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初中英语必考语法学习手册 -词法篇—八大时态
初中英语必考语法学习手册
【第6章 八大时态】
一、核心定义
时态 = 时间 + 状态。初中必考的重点是六种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成。过去将来时和过去完成时在初三出现,认识会用就行。
──────────────────────────6.1 一般现在时构成:主语 + 动词原形 / 动词 + s(第三人称单数)用法:(1)经常性、习惯性的动作:I get up at six every day.(2)客观事实和真理:The earth goes around the sun.(3)现在的状态、能力、喜好:She likes music.标志词:always,usually,often,sometimes,never,every day,on Sundays,twice a week否定和疑问:用 do / does He doesn’t like coffee. / Does he like coffee?典型例句:My father works in a hospital.Water boils at 100℃.易错坑:(1)主语是第三人称单数时动词要加 s 或 es(2)客观真理永远用一般现在时,即使主句是过去时(3)时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来:If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
──────────────────────────6.2 一般过去时构成:主语 + 动词过去式用法:过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态标志词:yesterday,last night,last week,two days ago,just now,in 2020,once upon a time否定和疑问:用 did,后面动词回到原形 He didn’t come yesterday. / Did he come yesterday?常见不规则动词:go→went,come→came,see→saw,eat→ate,do→did,have→had,take→took,make→made,get→got,give→gave,buy→bought,bring→brought,think→thought,teach→taught,catch→caught,find→found,say→said,tell→told,sit→sat,begin→began,drink→drank,swim→swam,write→wrote,read→read,put→put,let→let,cut→cut,run→ran,win→won易错坑:(1)did 后面动词必须回到原形(2)一般过去时不能和 now、today(现在时)混用(3)used to do 表示过去常常,不要和 be used to doing 混
──────────────────────────6.3 一般将来时构成:will + 动词原形;be going to + 动词原形区别:will 表示临时决定、客观将来的事实be going to 表示计划、打算,或者有迹象要发生 It will rain tomorrow.(客观) Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.(有迹象)标志词:tomorrow,next week,soon,in the future,in two days否定和疑问:will not(won’t);be 动词提前there be 的将来形式:There will be... / There is going to be...易错坑:(1)if 和 when 引导的从句中,用一般现在时表将来:I will call you when I get home.(2)will 后面永远跟原形,不能加 s 或 ed(3)be going to 后面也是原形,别忘了 be
──────────────────────────6.4 现在进行时构成:am / is / are + 动词 ing用法:现在正在进行的动作;现阶段一直在做的事标志词:now,look,listen,at the moment,these days,Be quiet!动词加 ing 的规则:(1)一般直接加:play→playing(2)以不发音 e 结尾去 e 加 ing:make→making,write→writing(3)重读闭音节双写末尾字母:run→running,swim→swimming,sit→sitting,begin→beginning(4)以 ie 结尾变 y 加 ing:lie→lying,die→dying易错坑:(1)like、love、know、want、need 表示状态或喜好的动词一般不用进行时(2)have 表示“拥有”时不用进行时,表示“吃、开(会)”可以:He is having lunch.
──────────────────────────6.5 过去进行时构成:was / were + 动词 ing用法:过去某个时刻正在进行的动作标志词:at eight last night,at that time,this time yesterday,when,whilewhen 与 while 的区别:while 后面常接进行时(表示一段时间)when 后面可以接短暂动作(表示一个时间点)常考句型:I was reading when he came in.(他进来时我正在看书) While I was reading, he came in.易错坑:(1)过去进行时强调“正在”,一般过去时强调“发生了”(2)when 和 while 引导的时间状语从句中,主句和从句的时态要搭配合理
──────────────────────────6.6 现在完成时构成:have / has + 过去分词用法一:过去发生的动作,对现在造成影响(常与 already,yet,just,ever,never 连用) I have already finished my homework. Have you ever been to Beijing?用法二:从过去一直持续到现在(常与 for + 一段时间、since + 时间点连用) I have lived here for ten years. He has been in China since 2020.标志词:already,yet,ever,never,just,recently,so far,before,twice,three times,since,for三个易混短语:have been to:去过某地(已经回来)have gone to:去了某地(人不在这里)have been in:在某地待了多久瞬间动词要转换(不能和 for / since 连用):buy→have,borrow→keep,come→be here,go→be there,join→be in / be a member of,die→be dead,leave→be away,begin→be on,finish→be over,get up→be up,fall asleep→be asleep,marry→be married,close→be closed,open→be open易错坑:(1)现在完成时不能和 yesterday、last week、just now 等明确的过去时间连用(2)since 后面接时间点或从句,for 后面接一段时间(3)He has died for three years.(错)→ He has been dead for three years.(对)(4)already 用于肯定句,yet 用于否定句和疑问句
──────────────────────────6.7 过去将来时(初三)构成:would + 动词原形;was / were going to + 动词原形用法:从过去看将来要发生的事,常用于宾语从句 He said he would come back the next day.
──────────────────────────6.8 过去完成时(初三)构成:had + 过去分词用法:表示“过去的过去”,即在过去某个动作之前已经完成 By the end of last term, we had learned 2000 words. When I got to the station, the train had already left.
二、时态总口诀一般现在表习惯,三单千万别忘 s。一般过去找标志,yesterday 一出现就变形。will 决定未来事,be going to 有计划。现在进行 be 加 ing,look、listen 是信号。过去进行看时刻,when 一来就被打断。现在完成两用法,影响现在和持续。for 加一段、since 加点,yesterday 不陪它。
三、易错坑总提醒
主将从现:if / when 从句中用现在时,主句用将来时
客观真理永远用一般现在时
现在完成时不与明确过去时间连用
瞬间动词要变成延续性表达才能加 for / since
一般过去时和过去进行时:一个是“发生了”,一个是“正在发生”
四、自测5题
My brother usually ________ (go) to school by bike.
Look! The children ________ (play) football on the playground.
I ________ (see) this film twice. It’s really good.
If it ________ (rain) tomorrow, we ________ (stay) at home.
When I got home, my mother ________ (cook) in the kitchen.
答案
goes(usually 表习惯,三单加 es)
are playing(Look! 提示现在进行时)
have seen(twice 是现在完成时标志)
rains / will stay(主将从现)
was cooking(过去某时刻正在进行)
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