助于；促成
amajorityof 大多数的；大部分的
productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ n. 生产率；生产力
block /blɑ:k/ v. 阻止；封锁
access /ˈækses/ n. 进入
misguide /mɪsˈɡaɪd/ v. 误导retention /rɪˈtenʃ(ə)n/ n. 保留
respondent /rɪˈspɑ:ndənt/ n. 调查对象
motivated /ˈmoʊtɪveɪtɪd/ adj. 积极的；主动的
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ n. 主动性
engagein 参与；从事
interaction /ˌɪntərˈækʃ(ə)n/ n. 互动；交流
tendto 倾向于
comeupwith 想出；提出
innovative /ˈɪnəveɪtɪv/ adj. 创新的
interactwith 与……互动
dilemma /dɪˈlemə/ n. 窘境，困境
productive /prəˈdʌktɪv/ adj. 多产的
implement /ˈɪmplɪment/ v. 执行；实施
neutralize /ˈnu:trəlaɪz/ v. 中和
withdrawal /wɪðˈdrɔ:əl/ n. 撤回；收回
intention /ɪnˈtenʃ(ə)n/ n. 意图；目的
external /ɪkˈstɜ:rn(ə)l/ adj. 外面的；外部的
recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ v. 识别accomplishment /əˈkɑ:mplɪʃmənt/ n. 成就
visibility /ˌvɪzəˈbɪləti/ n. 可见性
【笔记区】
Social media can be a powerful
communication tool for employees, helping
them to collaborate, share ideas and solve
problems. Research has shown that 82% of
employees think social media can improve
work relationships and 60% believe it can
support decision-making processes. These
beliefs contribute to a majority of workers
connecting with colleagues on social media,
evenduringworkhours.
Employers typically worry that social
mediais aproductivity killer;more thanhalf of
U.S. employers reportedly block access to
social media at work. In my research with 277employees of a healthcare organization I found
these concerns to be misguided. Social media
doesn't reduceproductivity nearlyas muchas it
killsemployeeretention.
In the first part ofthe study I surveyed the
employees about why and how they used
platforms like Facebook, Twitter, or Linkedln.
Respondents were then asked about their work
behaviors, including whether they felt
motivated in their jobs and showed initiative at
work. I found employees who engage in online
social interactions with co-workers through
social media blogs tend to be more motivated
and come up with innovative ideas. But when
employees interact with individuals outside the
organization, they are less motivated and show
lessinitiative.In the second part of the study I found
76% of employees using social media for work
took an interest in other organizations they
found on social media. When I examined how
respondents expressed openness to new careers
and employers, I found that they engaged in
some key activities including researching new
organizations and making new work
connections.
These findings present a dilemma for
managers: employees using social media at
work are more engaged and more productive,
but they are also more likely to leave your
company. Managers should implement
solutions that neutralize the retention risk
causedbysocialmedia.
They can create social media groups inwhich employees will be more likely to
collaborate and less likely to share withdrawal
intentions or discussions about external job
opportunities. Managers can also use social
media to directly reduce turnover （跳槽）
intentions, by recognizing employees’
accomplishments and giving visibility to
employees’successstories.
【参考译文】
对于受雇者而言，社交媒体可以是一种有效的沟通工具，帮助他们互相协作、分享观点
和解决问题。研究表明，82%的雇员认为社交媒体能够改善工作关系，60%的员工认为它能
够辅助决策过程。这些观点导致大部分员工运用社交媒体与同事进行沟通，甚至在工作时间
也是如此。
雇主们通常会担心社交媒体会变成生产力杀手；据报道，超过半数的美国雇主会在工作时间禁止使用社交媒体。在对于一家医疗保健机构的277名员工的研究中，我发现这种担心
是错误的。社交媒体对于工作效率降低的影响还没有它对员工留存率低的影响大。
在研究中的第一部分，我调查了雇员为什么以及如何使用诸如脸书、推特或领英等平台。
然后向受访者询问他们的工作行为，包括他们在工作中是否有动力，并展现主动性。我发现
那些通过社交媒体与同事进行在线社交互动的雇员往往更有动力，并能提出创新想法。但是，
当他们与公司之外的个体进行沟通时，他们的积极性和主动性就会降低。
在研究的第二部分，我发现76%的使用社交媒体工作的员工会对他们在社交媒体上发
现的其他公司感兴趣。当我调查这些受访者如何表达对于新职业和新雇主的接受度，我发现
他们都曾经参与了诸如搜索新公司或是建立新的工作关系等关键性活动。
这些发现将管理者们置于两难境地：工作中使用社交媒体的员工会更投入、更高效，但
是他们也更有可能离开你的公司。管理者们应该采取一些解决措施以抵消掉社交媒体带来的
挽留风险。
他们可以创建社交媒体群，雇员在其中更有可能进行协作，而不太可能分享离职意向或
是讨论外部的工作机会。管理者们也可以运用社交媒体通过认可员工的工作成果并宣传他们
的成功故事的方式直接减少员工跳槽的意图。【2】 2022年12月第1套 passagetwo
原文
Recognizing when a friend or colleague feels sad, angry or surprised is key to getting along
with others. But a new study suggests that being sensitive to people's feelings may sometimes
come with an extra dose of stress. This and other research challenge the prevailing view that
emotionalintelligenceisuniformlybeneficialtoitsbearer.
In a study, psychologist Myriam Bechtoldt of the Frankfurt School of Finance and
ManagementinGermanyasked166maleuniversitystudentsaseriesofquestionstomeasuretheir
emotional intelligence. For example, they showed the students photographs of people's faces and
asked them to what extent feelings such as happiness or disgust were being expressed. The
students then had to give job talks in front of judges who displayed serious facial expressions.
The scientists measured concentrations of stress hormones in the students’ saliva (唾液) before
andafterthetalk.
In students who were rated more emotionally intelligent, the stress measures increased more
during the experiment and took longer to go back to baseline. The findings suggest that some
peoplemaybetooemotionally clever fortheir owngood,says Bechtoldt. “Sometimes youcanbe
sogoodatsomethingthatitcausestrouble,”shenotes.
Indeed,thestudyaddstopreviousresearchhintingatadarksideofemotionalintelligence.Astudy published in 2002 in Personality and Individual Differences suggested that emotionally
perceptive people might be particularly influenced by feelings of depression and hopelessness.
Furthermore, several studies have implied that emotional intelligence can be used to manipulate
othersforpersonalgains.
More research is needed to see how exactly the relation between emotional intelligence and
stresswouldplayoutinwomenandinpeopleofdifferentagesandeducationlevels.Nevertheless,
emotional intelligence is a useful skill to have, as long as you learn to also properly cope with
emotions—both others’ and your own, says Bechtoldt. For example, some sensitive individuals
mayassumeresponsibilityforotherpeople’ssadnessoranger,whichultimatelystressesthemout.
Remember,asBechtoldtsays,“youarenotresponsibleforhowotherpeoplefeel.”
【重点词汇】
sensitive /ˈsensətɪv/ adj. 敏感的
doseof 剂量
prevailing /prɪˈveɪlɪŋ/ adj. 盛行的
emotionalintelligence 情商
beneficial /ˌbenɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ adj. 有益的
bearer /ˈberər/ n.持有者psychologist /saɪˈkɑ:lədʒɪst/ n. 心理学家
disgust /dɪsˈɡʌst/ n. 反感；憎恶
facialexpression 面部表情
concentration /ˌkɑ:ns(ə)nˈtreɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 专心；专注
rate /reɪt/ v. 评比
baseline /ˈbeɪslaɪn/ n. 基线；基准
hintat 暗示
perceptive /pərˈseptɪv/ adj. 感知力强的
depression /dɪˈpreʃ(ə)n/ n. 抑郁；沮丧
imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/ v. 暗示
manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ v. 操纵
relation /rɪˈleɪʃn/ n. 联系
stress /stres/ n. 压力
copewith 应对
assume /əˈsu:m/ v. 承担；认为；假设
responsibility /rɪˌspɑ:nsəˈbɪləti/ n. 责任【笔记区】
Recognizing when a friend or colleague
feels sad, angry or surprised is key to getting
along with others. But a new study suggests
that being sensitive to people's feelings may
sometimes come with an extra dose of stress.
Thisandotherresearchchallengetheprevailing
view that emotional intelligence is uniformly
beneficialtoitsbearer.
In a study, psychologist Myriam Bechtoldt
of the Frankfurt School of Finance and
Management in Germany asked 166 male
university students a series of questions to
measure their emotional intelligence. For
example,they showedthestudentsphotographs
of people's faces and asked them to what
extent feelings such as happiness or disgustwere being expressed. The students then had to
give job talks in front of judges who displayed
serious facial expressions. The scientists
measured concentrations of stress hormones in
the students’saliva (唾液) before and after the
talk.
In students who were rated more
emotionally intelligent, the stress measures
increased more during the experiment and took
longer to go back to baseline. The findings
suggest that some people may be too
emotionally clever for their own good, says
Bechtoldt. “Sometimes you can be so good at
somethingthatitcausestrouble,”shenotes.
Indeed,thestudyaddstopreviousresearch
hinting at a dark side of emotional intelligence.
A study published in 2002 in Personality andIndividual Differences suggested that
emotionally perceptive people might be
particularly influenced by feelings of
depression and hopelessness. Furthermore,
several studies have implied that emotional
intelligence can be used to manipulate others
forpersonalgains.
More research is needed to see how
exactly the relation between emotional
intelligence and stress would play out in
women and in people of different ages and
education levels. Nevertheless, emotional
intelligence is a useful skill to have, as long as
you learn to also properly cope with
emotions—both others’ and your own, says
Bechtoldt. For example, some sensitive
individuals may assume responsibility for otherpeople’s sadness or anger, which ultimately
stresses them out. Remember, as Bechtoldt
says, “you are not responsible for how other
peoplefeel.”
【参考译文】
能够意识到朋友、同事何时会感到忧伤、生气或惊讶是与人相处的关键。但是一项新研
究表明，对他人的感受过于敏感有时候也会让人平添一些额外的压力。这项研究以及其他的
研究挑战了目前盛行的观点，即情商对其拥有者而言是完全有益的。
德国的法兰克福金融管理学院的心理学家米利亚姆·贝赫托尔特在一项研究中询问了
166名男学生一系列问题，来衡量他们的情商。比如，他们向学生们展示了人们的脸部照片
并询问学生他们在多大程度上表达了快乐或厌恶等情绪。接着学生们必须在面部表情凝重的
评委面前进行求职演讲。科学家在演讲前后分别测量了这些学生唾液中压力激素的浓度。
对于那些情商更高的学生，在实验中其压力指标上涨更多，且需要更长的时间才能恢复
到基准水平。贝赫托尔特认为，这些发现表明有些人可能在情感上过于聪明，而这对自己没
有什么好处。“有时候你可能在某些方面太擅长以至于会带来麻烦。”她说。
事实上，这项研究补充了之前的研究结论，暗示了情商的黑暗面。2002年发表在《个
性与个体差异》上的一项研究表明，情绪敏感的人可能特别容易受到抑郁和绝望情绪的影响。另外，一些研究也指出，情商可以用来操纵他人以获得个人利益。
我们需要更多的研究来了解情商和压力之间的确切关系在女性以及不同年龄和教育水
平的人身上是如何发挥作用的。然而，贝赫托尔特说，情商是一项非常有用的技能，只要你
能学会如何恰当地处理情绪——不仅是他人的情绪，也有你自己的情绪。比如，一些敏感的
人也许会为他人的悲伤或气愤承担责任，最终让自己压力重重。记住，正如贝赫托尔特所说：
“你不必为别人的感受负责。”
【3】23年6月第一套passageone
原文
Supermarkets have long been suffering as one of the thinnest-margined businesses in
existence and one of the least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit. For more than a decade,
they have been under attack from e-commerce giants, blamed for making Americans fat, and
accusedofcontributingtoclimatechange.
Supermarkets can technically be defined as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different
products.The revolutionary idea of a self-service grocery, where people could hunt and gather
food from aisles rather than asking a clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first came about
in America.There is some debate about which was the very first, but over the years a consensus
hasbuiltaroundKingKullenSupermarket,foundedinNewYorkin1930.
For some 300 years, Americans had fed themselves from small stores and public markets.Shopping for food involved mud, noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells, bargaining, and
getting short-changed. The supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with its emphasis on
efficiency and standardization, and reimagined it as a place to buy food. Supermarkets may not
feel cutting-edge now, but they were a revolution in distribution at the time. They were such
strange marvels that, on her first official state visit to the United States in 1957, Queen Elizabeth
IIinsistedonanimpromptu(即兴的)tourofasuburban-MarylandGiantFood.
The typical supermarket layout has barely changed over the past 90 years. Most stores open
with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the front as a breath of freshness to arouse our appetite.
Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs, and other daily basics all the way back so you’ll travel
throughasmuchofthestoreaspossible,andbetemptedalongtheway.
In the early days, as the supermarket multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have long
feared that this “revolution in distribution” uses corporate black magic on our appetite.The book
The Hidden Persuaders, published in 1957, warned that supermarkets were putting women in a
“hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状态),” causing them to wander aisles bumping into boxes and
“pickingthingsoffshelvesatrandom.”
【重点词汇】
suffer /ˈsʌfər/ v. 遭受
thinnest-margined 利润最薄的inexistence 存在
underattack 受到攻击
giant 大公司
blamefor 因……责备
accusedof 被指控
defineas 定义为……
house /haʊs/ v. 存放
revolutionary /ˌrevəˈlu:ʃəneri/ adj. 革命性的
fetch /fetʃ/ v. （去）找来
consensus /kənˈsensəs/ n. 共识
imitate /ˈɪmɪteɪt/ v. 模仿；效仿
emphasison 对……强调
efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃ(ə)nsi/ n. 效率；效能
standardization /ˌstændərdəˈzeɪʃn/ n. 标准化
cutting-edge adj. 领先的
revolution /ˌrevəˈlu:ʃ(ə)n/ n.革命
distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbju:ʃ(ə)n/ n. 分配；分发marvel /ˈmɑ:rv(ə)l/ n. 奇迹
insiston 坚持
layout/ˈleɪaʊt/ n. 布局；设计
barely /ˈberli/ adv. 几乎不
arouse /əˈraʊz/ v. 引起；激起
appetite /ˈæpɪtaɪt/ n.食欲
tempt /tempt/ v. 引诱
multiply /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ v. 大大增加
suspicion /səˈspɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 猜想；怀疑
corporate /ˈkɔ:rpərət/ adj. 企业的
atrandom 随机地
【笔记区】
Supermarkets have long been suffering as
one of the thinnest-margined businesses in
existence and one of the
least-looked-forward-to places to work or visit.
For more than a decade, they have been underattack from e-commerce giants, blamed for
making Americans fat, and accused of
contributingtoclimatechange.
Supermarkets can technically be defined
as giants housing 15,000 to 60,000 different
products.The revolutionary idea of a
self-service grocery, where people could hunt
andgather foodfromaisles ratherthanasking a
clerk to fetch items from behind a counter, first
came about inAmerica.There is some debate
about which was the very first, but over the
years a consensushas built aroundKing Kullen
Supermarket,foundedinNewYorkin1930.
For some 300 years, Americans had fed
themselves from small stores and public
markets. Shopping for food involved mud,
noisy chickens, clouds of flies, nasty smells,bargaining, and getting short-changed. The
supermarket imitated the Fordist factory, with
its emphasis on efficiency and standardization,
and reimagined it as a place to buy food.
Supermarkets may not feel cutting-edge now,
but they were a revolution in distribution at the
time. They were such strange marvels that, on
her first official state visit to the United States
in 1957, Queen Elizabeth II insisted on an
impromptu ( 即 兴 的 ) tour of a
suburban-MarylandGiantFood.
The typical supermarket layout has barely
changed over the past 90 years. Most stores
open with flowers, fruit and vegetables at the
front as a breath of freshness to arouse our
appetite. Meanwhile, they keep the milk, eggs,
andotherdailybasicsallthewaybacksoyou’lltravel through as much of the store as possible,
andbetemptedalongtheway.
In the early days, as the supermarket
multiplied, so did our suspicion of it. We have
longfearedthatthis “revolutionindistribution”
uses corporate black magic on our appetite.The
book The Hidden Persuaders, published in
1957, warned that supermarkets were putting
women in a “hypnoidal trance (催眠恍惚状
态),” causing them to wander aisles bumping
into boxes and “picking things off shelves at
random.”
【参考译文】
长期以来，超市一直是现存利润最微薄的行业之一，也是人们最不期待去工作和光顾的
地方之一。十多年来，超市一直受到了来自电子商务巨头的冲击，被指责不但造成了美国人
发胖，还加剧了气候变化。
从技术上讲，超市可以被定义为容纳15,000至60,000种不同商品的巨型商店。自助式杂货店这一革命性想法最早起源于美国，在这里，人们可以自己从货架上挑选、收集食物，
而不必让店员从柜台后取货。关于到底哪家超市是第一家一直存在争议，但多年来，人们已
经达成共识，认为金库伦超市是第一家超市，该超市于1930年在纽约成立。
在长达 300年的时间里，美国人一直在小商店和公共市场购物。人们买菜需要穿过泥
泞的道路，听着鸡群嘹亮的啼鸣，苍蝇嗡嗡作响，忍受着难闻的气味，讨价还价，有时甚至
还会遭遇找零不足的情况。超市模仿了福特主义工厂的理念，注重效率和标准化，并将其重
新构想为购买食物的场所。尽管如今超市可能已不再具备前沿感，但在当时，超市可是销售
领域的一场革命。超市可谓是奇特的创举，甚至在1957年，女王伊丽莎白二世首次对美国
进行正式国事访问时，她坚持要即兴参观一家位于马里兰郊区的巨型食品店。
过去90年来，典型的超市布局几乎没有太大变化。大多数超市都会在门口陈列鲜花、
水果和蔬菜，给人们带来一股清新的气息，唤起我们的食欲。与此同时，超市还将牛奶、鸡
蛋等其他日常必需品摆放在最内侧，这样顾客需要穿过商店中尽可能多的区域，途中很可能
会受到各种诱惑。
早期，随着超市的增加，我们对它的怀疑也在增加。我们长期以来一直担心这种“分销
革命”会利用企业的黑魔法来操纵我们的欲望。1957年出版的《隐藏的劝说者》一书警告
称，超市让女人陷人了“催眠恍惚状态”，这使她们在货架间漫无目的地徘徊并“随机从货
架上挑选商品”。【4】22年12月第二套passagetwo
原文
In2020,theNobelPeacePrizewasawardedtotheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP).
WhyaNobelPrizefortheWFP,andwhynow?In2019,theWFPassistednearly100million
people in 88 countries. It is the safety net for those who fall off the edge of existence. It is a
response to solving the problem of food instability. Its Nobel Prize reminds us all of the moral
hazardinimaginingthatthepoorandvulnerablearesomebodyelse’sproblem.
TheWFPhasbeenaroundsince1961andhasbeentheglobalcoordinatorofnationallybased
efforts to avoid disasters with food aid. Despite decades of effort to eliminate hunger, the latest
estimate is that about 11% of people on the planet (about 820 million people ) are suffering
dailyundernourishment.Progressatreducingundernourishmenthasstoppeddespitegainsthrough
the1990sand2000s.
Developed countries sometimes offer food and aid to developing ones, but at a price. One
American philosopher stated that addressing the needs of the poor and vulnerable is about more
than money—it is mostly about creating conditions under which prosperity and opportunity can
thrive. When aid is offered with heavy conditions attached, like loan repayment or food for
resources, it often widens the gap between rich and poor and sustains the old world order.This is
whytheworkoftheWFPissovital.The scientific community, however, can provide a helping hand to the WFP. By sharing
knowledge of agriculture and climate with peers in countries most vulnerable to poverty and
hunger,scientists can help reducethese problems. By making its voice heard,science can lead by
example. The ability to overcome food shortages that must be built into some of the poorest
countries will not come from loans from wealthy countries, which may have food problems of
their own, or world economic institutions. This ability will be built upon self-confident people
usingopenandsharedscientificknowledgetopullthemselvesoutoftheirmisery.
【重点词汇】
beawardedto 被授予
assist v. 帮助；协助
safetynet 安全网
falloff 跌落
response /rɪˈspɑ:ns/ n. 回应
instability /ˌɪnstəˈbɪləti/ n.不稳定
remind /rɪˈmaɪnd/ v. 提醒
moral /ˈmɔ:rəl/ adj. 道德上的
hazard /ˈhæzərd/ n. 危险
vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəb(ə)l/ adj. 脆弱的coordinator /koʊˈɔ:rdɪneɪtər/ n.协调者
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/ v. 剔除；根除
estimate /ˈestɪmeɪt/ v. 预估
undernourishment /ˌʌndərˈnɜ:rɪʃmənt/ n. 营养不良
ataprice 以某种代价
philosopher /fəˈlɑ:səfər/ n. 哲学家
state /steɪt/ v. 陈述；说明
prosperity /prɑ:ˈsperəti/ n. 繁荣
thrive /θraɪv/ v. 繁荣；蓬勃发展
attached /əˈtætʃt/ adj. 附属的
loanrepayment 贷款偿还
widen /ˈwaɪd(ə)n/ v. 加宽；变宽
sustain /səˈsteɪn/ v. 维持；保持
vital /ˈvaɪt(ə)l/ adj. 重要的
agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/ n.农业
peer /pɪr/ n. 同行
overcome /ˌoʊvərˈkʌm/ v. 克服
institution /ˌɪnstɪˈtu:ʃ(ə)n/ n. 机构misery /ˈmɪzəri/ n. 痛苦
【笔记区】
In 2020, the Nobel Peace Prize was
awardedtotheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP).
Why a Nobel Prize for the WFP, and why
now? In 2019, the WFP assisted nearly 100
million people in 88 countries. It is the safety
netfor those who fall off the edge of existence.
It is a response to solving the problem of food
instability.Its Nobel Prize reminds us all of the
moral hazard in imagining that the poor and
vulnerablearesomebodyelse’sproblem.
The WFP has been around since 1961 and
has been the global coordinator of nationally
based efforts to avoid disasters with food aid.
Despite decades of effort to eliminate hunger,
thelatest estimate isthatabout11%ofpeopleon the planet (about 820 million people ) are
suffering daily undernourishment. Progress at
reducing undernourishment has stopped despite
gainsthroughthe1990sand2000s.
Developed countries sometimes offer food
and aid to developing ones, but at a price. One
Americanphilosopherstatedthataddressingthe
needs of the poor and vulnerable is about more
than money—it is mostly about creating
conditions under which prosperity and
opportunity can thrive. When aid is offered
with heavy conditions attached, like loan
repayment or food for resources, it often
widens the gap between rich and poor and
sustains the old world order. This is why the
workoftheWFPissovital.
The scientific community, however, canprovide a helping hand to the WFP. By sharing
knowledge of agriculture and climate with
peers in countries most vulnerable to poverty
and hunger, scientists can help reduce these
problems. By making its voice heard, science
can lead by example. The ability to overcome
food shortages that must be built into some of
the poorest countries will not come from loans
from wealthy countries, which may have food
problems of their own, or world economic
institutions. This ability will be built upon
self-confident people using open and shared
scientific knowledge to pull themselves out of
theirmisery.
【参考译文】
2020年，诺贝尔和平奖被授予世界粮食计划署(WFP)。
为什么诺贝尔奖颁给了世界粮食计划署？为什么现在颁给它？2019年，世界粮食计划署援助了88个国家的近1亿人。它是那些从生存边缘跌落的人的安全网。它是解决粮食不
稳定问题的对策。它的诺贝尔奖提醒我们所有人，把穷人和弱势群体当成别人的问题是一种
道德危机。
世界粮食计划署自1961年成立以来，一直是各国通过粮食援助避免灾难的全球协调机
构。尽管为消除饥饿付出了几十年的努力，但据最新估计，地球上约有11%的人(约8.2亿
人)每天营养不良。尽管在 20世纪 90年代和21世纪初取得了一些进展，但在减少营养不
良方面的进展已经停止。
发达国家有时会向发展中国家提供食物和援助，但这是有代价的。一位美国哲学家曾说
过，解决穷人和弱势群体的需求不仅仅是靠金钱，更重要的是创造条件，使经济和机遇能够
繁荣并蓬勃发展。如果援助附带沉重的条件，如偿还贷款或以粮食换资源，这往往会扩大贫
富差距，维持旧的世界秩序。这就是为什么世界粮食计划署的工作如此重要。
然而，科学界可以向世界粮食计划署伸出援助之手。通过与最容易遭受贫困和饥饿的国
家的同行分享农业和气候知识，科学家可以帮助减少这些问题。科学可以以身作则，让人们
听到它的声音。一些最贫穷的国家必须具备克服粮食短缺的能力，但这种能力既不会来自富
裕国家的贷款，因为这些国家本身也可能存在粮食问题，也不会来自世界经济机构的贷款。
这种能力将建立在自信的人们利用开放和共享的科学知识使自己摆脱痛苦的基础上。【自主练习】
23年6月第二套passageone
The United States is facing a housing crisis:Affordable housing is inadequate, while luxury
homes abound (充裕), and homelessness remains a persistent problem. Despite this, popular
culture and the housing industry market happiness as living with both more space and more
amenities(便利设施).Bighousesareadvertizedasarewardforhardworkanddiligence,turning
housingfromabasicnecessityintoaluxury.
This is reflected in our homes.The average single-family home built in the United States
before 1970 was less than 1,500 square feet in size. By 2016, the average size of a new,
single-family home was 2,422 square feet. What's more, homes built in the 2000s were more
likelythanearliermodelstohavemoreofalltypesofspaces:bedrooms,bathrooms,livingrooms,
diningrooms,recreationroomsandgarages.
There are consequences of living big.As middle-class houses have grown larger, two things
have happened. First, large houses take time to maintain, so cleaners and other low-wage service
workers are required to keep these houses in order. Second, once-public spaces, where people
from diverse backgrounds used to come together,have increasingly become privatized, leadingto
areductioninthenumberofpublicfacilitiesavailabletoall,andareducedqualityoflifeformany.
Take swimming pools. While in 1950, only 2,500 U.S.families owned pools, by 1999 thisnumber was 4 million. At the same time, public municipal pools were often closed, leaving
low-incomepeoplenowheretoswim.
Thetrendforbigger housingthusposesethicalquestions.ShouldAmericansacceptasystem
in which the middle and upper classes enjoy a luxurious lifestyle, using the low-wage labor of
others? Are we willing to accept a system in which an increase in amenities purchased by the
affluentmeansareductioninamenitiesforthepoor?
I believe neither is acceptable. We must change the way we think: living well does not need
to mean having more private spaces; instead, it could mean having more public spaces.A better
goal than building bigger houses for some is to create more publicly accessible spaces and
amenitiesforall.
【参考译文】
美国正面临住房危机：经济适用房不足，而豪宅比比皆是，无家可归仍然是一个长期存
在的问题。尽管如此，流行文化和房地产行业将幸福感营销为居住在更大空间和拥有更多的
便利设施。大房子被宣传为是对辛苦工作和勤奋的奖励，而这一宣传将住房从基本必需品变
成了奢侈品。
这反映在我们的家里。1970年之前，美国建造的独栋房屋平均面积不到1,500平方英尺。
到2016年，新的独栋住宅的平均面积为2,422平方英尺。此外，21世纪建造的房屋比早期
的模型更有可能拥有更多的所有类型的空间：卧室、浴室、客厅、餐厅、娱乐室和车库。住房面积的增大带来一些后果。随着中产阶级的房子越来越大，发生了两件事。首先，
大房子需要时间来维护，所以需要清洁工和其他低工资的服务人员来保持房屋整洁。第二，
曾经的公共空间常有来自不同背景的人聚集在一起，如今变得越来越私有化，导致所有人可
用的公共设施数量减少，许多人的生活质量也相应降低。以游泳池为例。1950年，只有2,500
个美国家庭拥有游泳池，而到1999年，这一数字为400万。与此同时，市政公共游泳池经
常关闭，让低收入人群无处游泳。
因此，住房面积增大的趋势引发了道德问题。美国人应该接受一种中上层阶级利用他人
的低薪劳动享受奢侈的生活方式的制度吗? 我们是否愿意接受这样一种富人购买便利设施
的增加意味着穷人的便利设施减少的制度?
我认为两者都不可接受。我们必须改变我们的思维方式：过得好并不意味着拥有更多的
私人空间；相反，它可以意味着拥有更多的公共空间。对一些人来说，比起建造更大的房子，
更好的目标是为所有人创造更多的公共空间和便利设施。23年6月第二套passagetwo
Most of us in the entrepreneurial community are blessed—or cursed—with
higher-than-average ambition.Ambitious people strongly desire accomplishments and are willing
totakemorerisksandspendmoreefforttogetthem.
Overall, this is a positive quality, especially for people trying to build their own businesses.
Apparently,ifyou’remorenaturallydriventosetgoals,youaremorelikelytosucceed.
Actually, this isn’t always the case. In fact, in some cases, extreme ambition may end up
doingmoreharmthangood.
Onemajorsideeffectofexcessiveambitionisthetendencytofocustoodeterminedlyonone
particular vision or end goal. This is problematic because it hinders your ability to adapt to new
circumstances, which is vital if you want to be a successful entrepreneur. If a new competitor
emerges to threaten your business, you may need to change direction, even if that means straying
fromyouroriginalvision.Ifyouhavetoomuchambition,you’llfindthishard,ifnotimpossible.
Fewpeoplearesuccessfulwhentheytrytobuildtheirfirstbrand.Unfortunately,forthemost
ambitiousentrepreneurs,afailureisseenasdisastrous,andimpossibletorecoverfrom.
It’s a clear departure from the intended plan toward the intended goal. For people with
limited ambition, however, failure is viewed as something closer to reality. Remember, failure is
inevitable,andeveryfailureyousurviveisalearningexperience.Ambitious people tend to be more materialistically successful than their non-ambitious
counterparts. However,they’re only slightly happier than their less-ambitious counterparts, and
tend to live significantly shorter lives.This implies that even though ambitious people are more
likely to achieve conventional “success”, such success means nothing for their health and
happiness-andifyoudon’thavehealthandhappiness,whatelsecouldpossiblymatter?
Clearly, some amount of ambition is good for your motivation. Without any ambition, you
wouldn’t start your own business, set or achieve goals and get far in life. But an excess of
ambition can also be dangerous, putting you at risk of burnout, stubbornness and even a shorter
life.
【参考译文】
大部分创业群体的人都会有幸拥有亦或是受苦于一种高于常人的野心。有抱负的人强烈
渴望有所成就，并愿意承担更多的风险、付出更多的努力来得到这些成就。
总而言之，这是一种积极的品质，尤其是对于那些想要自主创业的人。显然，如果你有
更自然的动力去设定目标，那么你就更有可能成功。
实际上，事实并非一贯如此。事实上，在某些情况下，过度的野心也许会带来更多的弊
端而非好处。
过度的野心带来的一个主要的副作用是太容易断然地关注某个特定的愿景或终极目标。
这是有问题的，因为这会限制你适应新环境的能力，而这一点对于想成为一名成功企业家的你来说又至关重要如果出现一个新的竞争者威胁了你的企业，你可能需要改变方向，即使这
意味着将会偏离你最初的愿景。如果你野心太大，你会发现即便是有可能，但做到这一点还
是很难。
很少有人在尝试建立自己的首个品牌时就能成功。不幸的是，对于最有野心的企业家而
言，失败被视为是灾难性的，无法从中恢复。
这是从既定计划到既定目标的明显偏离。然而，对于那些野心有限的人而言，失败被视
为一种更接近现实的常态事件。请记住，失败在所难免，每次你从失败中走出，都是一次学
习经历。
相比起那些没有野心的人而言，有野心的人在物质上会更加富足。然而，他们只比没有
野心的人稍微幸福一点，且寿命往往更短。这意味着即便具备野心的人更有可能取得传统意
义上的“成功”，但这种成功却无益于他们的健康和幸福——假如你失去了健康和幸福，其
他的事情又有何重要呢?
显然，一定程度的野心对于你的动力是有好处的。没有任何野心的话，你就不会创业，
设定或实现目标，并在人生中大步向前。但是过度的野心也是危险的，会让你面临疲劳、偏
执甚至寿命缩短的风险。
