文档内容
目 录
第一章 语法梳理.................................................................................................................................................1
第一节 词法.................................................................................................................................................1
第二节 句法.................................................................................................................................................8
第二章 完形填空考查重点...............................................................................................................................16
第三章 阅读理解题型分类...............................................................................................................................23
第四章 议论文写作...........................................................................................................................................35学员专用 请勿外泄
第一章 语法梳理
第一节 词法
一、名词
（一）单复数
可数名词分为单数和复数。名词单数就是该词本身，要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式，其变
化规则如下：
（1）规则名词的复数形式
规则 例词
一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps,book-books,girl-girls,day-days
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名
class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes
词后加-es
以 变-f和-fe为v
leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives
-f 或 -fe再加-es
结 尾 的
加-s belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,
词
以辅音字母加 y 结尾
party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities
的名词，变y为i加-es
以元音字母加 y 结尾
的名词，或专有名词以y结 toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys
尾的，加-s
以 辅 一般加-es hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes
音字母加 不少外来词
piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos
-o 结尾的加-s
名词 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos
以元音字母加-o 结尾
radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos
的名词加-s
以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,
（2）不规则名词的复数形式
规则 例词
改变名词中的元音字母或 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese,
其他形式 mouse-mice
单复数相同 sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species
只有复数形式 ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses
一些集体名词总是用作复
people,police,cattle,staff
数
部分集体名词既可以作单
audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee,
数（整体）也可以作复数（成
government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
员）
复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),
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drinks (饮料), sands (沙滩), papers (文件报纸), manners (礼
貌), looks (外表), brains (头脑智力), greens (青菜), ruins (废
墟)
Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,
加-s
Europeans
表 示
单复数同形 Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
“ 某 国
以 -man 或
人”
-woman 结尾的改为 Englishmen,Frenchwomen
-men,-women
将主体名词变为 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy
复数 friends
合 成 无主体名词时将
grown-ups,good-for-nothings(饭桶),go-betweens(中间人)
名词 最后一部分变为复数
将两部分变为复
womensingers,menservants
数
【经典例题】
Therearethree_____andseven_____inthepicture.
A.cows;sheeps B.cows;sheep
C.cow;sheep D.cow;sheeps
【答案】B。考查名词单复数。cow为可数名词，复数形式需加s；sheep单复数同形，故选择B。
（三）名词的所有格
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是
由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
（1）’s所有格的构成
the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s
单数名词在末尾加’s
photo
一般在末尾加’ theteachers’room,thetwins’mother
复 数 名
不规则复数名词后
词 thechildren’stoys,women’srights
加’s
Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’
以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’
house
表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末 Japan’s and China’s problems, Jane’s and
尾均须加’s Mary’sbikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词 JapanandAmerica’s problems, Jane and Mary’s
末加’s father
表示“某人家”“店铺”，所有格后 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my
名词省略 uncle’s
（2）’s所有格的用法
1.表示时间 Today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday
2.表示自然现象 theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches
3.表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s
industry
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4.表示工作群体 theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory
5.表示度量衡及价值 amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples
6.与人类活动有特殊关系的名 thelife’stime,theplay’splot
词
7.某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s
end
（3）of所有格的用法
1.用于无生命的东西 thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook
2.用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语 theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents
时
3.用于名词化的词 thestruggleoftheoppressed
（4）双重所有格的用法
双重所 of+名词所有格 afriendofmybrother’s
有格的形式 of+名词性物主代词 anecklaceofyours
Thisisabookofmyfather’s.
1）双重所有格所修饰的名词通
HaveyoureadanybooksofEinstein’s?
常和不定冠词 a 及 any, some, no,
Some friends of my brother’s have
few,several等表示数量的词连用，
arrived.
双重所 但不可以和定冠词the连用。
不能说：theplayofShakespeare’s
有格的特征
2）“of十名词所有格”中的名
afriendofthedoctor’s
词一般表示人，不能表示物，该名
somebooksofmybrother’s
词必须是特指的，不能是泛指的，
不能说：acoverofthebook’s
不能与不定冠词连用。
【经典例题】
_____roomisnexttotheirparents’.
A.Kate’sandJoan’s B.Kate’sandJoan
C.KateandJoan’s D.KateandJoan
【答案】C。解析：考查名词所有格。由题干中的room和谓语动词is可判断出此处是两人共有的房间，
故选择C。
（四）名词作定语
（1）当名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式（即使在意义上是复数）。例如：
shoerepairers修鞋的人 toothbrushes牙刷
（2）sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales和accounts等作定语时，仍用复数形式。例如：
asportscar一辆赛车 acustomsofficer一名海关官员
（3）“man/woman+n.”变为复数时，作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数。
amanteacher一个男教师→tenmenteachers十个男教师
【经典例题】
Therearethree_____assistantsinthat_____shop.
A.women;shoe B.woman;shoe
C.woman;shoes D.women;shoes
【答案】A。解析：考查名词作定语。当名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式，但“man/woman+n.”变
为复数时，作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数。故选A。
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二、冠词
（一）不定冠词的用法
1.指一类人或事，相当于akindof Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指 Aboyiswaitingforyou.
3.表示“每一”相当于every，one Westudyeighthoursaday.
4.表示“相同”相当于thesame Wearenearlyofanage.
5.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you
名人有类似性质的人或事 wereout./ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.
a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a
6.用于固定词组中
walk
7.用于 quite, rather, many, half, what,
Thisroomisratherabigone.
such之后
She is as clever a girl as you can wish to
8.用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后
meet.
9.用于most之前，意思是“非常” Itisamostusefuldictionary.
10.用于序数词前，表示“又一”，“再
Canyougivemeasecondchance?
一”
（二）定冠词的用法
1.表示某一类人或物 Thehorseisausefulanimal.
2.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean
3.表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的
Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?
人或事
4.用于乐器前面 playtheviolin,playtheguitar
5.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 theliving,thewounded
6.表示“一家人”或“夫妇” theGreens,theCangs
7.用于序数词、形容词和副词的比较级、
Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.
最高级前
8.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海、山川群 the United States, the Communist Party of
岛的名词前 China
9.用于表示发明物的单数名词前 ThecompasswasinventedinChina.
10.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个
inthe1990’s
年代
11.用于表示单位的名词前 Ihiredthecarbythehour.
12.用于方位名词、身体部位名词及表示时
Hepattedmeontheshoulder.
间的词组前
（三）零冠词的用法
1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名
PekingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air
地名等名词前
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2.名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,
Iwantthisbook./Whosepurseisthis?
every等限制
3.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐
March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring
前
4.表示职位、身份、头衔的名词前 LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.
5.学科、语言、球类、棋类名词前 Helikesplayingfootball/chess.
6.与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 bytrain,byair,byland
7.以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husbandandwife,knifeandfork
8.表示泛指的复数名词前 Horsesareusefulanimals.
【经典例题】
DanBrown,_____authorofTheDaVinciCode,is_____veryfamousAmericanwriter.
A.a;the B.the;the C.the;a D.a;a
【答案】C。解析：考查冠词用法。根据语境可知，第一空author后有of短语作定语，故表示特指，应
用定冠词the；而第二空表示泛指，意为 “一位……”，故用a。所以选择C。
三、代词
（一）不定代词用法
(1)one,some与any
①one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。
Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.
Doyouhaveanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.
Ihavesomequestionstoask.
②some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。
Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?
③some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。
Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine. Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.
④some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。
Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool. Doyoufeelanybettertoday?
(2)each和every
each可用作代词和形容词，强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上；
Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary.（形容词，作定语，谓语动词对应each用单数）
Each(ofus)hasadictionary.（代词，作主语，谓语动词对应each用单数）
Weeachhaveadictionary.（代词，作同位语，谓语动词对应主语用复数）
而every只能作形容词，强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints.（形容词，作定语， 谓语动词用单数）
Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.（形容词，作定语，谓语动词用单数）
但是，不定代词each,every,no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式
Eachboyandeachgirlhashandedtheirexercise-book.
(3)no,noone,nobody,none
①no等于notany，作定语。
Thereisnowaterinthebottle.
②noone=nobody，两者均只能指人不指物，其后通常不接of短语，作主语时谓语用单数。
Noone/Nobodylikesit.
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③none既可指人也可指物，作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数
皆可以。其后也通常接of短语。例如：
Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.
Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.
④none有时暗示一种数量，即指数量上“一个也没有”，而noone或nobody则往往表示一种全面否定，
即指“谁都没有”，所以在回答howmany 或 howmuch的提问时，通常用none，而在回答who的提问时，
通常用 noone或 nobody。
(4)another,other,theother,others,theothers
泛指：
①another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，指三者或三者以上中的任何一个，用作代词或形容词。例如：
Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).
Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.
②other泛指“另外的，别的”，只作定语，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the,this,that,
some,any,each,every,no,one及my,your,his等时，则可与单数名词连用。
例如：anyotherplant,theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway。
③others泛指别的人或物，是other的复数形式，泛指别的人或物（但不是全部），不可作定语。例如：
Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.
特指：
④theother表示“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，构成one…theother…“一个……另一个……”，作
定语修饰复数名词时，表示“全部其余的”。例如：
IspendhalfofmyholidaypracticingEnglishandtheotherhalflearningdrawing.
⑤theothers特指其余的人或物，是theother的复数形式。例如：
Twoboyswillgotothezoo,andtheotherswillstayathome.
(5)both,all,either,any,neither与none的用法
都 任何 都不
两者 both either neither
三 者 （ 以 all any none
上）
注：all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither
和none。
AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish.=NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.
不是所有的书都是英文的。
Bothofusarenotteachers.=Notbothofusareteachers.
我俩不都是老师。
Eitherofusisateacher.我俩都是老师。
Neitherofusisateacher. 我俩都不是老师。
（二）that和those的用法比较
1.that用作替代词主要用于替代“the+单数名词（可数或不可数）”，表特指。
Hishandwritingislikethatofamuchyoungerchild.
他的笔迹像是一个年纪小得多的孩子的笔迹。
2.those用作替代词主要用于替代复数名词，表特指。
StudyingWendy’smenu,IfoundthatmanyoftheitemsaresimilartothoseofMcDonald’s.
研究温迪的菜单，我发现有许多名目类似于麦当劳的。
（三）it的用法
用法 举例
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（1）代替上文提到的一件
Mybookismissing.Ican’tfinditanywhere.
事物
（2）代替指示代词this,that ---What’sthis?---It’sacar.
（3）指代时间、季节 Itoftenrainsinspringhere.
（4）指代气候、天气、温 InBritainitisneithertoocoldinwinter nortoohot in
度、自然环境等 summer.
（5）指代距离 It’sfourkilometersfrommyhometothefarm.
（6）指代不明性别的婴儿 ---Who’sthebabyinthephoto?---It’sme.
（7）指代远处的人或者敲
Openthedoor,please.Itmaybethepolice.
门者等不能确定对方身份的人
（8）作形式主语 It’snoteasytogethimtochangehismind.
（9）作形式宾语 Shefounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.
（10）用于强调结构 Itwashewhoboughtashirtatthisshopyesterday.
（11）某些及物动词（like,
love, enjoy, prefer, hate,
appreciate 等）之后若没有出现
I’dappreciateitifyoucoulddropintonight.
宾语，而直接跟if/whether引导
的状语从句，要在从句前使用代
词it。
（四）it,that,one,so的用法比较
用法 举例
The Parkers bought a new
it指代上文所提事物的本身，如果所代替
house but it will need a lot of
的事物为复数，则应该用they或them表示
workbeforetheycanmovein.
it
Mary’s mother always
（
it也可以用来代替上文所提到的一件事 told her to work hard, but it
指 代 同
didn’thelp.
名同物）
see to it that=see that/make sure that/check
You will see to it that your
that意思是“确保”“务必”，这里所提到的that
methodsareideal.
从句中的将来时都要用一般现在时替代。
---He was nearly drowned
that
that表替代时是特指，可指上文谈到物或 once.
（
情况（均为单数，可代替可数名词和不可数名 ---Whenwasthat?
指 代 同
词，有时that后面接of短语 His car is quite different
名异物）
fromthatofhisbrother.
I don’t like this skirt,
常用来代替与上文所提到人或物相类似
pleaseshowmeanotherone.
one 的不确定的另一人或物（而that代替上文谈到
Meeting my uncle after all
（ 的物或情况），且被替代者为可数名词单数形
these years was an unforgettable
既 可 代 式，相当于“a+名词”（泛指），其复数形式为
moment, one I will always
替事物, ones
treasure.
也 可 代
若下文替代者表示非特指含义，则用a/an I brought a necklace to you
替人）
—adj—one形式表示；若下文替代者为另一特 that day, but it was a different
指含义，则用theone或the—adj—one形式表 one.
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示；若下文替代时为复数含义，则用the—adj I don’t like this blue cat,
—ones 或theones表示 I’dliketheredone.
Did you hear the one about
one作替代词用时，其前可加某些形容词
thefamousmathematician?
或限定词，如the,this,that,which,each,every,
She locked her old ones in
any，但一般不能直接在其前加物主代词
thebox.
so表示替代常用来代替上文中出现的内 It has many omissions;
容，尤其是上文内容在下文中以宾语从句形式 even so. (=even it has many
出现时 omissions)
so ---Doyouthink it’sgoing
如果在下文被代替者为否定含义的宾语
torainovertheweekend?
从句，常用动词否定形式+so或直接用not代
--- I don't believe so. / I
替
believenot.
【经典例题】
While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have cereal and eggs. When _____ had sugary drinks and
candyforlunch,Ihadtoeatasandwich.
A.some B.other C.others D.another
【答案】C。解析：考查代词辨析。根据上句中的otherkids可知作者是在和别的孩子作对比，故答案为
others。故选C。
第二节 句法
一、定语从句
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词
叫关系词，它的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行
词保持数的一致。
【关系代词的用法】
（1）作主语用who,which和that, 如：
Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.
Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.
（2）作宾语用whom,who,which,that, 如：
Theman(whom/who/that)wehavejustseenisafamouswriter.
Whereisthebook(which/that)Iboughtlastweek?
（3）作定语用whose, 如：
Heisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.
ItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime.
注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。
whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与ofwhich/ofwhom 结构
互换，词序是：即whose+名词=the+n+ofwhich/ofwhom=ofwhich/ofwhom+the+n.如：
Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown.
=Theycametoahouse,thebackwallofwhichhadbrokendown.
=Theycametoahouse,ofwhichthebackwallhadbrokendown.
Thisisthescientist,whoseachievementsarewellknown.
=Thisisthescientist,theachievementsofwhomarewellknown.
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=Thisisthescientist,ofwhomtheachievementsarewellknown.
（4）作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：
Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.
Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(that)itusedtobe.
【经典例题】
DuringthelongholidayagreatnumberoftouristsvisitedtheDisneylandParkinHongKong,_____,asisoften
thecase,waswellcrowdedwithpeopleofallages.
A.which B.where C.that D.as
【答案】A。解析：考查定语从句。非限制性定语从句为waswellcrowdedwithpeopleofallages.修饰的
是DisneylandPark，在从句中作主语，故选A。
【关系副词的用法】
（1）when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time,day,morning,night,week,year
IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.
DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?
Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.
Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.
（2）where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,
country
如：Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.
IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.
Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.
（3）why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。
如：Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.
Thatistherealreasonhequitted.
* 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
（1）这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：
when=on(in,at,during…)+which;
where=in(at,on…)+which;
why=forwhich. 如：
IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.
Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.
Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.
（2）当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果
缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比
较：
I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.
I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.
Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.
Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.
（3）when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制
性定语从句。
【经典例题】
AsHillaryClinton hassaid,theUnitedStatesand Chinahave enteredsuchasituation_____theyhavetocross
theriverinthesameboat.
A.which B.why C.where D.when
【答案】C。解析：考查定语从句中的关系词。situation是先行词，表示抽象地点，放在从句中表示在这
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种情况下，即inthesituation，故选C。其他类似的词还有：case，condition，stage等。
二、名词性从句
1.主语从句
(1) 三种连接词
①从属连词：that,whether等。
that引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
Thatshelefthimcuthimtotheheart.
Thathewillcomeiscertain.
由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay.
②连接代词who,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever。
Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoothers.
Whichsidewillwinisnotclear.
③连接副词when,where,how,why等。
Whyhediditremainsamystery.
Howhebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall.
(2) 位置：主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种
句型。
①It+be+ 表语 + 主语从句 表语：（名词、形容词、过去分词）
Itisstilluncertainwhetherheiscomingornot.
②It+ 不及物动词 + 主语从句
Itseemed(happened,doesn’tmatter,hasturnedout)that…
Itdoesn’tmatterwhethershewillcomeornot.
③It+ 及物动词（被动语态）+ 主语从句
IthasbeendecidedthattheexhibitionwillnotopenonSundays.
ItisexpectedthatthehousepriceinBeijingwillfalldown.
【经典例题】
_____worriesmethatmydaughterplayswithhercellphoneforalongtimeeveryday.
A.It B.What C.This D.That
【答案】A。解析：考查主语从句。代词it作形式主语，真正的主语是从句thatmydaughterplayswithher
cellphoneforalongtimeeveryday。如果选B，句子应该改为“Whatworriesmeisthatmydaughterplayswithher
cellphoneforalongtimeeveryday.”this和that都是代词，不能作形式主语，故选A。
2.宾语从句
(1)由连接词that引导的宾语从句
句子结构 例句
主语+及物动词+that宾语从句（that可省略） Jamessaid(that)hewasfeelingbetter.
主语+及物动词＋间接宾语＋that宾语从句 She told me that she would accept my
（that作直接宾语，不可省略） invitation.
主语+及物动词+并列that宾语从句 I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and
（第一个分句前的that可省，第二个that不可 thattheywillcometosaygoodbyetous.
省）
主语+及物动词+tosb.+that从句 He explained to us that he had failed to catch
thefirstbus.
主语+及物动词+that+从句主语+ (should) + do Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone.
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这类及物动词多表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意 The commander orderedthat troops(should)set
义 offatonce.
形容词+that从句（作形容词的宾语） Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.
it作形式宾语时，that引导的宾语从句 We felt it strange that she should leave without
sayinggood-bye.
(2)主语+及物动词+连接代词/连接副词引导的宾语从句
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.
Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.
(3)主语+及物动词+whether/if引导的宾语从句, 宾语从句要用陈述句语序,whether与if引导宾语从句时一
般可以互换使用。
Pleaseletusknowwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.
在discuss,wonder/notsure和介词之后尽量用whether,if与whether含义容易混淆。
Theboardarediscussingwhetherthefundshouldbeallocatedtothatregion.
【经典例题】
Wechoosethishotelbecausethepriceforanighthereisdownto$20,halfof_____itusedtocharge.
A.that B.which C.what D.how
【答案】C。解析：考查宾语从句。halfof_________itusedtocharge是$20的同位语，即原来价格的一
半是$20,；另外，of后跟名词或者名词短语构成介宾短语，所以，这里是宾语从句；宾语从句中的charge后
面缺少宾语，所以用what来引导宾语从句，并充当宾语从句中的宾语，故选C。
3.表语从句
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表
语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。
（1）引导表语从句的连接词：
连接词：that,whether（if不引导表语从句），asif
Thetroubleisthatshehaslosthismoney.
Thequestioniswhetherwereallyneedtheirhelp.
Itlookedasifitwasgoingtosnow.
连接代词：what,who,whom,which,whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等
Thequestioniswhichofusshouldgo.
Theproblemwaswhocoulddothework.
That’swhatheisworryingabout.
That’swhatweshoulddo.
连接副词：when,where,why,how,however,whenever,wherever
Goandgetyourcoat.It’swhereyouleftit.
Thatishowmiceruinmanystoresofgraineveryyear.
（2）表语从句其他常见结构
A.Thereasonisthat…
Thereasonwhyheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus.
B.Thatisbecause …
That’sbecauseweneverthoughtofit.
C.Thatiswhy…
ThatiswhyIcannotagree.
D.Itseems/looksasif
Itseemsasifhedidn’tknowtheanswer.
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【经典例题】
---Whydoyouwanttomoveout?
---Countrylifegivesmepeaceandquiet,whichis____Ican’tenjoylivinginbigcities.
A.what B.why C.where D.that
【答案】B。解析：考查表语从句。根据从句位置判断是表语从句，what表示什么东西/事情；why表示
为什么；where表示哪里；that没有任何意思。根据句意：乡下生活给了我和平和宁静，这就是我为什么不能
享受住在大城市的生活。which指代上句的事情，故选B。
4.同位语从句
（1）一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如：
Iheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.
Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.
（2）常见的可以跟同位语从句的词（抽象名词）：
news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,word(消息),possibility等。如：
I’vecomefromMr.Wangwithamessagethathewon’tbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon.
（3）常见引导词：
连词 that,whether
连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if,which 不能引导同位语从句。）如：
Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitornot.
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：
Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.
【经典例题】
---Iheardthatthereareafewseatsleftfortonight’sshow.
---Really?Iwasundertheimpression____theyweresoldoutalongtimeago.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
【答案】C。解析：考查同位语从句。impression是名词，后面的从句判断为定语从句或者是同位语从句，
theyweresoldoutalongtimeago是完整的句子，且进一步解释说明impression的内容，故是同位语从句，故
选C。
三、虚拟语气
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊
形式来表示。
1.if条件句
条件状语从句
（1）真实条件句，即条件满足，事实就发生的情况；
（2）非真实条件句，即与事实相反或难以实现的假设情况。表愿望、假设、猜测、建议。
虚拟语气的基本句型，即这种非真实条件状语从句。其具体形式如表中所示：
条件从句谓语 主句谓语
与现在事实相反 If+主语 +did 主语+should/would/could
（be 动词用were） /might+do
与过去事实相反 If+主语+haddone 主语+should/would/could
/might+havedone
与将来事实相反的 If+主语+did 主语+should/would/could
假设 If+主语+wereto+do /might+do
If+主语+should+do
【经典例题】
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Iftheworld______onDec.21st,2012,we_____abletoenjoythewonderfullifenow.
A.hadended;wouldn’thavebeen
B.ended;wouldn’tbe
C.hadended;wouldn’tbe
D.ended;wouldn’thavebeen
【答案】C。解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：如果世界在2012年12月21日灭亡，我们现在就不能享受美
好的生活。if从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反，故选C。
2.介词或介词短语without/thanksto/butfor+名词结构代替if条件句表示的虚拟语气。
主句谓语
与现在事实相反 主语+should/would/could/might+do
与过去事实相反 主语+should/would/could/might+have+done
与将来事实相反的假设 主语+should/would/could/might+do
【经典例题】
---DoyouhaveBetty’sphonenumber?
---Yes.Otherwise,I______abletoreachheryesterday.
A.hadn’tbeen B.wouldn’thavebeen C.weren’t D.wouldn’t
【答案】B。解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我没有Betty的电话的话，我昨天就联系不上她。otherwise
表示否则，要用虚拟语气。根据yesterday判断是与过去事实相反，故选B。
3.It’s(high/about)time+从句
从句谓语
表示是应该做某事的时候 did或should+do （should 不可省）
了
【经典例题】
It’snouseenvyingothers’ success.It’stimeyou_______hard.
A.mustwork B.weretowork C.work D.shouldwork
【答案】D。解析：考查虚拟语气中的特殊句式。it’s(high/about)timethat中从句用should+动词原形
或者did形式，表示早该做某事了，故选D。
4.asif或asthough+方式状语从句
主句谓语 从句谓语
与现在事实相反 did（be动词一般用were）
与过去事实相反 非虚拟情况 haddone
与将来事实相反的假 would/could+do
设
【经典例题】
Thethiefclosedhiseyes______he______dying.
A.evenif;was B.though;wouldbe
C.when;hadbeen D.asif;were
【答案】D。解析：考查asif引导的虚拟语气。asif 表示好像，从句用虚拟语气。句意：那个贼闭上他
的眼睛，好像他要死了一样。be动词在虚拟语气中只用were，故选D。
四、倒装句
1.谓语的全部或部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装。
种
倒装条件 例句
类
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（表示地点和运动方向的副词）here,there,
up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子，
需用完全倒装。 Outrushedthechildren.
完 （表示时间的副词）now,then等等副词开头 Nowcomesyourturn.
全 倒的句子，需用完全倒装。
装 注意：如果主语是代词，即使该类词至于句
首，依然用正常语序。eg.Hereyouare.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not
until,no,inno case等表示否定意义的副词或介
词短语放于句首 HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.
注意：当 not until 引导的是从句时，until Innocaseshouldweabandonher.
从句的主谓不可倒装，只是主句需要倒装。
eg.Notuntilhereturneddidwehavesupper.
Only then did he realize the importance of
only和修饰的状语放于句首
English.
notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后 Not only does he know French, but also he is
部
不倒 expertatit.
分 倒
neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.
装
so…that, such…that 中的so 或such及修饰
Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.
的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒
as引导的让步状语，把需要强调的部分提前
（如名词、动词、形容词、副词），然后再加陈 Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.
述句的其他部分
so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另
Hecanplaythepiano.SocanI.
外的人或事
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
省略if的虚拟条件 WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.
2.“so/nor/neither+ 助动词/情态动词/系动词+ 主语”与“so/nor/neither+ 主语+ 助动词/情态动词/
系动词”
①“so/nor/neither+ 助动词/情态动词/系动词+ 主语”表示前面说过的情况也适用于另一个人或物时要
部分倒装。如：
Petercan’tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.
②“so/nor/neither+ 主语+ 助动词/情态动词/系动词”表示“确实……”，仅是对前面内容的肯定或附
和。如：
---Thelightsarestillonintheclassroom.Youmusthaveforgottentoturnthemoff.
---SoIdid.
【经典例题】
______insomeruralschoolsthattheteacherisevenunabletowalkthroughtherowsofdesks.
A.Theclassroomwassocrowded
B.Socrowdedistheclassroom
C.Ascrowdedtheclassroomis
D.Theclassroomissuchcrowded
【答案】B。解析：考查倒装句。“如此……以至于”句型中的so/such 提前，句子用部分倒装。故选B。
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---Whatdoyouthinkofyournewteacher?
---Neverinmylife_____suchakindandlearnedperson.
A.Imet B.haveImet C.didImeet D.Ihavemet
【答案】B。解析：考查倒装句。当否定意义的词：never，hardly，seldom位于句首的时候，需用部分
倒装。故选B。
五、强调句
1.强调句的类型
（1）用Itis/was…that/who…句型表示强调。
被强调的部分（通常是句子的主语、状语、宾语或宾语补足语）放在is/was的后面，如被强调的是人，
则后面可用who，whom等代替。若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时，则用is;若原句的谓语动词用了过
去时或过去完成时，则用was。
Hemetanoldfriendintheparkyesterday.
Itwasanoldfriendthat/whohemetintheparkyesterday.
Itwasintheparkthathemetanoldfriendyesterday.
注意：
强调句的一般疑问句形式：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分?
Wasitin1939thattheSecondWorldWarbrokeout?
强调句的特殊疑问句形式就是特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that，后面的不用改。
举个例子：Jimmethisgoodfriendlastnightonthestreet. 对这句话变换：
强调Jim的：Whowasitthatmethisgoodfriendlastnightonthestreet?
强调friend的：WhomwasitthatJimmetlastnightonthestreet?
强调lastnight的：WhenwasitthatJimmethisgoodfriendonthestreet?
强调onthestreet 的：WherewasitthatJimmethisgoodfriendlastnight?
（2）从句的强调
①强调状语从句
Icamehomelatebecauseitwasraininghard.
ItwasbecauseitwasraininghardthatIcamehomelate.
（注意：被强调的原因状语从句只能用because引导，不能用as或since引导）
难点：not … until … 句型的强调句
句型为：Itis/wasnotuntil+ 被强调部分 +that+ 其它部分。如：
普通句：Hedidn’tgotobeduntil/tillhiswifecameback.
强调句：Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.
（注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till,until可通用，因为句型中Itis/wasnot…
已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。）
②强调主语从句
Whatyousaidreallymadeussad.
Itwaswhatyousaidthatreallymadeussad.
（3）谓语动词的强调
Itis/was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/does或did。
Dositdown. 请坐。
Hedidwritetoyoulastweek. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
注意：此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
2.强调句型的判断
把“It,be,that”去掉，如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整（被强调部分要还原到原位置），那么这个句子就
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是强调句；如果句子不完整，则不是强调句。如：
(1)Itishewho/thatoftenhelpsmewithmyEnglish.
(2)Itisonthehillsidethatweplanttreeseveryyear.
(3)Itwasbecauseofbadweatherthatthefootballmatchhadtobeputoff.
分析：去掉Itis/was...that/who 句子后结构仍然完整，句意仍明确，都是强调句。
(4)Itwas9o’clockwhenwecameback.
(5)Itwas3hourssincewehadcomeback.
分析：在上面例句中若去掉Itwas...when/before/since等后，句子结构就不完整，而且强调句型的后半
句只能由that/who引导，所以不是强调句。
【经典例题】
ItwaswhenIgotbacktomyapartment______Ifirstcameacrossmynewneighbors.
A.who B.where C.which D.that
【答案】D。解析：考查强调句。去掉itis句子还能成为完整的句子，故判断为强调句，强调的是when
Igotbacktomyapartment，故选D。
第二章 完形填空考查重点
完形填空主要考查考生对语境的整体把握，因此，每个选项的正确选择都应紧密联系语境。
语境也就是上下文。广义的语境指所有的上下文，段与段之间，句子与句子之间，句子与段之间的语义
关系，狭义的语境指句子内部的词语之间在语义上的联系。这种语境出题原则应与选项中的词汇语义辨析结
合起来。
一、词汇角度
完形填空中对词汇的考查主要是语义辨析，其中出现比较多的有形近词辨析、近义词辨析、动词词组辨
析。这种词汇辨析一方面与语境紧密相关，另一方面也与选项词本身词汇用法相关。
Example1：
Iwasshownintothewaiting-roomwhich,asIhadexpected,wasfull.Anywaiting-room--especiallyadentist’
s--isnotthebestplaceintheworldto__36__anafternoon.
A.spend B.take C.cost D.stay
【方法指导】：
该题考查近义词辨析。根据上下语境判断该空所缺语义为“打发下午时间”，ABC四个选项的第一语义
均为“花……，花费”。但spend,take,cost基本语义及用法不同。综下可得，spend符合语境，故选A。
take 做某事花费（多少）时 take(sometime)todosth.
间 e.g.Ittakesabouthalfanhourtogettotheairport.
cost 指花费时间、金钱、劳 e.g.Ticketscosttendollarseach.
力等。其主语是物，而不能
由人充当，也不用被动形
式。
spen 其后除了接时间、金 e.g.Howdoyouspendyoursparetime?
d 钱、精力之外，还可以表示
“打发时间
Example2：
All of our classmates, __4__ Xiao Gang and me, were taken home by their parents. __5__ noticed us and we
feltlonelyandafraid.
4.A.exceptfor B.except C.besides D.beside
5.A.Everybody B.Somebody C.Nobody D.Anybody
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【方法指导】：
第4题综合形近词及近义词辨析考查。根据上下文语境Wefeltlonelyandafraid.可得，之所以“我们”感
觉孤独害怕，是因为“我们”不像其它同学一样，让父母接走，而且也没有人注意到“我们”。故第4题缺少
语义“除了”，第5题缺少语义“没有人”。第4题语境为排除关系，结合下表分析可得B选项符合语境。
beside 副词，在旁边
besides 介词，除了，“除了……之外（还有）”，是一种累加关系。
except 介词，除了，“除了……之外 （不再有）”，是一种排除关系。
except 介词词组，除了，指在整体上排除，是整体与局部关系。
for
第5题属形近词辨析，everybody每个人，somebody某个人，nobody没有人，anybody任何人。根据语
境选C。
Example3：
I used to believe in theAmerican Dream, which meant a job, a mortgage, credit cards, success. I wanted it and
workedtowarditlikeeveryoneelse,allofus__1__chasingthesamething.
Oneyear,throughaseriesofunhappyevents,itallfell__2__.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.
1.A.separately B.equally C.violently D.naturally
2.A.off B.apart C.over D.out
【方法指导】：
第1题选A。
第2题考查动词词组搭配辨析。根据上文IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDream,aseriesofunhappyevents
和下文Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone可知，上下文语义上存在对比或相反关系，“我”为了实现梦想做的
那些事情都失败了。因此第2题所缺语义“失败”，即“梦想瓦解”。falloff减少；fallover跌倒，绊倒；fallout
掉落，掉队；fallapart瓦解，崩溃，符合语境，故选B项。
Example4：
Four years later,I moved backinto __1__. I saw many people were having a really hard time, __2__ their jobs
and homes. I managed to rent a big enough house to __3__ a handful of people. There are four of us now in the
house,butovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.
1.A.reality B.society C.town D.life
2.A.creating B.losing C.quitting D.offering
3.A.putin B.turnin C.takein D.getin
【方法指导】：
第3题考查动词词组辨析。由语境Therearefourofusnowinthehouse,butovertimeI’vehadninepeople
comeinandmoveontootherplaces. 可知，“我”设法租了一个足够大的房子是为了收留一些无家可归的人。
因此，语境所缺语义“收留”。putin打断，插话；turnin上交，getin到达，收获，引入，takein 收留，让……
进入，吸收，理解，符合语境，故选C项。
Example5：
The prizes of life are at the end of each journey, not near the __47__; and it is not given to me to know how
many steps are necessary in order to reach my goal. I may still __48__ failure at the thousandth step, yet __49__
hidesbehindthenextbendintheroad.
47.A.beginning B.middle C.corner D.deadline
48.A.comeby B.comeafter C.comeat D.comeacross
49.A.dream B.success C.glory D.fame
【方法指导】：
第48题考查动词词组辨析。根据上下文语境可得“我”并不清楚实现目标还需要走多少步，即使在第一
千步的时候，我仍可能遭遇失败。因而语境所缺语义“遭遇失败”。comeby获得，从旁边走过；comeafter
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紧跟，跟随；comeat考虑，袭击；comeacross （偶然）遇见，comeacrossfailure遭遇失败，符合语境，故
选D。
针对这种类型的题目，考生需积累一定的词汇和固定表达。其它类似的语义辨析如：
1.名词：cause,reason,excuse
cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因，起因”，通常后接介词of
e.g.Unemploymentisamajorcauseofpoverty.
reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”，通常后接for
e.g.Shegavenoreasonsforherdecision.
excuse 借口、辩解
e.g.Autismisusedtoomuchasanexcuseforbadbehavior.
2.形容词：alive,live,living,lively
alive 有生命的，还活着的
作表语：Wedon'tknowwhetherhe'saliveordead.
补语：Thedoctorkeptthebabyaliveforthreeweeks.
live 活的，有生命的
只作定语：liveanimals
Sellinglivechickensatthemarketisillegalnow.
直播的
e.g.livecoverageoftheWorldCup
living 活着的，活的，在使用的
一般作前置定语：alllivingthings
livinglanguages
lively 活泼的，生气勃勃的，生动的
表语：Hereyeswerebrightandlively.
定语：alivelyandenquiringmind
3.动词：fit,suit,match
fit 主要是指尺寸、大小、形状等方面的适合。
e.g.Thedressdoesn’tfitme.Haveyougotalargersize?
suit 主要是指款式或花色等方面的适合，还可以用来谈论某种安排或情况是否方
便。
e.g.Thedressdoesn’tsuitme.Haveyougotanotherstyle?
Tuesdaywouldsuitmeverywellforameeting.
match 与……相配或相称，相配，相称
e.g.Thisribbondoesnotmatchmyhat.
4.动词词组：showaround,showoff,showup
show 领……到处看看
around e.g.Wewereshownaroundtheschoolbyoneofthestudents.
showoff 炫耀
e.g.HelikestoshowoffhowwellhespeaksFrench.
showup 露面
e.g.Itwasgettinglatewhenshefinallyshowedup.
二、语法角度
完形填空中对语法的考查并不多，一般是1-2道。这种类型的题目主要考查考生对于基础语法知识的掌
握程度。以下是较为常见的语法考查点。
1.动词的时态与语态
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Example:
The success in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This __13__ in terms of
circulation.
A.measures B.measured C.ismeasured D.wasmeasured
【答案】C
2.非谓语动词
Example1:
WatchingTVisaverypopularpastimeintheUK.ButwhatkindofprogrammesdoBritishpeople__1__?
A.liketowatch B.liketolook C.liketosee D.likeseeing
【答案】A
Example2:
The main __36__ lies in the actual stuff of language itself--words. __37__ individually, words have little
meaning__38__theyarestrungtogetherintophrases,sentencesandparagraphs.
36.A.advantage B.distinction C.deficiency D.necessity
37.A.Totake B.Taken C.Taking D.Beingtaken
38.A.when B.since C.once D.until
【答案】37.B
3.情态动词
Example:
WhenIarrivedattherestaurant,IapologizedandtoldEleanorIdidn’tmeantobelate.Shescreamed, “You
nevermeanto.” Well,I__45__tellshewasangry.
45.A.could B.must C.will D.might
【答案】A
4.从句
Example:
TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhat Icanget formyself;it’s
about__65__wecanallgetbytogether.
A.when B.what C.whether D.how
【答案】B
5.特殊句式
Example:
Itwasthen__25__Istartedtoappreciatethetoughchoicesshehadtomakeon__26__familyandwork.
25.A.when B.where C.which D.that
26.A.abandoning B.balancing C.comparing D.mixing
【答案】25.D
方法指导：针对这种类型的题目，考生需牢牢掌握基本的语法知识。
三、语篇角度
语篇的考查所占比例最大，考查角度主要有语境考查、逻辑关系考查及判断、词汇复现考查。
1.语境
注意语境中含有褒贬性词汇提示。考生在通读时，应在掌握文章大意、弄清作者思路的基础上，关注反
映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，这些标志性词汇或句子往往对语境的褒贬性起着决定性的作用，从而帮
助考生选择符合语境感情色彩的词语。
Example:
Fromthatdayon,Simonhadsatupstraighter,paidmoreattention,___12__more,andbecamehappy.
A.slept B.smiled C.shouted D.quarreled
【方法指导】：
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根据上下文语境中关键词straighter,moreattention,happy等词可以看出，都是对Simon积极变化的描述，
因此不难判断空格也应该是有积极意义的词，故选B选项smiled.
2.句际之间的逻辑关系
直接考查句际之间的逻辑关系，即连词或连接副词的考查。考生需判断上下文存在的逻辑关系选择正确
的连词或连接副词。常见逻辑关系主要包括以下一些内容。
(1)转折或让步，如or,however,yet,while,nevertheless,whereas,although,inspiteof,ontheotherhand,even
if等。
(2)补充或递进，如and,besides,inaddition,moreover,furthermore,additionally等。
(3)因果，如because,as,since,asaresult,nowthat,for,therefore,consequently,accordingly,so等。
(4)比较、对比关系，如incomparison,justas,incontrast,conversely,onthecontrary等。
(5)条件，if,unless,provided,once,incase(of)等。
(6)逻辑，forexample,firstly,next,namely,tostartwith,tobeginwith,thatis等。
Example1:
He unfortunately __52__ last year due to his cancer, __53__ he left a deep impression on me and gave me the
inspirationtopickupmypenagain.
A.showedup B.setoff C.felldown D.passedaway
A.since B.but C.so D.for
【方法指导】：
由上下文语境可得，上文关键词unfortunately,cancer和下文关键词deepimpression,inspiration可以看出，
上下文情感形成对比，具有转折或相反关系，故选but符合语境。
Example2:
Shehadbeentalkingtohermotheraboutthelivesofhomelesspeople__42__theyfirstsawthehomelessman.
42.A.since B.unless C.although D.as
【方法指导】：
由上下文语境可得，上文关键词hadbeentalking和下文关键词firstsaw可以看出，两个发生动作存在时
间先后关系，四个选项中AD表时间，as表示同时性，since表示先后性，符合语境，故选A。
Example3:
Iused tobe a veryself-centered person, but in the past two years, Ihave reallychanged. Ihave started to think
aboutotherpeople__36__Ithinkaboutmyself.
36.A.since B.before C.or D.unless
【方法指导】：
由上下文语境可得，上文“我”是一个自我的人，但是过去两年发生了变化，即不再自我，因而下文是
对“不再自我”的解释，也就是先人后已。故选B。
考生在做完形填空的时候，一方面要宏观上把握整体文章结构及思想情感，另一方面要注意上下文逻辑
及关键词提示。同时阅读中出现的逻辑词也会影响到选项的正确选择，例如：
Once fire and emergency people arrive, Larry and the other man __56__ and let them go to work. Then, Larry
askedthe__57__ifhewasneededor__58__togo.Theylethimandtheothermango.
56.A.steppedforward B.backedoff C.movedon D.setout
57.A.woman B.driver C.man D.police
58.A.forbidden B.ready C.asked D.free
【方法指导】：
第56题中由逻辑词and可判断，前后两行为动作应是递进关系，上文fireandemergencypeoplearrive，
下文letthemgotowork，可见Larry和那位男子应是往后退，让救援人员开始工作。stepforward“向前走”，
backoff“后退”，moveon“继续移动，向前走”，setout“出发，动身，开始”，故选B。
第58题中由逻辑词or可判断，前后两行为动作应为选择关系，前后为ifhewasneeded，即他问警察这
里是否需要他，那么or之后的语义应是“不需要他”，即他是否可以自行离开，故选D。
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3.词汇的复现关系
复现是一种词汇衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等形式，
重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，
理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确答案。
(1)原词复现。为了表达的需要，在具体的上下文中同一个单词重复出现。
Example:
“Iknow it’shardfor you,” Mum saidsoftly. “ButI’mjust worried otherpeople might thinkwe’re a
little...strange.Andthentheywouldmakefunofyou.”
“No,theywouldn’t,Mum,” Jamesprotested. “We’renot__41__atall.We’rejustordinarypeople.”
41.A.strange B.normal C.popular D.anxious
【答案】A
(2)同/近义词或近义表达复现。同义词、近义词复现是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言
使上下文的语义得以连接起来。
(3)反义词或反义表达复现。语意的连贯有时是通过对比结构而采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方
式对前文加以解释，考生可以从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
(4)同源词复现。对于上下文语义复现的表达，还可借助复现信息的同源词或同根词
(5)上义词复现。上义词具有概括的作用。在篇章中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概
述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词，两者为总分关系。
Example:
Asageneralrule,allformsofactivityleadtoboredomwhentheyareperformedonaroutinebasis.Asmatterof
fact, we can see this principle at work in people of all __1__. For example, on Christmas morning, children are
excited about __2__ with their new toys.... The world is full of __3__ stamp albums and unfinished
models....Adolescentsenterhighschoolwithgreat__4__butaresoonlookingforwardto__5__.Thesame istrueof
theyoungadults....beforepeopleretire....
1.A.parties B.races C.countries D.ages
2.A.working B.living C.playing D.going
3.A.well-organized B.half-filled
C.newly-collected D.colorfully-printed
4.A.courage B.calmness C.confusion D.excitement
5.A.graduation B.independence C.responsibility D.success
【方法指导】：
第1题考查上下义复现。由下文列举的例子children,adolescents,theyoungadults,retiredpeople，可知，
这个规律适用于各个年龄阶段的人。故选D。
第3题考查同义词或同义表达复现。由下文unfinishedmodels可知，此处用half-filled与之应，表达类似
符合语境，故选B。
第4题考查同源词复现。由上文可得这一规律适用于各个年龄阶段，第一个例子表明，儿童刚拿到新玩
具时都会excitedaboutwiththem，对于青少年来说也是一样，由excited可知此处用excitement更符合境，故
选D。
第5题考查反义词或反义表达复现。由逻辑词but可知此处应属转折关系，前文提到青少年刚上高中，
与之相反的应是高中毕业，故选A。
典例小试：
For a long time Gabriel didn’t want to be involved in music at all. In his first years of high school, Gabriel
wouldlookpityingly at music students,__1__acrossthe campuswith their heavy instrument cases, __2__atschool
for practice hours __3__ anyone else had to be there. He swore to himself to __4__ music, as he hated getting to
schoolextraearly.
__5__,oneday,inthemusicclassthatwas__6__ofhisschool’sstandardcurriculum,hewasplayingidly（随
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意地）onthe piano and found it __7__ to pickout tunes.With a sinking feeling, he realizedthat he actually __8__
doing it. Hetried tohide his __9__pleasure fromthe music teacher,who had wandered over tolisten. He might not
have done this particularly well, __10__ the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good __11__ and suggested that
Gabriel__12__intothemusicstore-roomtoseeifanyoftheinstrumentsthere__13__him.Therehedecidedtogive
thecello（大提琴）a__14__.Whenhebeganpracticing,hetookitvery__15__.Buthequicklyfoundthatheloved
playingthisinstrument,andwas__16__topracticingitsothatwithinacoupleofmonthshewasplayingreasonably
well.
This__17__,ofcourse, that he arrivedatschool earlyinthe morning, __18__his heavy instrument case across
thecampustothe__19__looksofthenon-musicianshehadleft__20__.
1.A.travelling B.marching C.pacing D.struggling
2.A.risingup B.comingup C.drivingup D.turningup
3.A.before B.after C.until D.since
4.A.betray B.accept C.avoid D.appreciate
5.A.Therefore B.However C.Thus D.Moreover
6.A.part B.nature C.basis D.spirit
7.A.complicated B.safe C.confusing D.easy
8.A.missed B.disliked C.enjoyed D.denied
9.A.transparent B.obvious C.false D.similar
10.A.because B.but C.though D.so
11.A.ear B.taste C.heart D.voice
12.A.went B.go C.wouldgo D.goes
13.A.occurredto B.tookto C.appealedto D.heldto
14.A.change B.chance C.mission D.function
15.A.seriously B.proudly C.casually D.naturally
16.A.committed B.used C.limited D.admitted
17.A.proved B.showed C.stressed D.meant
18.A.pushing B.dragging C.lifting D.rushing
19.A.admiring B.pitying C.annoying D.teasing
20.A.over B.aside C.behind D.out
【方法指导】：
本文为记叙文，Gabriel曾因看到音乐生非常辛苦而发誓不学习音乐，然而一次随意弹钢琴的举动让他发
现自己其实十分喜欢音乐，而且他受到了老师的鼓励和指点。从此他开始了自己的音乐学习生涯。
第1题：由上文Gabrieldidn’twanttobeinvolvedinmusic,pityingly,heavy可以看出，此处Gabriel对音
乐的态度是消极的，因此应选择表达消极情感的选项。travelling旅行，marching行进，pacing来回踱步，
struggling挣扎，艰难前行。故选D。
第2题：由尾段Gabriel改变对音乐的态度之后，跟其他音乐生一样arrivedatschoolearlyinthemorning，
可见此处指为了争取练习时间，音乐生已在规定到校时间之前就出现在校园里了。所缺语义“出现”，riseup
上升，comeup走近，即将发生，driveup开车赶到，turnup出现，故选D。
第3题：由上下语境可知musicstudents为了争取练习时间，陆续出现在校园中，力争能够赶在其他人
(anyoneelse)之前。逻辑上属于时间的先后关系，故选A。
第4题：由上文Gabriel对音乐生的态度以及下文ashehatedgettingtoschoolextraearly判断Gabriel对音
乐也是排斥的。betray，背叛，accept，接受，avoid，避免，避开，appreciate，欣赏，根据语境，故选C。
第5题：上下文逻辑关系判断。上文Gabriel排斥音乐，下文事迹表明Gabriel对音乐态度的转变，逻辑
上属于对比转折关系，故选B。
第6题：语境inthemusicclassthatwas__6__ofhisschool’sstandardcurriculum，从语法判断，that引导
定语从句，修饰musicclass, 从常识判断，音乐课是学校标准课程之一，故选A。
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第7题：由上文语境关键语词wasplayingidly,下文asinkingfeeling,hidehispleasure以及老师对他的肯定
可得，Gabriel随意弹钢琴，沉浸其中，同时得到老师的认可，说明音乐对他来说并不是那么难。故选D。
第8题：由上文语境关键语词asinkingfeeling,realized,actually，下文triedtohidehispleasure，可见，Gabriel
意识到自己并没有像自己所想的那样排斥音乐，即“喜欢音乐”，故选C。
第9题：由上文可得Gabriel发现自己喜欢音乐，并且享受其中，且从triedtohide可判断，Gabriel想极
力隐藏自己的快乐，可见其快乐溢于言表，故选B。
第10题：逻辑关系判断。由上文Hemightnothavedonethisparticularlywell和下文theteachertoldGabriel
thathehadagood__11__andsuggestedthatGabriel__12__intothemusicstore-room可判断，前后文存在转折关
系，故选B。
第11题：由上下文逻辑关系判断，虽然Gabriel可能并没有弹得很好，但是老师还建议他选择他自己喜
欢的乐器，说明老师对他的音乐天赋是肯定的。haveagoodearfor指的是对音乐有欣赏力，故选A。
第12题：虚拟语气判断。由suggest引导的宾语从句，表达“建议做”时，从句用shoulddo虚拟，should
可省略，故选B。
第13题：根据第11题的分析，此处选C。occurto，常见结构为sthoccurtosb，某人想起/想到，taketo
开始从事，喜欢，appealto对……有吸引力地，无holdto结构表达。
第14题：上文在老师的建议下Gabriel选择自己喜欢的乐器——大提琴，因此决定尝试，并且下文提到
他开始练习，因此此处缺少语义“尝试”，givesth/sbachance给……一次机会，尝试一下。故选B。
第15题：由逻辑词but可知，下文hequicklyfoundthathelovedplayingthisinstrument，说明他一开始练
习的时候并没有表现出对乐器的喜爱之情，如同一开始弹钢琴一样playidly，即playcasually。故选C。
第16题：由逻辑词and,sothat可判断，Gabriel发现自己喜欢拉大提琴，且在几个月中就演奏得很好，
reasonable情有可源地，说明除了有天赋之外，Gabriel的用心练习也起了很重要的作用，故选A，becommitted
todoing致力于做某事，beusedtodoing习惯于做某事，belimitedtodoing被限于做某事，beadmittedto获准
做某事。
第17题：指示代词this指代的是上文事件，下文hearrivedatschoolearlyinthemorning....综合判断，Gabriel
喜欢上音乐之后就意味着每天要像其他音乐生一样早到。缺乏语义“意味着”，故选D。
第 18 题：此处描写_____ his heavy instrument case across the campus 与首段对音乐生的描写 struggling
acrossthecampuswiththeirheavyinstrument相近，判断此处描写情感同为消极性，AB选项同为消极词汇，再
者根据常识选择“拖着乐器”，故选B。
第19题：同源词复现，由首段Gabrielwouldlookpityinglyatmusicstudents可见，此处用pityinglook。
故选B。
第20题：由语境可得，复现首段原先Gabriel对待音乐生的情感，Gabriel同其它的音乐生一样，拖着乐
器走在校园中，徒留非音乐生传来的同情的眼神。leaveover剩下，leaveout遗漏，省去，leaveaside不考虑，
leavebehind留在……后面。故选C。
第三章 阅读理解题型分类
无论文章是何种体裁和题材，阅读理解题的出题形式都可以归纳为四种类型，分别是：主旨题、细节题、
含义题和推断题。每一种题型都有鲜明的特点和明确的解题思路。因此要做好阅读理解题，首先要学会分辨
题型，然后对症下药，使用相应的解题技巧。下面根据不同题型进行分类介绍。
（一）主旨题
1. 主题类
◇Thepassagemainlydiscusses...
◇Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
◇Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
◇Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?
◇Whichofthefollowingcansummarizethemainideaofthistext?
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◇Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?
◇Whatisthesubject/topicdiscussedinthetext?
2. 目的类
◇Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?
◇Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto...
◇Thepassageismeantto...
3. 标题类
◇Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe...
◇Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?
◇Thebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticleis...
①找出主题句。
Example1
Supposeyou’reinarush,fellingtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldget
youintrouble.
Realization will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”.You freeze in horrorsand burn with
shame.
Whattodo?Herearefourcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecover.
Clicking “send” toosoon
Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receivers hasread it yet. Write another email as swiftly asyou
canandsenditwithabriefexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversionshouldbeignored.
Writingthewrongtime
The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologizing for your mistake. Keep the tone
measured:don’thandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffered,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstanding
oftheirculture(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).
Clicking “replyall” unintentionally
You accidentally reveal(透露)to entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas
dinner,orwhatholidayyou’dliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapology
toexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,wheneveryonestartshitting“replyall”to
joininalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalm
down.
Sendinganoffensivemessagetoitssubject
The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger.You write an unkind message about someone,
intendingtosendittoafriend,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyou’rediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakin
person as soon as possible and say sorry.Explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to
clearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.Definingemailerrors.
B.Reducingemailmistakes.
C.Handlingemailaccidents.
D.Improvingemailwriting.
【答案】C。解析：这篇文章在第三段提出问题，紧接着说到fourcommonemailaccidents，表明了文章
的核心内容。因此C为正确答案。
Example2
TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanycloserto
itsgoal ofselling the flying carwithinthe next year.The vehicle – named theTransition – hastwo seats，four
wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1, 400 feet for eight
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minuteslast month, canreacharound70milesperhouronthe roadand115inthe air.Itfliesusing a23-gallontank
ofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10, 000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and
thosenumberswill likelyriseafterTerrafugia introducestheTransitiontothe public laterthisweekatthe NewYork
AutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon’t
helpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry
expert. But Mann thinksTerrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government
has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is
nowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.
Mann saidTerrafugia was helped by the FederalAviationAdministration’sdecision five years ago to create a
separatesetofstandardsforlight sportaircraft, whicharelower thanthose pilotsoflargerplanes.Terrafugiasays an
owner would need to passa test and complete 20 hours offlying time to beable to fly theTransition, a requirement
pilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.
Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?
A.FlyingCaratAutoShow B.TheTransition’sFirstFlight
C.Pilots’ DreamComingTrue D.FlyingCarsClosertoReality
【答案】D。解析：根据主旨句经常出现的位置，可判断主旨句出现在文章倒数第二段...hascomecloserthan
anyonetomakingtheflyingcarareality，再结合文意，选择D项。文意：飞行汽车的问世、试飞、试验、对飞
行员的要求都表明飞行汽车离现实更近了一步。
Example3
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Parisand New Orleans to celebrate the first
annualInternational JazzDay.UNESCO (UnitedNationsEducational, Scientificand CulturalOrganization) recently
setApril 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice
acrosscultures.
Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusic
hasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.
It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopesto
widentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of theAmerican appetite, ” Moran tells National Public Radio’s
reporterNeal Conan. “What I’mhoping toaccomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsiderand
understandthatjazzisnotblackandwhiteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.
“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythe wayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethe way
theworldworksisnotthesame, ” saysMoran.
Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller’smusicforadanceparty, “Justtokindofput
it backin the mind thatWaller isdance music as much as it is concert music, ” says Moran. “For me, it’sthe
recontextualization.Inmusic, wheredoesthe emotion(情感)lie?Arewe,asabstractasaCharlie Parkerrecordgets
us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider
context, ” saysMoran, “SoIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”
Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.ExploringtheFutureofJazz.
B.TheRiseandFallofJazz.
C.TheStoryofaJazzMusician.
D.CelebratingtheJazzDay.
【答案】A。解析：考查主旨题。通篇理解文章，讲的是作者通过国际爵士音乐节引发出的对爵士乐发
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展及其今后发展的愿景，故选A “ExploringtheFutureofJazz.”
②文章第二段呈现文章的主旨
实际上，有的文章在首段和末段都没有表明文章的主题句，往往是在第一段先举一个例子，在第二段引
出文章的话题或者主旨。这个时候我们就需要去通读第二段的内容去归纳总结文章的主旨大意。（近几年这样
的出题方式越来越多。）
Example4
Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethe greatenvironmentalcrisisofthe 21stcentury,butregardlessofwhether
it is or isn’t –we won’t do much about it. We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly
solemn-sounding commitmentstoavoid it.But the more dramatic and meaningful thesecommitments seem, the less
likelytheyaretobeobserved.
AlGorecallsglobalwarmingan “inconvenienttruth,” asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoa
solution. But the real truth is that we don’t know enough to relieve global warming, and –without major
technologicalbreakthroughs—wecan’tdomuchaboutit.
From2003to2050,theworld’spopulationisprojectedtogrowfrom6.4billionto9.1billion,a42%increase.
If energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (mainly,
CO2)will be42%higher in 2050.but that’stoolow,because societiesthat grow richer use more energy.Weneed
economic growth unless we condemn the world’spoor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living
standards.Withmodestgrowth,energyuseandgreenhouseemissionsmorethandoubleby2050.
No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom (limits on electricity
usage, driving and travel) that might cut back global warming. Still, politicians want to show they’re “doing
something.” ConsidertheKyotoProtocol(京都议定书).Itallowedcountriesthatjoinedtopunishthosethatdidn’
t. But it hasn’t reduced CO2 emissions (up about 25%since 1990), and many signatories (签字国) didn’t adopt
toughenoughpoliciestohittheir2008-2012targets.
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.
Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking dependence on fossil fuels or
dealingwithit.
The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it’s really an
engineeringone.Theinconvenienttruthisthatifwedon’tsolvetheengineeringproblem,we’rehelpless.
Whatisthemessagetheauthorintendstoconvey?
A.Globalwarmingismoreofamoralissuethanapracticalone.
B.Theultimatesolutiontoglobalwarmingliesinnewtechnology.
C.Thedebateoverglobalwarmingwillleadtotechnologicalbreakthroughs.
D.Peoplehavetogiveupcertainmaterialcomfortstostopglobalwarming.
【答案】B。解析：文章第二段最后表明，如果在科技上没有任何新的突破的话，我们也没办法很好地
解决全球变暖的问题。文章倒数第二段也提到新科技是唯一的解决办法。
③针对某一段的主旨大意
Example5
TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanycloserto
its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats，four
wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1, 400 feet for eight
minuteslast month, canreacharound70milesperhouronthe roadand115inthe air.Itfliesusing a23-gallontank
ofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground, itgets35milespergallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10, 000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and
thosenumberswill likelyriseafterTerrafugia introducestheTransitiontothe public laterthisweekatthe NewYork
AutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon’t
helpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.
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Inventorshave beentryingtomakeflyingcarssince the1930s,accordingtoRobertMann, anairlineindustry
expert. But Mann thinksTerrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government
has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is
nowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.
Mann saidTerrafugia was helped by the FederalAviationAdministration’sdecision five years ago to create a
separateset ofstandardsfor light sportaircraft, which are lower than those pilotsoflarger planesTerrafugia says an
ownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,therequirement
pilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.
Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?
A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition. B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.
C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars. D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.
【答案】A。解析：考查段落大意题。根据文章第一段TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feet…可知，该
段重点描述的是关于Transition的一些基本数据，而其他方面涉及较少，故选A。
（二）细节题
1. 是非题
◇ WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
◇ Whichofthefollowingistrueabout...?
◇ Accordingtothepassage/...,whichofthefollowingistrue?
◇ Allofthefollowingsare(not)true/mentionedEXCEPT______.
◇ Theauthormentionsalloftheitemslistedbelowthefollowingexcept_______.
解题技巧：先阅读选项答案，画出选项的关键词，到文章中进行查找定位，找到相关信息，最后进行判
断。
Example1
Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing
learningdifferencesseeninhumangirlsandboys.
While young male chimps pass their time playing. Young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a
result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys. Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at
Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years
watchinghowyoungchimpanzeesintheGombeNationalParkinTanzanialearned “culturalbehavior”.
The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team. The
researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “A
sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and
humans.” TheywriteinthejournalNature.
Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then insert them into termite mounds, extract them and then
munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and
foundthateachchimpmotherhadherowntechnique,suchashowsheusedtoolsofdifferentlengths.
Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old
when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females
werealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermiteswitheverydipandusedtechniquessimilartotheirmotherswhile
malesdidnot.
Insteadofstudyingtheirmothers,theboychimpsspentasignificantlygreateramount oftime frolickingaround
the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically
maleactivitieslikehuntingorfightingfordominancebecomeimportant,suggesttheresearchers.
Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus
monkeys. “Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened
withaclinginginfant.Thismakeshuntingdifficult, ”shesays“. Adultfemalesspendmoretimefishingfortermites
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thanmales.” Sobecomingproficientattermitefishingcouldmeanadultfemaleseatbetter. “Theycanwatchtheir
offspringatthesame time.Theyoungofbothsexesseemtopursueactivitiesrelatedtotheiradultsexrolesatavery
youngage.”
WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutchimpsfishingfortermitesaccordingtoParagraph5?
A.Malesoftencompetewithfemalesinfishingfortermites.
B.Malescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.
C.Femalescouldgetoutmoretermiteswitheverydip.
D.Malesaregoodatmasteringtechniqueforfishingfortermite.
【答案】C。解析：从文中第五段Femaleswerealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermites...whilemalesdid
not.可以判断出C项符合。故选C。
2. 例证题
◇ Theauthorprovidesinline… (Paragraph…)anexampleinorderto_____.
◇ TheauthorgivesanexampleinParagraph… mainlytoshowthat_____.
解题技巧：
例证题的常见标记：example,case,illustrate,illustration,exemplify.解答此类题目的步骤有：
（1）返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，即给该例子定位。
（2）搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。
注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题，不能
用例子中的话来回答这个问题。
（3）找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。
Example2
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warning will continue for some decades after
CO2emissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeof
adaptingtoclimate.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.
Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenot
talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least,
theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat: “Thereisno ‘one-sizefitsall’ adaptation.” Nevertheless,there
aresomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor countries. Floods have
become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades. Mobammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw
only disaster. His not-for-profit organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health
clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is creating floating
connectivity（连接） toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:
hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Nophel lives in a mountainous
regioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresents
an enormous threat to agriculture. Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage
crops.Nophel’s inspiration come from seeing the waste ofwater over winter,when it wasnot needed.He directed
thewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectly
timedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchice reserves,Nophel calculatesthat he hasstoredabout 200,
000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNohel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwill
overtakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansof
adapting.
Increasing Earth’s reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden increase of greenhouses
(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend locally, and actually cooled the region. While
Spain as a whole is heating up quickly, temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased.This example should act
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asaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim to climate change have
begunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.
The outcome is still far from clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its of “100 ideas to save the
planet”.
Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwestern
Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall
has allows him to plant highly profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by
growing new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense, but some suggestions for
adaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhave
nochoicebuttoadapt,it’sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and astonishing ways. But the
most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy systems to emit less carbon pollution.After all, if we
adaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.
WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?
A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.
B.Theglobalwarmingtreadcannotbestopped.
C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.
D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.
【答案】D。解析：在原文倒数第四段中最后一句直接点出把城市涂成白色有助于缓解全球变暖，故选
D。
3. 原因题
◇ Theauthorarguesthat...because______.
◇ Why....?
解题技巧：
此类题型在题干中常见的特征词包括：because(of),inthat,dueto,why,resultfrom,originatefrom等。解答
这类题目的过程其实就是根据已知的结果求解未知原因的过程。其解题过程大概可分为以下四步：
（1）阅读题干，在题干中找到因果关系中的结果。
（2）将因果关系中的结果作为关键词，到文章中将该信息进行精确定位。
（3）到原文中含有定位信息的句子里或其前后的一句话中寻找导致这个结果的原因。
（4）将表示原因的信息和选项进行对比，含义相同的选项为该题的正确答案。
Example3
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm-itwantedsomebodyaswellknownas
Paul -he stoodup forme. Idon’tknow howmany peoplewould have done that; they wouldhavelistened totheir
agentsorthestudiopowers.
The friendship that grewout ofthe experience ofmaking thatfilmandThe Stingfouryearslaterhaditsrootin
the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were
respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the
qualities and virtues that are typical ofAmerican actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other -- but
alwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.
Wesharedthe brief that ifyou’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back- he with
hisNewman’sOwn foodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswho areseriouslyill,and mewithSundance and
theinstituteandthe festival.PaulandIdidn’tseeeachotherallthat regularly,butsharingthat broughtustogether.
Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.
Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He’dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthe dealwas,
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andwedidn’ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn’tneedalotofwords.
WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship?
A.Theywereofthesameage. B.Theyworkedinthesametheater.
C.Theywerebothgoodactors. D.Theyhadsimilarcharacteristics.
【答案】D。解析：考查推断题：从题目可知答案定位在第二段，作者和保罗友谊持久的原因是两人有
相似的特点。故选D。
（三）含义题
1. 词义猜测
◇ Whatdoestheunderlinedword “...” inthefirstparagraphmean?
◇ Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword?
◇ Theunderlinedword “...” mostprobablymeans_____.
◇ Theunderlinedword “...” couldbestbereplacedby_____.
◇ Accordingtothepassage,theunderlinedword “...” isclosestinmeaningto “_____”.
解题技巧：
（1）根据情景和逻辑进行判断
Example1
Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their
mother’svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.Butwhenitcomestoembryoniclearning(胎教),birdscouldrulethe
roost.As recently reported in TheAuk: OrnithologicalAdvances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing
evenbeforetheyhatch(孵化).New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom’scallwithinafewdaysofenteringthe
world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kieindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in
SouthAustralia, and her colleagues. FemaleAustralian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and
over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their
mothers—asoundthatservedastheirregular “feedme!” call.
Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearcherssoughtthered-backedfairywren,
another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound dated from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland
beforeandafterhatching.Thentheyidentifiedbeggingcallsbyanalyzingtheorderandnumberofnotes.Acomputer
analysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,rankingthembysimilarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently
mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a
separateexperiment that suggested that the babybirdsthat most closelyimitatedtheir mom’svoice were rewarded
withthemostfood.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of
childrentoparents.Anevolutionaryinferencecanthenbedrawn. “Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,or
do you invest in children that are in need?” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for
quality.”
TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means “_____”.
A.betheworst B.bethebest C.beasbad D.bejustasgood
【答案】B。 解析：论起胎教，婴儿在出生前能够区分吵闹的声音和噪音，能够区分母亲的声音和其他
陌生女性的声音，而幼鸟则可以自动习得，可知鸟儿在这方面做得更好。
（2）根据同义词或反义词猜测词义
Example2
Most women in Ghana--the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--work to earn an
income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic
independence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved.
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Most of Ghana’s working women are farmers and traders. Only one woman in five, or even fewer, can be
classifiedassimplyhousewives. Eventhesewomenoftenearnmoneybysewingorbybakingandcookingthingsto
sell. They also maintain vegetable gardens and chicken farms. Indeed, the woman who depends entirely upon her
husbandforsupportislookeduponwithdisfavor.
Traditionally the tasks of motherhood have been shared. Mothers and sisters, grandmothers and nieces all
helpedto raise the childrenand tocarryout dailytasks.As the family grew,olderbrothersand sistersalso helped to
care for the younger ones and helped in the home. Now with more children going to school, with more people
moving away from their traditional homes, not only must the mother continue her income-producing activities, but
shemusttakeonalltheheavy,time-consuminghousework.
Ghana today is looking for new ways to meet the needs of women and their families, such as providing more
daycarecenters,sowomencancontinuetoplaytheirmultiplerolesinthehomeandintheeconomy.
Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword “illiterate”?
A.repeat B.reiterated C.uneducated D.sick
【答案】C
2. 指代内容
◇Theunderlinedword “It” inthepassagerefersto________.
解题技巧：
指代题有两种，一种是代词的指代，比如说it可以指物体、自然现象、事件、距离，还可以作形式主语、
形式宾语等；还有很多复合不定代词(something,everybody,anywhere等)也可以表示指代；还有一种是名词的
指代。通常指代题的出题形式都是Theword(orphrase)inthepassagerefersto…
指代题解题的基本原则：就近指代，也就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，一般优先看主语，其次
再看宾语，同时可以采取代入法的方式解题，即将四个选项都代入文中进行对比。做指代题的时候要注意，
首先要把代词或名词所在的句子拿出来做长难句分析，理清句子结构；其次要联系上下文，读懂相关句子的
含义，掌握相关信息，可以将选项代入原文，进行排除; 最后就是要本着所见即所得的原理，不做过度的推
理。
下面就来分析一下这类题型的基本解题步骤：
（1）看题干，确定指代类型。
（2）带着题干主线索回原文圈定答案范围。
（3）采用排除法，确定答案。
Example3
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn’twantmeforthefilm-itwantedsomebodyaswellknownas
Paul -he stoodup forme. Idon’tknow howmany peoplewould have done that; they wouldhavelistened totheir
agentsorthestudiopowers.
The friendship that grewout ofthe experience ofmaking thatfilmandThe Stingfouryearslaterhaditsrootin
the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were
respectful of craft（技艺）and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the
qualities and virtues that are typical ofAmerican actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other -- but
alwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealsoatthecore（核心）ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.
Wesharedthe brief that ifyou’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back- he with
hisNewman’sOwn foodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswho areseriouslyill,and mewithSundance and
theinstituteandthe festival.PaulandIdidn’tseeeachotherallthat regularly,butsharingthat broughtustogether.
Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.
Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He’dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthe dealwas,
andwedidn’ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn’tneedalotofwords.
Whatdoestheunderlinedword “that” inParagraph3referto?
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A.Theirbelief. B.Theircareforchildren.
C.Theirsuccess. D.Theirsupportforeachother.
【答案】A。解析：考查指代题。根据Wesharedthebriefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,you
shouldputsomethingback（我们都有这个信仰：如果你有幸获得成功，你应该有所回馈），下文紧接着作者又
举了例子，因此that指代前面的信仰。故选A。
（四）推断题
1. 态度推断
◇ Whatisthetone(mood)ofthepassage?
◇ Theauthor’sattitudetowards...mightbesummarizedas(seemstobe)______.
◇ Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheattitudeoftheauthortowards...?
◇ Theauthorismostcriticalof_______.
态度类型:
积极类：helpful（有帮助的），positive（积极的），supporting（支持的），confident（自信的），impressive
（给人深刻印象的），optimistic（乐观的）等；
中立类：neutral（中立的，中性的），impersonal（不带个人色彩的）等；
消极类：critical（批评的），negative（否定的），pessimistic（悲观的）等。
解题技巧：
第一、某一事物是好是坏。作者对它是支持还是反对，态度都非常明确，而带中立色彩的词最不可能是
正确答案。问作者对某事物的态度时，表示“客观”的词多为正确选项，如：objective,impartial, unbiased
等；问作者对其提到的人们的观点的态度时，答案只能是肯定或否定，支持或反对。如：critical, approval,
opposition, supporting等。
第二、既然写了文章，那么作者的态度就不可能漠不关心，因此见到indifferent，uninterested这类词可
以首先排除。
第三、注意不要把考生自己的好恶态度糅进其中，要注意区分作者本人的态度和作者引用的观点的态度。
第四、当作者的态度没有明确提出时，考生要学会根据作者使用的词语的褒贬性去判断作者态度，如：
wonderful(y), successful(y), positive(ly), active(ly), negative(ly), unfortunate(ly), doubtful(ly)等。
Example1
TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanycloserto
its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats，four
wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1, 400 feet for eight
minuteslast month, canreacharound70milesperhouronthe roadand115inthe air.Itfliesusing a23-gallontank
ofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground, itgets35milespergallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10, 000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and
thosenumberswill likelyriseafterTerrafugia introducestheTransitiontothe public laterthisweekatthe NewYork
AutoShow.Butdon’texpectittoshowupintoomanydriveways.It’sexpectedtocost$279,000.Anditwon’t
helpifyou’restuckintraffic.Thecarneedsarunway.
Inventorshave beentryingtomakeflyingcarssince the1930s,accordingtoRobertMann, anairlineindustry
expert. But Mann thinksTerrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government
has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is
nowgoingthroughcrashteststomakesureitmeetsfederalsafetystandards.
Mann saidTerrafugia was helped by the FederalAviationAdministration’sdecision five years ago to create a
separateset ofstandardsfor light sportaircraft, which are lower than those pilotsoflarger planesTerrafugia says an
ownerwouldneedtopassatestandcomplete20hoursofflyingtimetobeabletoflytheTransition,therequirement
pilotswouldfindrelativelyeasytomeet.
Whatisthegovernment’sattitudetothedevelopmentoftheflyingcar?
A.Cautious. B.Favorable. C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.
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【答案】B。解析：考查推断题。根据第三段Thegovernmenthasalreadypermittedthecompanytousespecial
materialstomakeiteasierforthevehicletofly.可知，政府允许使用并认可，所以选B。
Example2
Working at nonstandard times－evenings, nights, or weekends－is taking its toll on American families.
One-fifth of all employed Americans work variable or rotating shifts, and one-third work weekends, according to
Harriet B. Presser, sociology professor at the University of Maryland. The result is stress on familial relationships,
whichislikelytocontinueincomingdecades.
The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not
childrenareinvolved.Single mothersaremorelikelytoworknightsandweekendsthanmarriedmothers.Womenin
clerical,sales,orotherlow-payingjobsparticipatedisproportionatelyinworkinglateandgraveyardshifts.
Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more
split-shiftcouples.School-agedchildren,however,maybenefitfromparents’ nonstandardworkschedulesbecause
of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists
betweennonstandardworkschedulesandbothmaritalinstabilityandadeclineinthequalityofmarriages.
Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for diner but more time together for
breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of
children.Thereisalsoagreaterrelianceonchildcarebyrelativesandbyprofessionalproviders.
Workingnonstandardhoursislessachoiceofemployeesandmoreamandateofemployer.Presserbelievesthat
the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some
European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours—sometimes as
muchas50%higher.Theconvenienceofhavingservicesavailable24hoursadaycontinuestodrivethistrend.
Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for
focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working
nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. “Nonstandard work schedules
notonlyarehighlyprevalent amongAmericanfamiliesbutalso generatealevel ofcomplexity infamily functioning
thatneedsgreaterattention, ” shesays.
WhatisthePresser’sattitudetowardsworkingirregularhours?
A.Positive. B.Negative. C.Indifferent. D.Objective.
【答案】D
2. 细节推断
◇ Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthat______.
◇ Whatdoestheimagethattheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?
◇ Thestatementsuggests/impliesthat...
◇ Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationwouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?
解题技巧：要注意在定位信息处找到关键词，再结合全文主旨作出推断。
Example3
Some of the world’s most famous musicians recently gathered in Parisand New Orleans to celebrate the first
annualInternational JazzDay.UNESCO (UnitedNationsEducational, Scientificand CulturalOrganization) recently
setApril 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合) voice
acrosscultures.
Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU.S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusic
hasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.
It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopesto
widentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.
“Jazz seems like it’s not really a part of theAmerican appetite, ” Moran tells National Public Radio’s
reporterNeal Conan. “What I’mhoping toaccomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsiderand
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understandthatjazzisnotblackandwhiteanymore.It’sactuallycolor,andit’sactuallydigital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.
“Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythe wayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethe way
theworldworksisnotthesame, ” saysMoran.
Lastyear,MoranworkedonaprojectthatarrangedFatsWaller’smusicforadanceparty, “Justtokindofput
it backin the mind thatWaller isdance music as much as it is concert music, ” says Moran. “For me, it’sthe
recontextualization.Inmusic, wheredoesthe emotion(情感)lie?Arewe,asabstractasaCharlie Parkerrecordgets
us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider
context, ” saysMoran, “SoIwanttocontinuethosedialogues.ThosearethethingsIwanttofoster.”
WhatcanweinferaboutMoran’sopiniononjazz?
A.Itwilldisappeargradually.
B.Itremainsblackandwhite.
C.Itshouldkeepupwiththetimes.
D.Itchangesevery50years.
【答案】C。解析：考查推断题。根据Moran可定位到倒数第二段“Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethe
waytheworldworksisnotthesame” 得知Morand对于爵士乐的态度是希望它与时俱进，故选C。
Example4
Ireadsomewherethatwe spendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewe doingallofthiswaiting,and
what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let’s take a look at three types of
“waits”.
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take
fillingup thekitchen sink(洗碗池)asanexample.Thereisabsolutely nothingyou candowhile thisisgoingonbut
keepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits,the brainslipsawayfromthebodyand wanders
about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter
helplessandmindless.
Acousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing
packaged noodlesoup requiresa ForcedWait.Directions arevery specific. “Bring three cups ofwater toboil,add
mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually
followedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.
Perhapsthe mostpowerful typeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusual inthat it isfor
the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not
necessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.
Turningone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthe
surfaceit seemsasridiculousasfollowingthe directionsonsoupmixes, butthe Lucky-BreakWait well serves those
whoare willing to doit.Aslong as one doesn’t come torelyon it, wishingfor a few goodthings to happennever
hurtsanybody.
Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwaitingforit
to fill while cooking noodle soup that you’ll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don’t be
desperate.You’reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.
WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?
A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.
B.Itdoesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.
C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.
D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.
【答案】B。 解析：考查细节推断题。根据倒数第三段“UnliketheForcedWait, whichisalsovoluntary,
waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.” 可知选B。
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Example5
Do you always understand directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as
directed”?Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.
“Toreduce pain, take two tablets(药片)with water,followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For
night-time and early morning relief(减缓疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in
twenty-fourhours.
For children of six to twelve years old, give half the amount(量). For children under six years old, ask your
doctor’sadvice.
Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.”
Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.
A.textbook B.newsreel C.doctor’snotebook D.bottleofmedicine
【答案】A。解析：的确，人们常在药瓶上的说明中看到文章直接引语部分的文字内容，但是像第一段
这样的内容不可能出现在药瓶上。由此可见，这几段文章应选自教科书中有关如何读服药说明的课文，故选
A。
第四章 议论文写作
议论文是论证某一正确的观点、看法和主张或者批驳某一错误的观点、看法和主题的文章。其目的是为
了阐述某一思想，说服读者接受作者的观点和主张，采取某一行动，或改变读者的行为。议论文的目的是为
了以理服人，所以它的语言要求必须准确、严密、有说服力，不说无用或无根据的话。
议论文包括三个主要方面：论点、论据和论证。议论文的论点必须有可争论性，这样才能引起讨论，它
是议论文的灵魂；其次，论据要充实、可靠，可以使用例子、数据、专家或权威人士的评判等客观的事例来
证明和支持论点，它是议论文的躯干；再次，议论文的论证必须严谨，避免各种无根据的假设和错误的三段
论，合乎逻辑。可使用的方法有分析、对比、举例、归纳、演绎、反证等。
议论文类型在英语考试中常考的议论文类型有以下六种：
（一）对比选择型议论文（prosandcons）
Directions: Forthis part, youareallowed30minutestowrite ashortessay onthe topicofShould
Parents Send Their Kids to Art Classes? You should write at least 120 words following the outline
givenbelow:
现在有不少家长送孩子参加各种艺术班；
A. 对这种做法有人表示支持，
B. 有人并不赞成；
C. 我认为…
1.文章布局
第一段 指出某种问题，现象；
第二段 说明人们看法不一致，有些人认为，其他人认为……
第三段 表明自己的看法。
2.常用句式
（1）开头句式
①Thereisawidespreadphenomenonthat…
②Recently,theproblem/issueof…hasarousedpeople’sconcern.
③Nowadays,…..hasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.
（2）引出观点的不同句式
①People’sviewson…varyfrompersontoperson.Someholdthat….However,othersbelievethat….
②Differentpeopleholddifferentattitudestoward….Somepeopleholdtheviewthat...,whileothers….
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③Attitudestowards...varyfrompersontoperson.
（3）结尾句式
①AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatteropiniontosomeextent.Ithinkthat…
② In my opinion, I think it necessary to…. The reasons are as follows. First, …. Second, …. Last but not
least,….
③ It is difficult to say whether…is good or not in general as it depends on the situation of…however, from a
personalpointofview…
3.对比选择型议论文模板
【模板1】
第一段：
(1) There is a growing tendency nowadays that an increasing number of people ... ... The attitudes of people
towardsthisphenomenonvaryfrompersontoperson.
【实例展示】
There is a growing tendency nowadays that an increasing number of people send their children to register and
attendagreatvarietyofartscourses,suchasdancing,calligraphyandmusicalinstrumentstraining.etc.Theattitudes
ofpeopletowardsthisphenomenonvaryfrompersontoperson.
(2) The discussion about whether draws a widespread attention in recent days and an increasing number of
people are joining in the heat discussion. Among those people, the opinions concerning this hot topic vary from
persontoperson.
(3) In recent days, is becoming unprecedentedly popular among people in China. When it comes to whether,
thereisnocompleteagreementamongpeople.
第二段：
(1)Amajority of people think that. In their views there are two factors contributing to this attitude: in the first
place,......Inthe second place,......whilethe resthold the otherside ofthe picture,for onething,......Foranother
thing,......
【实例展示】
Amajorityofpeoplethinkthatitisagoodphenomenon.Intheirviews,therearetwofactorscontributingtothis
attitude: in the first place, these practices are of great necessity and benefits to students. In the second place, it can
have an all-round development by acquiring knowledge and skills which are not taught in their schools. While the
rest hold the other side of the picture, for one thing, these courses would bring about heavy burdens to students. For
another thing, they worry about that students might not have adequate time to take a rest and reflect on what they
havelearnedinschool.
(2)Thosewho areinfavorofthe ideathat claimthat,firstly,......Secondly,......However,therearealsosome
people holding a different opinion on this matter. Some people believe that. In their point of view, first and
foremost,......Besides,......Therefore,thereisnodoubtthat.
第三段：
(1)Weighingtheprosandconsoftheseargumentsabove,Iaminclinedtoagreewiththeideathat.Itisnotonly
because________,butalsobecause_________.
【实例展示】
Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments above, I am inclined to agree with the idea that kids should
attend to art classes. It is not only because it can make their life colorful, but also because it can be helpful in their
restlifeandwork.
(2) If I were forced to agree with one of the two opinions, I, doubtlessly, stand by the idea that. To begin
with,......Furthermore,GiventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,Istronglycommittothenotionthat.
(3)As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that. It is not only because ________, but also because
_________.
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4.经典例题
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled my views on University Ranking.You
shouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
（1）目前高校排名相当盛行。
（2）对于这种做法人们看法不一。
（3）在我看来……
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【参考范文】
Inrecentdays, universityrankingisbecoming unprecedentedlypopularamongpeopleinChina.Whenitcomes
towhetherweshouldrankuniversitiesintoseverallevels,thereisnocompleteagreementamongpeople.
Amajorityofpeoplethinkthat thereshould berankingamonguniversities.Intheir views, there aretwo factors
contributing to this attitude: in the first place, it gives those students who are going to attend universities a standard
when they choose university. In the second place, it can stimulate teachers and students to work harder so that they
can climb on the academic ladder. While the rest hold the other side of the picture, for one thing, it may harm the
collegeswithfewdepartments.Foranotherthing,universityrankingmightforceuniversitiestocaremoreabouttheir
positionintherankingbutnotaboutresearchthattheyareexpectedtodo.
As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that there should be a university ranking. It is not only
becauseitcangivehighschoolstudentsastandardwhentheychoosewhichuniversitiestheywanttobeenrolled,but
alsobecauseitcanstimulateuniversitiestopursuefurtherdevelopment.
（二）问题解决型议论文（problemandsolution）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to
Improve Students’ Mental Health. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given
below.
A. 大学生的心理健康十分重要。
B. 因此，学校可以……
C. 我们自己应当……
1.文章布局
第一段 描述背景；
第二段 说明危害；
第三段 说明解决方法。
2.常用句式
（1）开头句式
①Itiswell-knowntousthat…（我们都知道……）=Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned,…（就我所知……）
②Recentlytheproblemof…hasbeenbroughtintofocus.=Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernover… （最
近……问题引起了关注）
③Nowadays,…hasbecomeaproblemwehavetoface.
（现今，……已成为我们不得不面对的问题）
（2）说明危害的过渡语
①Obviously,ifwedon’tcontroltheproblem,thechancesarethat…willleadusindanger.
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（很明显，如果我们不能控制这一问题，很有可能我们会陷入危险）
②Nodoubt,unlesswetakeeffectivemeasures,itisverylikelythat…
（毫无疑问，除非我们采取有效措施，否则我们很可能会……）
③Itisurgentthatimmediatemeasuresshouldbetakentostopthesituation…
（很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展）
（3）解决方法的过渡句
①Itishightimethatweputanendtothe(trend).（该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了）
②Thereisnodoubtthatenoughconcernmustbepaidtotheproblemof…（毫无疑问，对……问题应予以足
够重视）
③ As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. There are many steps
whichcanbetakentoundothisproblem.Firstofall,____途径一_____.Inaddition,anotherwaycontributingtothe
successofsolvingproblemis_____途径二_____.
3.问题解决型议论文模板
第一段：
(1) With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example,thepastseveralyearshavewitnessedtheappearanceofanotuncommonsocialphenomenonthat.
【实例展示】
With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example,thepastseveralyearshavewitnessed theappearanceofanotuncommonsocialphenomenonthat moreand
morestudentshavingmentalproblem.
(2)With the rapid development of modern life, the society have been changed in all aspects unimaginably and
many things changed accordingly. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The
phenomenonof 主题现象 isanexampleoftheformer/latterone.
第二段：
(1)Theproblemmentionedaboveisboundtogeneratesevereconsequencesifwekeepturningablindeyetoit.
Firstandforemost, 后果之一 .Moreover, 后果之二 .
【实例展示】
The problem mentioned above is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it.
First and foremost, it will do harm to the study of these students. Moreover,it may cause disasters to these students
withouteffectivemeasures.
(2)Itwillgiverisetoahostofsevereproblemsifweleavethesituationasitis.Firstly, 后果之一.Moreover,
后果之二 .
(3)We are supposed to be fully aware of the fact that if we continue to ignore the severe consequences we are
boundtopayheavilyforit.Firstandforemost, 后果一 .Moreover, 后果二 .
第三段：
(1) Confronted with such problem, effective measures must be taken before things getting worse. In the first
place, 措施之一. Inthe second place, 措施之二.Withthese measures taken, it isreasonable for us to believe that
theproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfuture.
【实例展示】
Confronted with such problem, effective measures must be taken before things getting worse. In the first place,
universities can build up some organizations for the young to ease their attention. In the second place, teachers may
paymore attention to find them who are physically strong but have potential psychological problems in advance. In
addition, we students can also free ourselves from mental illness by taking certain precautions. With these measures
taken,itisreasonableforustobelievethattheproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfuture.
(2)Inviewoftheseriousnessoftheproblem,itishightimethatwe tookeffectivemeasurestosolvethisurgent
problem.Inthefirstplace, 措施之一.Inthe secondplace,措施二.Onlywhenthose measuresthatlistedabovewas
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takenintoeffect,canweexpectabetterandbrighterfuture.
4.经典例题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled Say No to Pirated
Products.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
（1）目前盗版的现象比较严重
（2）造成这种现象的原因及危害
（3）我们应该怎么做？
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【参考范文】
With the rapid development of modern life, the society has been changed from all aspects unimaginably and
many things changed accordingly. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The
phenomenonofpiracyisanexampleofthelatterone.
It will give rise to a host of severe problems if we leave the situation as it is. Firstly, they do great harm to the
authors’reputationdue totheir misprints. Moreover,piratedproducts may have negative impactsoncustomerssince
those legitimate producers' enthusiasm may be greatly hurt by the fact that some customers are more inclined to
purchasepiracy.
In view of the seriousness of the problem, it is high time that we took effective measures to solve this urgent
problem. In the first place,it’shigh time that the government called oneveryone to start the battle against piracy.In
the second place, as customers, we should develop our consciousness to resist pirated products. Only with those
measuresthatlistedabovewastakenintoeffect,canweexpectabetterandbrighterfuture.
（三）现象观点解释型议论文（causeandeffect）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Certificate
Craze.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
A. 现在许多人热衷于各类证书考试
B. 其目的各不相同
C. 在我看来…
1.文章布局
第一段 描述现象
第二段 分析这种现象的原因或相关因素
第三段 阐述我的观点或看法
2.常用句式
（1）开头句式（略 参照前两类写作的开头句式）
（2）引出原因的不同句式
①Inmymind,thereasonswhythe…ratehasbeenontheriseareasfollows.
②Thereasonswhymoreandmore…,inmymind,areasfollows.
③Threereasons,inmyeyes/mind,canaccountforthisphenomenon.
④Whyaretheresomany…?Thefirstreason,inmymind,isthat….Furthermore,…Lastbutnottheleast,…
⑤Webelievethatthreereasonscanaccountforthephenomenon.
（3）结尾句式
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①Fromwhatwehavediscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthatitdependsonpersonalchoice.
②Weighingthe prosandconsofsuchanewtrend,we cannaturallyarriveattheconclusionthat itisbeneficial
andrewarding.
③Inaword,Iwarmlywelcometheestablishmentof…inuniversities.
④Allinall,wecansafelycometotheconclusionthattheprosoutweighthecons.
3.现象、观点解释型议论文模板
第一段：
(1) With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example,thepastseveralyearshavewitnessedtheappearanceofanotuncommonsocialphenomenonthat.
【实例展示】
With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example,thepastseveralyearshavewitnessedtheappearanceofanotuncommonsocialphenomenonthatagrowing
numberofpeopleareenthusiasticaboutpursuingvariouskindsofcertificates.
(2)With the rapid development of modern life, the society have been changed in all aspects unimaginably and
many things changed accordingly. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The
phenomenonof主题现象 isanexampleoftheformer/latterone.
【实例展示】
Withthe rapiddevelopment ofmodernlife,the society hasbeenchangedinall aspectsunimaginablyand many
things changed accordingly. Some of them have positive effects on our life, but some are distasteful. The
phenomenonofpursuingcertificatecrazilyisanexampleofthelatterone.
第二段：
(1)Anumber of factors can account for such phenomenon, but the followings might be the critical ones. First
andforemost,.......Besides,......
【实例展示】
Anumber of factors can account for such phenomenon, but the followings might be the critical ones. First and
foremost,acertaincertificatecannotonlyprovetheircapabilitiesbutalsowillputtheminafavorablepositioninthe
employment market and be beneficial to the development of their career, since the job market competition is
becoming increasingly fierce. Besides, for white-collared workers, more job-related certificates often guarantee
greateropportunitiesforasalaryraiseandpromotion.
(2)Therearemanyfactsaccountingfor 该问题.Ontheonehand, 原因一 .Ontheotherhand, 原因二.
第三段：
Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthat.
【实例展示】
Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that different people are
enthusiasticaboutthecertificatefordifferentpurposes.However,we shouldbearinmindthatitisthepracticalskills
ratherthancertificatesthatguaranteeoneaccomplishmentincareer.
4.经典例题
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTravelAbroad.Youshouldwriteatleast
150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
（1）近十年来某城市越来越多人选择出去旅游
（2）出现这种现象的原因
（3）这种现象可能产生的影响
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【参考范文】
With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example, the past several years have witnessed the appearance of a not uncommon social phenomenon that an
increasingnumberofpeopleliketotravelabroad.
The following reasons, onmy personal level, canperfectly account forthis phenomenon. One important reason
is that thanks to the policy of reform and opening-up, the nation’s economy has been developing at a considerably
highspeedinthepastdecades.Therefore,the peoplehavemoreextramoneyfortraveling.Inaddition,relevantstate
policiesand the boom oftouring industry providecitizens with more opportunitiesto go out and see the world. Last
but definitely not least, people have attached greater importance to the quality of life, thus they spend more money
andtimetravelingandsight-seeing.
Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that more people like to
travelabroadnot onlybecauseit isavailable butalsobecause Chinesehavemoneytopursuea betterlife.Inaword,
thischartisaperfectindicatorofChina’sfastexpandingeconomyandpeople’srisingstandardoflife.
（四）影响分析（利弊分析）型议论文
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Digital Age.
Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.如今数字化产品得到越来越广泛应用，例如：
2.数字化产品使用对人们工作学习和生活的影响……
1.文章布局
第一段 描述现象
第二段 分析影响
第三段 得出结论
2.常用句式
（1）开头句式 （略 参照前两类写作的开头句式）
（2）引出利弊/影响的不同句式
①we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are
____________(列举缺点).
②JustAsapopularsayinggoes,“everycoinhastwosides”,______isnoexception,andinanotherword,itstill
hasnegativeaspects.
③Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent..
（3）结尾句式
①Judgingfromtheexamplesgivenabove,wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat…
②Itisbeyonddoubtthat…
③Upuntilnow,wecanseeitclearlythat…
④Allthathasbeendiscussedabovepointstothefactthat…
3.影响分析型议论文模板
第一段：
(1) With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example,thepastseveralyearshavewitnessedtheappearanceofanotuncommonsocialphenomenonthat.
【实例展示】
With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example, the past several years have witnessed the appearance of a not uncommon social phenomenon that digital
productsarebecomingincreasinglypopular,suchasdigitalcamera,digitaltelevision,andsoon.
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第二段：
(1) Here is a question, what kind of effect do the ... bring to people’s life? Frankly speaking, ... have great
influence on our work, study and everyday life. On the one hand, it brings great convenience to us. For example,
例子 .Butontheotherhand,italsoisharmfultous,forthat....
【实例展示】
Here is a question, what kind of effect do the digital products bring to people’s life? Frankly speaking, digital
products have great influence onour work, study and everyday life. On the one hand, it brings great convenience to
us.Forexample,thedigitalcameramakesitpossibletodeleteorcorrectthe“unsuccessful”photoofours,whichwas
impossible with the traditional camera. But on the other hand, it also is harmful to us, for that these fashionable
digitalitemshavecultivatedagenerationthatmoreisolatedfromthereallife.
第三段：
Toconclude,...arejustlike adouble-edgedsword.Withthem, we may havelesstroubledealingwithproblems
in life and enjoy a better-off life. However, one point should be kept in mind is that we should take sensible use of
them,alwaysbeingthemasterofthem.
Toconclude, digital products arejust like adouble -edged sword.Withthem we may have lesstrouble dealing
with problems in life and enjoy a better - off life. However,one point should be kept in mind is that we should take
sensibleuseofthem,alwaysbeingthemasterofthem.
4.经典例题
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledTheImpactoftheInterneton
Interpersonal Communication. Your essay should start with a brief description of the picture. You should write at
least150wordsbutnomorethan200words.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
With the advancement of society and the development of economy, many things change dramatically. For
example, the past several years have witnessed the appearance of a not uncommon social phenomenon that internet
arewidelyusedinourworkandourlife.
Hereisaquestion,whatkindofeffectdotheinternetbringtopeople’slife?Franklyspeaking,internethasgreat
influenceonourwork,studyandeverydaylife.Onthe onehand,itbringsgreat conveniencetous.Forexample, the
Internet brings great convenience to our communication for it eliminates the barrier of distance. But on the other
hand, it isalso harmful to us, for that it is the internet that doesnot enable family members, friendsor classmates to
communicatemoreinaface-to-faceway.
To conclude, internet is just like a double - edgeds word. With them we may have less trouble dealing with
problemsinlifeandenjoyabetter-offlife.However,onepointshouldbekeptinmindisthatweshouldtakesensible
useofthem,alwaysbeingthemasterofthem.
（五）话语理解型议论文
Directions: Forthis partyou areallowed 30minutestowrite anessay commenting onthe remark “The greatest
use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it.”You can give examples to illustrate your point and then
explain what you will do to make your life more meaningful.You should write at least 150 words but no more than
200words.
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1.文章布局
第一段---解释名言
第二段---给出例子
第三段---得到启示
2.常用句式
（1）解释名言句式
①Afamoussayinggoes“_____________”,whichmeansthat......
②Aninterestingsayinggoesthat...Simpleasthesayingis,itsmeaningisprofoundandthought-provoking.
（2）给出例子的不同句式
①Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist.Thebestillustrationmightbe......
②Actually,historyaboundswithexamplesof......
③HereIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationoftheproverbthantheexperienceof......
（3）得到启示的句式
①Whateveryoudo,pleaserememberthesayingthat______.
② Bringing what has been discussed into a conclusion, we may say that. In a word, I truly agree with the
proverbgiveninthedirectionsandwilltaketherightactionsinmylifeandworkinthefuture.
③Inshort,______isessential ifwe want to______inourstudiesorwork, orindeedinanyother aspectofour
lives.
3.话语理解型议论文模板
第一段：
(1)Aninterestingsaying goesthat ....Simple asthesaying is,itsmeaningisprofoundandthought-provoking.
Evidently,itmeanstopresentusthat.
【实例展示】
An interesting saying goes that “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it”. Simple
as the saying is, its meaning is profound and thought-provoking. Evidently, it is meant to deliver the message to us
thatweshouldliveameaningfullifeinsteadofpursuingsomethingforourselves.
(2)The saying “_____”, interesting but full of implication, indicates that. It’s the experience of our forefathers,
butitisstillcorrectinmanycasestodayandhasaprofoundsignificanceandvaluenotonlyinourjobbutalsoinour
study.
(3)As a famous proverb goes, ... Simple as the saying is, the meaning behind it isfar-reaching. Obviously,this
sayingaimstodeliverthemessagetousthat.
第二段：
(1) There are many examples in history that can prove this saying. As an illustration, we may take as an
example....experienceperfectlyaccountforthesaying.
【实例展示】
There are many cases in history that can prove this saying. As an illustration, we may take Steve Jobs as an
example . Jobs’experience perfectly account for the saying. Steve Jobs started his company and hisApple products
were like songs that touched people’s hearts and changed their lives. Moreover, Jobs has brought a great many
changestoourworld.Hislife,althoughshort,definitelyoutlast.That’salifeworthliving.
(2) There are lots of examples in history that can prove this saying.Acase in point is __例子__. Therefore, it
goeswithoutsayingthatitisofgreatofimportancetoremembertheproverbandputitintopractice.
(3)Actually,historyaboundswithexamplestoprovethissaying.HereIcanthinkofnobetterillustrationofthe
proverbthantheexperienceof__人名__,whois....
第三段：
(1)Whateveryoudo,pleaserememberthesayingthat______.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyor
work,you’llnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.
中公教育学员培训讲义 43 报名专线：400-6300-999学员专用 请勿外泄
【实例展示】
Whatever you do, please remember the saying “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will
outlastit”.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,you’llnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.
(2) Bringing what has been discussed into a conclusion, we may say that . In a word, I truly agree with the
proverbgiveninthedirectionsandwilltaketherightactionsinmylifeandworkinthefuture.
(3)With the rapid development of economy and society in China, an increasing number of __主体__ come to
realizetheimportanceofthesayingandpracticethissayingaccordinglyinlifeandstudy.
4.典题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay explaining why it is unwise to jump to
conclusions upon seeing or hearing something. You can give examples to illustrate your point. You should write at
least150wordsbutnomorethan200words.
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【参考范文】
The saying “it is unwise to jump to conclusions upon seeing or hearing something”, interesting but full of
implication, indicates that we must judge a person from what he did rather than what we hear.It’s the experience of
our forefathers, but it is still correct in many cases today and has a profound significance and value not only in our
jobbutalsoinourstudy.
There are lots of examples that can prove this saying. A case in point is that some gossip is the unscientific
conclusionthat wedrawfromwhatwe seeandwhatwehear.Anditmaygiverisetobadinfluenceonpeople’sdaily
life.Whatwe shouldfocusonisthetruth ofthingsinsteadofsurface,fromwhichwe willbenefita lot.Therefore,it
isgoeswithoutsayingthatitisofgreatimportancetoremembertheproverbandputitintopractice.
With the rapid development of economy and society in China, an increasing number of people come to realize
theimportanceofthesayingandpracticethissayingaccordinglyinlifeandstudy.
（六）描述型议论文
1.图画描述型议论文
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based on the picture below.You should
start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then discuss whether technology is indispensable in
education. You should give sound arguments to support your views and write at least 150 words but no more than
200words.
中公教育学员培训讲义 44 报名专线：400-6300-999学员专用 请勿外泄
（1）文章布局
第一段---描述图画
第二段---寓意阐释（原因、危害、影响）
第三段---给出评论
（2）常用句型
①常用的开篇句型（即概述图画内容时常用的表达法）
a.Asisvividlydepictedinthecartoonabove 描述图画.
b. The cartoon subtly (巧妙地) and symbolically (象征性地) depicts a thought-provoking scenario (场景) in
which+ 描述图画.
c.Whatisclearlyillustrated/presented/portrayed/describedinthedrawingaboveisthat+ 描述图画.
d.Itissymbolically/explicitly(明白地)/vividlyillustrated/demonstratedinthedrawingthat+ 描述图画.
②寓意阐述的过渡句
a.Whatcanbeinferredinthispictureisvirtuallyaprevalentsocialissueandthesignificanceof____.
b. The purpose of the picture is to inform/remind us of the fact that we should not neglect the significance of
____.
c.Theuniquemetaphorinthisenlighteningdrawingendowsuswiththenotionthat____.
③给出评论的过渡句
a.Therefore,itis(strongly/highly)suggestedthat…
b.Myadviceisthat…
c.Itishigh/ripe/abouttimethat….
d.Itisimperativethat…
（3）图画类作文写作模板
第一段：
① It is an interesting picture but with profound implication. From the picture, we can see that __描述图画__.
Thepicturetellsusthat.
【实例展示】
Itisaninterestingpicturebutwith profoundimplication.Fromthepicture,we canseethat thestudent isasking
histeacheraboutwhetherornothecanusesometechsupporttofigureouttheprobleminhismathclass.Thepicture
tells us that nowadays students become increasingly dependent on technological devices to help them with their
schoolwork.
② It is an interesting picture but with profound implication.As is vividly/graphically depicted in the drawing,
__描述图画__.Apparently,thecartoonistmeanstotellusthat__主旨__.
中公教育学员培训讲义 45 报名专线：400-6300-999学员专用 请勿外泄
【实例展示】
It is an interesting picture but with profound implication.As is vividly depicted in the drawing, the student is
asking his teacher about whether or not he can use some tech support to figure out the problem in his math class.
Apparently, the cartoonist means to tell us that nowadays students become increasingly dependent on technological
devicestohelpthemwiththeirschoolwork.
第二段：
①Asto__议论的内容__,frommy pointofview,Iholdtheopinionthat.ThereasonswhyIholdthisopinion
canbelistedasfollowed.Tobeginwith,__原因之一__.Inaddition,__理由之二__.
【实例展示】
As to whether technology is indispensable in education, from my point of view, I hold the opinion that with
technology, students can learn more efficiently. The reasons why I hold this opinion can be listed as followed. To
begin with, technology provides infinite resources for learning. We can learn much more from the Internet. In
addition, it’s more convenient to learn with tech support. For example, I got enrolled in a Spanish class in an online
school.AllitrequiresisaPCorasmartphone,andIcanlearnthelecturesanytimeandanywhere.
第三段：
①Takingallthesefactorsintoconsideration,wemayreasonablycometotheconclusionthat.
【实例展示】
Taking all these factors into consideration, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that technology plays a
vital role in our study. We can learn more efficiently if we are able to utilize the technologies around us. But we
shouldhavetheawarenessthatwecan’toveruseit.
②Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaynaturallydrawtheconclusionthat.
（4）典题
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于150。
Inyour English class, the teacher shows the picture belowand asks the class to discuss it.Your classmates may
havedifferentunderstandings.
Lookatthepicturecarefullyandtelltheclasshowyouunderstandit.
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【参考范文】
中公教育学员培训讲义 46 报名专线：400-6300-999学员专用 请勿外泄
Aswe canseeinthe picture,agirl isgettingstuckinabottle.Regardlessofthis situation, she looksoptimistic,
sitting on a pile of books she has read and been absorbed in reading the one in her hands. That is because she
believes that the books can serve as a ladder leading up to the opening of the bottle.The more books she reads, the
soonershewillgetoutofthebottle.
This picture reminds me of the famous saying: Knowledge is power. And the books are the sources of
knowledge.Books,whichcangiveuspowertoconquerdifficulties,arethebestfriendsofus.Whenyoucomeacross
problemsinyourdailylife,youcanalwaysrefertobooks,whichcanhelpyoufindoutsolutions.Justlikethegirlin
thepicture,despitethefactthatsheisstuckinthebottle,shecouldeventuallygetoutofitbyreadingasmanybooks
aspossible.
From what has been discussed above, we may naturally draw the conclusion that as for us students, by reading
books, we can accumulate adequate knowledge to face the challenge in the future. So let’s read more and success
willbeaheadofus.
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中公教育学员培训讲义 47 报名专线：400-6300-999
