ARTICLE · 1313014
程序员必背英语单词|技术文档 + 出国交流一套搞定

第一部分 高频基础词(约 240 个)
1. 核心动词(30 个)
getv. 得到;理解;变得 — I got the idea from a blog post. / The config got overwritten.(我从这个博客得到启发。/ 配置被覆盖了。)
makev. 使得;制作 — The change made all the tests fail.(这个改动导致所有测试失败。)
takev. 花费;采取 — It takes ten minutes to build.(构建要花十分钟。)
havev. 有;经历 — We had a production outage last night.(昨晚生产环境出故障了。)
dov. 做 — What does this function do?(这个函数是干什么的?)
putv. 放置 — Put the config in the root directory.(把配置放在根目录。)
setv. 设置 — Set the timeout to 30 seconds.(把超时设为 30 秒。)
runv. 运行 — Run the script with admin rights.(用管理员权限运行脚本。)
keepv. 保持 — Keep your dependencies up to date.(保持依赖为最新。)
turnv. 转动;变成 — Turn on debug logging.(打开调试日志。)
givev. 给予 — The error message gives no hint.(错误信息没给出任何提示。)
workv. 工作;奏效 — The fix didn't work.(这个修复没奏效。)
callv. 调用 — The client calls the API every minute.(客户端每分钟调用一次 API。)
tryv. 尝试 — Try restarting the service.(试试重启服务。)
askv. 询问 — Ask the maintainer on GitHub.(去 GitHub 问维护者。)
needv. 需要 — The app needs Node 18 or later.(这个应用需要 Node 18 以上。)
feelv. 感觉;认为 — I feel the docs could be clearer.(我觉得文档能写得更清楚。)
becomev. 变成 — The codebase became unmaintainable.(代码库变得难以维护。)
leavev. 离开;留下 — Leave a comment explaining the "why".(留下注释说明"为什么"。)
comev. 来 — Errors often come from invalid input.(错误常来自非法输入。)
gov. 去;进行 — How did the deployment go?(部署进行得怎么样?)
seev. 看到;明白 — As we saw in the previous section...(正如我们在上一节看到的……)
knowv. 知道 — We know the cause but not the fix.(我们知道原因,但不知道怎么修。)
thinkv. 思考;认为 — I think we should roll back.(我认为应该回滚。)
usev. 使用 — The library is widely used in the industry.(这个库在业内被广泛使用。)
findv. 找到;发现 — You'll find the answer in the FAQ.(你会在 FAQ 里找到答案。)
wantv. 想要 — The client wants it done by Friday.(客户希望周五前完成。)
tellv. 告诉;判断 — The logs tell us nothing useful.(日志没告诉我们有用的信息。)
sayv. 说 — The docs say it's deprecated.(文档说这个已弃用。)
meanv. 意思是 — What does "idempotent" mean?("幂等"是什么意思?)
2. 职场 / 技术高频动词(27 个)
showv. 显示 — The chart shows a clear upward trend.(图表显示了明显的上升趋势。)
includev. 包括 — The price includes technical support.(价格包含技术支持。)
allowv. 允许 — The firewall allows only port 443.(防火墙只放行 443 端口。)
requirev. 要求 — This step requires admin rights.(这一步需要管理员权限。)
providev. 提供 — The SDK provides a helper method.(SDK 提供了一个辅助方法。)
supportv. 支持 — We support the last two major versions.(我们支持最近两个大版本。)
handlev. 处理 — This module handles authentication.(这个模块处理认证。)
createv. 创建 — Create a backup before migrating.(迁移前创建备份。)
addv. 添加 — Add retry logic to the client.(给客户端加重试逻辑。)
removev. 移除 — Remove the unused import.(删掉没用的 import。)
changev. 改变 — Don't change the public interface.(不要改动公开接口。)
updatev. 更新 — Update the docs to match the code.(更新文档使其与代码一致。)
deletev. 删除 — Deleting the cache fixed the issue.(删掉缓存后问题就好了。)
checkv. 检查 — Check the version first.(先检查版本。)
startv. 开始;启动 — The service failed to start.(服务启动失败。)
stopv. 停止 — Stop the container before upgrading.(升级前先停止容器。)
waitv. 等待 — Wait for the health check to pass.(等健康检查通过。)
sendv. 发送 — Send the report to the whole team.(把报告发给全组。)
receivev. 接收 — The server received a malformed request.(服务器收到一个格式错误的请求。)
returnv. 返回 — The function returns null on failure.(失败时该函数返回 null。)
letv. 让 — Let the tests run overnight.(让测试跑一整晚。)
helpv. 帮助 — This diagram helps explain the flow.(这张图有助于说明流程。)
movev. 移动 — Move the logic into a separate module.(把逻辑挪到独立模块里。)
writev. 写 — Write the test before fixing the bug.(修 bug 前先写测试。)
readv. 读 — Read the error message carefully.(仔细读错误信息。)
openv. 打开;开启 — Open an issue on GitHub.(在 GitHub 上提个 issue。)
closev. 关闭 — Close the issue once it's fixed.(修好后关闭这个 issue。)
3. 高频短语动词(30 个)
短语动词的意思基本不能按字面猜,run into 不是"跑进去",是"撞上、遇到"。这类词在口语和文档里到处都是,值得单独过一遍。
figure out 弄明白 — I finally figured out the root cause.(我终于弄清了根本原因。)
set up 搭建 — Set up a local development environment.(搭建本地开发环境。)
come up with 提出,想出 — Come up with a better variable name.(想个更好的变量名。)
turn out 结果是 — It turned out to be a DNS issue.(结果是个 DNS 问题。)
end up 最终(处于某种状态) — We ended up rewriting the whole module.(我们最终重写了整个模块。)
work out 解决;进展 — The migration worked out fine.(迁移结果不错。)
point out 指出 — She pointed out a security flaw.(她指出了一个安全漏洞。)
carry out 执行 — Carry out the plan in three phases.(分三个阶段执行计划。)
run into 遇到(问题) — We ran into compatibility issues.(我们遇到了兼容性问题。)
look into 调查 — I'll look into the memory leak.(我来查这个内存泄漏。)
deal with 处理 — How do you deal with concurrency?(你们怎么处理并发?)
depend on 依赖 — The build depends on Node 18.(构建依赖 Node 18。)
consist of 由……组成 — The system consists of three services.(系统由三个服务组成。)
result in 导致 — A simple typo resulted in a crash.(一个拼写错误导致了崩溃。)
result from 由……引起 — The delay resulted from a network failure.(延迟是网络故障引起的。)
lead to 导致 — Hardcoding leads to maintenance pain.(硬编码导致维护痛苦。)
apply to 适用于 — This rule applies to all endpoints.(这条规则适用于所有接口。)
provide ... with 为……提供 — CI provides us with fast feedback.(CI 为我们提供快速反馈。)
look for 寻找 — We're looking for contributors.(我们在找贡献者。)
look at 查看 — Look at the stack trace first.(先看调用栈。)
bring up 提出;启动 — Bring it up at the next team meeting.(下次组会上提出来。)
break down 分解;出故障 — Break the task down into small steps.(把任务拆成小步骤。)
scale up 扩容 — Scale up the workers during peak hours.(高峰期扩容 worker。)
slow down 变慢 — Queries slowed down after the upgrade.(升级后查询变慢了。)
speed up 加速 — Caching sped up page loading significantly.(缓存明显加快了页面加载。)
roll back 回滚 — Roll back the deployment immediately.(立即回滚部署。)
back up 备份 — Back up the database every night.(每晚备份数据库。)
sign up 注册 — Sign up for the beta program.(注册 Beta 计划。)
log in / log out 登录 / 登出 — Log in with your company account.(用公司账号登录。)
fill in / fill out 填写 — Fill in your email address here.(在这里填上你的邮箱。)
4. 高频名词(53 个)
issuen. 问题;议题 — Close the issue once it's resolved.(解决后关闭这个 issue。)
featuren. 功能;特性 — The new feature ships next week.(新功能下周发布。)
processn. 过程;进程 — The build process takes ten minutes.(构建过程要十分钟。)
approachn. 方法 — A different approach might work better.(换个方法可能效果更好。)
systemn. 系统 — The system is under heavy load.(系统处于高负载。)
servicen. 服务 — The service is temporarily unavailable.(服务暂时不可用。)
datan. 数据 — The data is stored in S3.(数据存在 S3 上。)
usern. 用户 — Users reported slow page loads.(用户反馈页面加载慢。)
valuen. 值;价值 — The default value is zero.(默认值是 0。)
casen. 情况;用例 — In most cases, the default works.(多数情况下默认配置就行。)
examplen. 例子 — See the example below.(见下面的例子。)
resultn. 结果 — The results were unexpected.(结果出乎意料。)
errorn. 错误 — The error was caused by a typo.(错误是笔误导致的。)
changen. 变更 — Every change needs a code review.(每个变更都要经过评审。)
supportn. 支持 — Community support is available on Discord.(社区支持在 Discord 上。)
versionn. 版本 — Upgrade to the latest version.(升级到最新版本。)
leveln. 级别 — Set the log level to debug.(把日志级别设为 debug。)
staten. 状态 — The state is stored on the client.(状态存在客户端。)
typen. 类型 — The type mismatch caused the failure.(类型不匹配导致了失败。)
partn. 部分 — This is the hardest part of the job.(这是工作中最难的部分。)
pointn. 点;要点 — That's a valid point.(这是个有道理的论点。)
linen. 行 — The bug is on line 42.(bug 在第 42 行。)
sectionn. 章节;部分 — See section 3 for details.(详见第 3 节。)
detailn. 细节 — We'll discuss the details later.(细节稍后讨论。)
documentn. 文档 — This document is outdated.(这份文档过时了。)
informationn. 信息 — For more information, visit our wiki.(更多信息请访问我们的 wiki。)
knowledgen. 知识 — No prior knowledge is required.(不需要前置知识。)
experiencen. 经验 — Experience with Kubernetes is a plus.(有 K8s 经验者优先。)
problemn. 问题 — We identified the problem quickly.(我们很快定位了问题。)
questionn. 疑问;问题 — Feel free to ask questions.(随便提问。)
differencen. 差异 — What's the difference between the two approaches?(两种方法有什么区别?)
developmentn. 开发 — Active development stopped in 2020.(活跃开发在 2020 年停止了。)
environmentn. 环境 — It works in my environment.(在我环境里能跑。)
projectn. 项目 — The project is open source.(这个项目是开源的。)
teamn. 团队 — Our team owns the payment service.(我们团队负责支付服务。)
companyn. 公司 — The company sponsors the project.(公司赞助这个项目。)
reasonn. 原因 — The reason is still unclear.(原因仍不清楚。)
purposen. 目的;用途 — The purpose of this flag is unknown.(这个标志位的用途不明。)
behaviorn. 行为;表现 — This behavior is intentional.(这个行为是有意设计的。)
performancen. 性能 — Performance improved by 30%.(性能提升了 30%。)
securityn. 安全 — Security patches are applied automatically.(安全补丁自动应用。)
qualityn. 质量 — Code quality matters more than speed.(代码质量比速度更重要。)
memoryn. 内存 — The container has 512MB of memory.(容器有 512MB 内存。)
capacityn. 容量 — We're at 80% capacity.(容量已用掉 80%。)
resourcen. 资源 — CPU is a scarce resource here.(CPU 在这里是稀缺资源。)
accessn. 访问权限 — You need access to the repo.(你需要这个仓库的权限。)
permissionn. 权限 — The app lacks the necessary permissions.(应用缺少必要权限。)
settingn. 设置项 — Check your network settings.(检查你的网络设置。)
optionn. 选项 — There are several options available.(有几个可选方案。)
abilityn. 能力 — The ability to roll back is critical.(能回滚至关重要。)
effortn. 工作量;努力 — The effort required is underestimated.(所需工作量被低估了。)
riskn. 风险 — The risk is acceptable.(风险可以接受。)
costn. 成本 — The cost of cloud storage adds up.(云存储成本会不断累积。)
5. 高频形容词(41 个)
commonadj. 常见的 — This is a common mistake among beginners.(这是初学者常犯的错误。)
specificadj. 具体的;特定的 — No specific timeline was given.(没有给出具体时间表。)
availableadj. 可用的;可获得的 — The package is available on npm.(这个包在 npm 上有。)
relevantadj. 相关的 — Filter out irrelevant search results.(过滤掉不相关的搜索结果。)
differentadj. 不同的 — The two APIs are very different.(这两个 API 差别很大。)
similaradj. 相似的 — The syntax is similar to C's.(语法和 C 类似。)
importantadj. 重要的 — This is the most important step.(这是最重要的一步。)
necessaryadj. 必要的 — A restart is necessary.(重启是必要的。)
possibleadj. 可能的 — Avoid errors whenever possible.(尽可能避免错误。)
impossibleadj. 不可能的 — It's impossible to know in advance.(事先不可能知道。)
easyadj. 容易的 — The fix was surprisingly easy.(修复出奇地简单。)
hardadj. 困难的 — This bug is hard to reproduce.(这个 bug 很难复现。)
simpleadj. 简单的 — Keep the interface simple.(保持接口简单。)
complexadj. 复杂的 — The logic is too complex to follow.(逻辑太复杂,看不懂。)
clearadj. 清楚的 — The requirements aren't clear.(需求不清楚。)
completeadj. 完整的 — Read the complete guide first.(先读完整个指南。)
currentadj. 当前的 — The current version is 2.3.(当前版本是 2.3。)
defaultadj. 默认的 — The default setting works fine.(默认设置就行。)
localadj. 本地的 — Test it in your local environment.(在本地环境测试。)
globaladj. 全局的 — A global variable caused the bug.(一个全局变量导致了 bug。)
mainadj. 主要的 — The main reason is cost.(主要原因是成本。)
majoradj. 大的;主要的 — The next major release is in June.(下个大版本六月发布。)
minoradj. 小的;次要的 — Only a minor update was released.(只发了一个小更新。)
singleadj. 单一的 — A single point of failure is dangerous.(单点故障很危险。)
multipleadj. 多个的 — Multiple requests failed at once.(多个请求同时失败。)
variousadj. 各种各样的 — The tool supports various output formats.(这个工具支持多种输出格式。)
severaladj. 几个 — Several tests are failing.(有几个测试失败了。)
certainadj. 某个;确定的 — A certain edge case breaks the parser.(某个边界情况会让解析器崩掉。)
finaladj. 最终的 — This is the final decision.(这是最终决定。)
initialadj. 最初的 — The initial design was much simpler.(最初的设计简单得多。)
basicadj. 基本的 — Even basic validation is missing.(连最基本的校验都没有。)
advancedadj. 高级的 — This is an advanced topic.(这是个高级话题。)
efficientadj. 高效的 — A more efficient algorithm exists.(存在更高效的算法。)
flexibleadj. 灵活的 — The config format is flexible.(配置格式很灵活。)
stableadj. 稳定的 — The API is now considered stable.(这个 API 现在算稳定了。)
reliableadj. 可靠的 — We need a reliable message queue.(我们需要可靠的消息队列。)
expectedadj. 预期的 — The output differs from the expected result.(输出与预期结果不同。)
actualadj. 实际的 — Compare the actual value with the expected one.(把实际值和预期值比较。)
potentialadj. 潜在的 — This is a potential security hole.(这是个潜在的安全漏洞。)
officialadj. 官方的 — Follow the official documentation.(跟着官方文档来。)
popularadj. 流行的 — It's the most popular framework right now.(它是目前最流行的框架。)
6. 高频副词(40 个)
currentlyadv. 目前 — The service is currently unavailable.(服务目前不可用。)
typicallyadv. 通常 — Requests typically take 50ms.(请求通常耗时 50 毫秒。)
essentiallyadv. 本质上 — It's essentially a wrapper around the API.(它本质上是 API 的一层封装。)
actuallyadv. 实际上 — It actually works that way by design.(它实际上是故意这样设计的。)
basicallyadv. 基本上 — Basically, it's just an in-memory cache.(基本上,它就是个内存缓存。)
generallyadv. 一般来说 — It generally works well under load.(一般来说它在负载下表现良好。)
usuallyadv. 通常 — The build usually takes five minutes.(构建通常花五分钟。)
oftenadv. 经常 — This error often appears after upgrades.(这个错误经常在升级后出现。)
sometimesadv. 有时 — It sometimes fails under heavy load.(高负载下它有时会失败。)
rarelyadv. 很少 — This code path is rarely taken.(这个代码分支很少走到。)
alwaysadv. 总是 — Always validate user input.(永远要校验用户输入。)
neveradv. 从不 — Never trust data from the client.(永远不要信任来自客户端的数据。)
alsoadv. 也 — It also supports WebSocket connections.(它也支持 WebSocket 连接。)
justadv. 只是;刚刚 — It's just a configuration issue.(只是个配置问题。)
onlyadv. 仅仅 — Only admins can access this page.(只有管理员能访问这个页面。)
evenadv. 甚至 — Even the original author forgot how it works.(连原作者都忘了它怎么工作的。)
stilladv. 仍然 — The bug is still there after the fix.(修复后 bug 还在。)
alreadyadv. 已经 — We've already fixed that issue.(那个问题我们已经修了。)
yetadv. 还(用于否定) — The root cause is not yet known.(根本原因还不清楚。)
quiteadv. 相当 — It's quite straightforward once you understand it.(理解了之后就相当简单。)
ratheradv. 相当(偏负面) — It's rather complicated to set up.(搭建起来相当麻烦。)
fairlyadv. 相当 — The docs are fairly complete.(文档相当完整。)
relativelyadv. 相对地 — It's a relatively new technology.(这是相对较新的技术。)
extremelyadv. 极其 — This query is extremely slow.(这个查询极其慢。)
graduallyadv. 逐渐地 — Memory usage gradually increases over time.(内存使用随时间逐渐增加。)
eventuallyadv. 最终 — Without retries, it eventually times out.(没有重试的话,它最终会超时。)
finallyadv. 最后 — Finally, restart the service.(最后,重启服务。)
recentlyadv. 最近 — The API changed recently, so the docs are stale.(API 最近变了,文档过时了。)
frequentlyadv. 频繁地 — This question comes up frequently.(这个问题频繁出现。)
accordinglyadv. 相应地 — The rules changed; update your code accordingly.(规则变了,相应地更新你的代码。)
properlyadv. 正确地 — Make sure the package is installed properly.(确保包安装正确。)
directlyadv. 直接地 — The client talks to the database directly.(客户端直接连数据库。)
automaticallyadv. 自动地 — Tests run automatically on every commit.(每次提交自动运行测试。)
manuallyadv. 手动地 — This step has to be done manually.(这一步必须手动完成。)
completelyadv. 完全地 — The rewrite is completely backwards compatible.(这次重写完全向后兼容。)
partiallyadv. 部分地 — The migration only partially succeeded.(迁移只部分成功。)
approximatelyadv. 大约 — The import takes approximately two hours.(导入大约需要两小时。)
meanwhileadv. 与此同时 — Meanwhile, the hotfix is being tested.(与此同时,热修复正在测试中。)
increasinglyadv. 日益 — This approach is becoming increasingly popular.(这个方法越来越流行。)
roughlyadv. 大致 — Roughly half of the requests hit the cache.(大约一半请求命中了缓存。)
7. 连接词与从属连词(18 个)
soconj. 所以 — The config was wrong, so the build failed.(配置错了,所以构建失败。)
becauseconj. 因为 — It failed because the port was already taken.(失败是因为端口被占用了。)
sinceconj. 由于;自从 — Since the upgrade, the error rate has doubled.(升级以来,错误率翻倍了。)
ifconj. 如果 — If the cache misses, query the database.(如果缓存没命中,就查数据库。)
whileconj. 虽然;当……时 — While the fix is simple, testing it is hard.(修复虽然简单,测试却很难。)
whenconj. 当……时 — When the queue is full, drop the oldest item.(队列满时,丢弃最旧的条目。)
otherwiseadv./conj. 否则 — Handle the timeout; otherwise, the request hangs forever.(处理超时,否则请求会一直挂起。)
in fact 事实上 — In fact, it never worked correctly.(事实上它从来没正确工作过。)
indeedadv. 确实 — This is indeed a breaking change.(这确实是破坏性变更。)
in addition 此外 — In addition, the API is fully versioned.(此外,这个 API 有完整的版本控制。)
as a result 结果 — As a result, latency doubled overnight.(结果,延迟一夜之间翻倍。)
on the other hand 另一方面 — It's slow. On the other hand, it's very reliable.(它慢,但另一方面,它非常可靠。)
in contrast 相比之下 — v1 crashes on bad input; v2, in contrast, handles it gracefully.(v1 遇到坏输入会崩;相比之下,v2 能优雅处理。)
similarlyadv. 同样地 — The client retries on 500. Similarly, the worker should retry on timeout.(客户端遇到 500 会重试,同样地,worker 超时也应当重试。)
likewiseadv. 同样地 — The server must be updated, and the client likewise.(服务器必须更新,客户端同样如此。)
consequentlyadv. 因此(正式) — The primary node died; consequently, all writes failed.(主节点宕机了,因此所有写入失败。)
besidesadv. 此外(口语) — Besides, nobody actually uses that feature.(再说了,根本没人用那个功能。)
even so 即便如此 — Even so, the overall risk is acceptable.(即便如此,总体风险可以接受。)
第二部分 技术文档"胶水词"(42 个)
这些词在技术文档里出现频率极高,本身不难,但决定你能不能读懂长难句。掌握它们,读 README、设计文档的理解力直接上一个台阶。
8. 逻辑连接词(20 个)
thereforeadv. 因此 — The request timed out; therefore, the operation was rolled back.(请求超时了,因此操作被回滚了。)
howeveradv. 然而 — The fix works; however, it breaks backward compatibility.(这个修复有效,然而它破坏了向后兼容性。)
moreover / furthermoreadv. 此外 — The library is fast. Moreover, it has no dependencies.(这个库很快,此外它零依赖。)
whereasconj. 而(表对比) — SQL databases are schema-first, whereas NoSQL is flexible.(SQL 数据库是先定义模式,而 NoSQL 更灵活。)
converselyadv. 相反地 — Stateless services scale easily; conversely, stateful ones are hard.(无状态服务容易扩展,相反,有状态的很难。)
hence / thusadv. 因此(较正式) — The config is invalid; hence the server refused to start.(配置无效,因此服务器拒绝启动。)
although / thoughconj. 尽管 — Although the API is stable, the docs are outdated.(尽管 API 很稳定,但文档过时了。)
unlessconj. 除非 — The test will fail unless the database is running.(除非数据库在运行,否则测试会失败。)
albeitconj. 尽管(正式) — The solution works, albeit slowly.(这个方案可行,尽管速度慢。)
respectivelyadv. 分别地 — The keys and values are stored in k and v, respectively.(键和值分别存储在 k 和 v 中。)
i.e. 即,也就是说 — Use a persistent store, i.e., a database.(使用持久化存储,即数据库。)
e.g. 例如 — Cloud providers, e.g., AWS and GCP, offer managed databases.(云服务商,例如 AWS 和 GCP,提供托管数据库。)
namelyadv. 即,具体来说是 — One thing is missing, namely error handling.(缺了一样东西,即错误处理。)
arguablyadv. 可以说 — This is arguably the best design pattern for this case.(这可以说是该场景下最好的设计模式。)
notablyadv. 尤其,值得注意的是 — The framework is fast, notably in I/O-bound tasks.(这个框架很快,尤其在 I/O 密集型任务中。)
subsequentlyadv. 随后 — The bug was introduced in v2.0 and subsequently fixed in v2.1.(这个 bug 在 v2.0 引入,随后在 v2.1 修复。)
prior toprep. 在……之前 — Run tests prior to deploying.(部署前先跑测试。)
regardless of 不管,无论 — The code runs regardless of the operating system.(无论在什么操作系统上,代码都能运行。)
in terms of 就……而言 — Node.js excels in terms of I/O concurrency.(Node.js 在 I/O 并发方面表现出色。)
as opposed to 与……相反,而不是 — Use optimistic locking, as opposed to pessimistic locking.(用乐观锁,而不是悲观锁。)
9. 技术文档高频动词(22 个)
这一组词是"文档腔"的代表,日常口语里少见,但官方文档里全是。认出它们,文档立刻好读一半。
refer to 指的是,引用 — For details, refer to the documentation.(详情请参阅文档。)
denotev. 表示,指代 — In this context, ~ denotes the home directory.(在本文中,~ 表示主目录。)
ensurev. 确保 — Add retries to ensure the message is delivered.(加重试以确保消息送达。)
guaranteev. 保证 — The operation is atomic, so consistency is guaranteed.(该操作是原子的,因此一致性有保障。)
assumev. 假定 — The function assumes the input is sorted.(该函数假定输入已排序。)
leveragev. 利用 — We can leverage caching to reduce latency.(我们可以利用缓存降低延迟。)
facilitatev. 使容易,促进 — Docker facilitates environment consistency.(Docker 使环境一致性更容易实现。)
accommodatev. 容纳,适应 — The schema can accommodate new fields.(这个模式可以容纳新字段。)
encompassv. 包含,涵盖 — The term "cloud native" encompasses containers, microservices, and CI/CD.("云原生"一词涵盖容器、微服务和 CI/CD。)
mitigatev. 缓解,减轻 — Rate limiting mitigates DDoS attacks.(限流缓解 DDoS 攻击。)
circumventv. 绕过 — This workaround circumvents the bug until a fix ships.(在修复发布前,这个临时方案绕过了该 bug。)
deprecatev. 弃用(已过时但暂保留) — This API is deprecated and will be removed in v3.(这个 API 已弃用,将在 v3 中移除。)
instantiatev. 实例化 — The class is instantiated once per request.(这个类每个请求实例化一次。)
traversev. 遍历 — The algorithm traverses the tree in O(n).(该算法以 O(n) 遍历这棵树。)
retrievev. 获取 — The client retrieves data from the cache first.(客户端先从缓存获取数据。)
persistv. 持久化保存 — Sessions are persisted to Redis.(会话被持久化到 Redis。)
mutatev. 修改(状态) — Avoid mutating props in React.(避免在 React 中修改 props。)
orchestratev. 编排,协调 — Kubernetes orchestrates containers across nodes.(Kubernetes 跨节点编排容器。)
provisionv. 开通,配置资源 — The cluster provisions new nodes automatically.(集群自动开通新节点。)
throttlev. 限流,节流 — The API throttles requests to 100 per second.(该 API 将请求限制在每秒 100 次。)
bootstrapv. 引导启动 — The script bootstraps the development environment.(这个脚本初始化开发环境。)
delegatev. 委托 — The controller delegates business logic to the service layer.(控制器把业务逻辑委托给服务层。)
第三部分 程序员核心词汇(88 个,按场景分)
这部分是"圈内词",文档、报错、会议里高频出现。分五个场景:调试排错、架构性能、Git 协作、敏捷会议、云与 DevOps。按自己的日常场景优先背。
10. 调试与排错(18 个)
stack tracen. 调用栈追踪 — The stack trace points to line 42.(调用栈指向第 42 行。)
exceptionn. 异常 — The method throws an exception on invalid input.(输入非法时该方法抛异常。)
null pointern. 空指针 — The crash was caused by a null pointer dereference.(崩溃由空指针解引用引起。)
race conditionn. 竞态条件 — The counter is wrong due to a race condition.(由于竞态条件,计数器出错了。)
deadlockn. 死锁 — Two threads acquired locks in different order, causing a deadlock.(两个线程以不同顺序加锁,导致死锁。)
memory leakn. 内存泄漏 — The service restarts daily because of a memory leak.(服务因内存泄漏每天重启。)
reproducev. 复现 — I can't reproduce the bug on my machine.(我在本机复现不了这个 bug。)
root causen. 根本原因 — The root cause was a misconfigured timeout.(根本原因是超时配置错误。)
hotfixn. 热修复 — We shipped a hotfix within two hours.(我们两小时内发布了热修复。)
workaroundn. 临时绕过的方案 — There's no fix yet, but here's a workaround.(还没有修复,但有个临时方案。)
regressionn. 回归(改出旧问题) — The refactor introduced a regression in login.(这次重构导致登录功能回归。)
edge casen. 边界情况 — Empty input is an edge case we missed.(空输入是我们漏掉的边界情况。)
flaky testn. 不稳定的测试 — This test passes locally but is flaky in CI.(这测试本地能过,在 CI 里不稳定。)
breakpointn. 断点 — Set a breakpoint inside the loop.(在循环里打个断点。)
logsn. 日志 — Check the logs before restarting the pod.(重启 pod 前先查日志。)
latency spiken. 延迟突增 — We saw a latency spike at 3 a.m.(凌晨 3 点出现延迟突增。)
intermittentadj. 间歇性的 — The error is intermittent and hard to trace.(这个错误是间歇性的,很难追踪。)
intermittent failuren. 偶发失败 — CI failed due to an intermittent network issue.(CI 因偶发网络问题失败。)
11. 架构与性能(21 个)
scalabilityn. 可扩展性 — We chose a queue to improve scalability.(我们引入队列来提升可扩展性。)
throughputn. 吞吐量 — The system handles 10k requests per second in throughput.(系统吞吐量达每秒 1 万请求。)
bottleneckn. 瓶颈 — The database is the bottleneck, not the app.(瓶颈在数据库,不在应用。)
cachingn. 缓存 — Add caching to take load off the database.(加缓存给数据库减压。)
shardingn. 分片 — We shard the data by user ID.(我们按用户 ID 分片。)
replicationn. 复制 — Replication protects against data loss.(复制机制防止数据丢失。)
failovern. 故障转移 — Automatic failover kicks in when the primary node dies.(主节点宕机时自动故障转移生效。)
redundancyn. 冗余 — Redundancy means no single point of failure.(冗余意味着没有单点故障。)
idempotentadj. 幂等的 — Retry is safe because the endpoint is idempotent.(可以安全重试,因为该接口是幂等的。)
statelessadj. 无状态的 — Keep the API stateless so it scales horizontally.(保持 API 无状态以便水平扩展。)
monolithicadj. 单体架构的 — The monolithic app is hard to deploy incrementally.(单体应用难以增量部署。)
decoupledadj. 解耦的 — The two services are fully decoupled via events.(两个服务通过事件完全解耦。)
event-drivenadj. 事件驱动的 — We moved to an event-driven architecture.(我们转向了事件驱动架构。)
asynchronousadj. 异步的 — The upload is asynchronous; the user isn't blocked.(上传是异步的,不会阻塞用户。)
backpressuren. 背压 — The queue applies backpressure when consumers lag.(消费者落后时,队列施加背压。)
payloadn. 有效载荷(请求 / 消息的数据体) — The payload contains the user's email.(载荷中包含用户邮箱。)
serializationn. 序列化 — JSON serialization is handled automatically.(JSON 序列化自动处理。)
scheman. 数据结构 / 模式定义 — The schema changed, so the migration is required.(模式变了,需要做迁移。)
migrationn. 数据迁移 / 升级脚本 — Run the migration before starting the new version.(启动新版前先跑迁移。)
backward compatibleadj. 向后兼容的 — Keep the API backward compatible with v1 clients.(保持 API 对 v1 客户端向后兼容。)
downtimen. 停机时间 — The upgrade requires 5 minutes of downtime.(升级需要 5 分钟停机。)
12. Git 与协作开发(16 个)
commitn./v. 提交 — Each commit should represent one logical change.(每个提交应代表一个逻辑变更。)
mergev. 合并 — Merge the feature branch into main.(把功能分支合并到 main。)
rebasev. 变基 — Rebase your branch onto the latest main.(把你的分支变基到最新的 main 上。)
conflictn. 冲突 — There's a merge conflict in config.yml.(config.yml 里有合并冲突。)
resolvev. 解决(冲突 / 问题) — I resolved the conflict manually.(我手动解决了冲突。)
pull request (PR)n. 拉取请求 — Please review my PR when you have time.(有空请帮我 review 这个 PR。)
code reviewn. 代码评审 — All code goes through review before merging.(所有代码合并前都要评审。)
approvev. 批准 — I'll approve once the tests pass.(测试通过后我就批准。)
forkv. 复制仓库 — Fork the repo and open a PR.(fork 这个仓库然后提 PR。)
upstreamn. 上游仓库 — Sync your fork with upstream.(把你的 fork 和上游同步。)
stashv. 暂存 — Stash your changes before switching branches.(切分支前先暂存改动。)
cherry-pickv. 拣选提交 — We cherry-picked the fix into the release branch.(我们把修复拣选进了发布分支。)
tagn. 标签 — Tag the release as v1.2.0.(把发布版本打上 v1.2.0 标签。)
changelogn. 更新日志 — Update the changelog with user-facing changes.(把面向用户的变更写进更新日志。)
semantic versioningn. 语义化版本 — Follow semantic versioning: major.minor.patch.(遵循语义化版本:主版本.次版本.修订号。)
breaking changen. 破坏性变更 — Renaming the endpoint is a breaking change.(重命名接口属于破坏性变更。)
13. 敏捷协作 / 会议 / 邮件(18 个)
requirementn. 需求 — The requirement changed after the sprint started.(需求在冲刺开始后变了。)
scopen. 范围 — That's out of scope for this release.(那超出本次发布范围了。)
milestonen. 里程碑 — The API launch is our next milestone.(API 上线是下一个里程碑。)
blockern. 阻塞项 — Waiting for credentials is the only blocker.(等凭证是唯一的阻塞项。)
action itemn. 待办事项 — My action item is to update the docs.(我的待办是更新文档。)
follow upv./n. 跟进 — I'll follow up with the vendor tomorrow.(我明天跟供应商跟进。)
standupn. 站会 — In standup, everyone shares progress and blockers.(站会上每人同步进展和阻塞。)
retrospectiven. 复盘会 — The retrospective surfaced two process issues.(复盘会暴露出两个流程问题。)
postmortemn. 故障复盘报告 — Write a postmortem for the outage.(为这次故障写复盘报告。)
RCA (root cause analysis)n. 根因分析 — The RCA showed a misconfigured load balancer.(根因分析显示是负载均衡器配置错误。)
SLAn. 服务等级协议 — We guarantee 99.9% uptime in the SLA.(SLA 中保证 99.9% 可用性。)
ETAn. 预计完成时间 — What's your ETA on the fix?(修复预计什么时候完成?)
onboardingn. 新人入职 / 上手 — The onboarding docs helped me get started fast.(上手文档帮我快速入门。)
handoffn. 工作交接 — The handoff doc covers everything you need.(交接文档涵盖了你需要的一切。)
sign offv. 签字确认,认可 — I need the team lead to sign off on the design.(我需要组长批准这个设计。)
bandwidthn. (非正式)精力 — I don't have the bandwidth for another project.(我没精力再接一个项目了。)
pingv. (非正式)联系一下 — Ping me when the build is green.(构建通过时叫我一声。)
circle backphr. (非正式)稍后回到这个话题 — Let's circle back to this after the demo.(演示后再回到这个话题。)
14. 云与 DevOps(15 个)
containern. 容器 — Each service runs in its own container.(每个服务运行在独立容器中。)
imagen. 镜像 — The Docker image is built in CI.(镜像在 CI 中构建。)
registryn. 镜像仓库 — Push the image to the registry.(把镜像推送到仓库。)
orchestrationn. 编排 — Kubernetes handles container orchestration.(Kubernetes 负责容器编排。)
clustern. 集群 — The cluster auto-scales to 20 nodes.(集群自动扩展到 20 个节点。)
deploymentn. 部署 — The deployment finished with zero downtime.(部署完成,零停机。)
rolling updaten. 滚动更新 — Rolling updates avoid downtime.(滚动更新避免停机。)
canary releasen. 金丝雀发布 — We canary-released to 5% of users first.(我们先向 5% 的用户金丝雀发布。)
CI/CD pipelinen. 持续集成 / 持续交付流水线 — The pipeline runs tests, builds, and deploys.(流水线负责测试、构建和部署。)
artifactn. 构建产物 — The build artifact is uploaded to S3.(构建产物上传到 S3。)
monitoringn. 监控 — Monitoring caught the issue before users did.(监控先于用户发现了问题。)
alertingn. 告警 — Tune the alerting to reduce noise.(调整告警以减少噪音。)
incidentn. 故障事件 — Open an incident when error rate exceeds 1%.(错误率超 1% 时启动故障流程。)
on-calln./adj. 值班 — I'm on-call this week, so keep your phone nearby.(我这周值班,手机保持畅通。)
infrastructure as coden. 基础设施即代码 — We manage all infra as code via Terraform.(我们用 Terraform 以代码管理全部基础设施。)
第四部分 出国口语场景词与句型(80 个)
出差、参展、出国游都用得上。按场景背最省事:过一遍自己用得到的场景,其余扫一眼即可。
15. 机场(13 个)
boarding passn. 登机牌 — Where can I print my boarding pass?(哪里可以打印登机牌?)
gaten. 登机口 — Has the gate for CA982 changed?(CA982 的登机口变了吗?)
terminaln. 航站楼 — Which terminal does United use?(美联航用哪个航站楼?)
departure / arrivaln. 出发 / 到达 — The departure board shows a 30-minute delay.(出发屏显示延误 30 分钟。)
layover / transfern. 中转 — I have a two-hour layover in Dubai.(我在迪拜中转两小时。)
connecting flightn. 衔接航班 — Will I make my connecting flight?(我赶得上衔接航班吗?)
baggage claimn. 行李提取处 — Where is the baggage claim for this flight?(这个航班的行李提取处在哪?)
customsn. 海关 — Do I have anything to declare at customs?(过海关有需要申报的东西吗?)
immigrationn. 入境检查 — How long does immigration usually take here?(这里入境检查一般要多久?)
security checkn. 安检 — Laptops must be removed at security check.(安检时笔记本电脑要拿出来。)
aisle seat / window seatn. 过道座 / 靠窗座 — Could I get a window seat?(能给我个靠窗座位吗?)
overhead binn. 行李架 — My bag fits in the overhead bin.(我的包能放进行李架。)
delayed / cancelledadj. 延误 / 取消 — The flight is delayed due to weather.(航班因天气延误。)
16. 酒店(11 个)
reservationn. 预订 — I have a reservation under the name Zhang.(我用张的名字订了房。)
check in / check out 入住 / 退房 — What time is check-out?(几点退房?)
front desk / receptionn. 前台 — I'll leave my key at the front desk.(我把钥匙留在前台。)
confirmation numbern. 确认号 — Here's my confirmation number.(这是我的确认号。)
non-smoking roomn. 无烟房 — I'd like a quiet, non-smoking room.(我要一间安静的无烟房。)
wake-up calln. 叫醒服务 — Can I get a wake-up call at 6:30?(能 6 点半叫醒我吗?)
housekeepingn. 客房服务(打扫) — Housekeeping hasn't cleaned my room yet.(客房还没打扫我的房间。)
amenitiesn. 配套设施 — What amenities does the hotel have?(酒店有什么配套设施?)
luggage storagen. 行李寄存 — Can I leave my luggage here after check-out?(退房后行李能寄存在这吗?)
late check-outn. 延迟退房 — Is late check-out available?(可以延迟退房吗?)
invoice / receiptn. 发票 / 收据 — Could I have an itemized invoice?(能给我一张明细发票吗?)
17. 餐厅(13 个)
menun. 菜单 — Could we see the menu, please?(请给我们看一下菜单。)
appetizer / startern. 开胃菜 — What do you recommend for starters?(开胃菜推荐什么?)
main coursen. 主菜 — I'll have the salmon as my main course.(主菜我要三文鱼。)
vegetarian / vegann. 素食者 / 纯素食者 — Do you have vegetarian options?(有素食可选吗?)
allergyn. 过敏 — I have a nut allergy.(我对坚果过敏。)
rare / medium / well-done 三分 / 五分 / 全熟 — I'd like my steak medium.(牛排五分熟。)
tap watern. 自来水(免费饮用水) — Could we get some tap water?(能给我们点白水吗?)
still / sparkling 无气 / 气泡(水) — Still or sparkling? — Still, please.(要无气还是气泡水?——无气的。)
bill / checkn. 账单 — Could we have the bill, please?(请结账。)
split the bill 平分账单 — Can we split the bill?(我们可以分开付吗?)
tipn. 小费 — Tipping 15–20% is customary here.(这里习惯给 15-20% 小费。)
to go / takeaway 打包 — I'll take this to go.(这个我打包。)
server / waitern. 服务员 — Excuse me, could we order?(打扰一下,可以点餐了吗?)
18. 问路与交通(13 个)
excuse me 打扰一下(问路开场) — Excuse me, how do I get to the subway station?(打扰一下,地铁站怎么走?)
go straight 直走 — Go straight for two blocks.(直走两个街区。)
turn left / right 左转 / 右转 — Turn left at the intersection.(在路口左转。)
blockn. 街区 — It's two blocks from here.(离这有两个街区。)
crosswalkn. 人行横道 — Cross at the crosswalk.(走人行横道过马路。)
across from / next to 在……对面 / 旁边 — It's across from the bank.(在银行对面。)
subway / metro / undergroundn. 地铁 — Take the metro to Central Station.(坐地铁到中央车站。)
platformn. 站台 — Which platform for trains downtown?(去市区的车在哪个站台?)
one-way / round-trip 单程 / 往返 — A round-trip ticket, please.(请给我一张往返票。)
ticket machinen. 售票机 — The ticket machine only takes cards.(售票机只刷卡。)
transferv./n. 换乘 — Do I need to transfer anywhere?(我需要换乘吗?)
rush hourn. 高峰期 — Avoid the subway during rush hour.(高峰期别坐地铁。)
taxi stand / ridesharen. 出租车站 / 网约车 — Where's the nearest taxi stand?(最近的出租车站怎么走?)
19. 购物(9 个)
fitting roomn. 试衣间 — Can I use the fitting room?(我能用一下试衣间吗?)
try on 试穿 — Can I try these on?(我能试穿一下吗?)
on sale 打折 — Is this jacket on sale?(这件夹克打折吗?)
discountn. 折扣 — Do you offer a student discount?(有学生折扣吗?)
taxn. 税 — The tax is added at checkout.(税在结账时另加。)
refund / exchange 退款 / 换货 — Can I get a refund with this receipt?(凭这张小票能退款吗?)
receiptn. 小票 — Keep the receipt for a refund.(退款要留好小票。)
I'm just looking 我先随便看看 — Thanks, I'm just looking.(谢谢,我先随便看看。)
Do you have this in another size / color? 有别的尺码 / 颜色吗? — Do you have this in a larger size?(有大一码的吗?)
20. 应急与求助(9 个)
emergencyn. 紧急情况 — Call 911 in an emergency.(紧急情况拨打 911。)
pharmacyn. 药店 — Is there a pharmacy nearby?(附近有药店吗?)
hospital / clinicn. 医院 / 诊所 — I need to see a doctor.(我需要看医生。)
I don't feel well 我不太舒服 — I don't feel well; I have a fever.(我不太舒服,发烧了。)
prescriptionn. 处方 — This requires a prescription.(这需要处方。)
insurancen. 保险 — Does my insurance cover this?(我的保险覆盖这个吗?)
embassyn. 大使馆 — Contact the embassy if you lose your passport.(丢了护照联系大使馆。)
lost and found 失物招领 — Check the lost and found at the station.(去车站失物招领处问问。)
Where is the nearest ...? 最近的……在哪? — Where is the nearest ATM?(最近的取款机在哪?)
21. 交流万能句型(12 句)
最后这 12 句建议整句背下来。听不懂不可怕,可怕的是卡住之后双方都尴尬——大方承认自己在学英语,老外一般都会放慢语速配合你。
Sorry, I didn't catch that. 抱歉,我没听清。
Could you speak more slowly, please? 您能说慢一点吗?
Could you repeat that? 您能重复一遍吗?
What do you mean by ...? 您说的……是什么意思?
How do you say this in English? 这个用英语怎么说?
I'm still learning English. 我的英语还在学习中。(大方承认,缓解紧张)
Do you speak Chinese? 您会说中文吗?
Let me check and get back to you. 我确认一下再回复您。
That makes sense. 有道理。
Sounds good. 听起来不错。
No worries. 没关系 / 别担心。
I see your point, but ... 我明白你的意思,但是……















































































