牛津高中英语必修一单元四语法讲练

牛津高中英语必修一单元四语法讲练

定语从句中关系副词的用法

定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语，修饰主句的某个名词、代词。用逗号和主句隔开的定语从句称非限制性定语从句。修饰整个句子的定语从句一般是非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why。关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用，同时在从句中又充当句子的时间、地点和原因状语。如果定语从句修饰的名词或代词有更简洁的介词或副词短语修饰，则定语从句和主句出现分隔现象。关系副词why不引导非限制性定语从句。

一、关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。when, where和why的句法结构如下：

1. 表时间的名词＋when＋定语从句，when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

(2) I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.

2. 表地点的名词＋where＋定语从句，where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

(1) The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

(2) This is the house where I lived two years ago.

3. 表原因的名词reason＋why＋定语从句。(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中，在定语从句中作原因状语)

That is the reason why I did the job.

This was the reason why we raised the temperature.

二、关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视

1.有时受到思维定势的影响，容易造成在表示地点的名词后选关系副词where、在表示时间的名词后选关系副词when、在表原因的reason之后选关系副词why，其实不是这样。 “when”、“where”和“why”的运用取决于它们修饰的表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词在定语从句中作状语成分，比较下面的三组句子：

(A1) I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.（day在定语从句中作状语。）

(A2) I will never forget the days (which/that) we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.（days在定语从句中作宾语。）

(B1) This is the hospital where my mother works. （hospital在定语从句中作状语。）

(B2) This is the hospital (which/that) we visited the day before yesterday. （hospital在定语从句中作宾语。）

(C1) The reason why he did not go to school was that he was ill. （reason在定语从句中作状语。）

(C2) This is the reason (which/that) he gave his boss in the office. （reason在定语从句中作宾语。）

2.关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

(1) I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.

(2) He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.

(3) I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.

(4) Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.

注意：有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象，是为了平衡句子的语法需要。

(1) Do you remember the evening ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

(2) The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil”．

三．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法

“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法是定语从句中的重要现象，该用法在非限制性定语从句中比限制性定语从句用得更广泛。“介词＋关系代词”在定语从句中充当状语或关系代词和不及物动词后的介词搭配作该介词的宾语。

1. “介词＋关系代词”可以替换关系副词when, where, why。

(1) Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong？(on which＝when)

(2) This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which＝where)

(3) Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party? (for which＝why)

2.在非限制性定语从句中，定语从句所修饰的名词和定语从句或定语从句中的动词有状语关系，非限制性定语从句常由“介词＋关系代词”引导，用以补充说明前面的主句、增加信息量。

(1) My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.

(2) At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.

3.这种“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句还可能出现“代词＋介词＋关系代词” 引导非限制性定语从句，对非限制性定语从句所修饰的名词作进一步的说明。

(1) Lao Wang has three sons, two of whom are working in Beijing.

(2) Mark Twain wrote many novels, one of which is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

要注意这种非限制性定语从句和独立主格结构、并列句及语段的区分：

(1) Lao Wang has three sons, two of them working in Beijing.(独立主格结构)

(2) Lao Wang has three sons; two of them are working in Beijing.(并列句)

(3) Lao Wang has three sons. Two of them are working in Beijing.(语段)

(4) Mark Twain wrote many novels, one of them being The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

(5) Mark Twain wrote many novels; one of them is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

(6) Mark Twain wrote many novels. One of them is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.

4.这种“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句也可能出现“介词＋关系代词化的关系副词” 引导非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句的实际运用中还会出现像“in which case, during which time, since when, in whose…”等具体语境的类似“介词＋关系代词化的关系副词”的短语引导非限制性定语从句。如：

(1) She hid herself behind the door, from where she could see the girl clearly.

这里的where相当于behind the door。如果把where 换成which，就变成从门上看，意义上就错误了。英语中没有双介词加关系代词引导非限制性定语从句的现象。

(2) New bamboo shoots appear from around the roots of the old ones, from where they grow higher and higher.

(3) He may win the match tonight, in which case he may be admitted to the national team. = He may win the match tonight. In that case he may be admitted to the national team.

(4) With the development of agriculture, the people, in whose village he taught English ten years ago, have led a happy life.

(5) He studied in Nantong University between 1994 and 1998, during which time he made many friends.= He studied in Nantong University between 1994 and 1998. During the time he made many friends.

(6)I came to Nantong in 1983, since when great changes have taken place here. = I came to Nantong in 1983. Since then great changes have taken place here.

以上六句话是非限制性定语从句中常出现的难句。在进行了以上对比分析后，难句不难。

5.在“介词＋关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句中，如果主语明确或主语和主句的主语一致，这个限制性定语从句可简略为“介词＋关系代词＋不定式”。

(1) I had nothing on which to focus. (主语和主句的主语一致，可简化)

(2) My mother gave me the money with which to buy a dictionary. (定语从句的主语明确，可简化)

(3) At last there was something about which to write home. (定语从句的主语明确为讲话者，可简化)

四．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，去掉从句，意思仍然完整，形式上用逗号隔开，对修饰的名词、代词或句子起补充说明作用，不能用that引导。

(1) I was the only person in our office who was invited.(who引导限制性定语从句，去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)

(2) Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night. (who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)

(3)which引导的修饰整个句子的非限制性定语从句可以简化为现在分词，演变成结果状语。如：

It rained and rained last month, which caused the water in the river to rise.= It rained and rained last month, causing the water in the river to rise.

五．定语从句和强调结构搭配，常出现which, where引导的定语从句和强调that的搭配以及其它介词加关系代词引导的定语从句和强调that的搭配。如：

It was in the stone house which was built as a school by local villagers that the boy finished his primary school. (为避免重复，which一般不改用that。)

It was from the river where he often did some fishing that he saved the girl.

It was the activities organized by the school in which they gained experience for growth that shaped their lives.

语法练习一：用正确的单词完成下列的填空练习，每空一词。

This is a story (1)_____ _____I may recall my own childhood. It’s about my hometown (2)_____ I lived through my childhood and had lots of unforgettable memories.

Jiuhua, (3)_____ _____/_____ I grew up, is a small town in the south of Rugao. My family moved there from Nantong the summer (4)______ I was born.

My father sold tea, and my mother had a food stand, (5)_____ _____ _____ _____ is the main street. She sold omelets early in the morning. A customer (6)____ _____ I always chatted had a son of my age. We were best friends.

On the first floor of our house, we had huge kitchen (7)_____ we all gathered for dinner. It was a fun noisy place. The bedrooms were upstairs.

1.from which 2.where 3.in which/where4.when 5.in front of which6.with whom 7.where

语法练习二：用正确的关系词完成下面非限制性定语从句的填空练习，每空一词。

Junshan Hotel, (1)_____ lies at the foot of Junshan in Nantong, is the best place for a holiday.

The street, (2)_____ the hotel lies, is quiet and clean. Most people get up late in the morning on weekends, (3)_____ the cleaners still have much work to do. The cleaners keep the street clean and beautiful.

Mr. Wang, (4)______ bought this small hotel three years ago, has won a lot of praise for excellence. Mr. Wang, (5)______ cooking interests people from far and wide, was once the best young Chef of Nantong last year.

The guests, (6)______ Mr. Wang treats almost as members of his family, always come first.

1.which 2.where3.when4.who 5.whose6.whom/who