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普通高中教科书·英语［选择性必修 第三册］
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同学们：
欢迎使用《普通高中教科书·英语》！本册教材围绕“人与自然”“人与社会”
的主题语境，依托话题丰富、文体多样的语篇，引领你通过一系列英语学习活动，发
展英语学科核心素养。现在，让我们走进教材，开启一段有趣的英语学习之旅。
每个单元首页的 Welcome to the unit 板块是你单元学习的起点，借助视频、
图示、文字等形式多样的语篇激发你的学习兴趣，帮助你初步了解单元主题，为单
元学习做好热身准备。随后，你将进入一个非常重要的学习环节——Reading 板
块。在这里，你将有机会阅读关于主要英语国家概况、太空探索、历史人物以及世
界遗产等话题的语篇，感受真实、地道、优美的英语，了解有关地理、天文、历史等方
面的知识。你可以通过一系列多维度、分层次的阅读活动，深入探究主题意义，提
升语言能力、文化意识和思维品质。来到 Grammar and usage 板块，你将在语篇
中观察、探究语法现象，自主归纳语法规则，并在新的语境和活动中正确使用语法。
接下来，在 Integrated skills 板块，你将综合运用听、说、读、看、写的技能，完成语
言技能融合的活动。随后，在 Extended reading 板块，你将进行拓展阅读，通过
观点表达等活动，进一步探究主题意义，了解真实世界，探索未知世界。在 Project
板块，你将和同学一起开展合作学习、探究学习，完成一项综合性、实践性活动。
Assessment 板块以开放性问题的形式提供自评、互评等多种评价方式，促使你及
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你可以根据自身的学习情况来选择教材推荐的资源在课后进行自主学习、拓展学
习，继续体验英语学习的快乐。
祝你在这段英语学习之旅中，带着梦想，快乐而自信地前行！
《普通高中教科书·英语》编写组
2021年6月Grammar
Welcome to Integrated
Unit Reading and Extended reading Project Assessment Further study Workbook
the unit skills
usage
1 (p. 1) Canada—a land of Non-restrictive Making a travel plan for An adventure in Africa Making a travel (p. 14) (p. 14) Exploring language
Wish you were Four diversity (p. 2) relative clauses foreign guests (p. 8) (p. 11) brochure on a foreign (p. 57)
here postcards A website article (p. 6) A travel journal country (p. 13)
Tip: Slowing down the Building skills (p. 59)
(p. 1)
discussion (p. 10)
Appreciating
language (p. 62)
2 (p. 15) Life on a space station Subject clauses Creating a story about Why we explore (p. 25) Providing solutions (p. 28) (p. 28) Exploring language
Out of this A video (p. 16) (p. 20) aliens (p. 22) A magazine article for living beyond the (p. 63)
world A lecture transcript Earth (p. 27)
Tip: Listening for attitudes Building skills (p. 65)
(p. 15)
(p. 22)
Appreciating
language (p. 68)
3 (p. 29) Sailing the oceans Predicative Expressing your opinion Hell comes to Pearl Making a report on a (p. 42) (p. 42) Exploring language
Back to the An excerpt (p. 30) clauses (p. 34) of popular history books Harbor (p. 39) historical event (p. 41) (p. 69)
past from a novel Two historical articles (p. 36) An article
Building skills (p. 71)
(p. 29)
Tip: Recognizing Tip: Identifying the
Appreciating
paraphrasing (p. 36) chronological order
language (p. 74)
(p. 40)
4 (p. 43) Heritage in danger Appositive Calling for the protection Following the Silk Road Making a poster on a (p. 56) (p. 56) Exploring language
Protecting our A video (p. 44) clauses (p. 48) of our heritage sites (p. 53) UNESCO heritage site (p. 75)
heritage sites A lecture transcript (p. 50) A magazine article (p. 55)
Building skills (p. 77)
(p. 43)
Tip: Moving on to
Appreciating
another topic (p. 52)
language (p. 80)
Appendices: Text notes (p. 81) Grammar notes (p. 95) Wordlists (p. 97) Irregular verbs (p. 119)
ecaps
dna
emiT
CONTENTSGrammar
Welcome to Integrated
Unit Reading and Extended reading Project Assessment Further study Workbook
the unit skills
usage
1 (p. 1) Canada—a land of Non-restrictive Making a travel plan for An adventure in Africa Making a travel (p. 14) (p. 14) Exploring language
Wish you were Four diversity (p. 2) relative clauses foreign guests (p. 8) (p. 11) brochure on a foreign (p. 57)
here postcards A website article (p. 6) A travel journal country (p. 13)
Tip: Slowing down the Building skills (p. 59)
(p. 1)
discussion (p. 10)
Appreciating
language (p. 62)
2 (p. 15) Life on a space station Subject clauses Creating a story about Why we explore (p. 25) Providing solutions (p. 28) (p. 28) Exploring language
Out of this A video (p. 16) (p. 20) aliens (p. 22) A magazine article for living beyond the (p. 63)
world A lecture transcript Earth (p. 27)
Tip: Listening for attitudes Building skills (p. 65)
(p. 15)
(p. 22)
Appreciating
language (p. 68)
3 (p. 29) Sailing the oceans Predicative Expressing your opinion Hell comes to Pearl Making a report on a (p. 42) (p. 42) Exploring language
Back to the An excerpt (p. 30) clauses (p. 34) of popular history books Harbor (p. 39) historical event (p. 41) (p. 69)
past from a novel Two historical articles (p. 36) An article
Building skills (p. 71)
(p. 29)
Tip: Recognizing Tip: Identifying the
Appreciating
paraphrasing (p. 36) chronological order
language (p. 74)
(p. 40)
4 (p. 43) Heritage in danger Appositive Calling for the protection Following the Silk Road Making a poster on a (p. 56) (p. 56) Exploring language
Protecting our A video (p. 44) clauses (p. 48) of our heritage sites (p. 53) UNESCO heritage site (p. 75)
heritage sites A lecture transcript (p. 50) A magazine article (p. 55)
Building skills (p. 77)
(p. 43)
Tip: Moving on to
Appreciating
another topic (p. 52)
language (p. 80)
Appendices: Text notes (p. 81) Grammar notes (p. 95) Wordlists (p. 97) Irregular verbs (p. 119)UNIT Wish you were here
1
The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes,
but in having new eyes.
—Marcel Proust
In this unit, you are going to:
• read a website article about Canada;
• write an email with a travel plan about your
hometown;
• read a travel journal about a trip to Africa;
• make a travel brochure on a foreign country.
Welcome to the unit
There are many popular tourist destinations around the world. Look at the postcards below
and discuss the following questions in pairs.
1 How would you describe each of the four postcards above?
2 What tourist destinations have you ever visited or would you like to visit?
Wish you were here 1Reading
CCaannaaddaa hhaass mmuucchh ttoo ooffffeerr ttoouurriissttss.. TThhee wweebbssiittee aarrttiiccllee bbeellooww iiss aabboouutt tthhiiss ccoouunnttrryy wwiitthh vvaasstt
ddiissttaanncceess aanndd oouuttssttaannddiinngg nnaattuurraall bbeeaauuttyy.. BBeeffoorree yyoouu rreeaadd tthhee wweebbssiittee aarrttiiccllee,, tthhiinnkk aabboouutt tthhee
ffoolllloowwiinngg qquueessttiioonnss::
•• WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu kknnooww aabboouutt tthhee nnaattiioonnaall ssyymmbboollss ooff CCaannaaddaa??
•• WWhhaatt ttoouurriisstt aattttrraaccttiioonnss aarree tthheerree iinn CCaannaaddaa??
Canada is like a blooming flower, unfolding with breathtaking beauty and richness
to win the heart of those who enjoy what it has to offer. It is a broad and beautiful
country stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most
ethnically diverse nations in the world with distinct cultures.
5 In the ten provinces and three territories which make up Canada, there is great
diversity in geography. To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky
Mountains, which are home to high peaks and deep valleys carved by ice and
water. Ancient, slow-moving glaciers hug the land and a huge variety of wildlife
wanders the remote forests. The establishment of national parks makes many of
10 these beautiful places protected areas for the public to visit and enjoy, such as Banff
and Jasper National Parks. One truly unique scenic spot in Canada is the mighty
Niagara Falls with water rushing over its edge in a splendid display of sights and
sounds.
Apart from its geographical diversity, Canada’s many rural areas and urban centers
15 reflect the diversity of its residents. Some of Canada’s earliest settlers, who are
thought to be ancestors of the indigenous peoples, crossed the Bering Strait by
2 Unit 1means of a land bridge from a place now known as Siberia. They settled on this
vast land thousands of years ago. The first Europeans also started to settle in some
of the eastern provinces centuries ago. Today, Canada reflects a vast combination
20 of ethnic backgrounds. About one out of five people in Canada’s population is
foreign-born. The major ethnic groups, for example, include the English, Scottish
and French, while the minority groups include residents from Singapore and the
Pacific Islands.
This ethnic variety, in turn, brings about cultural diversity. Should you find
25 yourself in one of these subcultures, languages, cuisine, architecture, art and music
will define your encounter. For example, in Vancouver, a dynamic city with the
highest percentage of Chinese Canadians in the country, you can participate in the
celebrations of the Chinese New Year, or you may take tea in the Dr Sun Yat-Sen
Classical Chinese Garden. In Montreal, one of the largest French-speaking cities
30 in the world, you can sample the food with a typical French flavor and see the
original buildings in the French style of architecture. Finally, if you are looking for
something off the beaten track, you may visit Cape Breton Island in the province
of Nova Scotia, where you can dance to fiddle tunes and enjoy the cultures and
traditions of Celtic settlers. As you are exposed to diverse cultures, you may feel
35 transported through time and space. Given these cultural differences, it comes as
no surprise that Canada has been celebrating Multiculturalism Day since 2002.
From the towering mountain peaks to the depths of the forests to the urban
centers, Canada’s geographical wonders, ethnic groups and their cultures make it a
unique place to live and visit. Indeed, it has been consistently ranked by the United
40 Nations as one of the best countries to live in, and visitors are always welcome!
Wish you were here 3A Understanding the text
A1 Read the website article and complete the chart below with the main idea of each
paragraph.
Para. 1: Canada is a broad and beautiful country with
Introduction
diverse ethnic groups and distinct cultures.
Para. 2: ___________________________________________________
Main body Para. 3: ___________________________________________________
Para. 4: ___________________________________________________
Conclusion Para. 5: ___________________________________________________
A2 Read the website article again carefully and answer the following questions.
1 Where are the grand Rocky Mountains?
____________________________________________________________________________
2 What can reflect the diversity of Canada’s residents?
____________________________________________________________________________
3 In what ways can you feel the subcultures there?
____________________________________________________________________________
4 What can you do on Cape Breton Island?
____________________________________________________________________________
5 What makes Canada a unique place to live and visit?
____________________________________________________________________________
A3 In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 In the article, the author compares Canada to a blooming flower. What would
you compare Canada to? Why?
2 Canada is a land of diversity, and so is China. What aspects can reflect China’s
diversity?
4 Unit 1B Building your language
B1 The email below is about Lisa’s wonderful experiences in Calgary. Complete the email
with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.
distinct splendid dynamic come as no surprise
urban sample ancestor apart from
Dear Aunt May,
I’m here in Calgary, a Canadian city with (1) _________________ features. As an
exchange student, I’m staying with a nice host family in the suburbs for two weeks.
(2) _________________ enjoying my school life at a local high school, I’ve been shown
around the sights of Calgary, such as the Botanical Gardens of Silver Springs. I also
have the opportunity to (3) _________________ the local cuisine.
My host family explained the history of this city to me. Clovis people are believed
to be the (4) _________________ in the Calgary area. In 1883, a railway station was
constructed. The area gradually grew to be an important agricultural centre as
people moved in to establish farms and raise cattle. This once unknown area has
now become a modern, (5) _________________ city. This is evident from the high-rise
buildings in (6) _________________ areas, such as the Calgary Tower.
Calgary is located near the Rocky Mountains. There’s a thick blanket of snow in
some mountain areas over much of the winter. It (7) _________________ that the city
has become a popular destination for winter sports lovers. This weekend, my host
family will take me to ski. We will enjoy the (8) _________________ scenery of Banff
National Park too. I also can’t wait to have a go at the national winter sport—ice
hockey. I’m amazed that Calgary has been consistently recognized as one of the
world’s most liveable cities!
Your niece,
Lisa
B2 The website article uses many descriptive adjectives. Find the adjectives and their
synonyms in the article and think of more words with the same or nearly the same meaning.
Adjectives Synonyms
breathtaking
broad
distinct
mighty
B3 The website article uses some linking words to add information. Find the sentences in the
article and try to write a short paragraph about Canada’s population using proper linking
words.
Learn this When adding more information to the point you are making, you can
use the following linking words: and, also, too, besides, moreover, furthermore, as well
as, apart from, in addition (to), etc.
Wish you were here 5Grammar and usage
Non-restrictive relative clauses
A Exploring the rules
Below is an article about the advantages and disadvantages of tourism. Find the sentences
with non-restrictive relative clauses and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for
you.
Tourism is the lifeblood of the communities that call popular holiday destinations
their homes. It allows service industries, such as hotels and transport, to grow
consistently. These industries, in turn, give jobs to the local population, whose
welfare depends on tourism. The prices of tourist essentials such as transport,
accommodation and food usually increase too, which brings even more wealth to
the surrounding community.
However, booming business is not always a bed of roses. More nature-centred
tourist attractions, where man and nature live in harmony, can be greatly impacted
or even destroyed by the flood of tourists. As resources are used more rapidly than
they can be sustained, wildlife habitats are likely to suffer, which could endanger
the local plants and animals.
While the physical characteristics of the land may be at risk from tourism, the
cultural aspects of the destination are also put in harm’s way. Local festivals and
customs, which may have deep meaning in a particular culture, can simply become
entertainment for tourists. This can, over time, result in the loss of respect for the
local culture.
Travelling can be a great experience for both the tourists and the locals. However,
the tourists should always aim to be responsible. Reducing the negative impact,
wherever we travel, will help make it possible for many future generations to enjoy
the same sites.
These industries, in turn, give jobs to the local population, whose welfare depends on tourism.
Working out the rules
• We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add extra information to
a noun, pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause. A
comma is usually used to separate the adding clause and the main clause.
• We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative clause with a relative
pronoun like who, whom, which and whose or a relative adverb like when
and where. The relative pronoun or adverb (1) _________________ (can/
cannot) be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.
• We can use (2) _________________ (which/who/where) in a non-restrictive
relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole.
Grammar notes page 95
6 Unit 1B Applying the rules
B1 Rewrite the following sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses.
1 My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people. Some of them had never
been abroad before.
____________________________________________________________________________
2 My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai. My grandma was
born there.
____________________________________________________________________________
3 Dr Luo will give us a tour of Beijing. He is an expert in Chinese history.
____________________________________________________________________________
4 I’d rather visit Europe in summer. The weather is at its best in summer.
____________________________________________________________________________
5 I’m reading a guidebook to Rome. It is really fascinating and helpful.
____________________________________________________________________________
B2 Below is an article about how to be a sustainable tourist. Complete the article with the
correct non-restrictive relative clauses in the box below. There is one clause you do NOT need
to use. Write the letters in the blanks.
Sustainable tourism, (1) _________________, is not just about seeing the sights—it is
also about connecting with people and their cultures, making a positive impact on
the places we visit and enhancing opportunities for the future. So, how can we be
sustainable tourists?
It is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. Getting to a
tourist destination by airplane, (2) _________________, has a huge impact on the
global environment. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help
improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot
wherever possible. When at the hotel, we can reduce our impact by cutting back
on water consumption and not having our bedding and towels washed every day.
We also need to protect the local culture. When visiting temples or churches,
(3) _________________, we should dress appropriately. While travelling, we should
respect the right to privacy. We must ask for permission before taking pictures of
the local people, (4) _________________.
In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect—for nature, culture
and people.
a which greatly increases our carbon footprint
b who are human beings and not on display
c which is becoming increasingly popular nowadays
d where a strict dress code may be required
e who may make a living by selling handmade items
B3 In pairs, discuss more ways to be a sustainable tourist, using non-restrictive relative
clauses.
Example
When you travel, never buy wildlife products, which are made from animal skins or other
animal parts.
Wish you were here 7Integrated skills
Making a travel plan for foreign guests
A Ms Zhao, a teacher, is announcing to her class that some foreign guests are coming to
their city. Listen and finish the exercises below.
A1 Listen to the announcement and answer the following questions.
1 When are the foreign guests coming to the city?
______________________________________________________________________________
2 What will they do at Ms Zhao’s school?
______________________________________________________________________________
3 How many days will the guests spend working?
______________________________________________________________________________
4 When will Ms Zhao discuss the details with the students interested in showing
the guests around?
______________________________________________________________________________
A2 Listen to the announcement again and complete the notes below.
Making a travel plan
General information about the guests
• From Boston, the USA
• (1) _________________________ guests in total
Purposes of the visit
• To (2) _________________________
• To (3) _________________________
• To visit our school
• To explore our city
Suggestions for the travel plan
• Visit (4) _________________________ to learn more about our city’s
history.
• Buy some souvenirs.
• Have a lunch or dinner at (5) _________________________.
• See the sights of our city (6) _________________________.
8 Unit 1B Ms Zhao has suggested a travel plan about Shanghai to her class. Read it and pay
attention to the tourist attractions and activities.
The Bund
Have an impressive view of
Shanghai’s modern skyline.
632 metres tall.
Not for the
faint-hearted.
Yu Garden
Climb to the top of the Great
Rockery and get a bird’s-eye
view of the garden.
Shanghai Tower
Xuhui District
Enjoy the view from one
Walk along leafy
of the world’s highest
streets and visit
viewing platforms.
elegant cafés
in French-style
areas.
Nanjing Road
Jing’an Temple
Do some souvenir
Make your way to the main hall and
shopping and try the
admire the 8.8-metre-high statue of
local snacks.
the Buddha.
Shanghai Museum
Shanghai Grand Theatre
Appreciate amazing
Relax by watching an elegant antiques, including Ming
Yue Opera performance. vases and Qing furniture.
Wish you were here 9C In pairs, discuss how to arrange a two-day visit to your hometown for the foreign guests.
Use the following ideas to help you.
• Basic information about your hometown Tip
Slowing down the discussion
• Tourist attractions
When your partner wants to move on to the next
• Food topic, but you think you still have something to
say, you can slow down the discussion, e.g. Sorry,
• Cultural products may I add something before we move on? Sorry,
shall we talk a bit more about ... before we move on?
D Write an email to the foreign guests who are going to visit your hometown. Use your
ideas from part C and the information in parts A and B to help you.
Planning your writing
• Learning about the structure
When you write an email to tell the guests about a travel plan, you can follow
the structure below:
Greet the guests first and state the purpose of the email.
Introduce your hometown briefly.
Arrange your travel plan in time order and list all planned activities.
End the email by offering a warm welcome to the guests.
• Learning about the language
Tone is the general feeling of a piece of writing. For example, when writing to an
official, you need to keep your tone serious and polite. When writing to a foreign
guest, you need to keep your tone friendly and polite. Your choice of language
will differ according to your audience.
Checking your writing
Remember to check your writing after you finish and exchange drafts between you
and your partner. Pay attention to the following aspects:
Punctuation Spelling Grammar
Choice of words Style (formal/informal) Structure
Self-review Peer review
• Does your writing stick to the suggested • What does your partner think of your
structure? travel plan arranged for your guests?
• What language do you use to keep your • What suggestions does your partner give
tone friendly and polite in your writing? about the language of your writing?
10 Unit 1Extended reading
Read the travel journal written by a student who took a trip to Africa with his parents.
An adventure
in Africa
30 June, Morocco
My parents and I had just driven down the narrow mountain road from Marrakesh,
with all its sharp bends, and had finally arrived at Merzouga. Before us stretched
the unending sand dunes that marked the beginning of the Sahara. A small boy
5 walked past with a group of noisy goats as I took a long look at the yellow roadside
sign that told us we were entering a “fragile natural environment”. I made a
resolution to respect and protect this unique landscape while I was here. We set off,
our vehicle quietly running over the sand and small stones. It wasn’t long before
we were surrounded by enormous sand dunes towering above us on all sides. The
10 wind was blowing grains of sand from the tops of the dunes, the sun was beating
down hard and bright, and the sky was a deep shade of blue that I had never seen
before. The wild beauty of the desert was about to reveal itself. There was not a
plant to be seen. The desert appeared completely empty, which was calming and
threatening at the same time. The colours of the dunes contrasted strikingly with
15 the blue of the cloudless sky.
Eventually, as the last rays of sunlight were falling on the sand, we arrived at our
desert camp. Stars were already shining brightly in the darkening sky and it was
getting cold with the approach of the night. Three camels, slowly chewing, were
resting on their knees and watching our arrival with interest. “So, which one of
20 you lucky animals will be my ride tomorrow?” I said out loud as I grabbed my bag
and headed towards the warm campfire. I was starving and rushed to put a steak
on the barbecue.
Wish you were here 113 July, Kenya
A few days after our departure from the camp, our car was well and truly stuck in
25 the mud. We were very near to our rest camp in Amboseli National Park located on
the border of Kenya when my father, against my mother’s advice, decided to drive
through a large pool of water that stretched across the dirt road. Two tall slim local
people were standing by the roadside watching us with amusement. They must
have realized that we were totally helpless, for after a few moments, they wandered
30 over and pushed us free. My father smiled weakly and we drove on as my mother
and I waved from the car window.
We found a parking space next to our hut, which was round and made from
brick. The walls, painted brilliant white, reflected the afternoon sun. There were
five similar huts, all lined up facing Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain
35 in Africa. The mountain rose up over the plains before us. Tall grasses and trees
dotted the plains, which were alive with the African wildlife we had come to see.
Giraffes, with their long necks, were pulling leaves from the highest branches.
In the distance, elephants were eating grass, ears flapping lazily as they moved
slowly over the plains. I had never seen anything like this before. It was indeed the
40 greatest show on the Earth.
We got out of the car, carrying our suitcases and boxes of food into the hut. I
placed ham sandwiches, sausages and a bunch of bananas on a small wooden
table. I returned to the car and fetched more possessions. It was then that I noticed
a small grey monkey sitting on a tree a few metres away and eating a banana. “So
45 cute,” I thought to myself, until I realized it was my banana that he was eating!
He was looking at me intently as he enjoyed the final mouthful. I was sure he was
saying, “Thank you.” “You’re welcome,” I replied.
A Summarize the author’s travel experiences.
In Morocco
In Kenya
B What is the most memorable travel experience you have had? What was special about it?
12 Unit 1Projectchure about your new school
Making a travel brochure on a foreign country
A As a class, discuss different foreign countries that you are interested in. Then in groups,
choose one country to research.
B As a group, research your chosen country. Use the ideas below to help you.
• Basic information (location, population, natural environment, etc.)
• History
• Culture
• Tourist attractions
• Specialities (food, cultural products, etc.)
C As a group, put together your information to make your travel brochure. Use the example
below, which is part of a travel brochure, to help you. Then present your brochure to the rest
of the class.
Experience the breathtaking
beauty of Iceland!
For a holiday off the beaten track, choose Iceland, the land of fire
and ice. Located in the North Atlantic Ocean, Iceland has a population of
around 340,000, most of whom live in and around the capital, Reykjavík.
Nature lovers will appreciate the wild, dramatic landscape. There is a lot to
explore on your hikes: breathtaking mountains, awesome glaciers, crashing
waterfalls and black sand beaches. You can take an adventure tour of an
active volcano, where you will see the hot liquid rocks flow. After a day’s
exploration, relax your muscles in one of the many natural hot springs. At
night, if you are lucky, you might be able to watch the colourful symphony
of the Northern Lights in the sky! You might also be
fortunate enough to see native wildlife, for instance, the
Arctic fox. You might even spot a polar bear paying a
visit from Greenland!
While you are in Iceland, you may want to visit local
restaurants and try local delicacies such as fresh fish or
smoked lamb. Don’t forget to bring home some truly unique
Icelandic souvenirs made out of volcanic rocks. One thing is for sure: many
of Iceland’s natural and cultural attractions are not to be missed!
Wish you were here 13Assessment
Answer the following questions to assess your performance. Then work in groups and
exchange your answers with your partners.
1 What is the author’s major focus and which aspects about Canada are
highlighted accordingly?
2 Did you have any difficulty writing the email with a travel plan to foreign
guests? If yes, what was it?
3 What impresses you most when you read the travel journal about an
adventure in Africa?
4 What is the best part in your brochure on a foreign country? Why?
5 What new words have you learnt from this unit? List some of them. *
6 What grammar have you learnt from this unit? Make a sentence with the
grammar. *
7 What tip have you learnt from this unit? Provide an example to show how it
helps you with your learning.
8 How are you going to improve your overall performance? Make an action
plan.
* Assess your learning of vocabulary and grammar by doing language practice on pages 57–58.
Further study
Books about travel experiences provide us with exciting tales of
adventure, and their pages take us to the places that we might
not be able to visit ourselves. Read a travel book written by a
famous writer and learn about stories of his or her travels.
Travel documentaries provide armchair travellers with
opportunities to travel at the click of a button. Viewers can
discover places of interest, enjoy the beautiful scenery and learn
about the cultures. Watch a travel documentary and experience
the wonder and beauty of the world.
14 Unit 1UNIT Out of this world
2
The pursuit of the ultimate truth of the universe is the final objective
and destination of civilization.
—Liu Cixin
In this unit, you are going to:
• read a lecture transcript about daily life on a space
station;
• write a story based on a comic strip;
• read a magazine article about the reasons for space
exploration;
• provide solutions for living beyond the Earth.
Welcome to the unit
There have been many exciting breakthroughs in the history of space exploration. Watch the
video and finish the following exercises.
• In ________, Yuri Gagarin became the
first man to journey into outer space.
• In ________, Neil Armstrong became
the first man to walk on the Moon.
• In ________, David Scott and James
Irwin became the first men to travel
in a wheeled vehicle on the Moon.
• In ________, the first astronauts
moved into the ISS.
1 China successfully landed its first Mars rover Zhurong in 2021. What do you
know about this achievement or other achievements China has made in space
exploration?
2 What other major breakthroughs in space exploration do you know about?
3 If you had the chance, would you like to go into space? Why or why not?
Out of this world 15Reading
Far above the Earth, astronauts are living on a space station. What do they do up there?
Below is a lecture given by an astronaut about her daily life in space. Before you read the
lecture transcript, think about the following questions:
• What famous astronauts do you know about?
• What do you think astronauts on a space station do every day?
Living in space is every would-be astronaut’s dream. My six-month stay on a space
station has come to an end, and it has been a challenging but magical adventure.
I bet you’d love to know what daily life is like up in space and how it differs from
that on the Earth—the low gravity definitely makes ordinary things strange!
5 The strangeness of living in space is apparent from the moment we sleep. Due
to the near absence of gravity in space, we have to attach ourselves so that we
don’t float around. We usually sleep in private quarters, which are more like large
cupboards, or in sleeping bags attached to the walls or the ceiling. It’s strange
that we try to sleep with no pressure against our back, but the unusual beds don’t
10 bother us any more. After about eight hours of sleep, we start our day of work.
The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding, but they can also be
extremely rewarding. Our main mission is to conduct scientific research. We need
to evaluate the effects of low gravity on animals and plants. Creatures such as mice,
fish and mosquitoes have also been sent to the station! In a low-gravity
15 environment, we can learn more about changes in cells and microorganisms
under the microscope. As well as doing these biological experiments, we carry
out experiments in other research fields. I have been working on one experiment
which locates and tracks lightning over large regions of the Earth. Hopefully, it will
cast new light on the Earth’s climate and lead to better lightning protection. With
20 so much going on, the space station needs a lot of maintenance, so we constantly
check support systems and do some cleaning.
16 Unit 2The most challenging work takes place when we need to perform tasks outside the
space station, such as testing new equipment, monitoring scientific experiments
or repairing the space station. In the circumstances, it’s time for a spacewalk.
25 First, we put on our spacesuits, which allow us to breathe in space and protect
us from exposure to the cold and radiation. Then we head out, and sometimes
perform tasks for hours at a time, with the beautiful Earth visible below. Splendid
as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. It’s
probably the most dangerous work, with potential risks such as electric shocks.
30 That’s why every spacewalk is carefully planned.
In view of the low-gravity environment, eating is also different in space. Most food
is dried or freeze-dried. It’s a luxury to eat fresh food, because fresh produce such
as fruit and vegetables can only be delivered to the space station from the Earth
every couple of months. Salt and pepper are only in liquid form, so that they will
35 not float away and block the air pipes. However, liquids can’t be easily controlled in
space. We must drink water or any other liquids out of a bag through a thin tube of
plastic. Furthermore, to keep our body healthy, we must ensure a balanced supply
of nutrients by taking pills.
Spending some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts’ health. Did
40 you know that in just five months, astronauts could lose a significant amount of
muscle and bone mass? Considering these negative effects low gravity has on the
human body, we discipline ourselves to do at least two hours of exercise every day.
Exercise in space is not your average workout. We have to be tied onto specially
designed exercise equipment to stop ourselves from floating around.
45 During our leisure time, there’s nothing we like more than to sit back with the rest
of the crew and watch our remarkable planet go by, taking pictures for our family
and friends back home. As the space station travels at a speed of about 17,500 miles
per hour, we get to see the sunrise every 90 minutes. In these precious moments,
all the challenges of life in space seem worth it.
Out of this world 17A Understanding the text
A1 Read the lecture transcript and complete the chart below.
Performing tasks inside
Sleeping
the space station
(1) ________________________
Life on
(2) ________________________
a space (3) ________________________
___________________________
station
(4) ________________________
(5) ________________________
A2 Read the lecture transcript again carefully and answer the following questions.
1 How do astronauts sleep in space?
______________________________________________________________________________
2 What routine tasks do astronauts do on the space station?
______________________________________________________________________________
3 What do spacesuits allow astronauts to do?
______________________________________________________________________________
4 How do astronauts drink water or any other liquids?
______________________________________________________________________________
5 Why do astronauts need to spend some time in the gym?
______________________________________________________________________________
A3 In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 What do you think of daily life on a space station? Use details from the lecture
transcript to support your opinion.
2 At the end of the lecture, what questions would you like to ask the astronaut?
3 What qualities do you think are needed to become an astronaut?
18 Unit 2B Building your language
B1 An astronaut has written a journal entry about an experiment in the space lab. Complete
the journal entry with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.
visible circumstance absence cast new light on
bother evaluate mission of vital importance
On the space station, one of the main (1) _________________ of astronauts is to do
experiments. Some experiments aim to (2) _________________ the effects of low
gravity. We are currently working on an experiment: how to grow vegetables in
space.
It is difficult to keep food fresh longer than 18 months in space, so growing
vegetables is (3) _________________ for longer space missions. Hopefully, this
experiment will (4) _________________ space farming and allow us to set up
permanent bases on other planets, such as Mars. Despite these (5) _________________
benefits, there are many challenges.
One challenge is that the environment in space is altogether different from that
back on the Earth. In normal (6) _________________, plants grow upwards. However,
because of the near (7) _________________ of gravity in space, there is no such thing
as “up” or “down”. Fortunately, a special kit has been developed. It contains special
“bags”, which provide the soil and nutrients for plants. The seeds in the bag are
glued to a special material that will guide them to grow in the right direction.
Another thing that (8) _________________ us is the safety of eating the vegetables
grown in space. We need to do a scientific analysis after the space-grown vegetables
are sent to the Earth.
B2 The lecture transcript uses the words in the table below. Complete the table with words
from the same word family. Then try to think of more word families.
Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs
adventure
differ
definitely
rewarding
remarkable
B3 The lecture transcript uses pronouns like “it”, “that” and “they” to improve cohesion.
Find the sentences using these pronouns in the lecture transcript. Then try to improve the
sentences below using proper pronouns.
Learn this We often use pronouns to refer to things, people or ideas that have just
been mentioned. It is an effective way to improve the cohesion of our writing.
Life on the space station may seem strange and difficult at first but you will
adjust to life on the space station. When you feel lonely, you can contact your
family and friends back on the Earth. Contacting them can make you feel better.
Out of this world 19Grammar and usage
Subject clauses
A Exploring the rules
Below is a newspaper feature article on the use of telescopes to explore space. Find the
sentences with subject clauses and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.
For thousands of years, people have looked to the starry sky and wondered what,
or who, is out there. In the early 1600s, Galileo was the first to use his telescope to
explore the sky and since then, telescopes have continually improved.
One major breakthrough came in 1990, when the Hubble Space Telescope was
launched. That Hubble is based in space allows it to see further than ground-based
telescopes, and it allows scientists to learn more about the universe. Hubble
observations have played a crucial role in the discovery of the mysterious dark
energy. Hubble was followed by the Kepler Space Telescope in 2009. Kepler’s
scientific goal is to search for Earth-size planets orbiting other stars. Whether life
on other planets does exist is yet to be proved, but the signs are promising: Kepler
has detected many suitable planets that are almost the same size as the Earth.
In recent years, China has developed advanced telescopes as well. One example is
the innovative FAST, which is the largest single-dish radio telescope in the world.
With a dish the size of 30 football fields, FAST is able to carry out observations with
extraordinary sensitivity. One of its scientific goals is to detect communication
signals between the stars in the universe.
It is clear that telescopes are crucial tools for space exploration and that developing
the required technology will help astronomers all over the world make exciting
discoveries. How much we will learn from the telescopes is merely limited by our
imagination.
That Hubble is based in space allows it to see further than ground-based telescopes, …
Working out the rules
• We can use a noun clause as the subject of a sentence.
• We can use (1) _________________ to introduce a subject clause when the
clause is a statement. We can use (2) _________________ to introduce a
subject clause when the clause is a yes-no question. We can use a question
word to introduce a subject clause when the clause is a wh-question.
• We often use (3) _________________ as the preparatory subject when a
subject clause is very long.
Grammar notes pages 95–96
20 Unit 2B Applying the rules
B1 Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blanks.
1 The space mission went so well was beyond our expectations. _______________
2 Whether they are able to grow more vegetables in space depend
_______________
on how much time it takes.
_______________
3 It was not clear how long he will stay on the space station.
4 What the lunar probe did not land was a worry for the people
_______________
back on the Earth.
5 That makes the Chinese people happy is that China has
_______________
successfully launched a space rocket.
B2 The passage below is about the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program. Complete the
passage with the correct subject clauses in the box below. There is one clause you do NOT
need to use. Write the letters in the blanks.
The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is also known as the Chang’e Program.
Run by the China National Space Administration, China’s space agency, it
comprises three stages: orbiting, landing and returning.
The program’s first spacecraft, Chang’e 1 lunar orbiter, was launched in October
2007. It successfully orbited and scanned the Moon. (1) _________________ was that
Chang’e 2 reached the Moon within just five days. With better techniques and
equipment, Chang’e 2 completed a more detailed scan of the Moon before heading
into deep space. The success of the two spacecraft showed the world how far
Chinese space exploration had come. It was evident (2) _________________.
December 2013 witnessed the Chinese spacecraft’s first soft landing on the Moon.
The landing of Chang’e 3 proved to be a success and (3) _________________ was plain
to see. In January 2019, Chang’e 4 succeeded in landing on the far side of the Moon.
In December 2020, Chang’e 5 successfully collected and returned lunar samples.
China has successfully completed the three stages of the program. However,
(4) _________________ is anybody’s guess.
a how it laid the foundation for future exploration
b that the data gathered by them provided valuable information
c what advances China will make in the future
d Why China is one of the world leaders in space exploration
e What amazed the whole nation in October 2010
B3 Write down your prediction about the development of space exploration, using subject
clauses.
Out of this world 21Integrated skills
Creating a story about aliens
A Jenny and Bob are talking about aliens. Listen and finish the exercises below.
A1 Listen to the conversation and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or
false (F). Circle the incorrect information in the false statements and correct it in the blanks.
Tip
1 Jenny saw the film last night. T / F
Listening for attitudes
_________________________________________________________________
When listening,
2 Jenny and Bob both enjoy the film they saw. T / F sometimes you may
need to know the
speakers’ attitudes. You
_________________________________________________________________
should try to listen for
some words or phrases
3 Jenny believes there’s life on other planets, but Bob is not sure. T / F
that have a positive or
negative meaning, e.g.
_________________________________________________________________
good/great/fantastic,
I like/enjoy; bad/terrible/
4 Bob hopes the aliens are friendly. T / F awful, I don’t like/dislike.
_________________________________________________________________
5 The aliens in the book come to the Earth to destroy us. T / F
_________________________________________________________________
6 Jenny thinks the book is boring. T / F
_________________________________________________________________
A2 Listen to the conversation again and complete the notes below.
The Beasts from Mars Strangers from Space
• The aliens are really frightening. • The aliens look like big jellyfish.
• They look like huge • They are much more
(1) _________________________. (4) _________________________ than us.
• (2) _________________________ bring • People from all over the world work
them to the Earth. together to (5) _________________________
and find out their message.
• The aliens just want to
(3) _________________________. They • With the help of the aliens, we manage
breathe on something until it is a to (6) _________________________ another
ball of fire. group of aliens.
22 Unit 2B Jenny and Bob have found a comic strip about aliens. Look at the comic strip below and
fill in the table.
1
2
3
4
Setting
Characters
Plot
Out of this world 23C In pairs, discuss what might happen next in the story. Use the following questions and
expressions to help you.
• Where are the alien and the boy going? What will they do?
• Are there any new characters? Who are they and what will they do?
• How is the story going to end?
Expressions
Discussing what will happen next
What do you think will happen next? There may/might/could/will be …
What is likely to occur later in the story? It is quite likely/probable/possible that …
What will happen to …? … could possibly/probably happen after …
D Write a story about aliens based on the comic strip in part B. Use your ideas from part C
and the information in part A to help you.
Planning your writing
• Learning about the language
To make your story impressive, you need to give vivid descriptions using your
observation and imagination. When describing a setting, you can use adjectives
to create a mood. Adjectives such as “dark”, “black” or “deserted” can create a
mysterious atmosphere in outer space.
• Learning about writing techniques
The core of any story is the plot. To create and outline the plot, you can ask these
questions:
What is the conflict?
How does the conflict affect the characters?
What is the climax?
How do the main characters solve the conflict?
What is the ending?
Checking your writing
Remember to check your writing after you finish and exchange drafts between you
and your partner. Pay attention to the following aspects:
Punctuation Spelling Grammar
Choice of words Style (formal/informal) Structure
Self-review Peer review
• Do you create the plot based on the • What does your partner think of your
comic strip? plot?
• How do you describe the setting? • How does your partner think your story
can be improved?
24 Unit 2Extended reading
Read the magazine article arguing for space exploration.
In 1969, when Neil Armstrong first landed on the Moon, many people thought that
soon we would be regularly visiting other planets in our solar system and would
even dare to travel beyond it. This is clearly not the case. The reality is that space
exploration is extremely difficult and dangerous, can take a very long time and
5 costs a huge amount of money. Some people believe that while space exploration
expands our understanding of the universe, it is a waste of the public purse and
does nothing to enhance the quality of our lives here on the Earth. Why do we
continue to explore space, then?
It is in our nature to explore. From the very early days of human life on the Earth,
10 our curiosity about the unknown has kept us adventuring into new places. We long
to visit thick and wild forests, climb vast mountain ranges, and cross deep oceans.
We desire to explore the furthest frontier of all—space. As Stephen Hawking
once said, “Remember to look up at the stars and not down at your feet. Try to
make sense of what you see and wonder about what makes the universe exist. Be
15 curious.” That we are fascinated by the sky is evident in ancient tales from around
the world, such as that of Chang’e. While space exploration is a reality, we remain
curious about the mysteries of the universe. With each space mission comes greater
insight, thus motivating us to continue along the same path of adventure.
The results of these space investigations have made major contributions to an
20 understanding of the origin, evolution, and likely future of the universe, such
as planets, stars, and all other forms of matter and energy. Exploring space helps
address fundamental questions about our place in the universe and the history of
our solar system. It is through our research into space that we have confirmed that
Out of this world 25the Earth is round and that it orbits the Sun. As we learn more about the universe,
25 we may one day answer the question whether there is life on other planets.
With technologies first researched and developed for space exploration, we can
solve some of the big problems facing mankind, making our lives safer and easier.
One of these is earthquake shock absorbers. Shock absorbers originally applied to
the space shuttle launch have also been set up in the cities with a high frequency
30 of earthquakes in order to protect buildings and save lives. Some technologies need
further research to better solve real-life problems. For example, liquid hydrogen is
a clean alternative energy source that is used widely as rocket fuel, and it is likely
that hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be mass-produced and launched in the near
future. These scientific and technological advances can provide benefits to societies
35 on the Earth in many areas including health, energy and information technology.
This should be a strong motive for continuing to explore space.
Although space exploration demands huge investment, the space industry can
actually bring great economic value. It has been calculated that the global space
economy is increasing by billions of dollars every year. At the same time, space
40 exploration can provide a variety of career opportunities for young people.
Jobs in the space industry go far beyond the astronauts that receive widespread
media coverage. There are many support staff on the ground, such as engineers,
mechanics and research assistants.
Moreover, the amazing work these people do can provide education and inspiration
45 for the next generation. For me personally, this is by far the biggest reason for
humanity to explore space. Such wonders as a space shuttle launch or astronauts
walking on the Moon are incredibly exciting and inspiring to witness, and it can
be these moments that shape children’s lives forever and motivate them to become
the scientists and engineers of the future. It is this kind of inspiration that keeps
50 our thirst for knowledge alive and ensures that advances in space exploration and
many other fields will continue to be made. When you have seen a man walk on
the Moon, you grow up believing that anything is possible!
A Summarize the reasons for space exploration mentioned in the article.
B The article talks about the advantages of space exploration. Do you agree or disagree
with the author’s opinion? Why?
C Our exploration of space has already taught us many things. What do you think the
future of space exploration holds for human understanding? Give reasons for your opinion
and support your reasons with evidence.
26 Unit 2Project
Providing solutions for living beyond the Earth
A As a class, discuss the seven planets and the Moon in the solar system, where humans
could possibly move to live. Then in groups, choose one to research.
Mercury Jupiter Uranus Mars
Venus Saturn Neptune Moon
B As a group, research your chosen heavenly body and brainstorm the challenges it will
present. Try to think of solutions to the challenges. Use the ideas below to help you.
• Basic information (size, distance from the Sun/Earth, surface features, climate,
water, atmosphere, etc.)
• Challenges (resources, food supply, cold, radiation, communication with the
ground, etc.)
• Solutions
C As a group, put together your information to make a profile on how to live beyond the
Earth. Use the example below to help you. Then present your profile to the rest of the class.
How to live on Mars
Challenge 1
Radiation is the biggest problem we will have to solve in order to settle on
Mars. Radiation levels on the surface of Mars are two and a half times higher
than those on the International Space Station. Exposure to high levels of
radiation may increase the risks of contracting cancer and other diseases.
Challenge 2
Dust storms are common throughout the year and cover the entire planet for
weeks, blocking sunlight from reaching the surface. Perhaps more importantly,
these storms, made up of fine dust caught in the atmosphere, can affect energy
production for long periods.
Solution
We should find permanent shelter that offers long-term protection
from radiation. We could build a special structure near the Red
Planet’s freezing north pole. It would protect us against radiation
and keep inner atmospheric pressure constant as well. The north
pole is bathed in sunlight continuously for nearly 300 days, so
we could take advantage of the solar energy in that region. If the
solar energy could not meet our energy needs, we could construct
nuclear power stations.
Out of this world 27Assessment
Answer the following questions to assess your performance. Then work in groups and
exchange your answers with your partners.
1 What are the differences and similarities between life on a space station and
life on the Earth?
2 What do you think of your creative story about aliens? List 2 or 3 sentences
that you are the most satisfied with.
3 What difficulty did you have when reading the article about the reasons for
space exploration? What are you going to do when reviewing the article?
4 While doing the project of this unit, what contribution did you make to your
group?
5 What new words have you learnt from this unit? List some of them. *
6 What grammar have you learnt from this unit? Make a sentence with the
grammar. *
7 What tip have you learnt from this unit? Explain it briefly.
8 How are you going to improve your overall performance? Make an action plan.
* Assess your learning of vocabulary and grammar by doing language practice on pages 63–64.
Further study
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking is a three-episode science
documentary series where the English physicist Stephen
Hawking discusses the fundamental questions of time and space.
He gives us breathtaking insights into the possibility of alien
life, the promise of time travel, and the nature of the universe.
Watch the documentary and take a journey into space.
Our fascination with space is evident in the many books on
the subject, from ancient times until now. Stories about space
exploration allow readers to share in discoveries and to imagine
the seemingly impossible. Read a book about space exploration
and enter a world of amazing speculations about the future.
28 Unit 2UNIT Back to the past
3
Looking into a mirror, we can see true images of our own; with our
knowledge of the past, the present can be better known.
—Chen Shou
In this unit, you are going to:
• read historical articles about the voyages of two
famous explorers;
• write an article about popular history books;
• read an article about the attack on Pearl Harbor;
• make a report on a historical event.
Welcome to the unit
People have been dreaming about time travel for many years. Read the excerpt below and
discuss the following questions in pairs.
The Time Traveller was explaining something to us. “People believe there are
three dimensions of Space—Length, Breadth and Thickness; however, there is a
fourth dimension—Time.”
“We all know time,” said a member of our group. “Time passes.”
“I do not agree,” the Time Traveller said. “Length, Breadth and Thickness do not
pass. We move about in them. We move in Time the same way that we move in
the other three dimensions.”
None of us believed the Time Traveller.
“It’s against reason,” one said.
The Time Traveller smiled. “It is clear,” he said, “that there is only one way to
convince you. We must conduct an experiment.” Then he carried a model of the
Time Machine.
(Adapted from The Time Machine, by H. G. Wells)
1 What does the Time Traveller think of the fourth dimension?
2 If you had a time machine, which dynasty would you go back to? Why?
3 Which historical figure would you like to meet? What would you say to him/her?
Back to the past 29Reading
Explorers have played an important role in world history. Their discoveries have improved our
knowledge of the Earth and have also changed the way we understand our place in the world.
The historical articles below are about the voyages of two famous explorers. Before you read
the articles, think about the following questions:
• What dangers did explorers face in the past?
• What are the possible requirements for becoming an explorer?
Sailing the oceans
Zheng He
In the summer of 1405, Zheng He, one of China’s greatest explorers, set sail from
Taicang on his first voyage. A fleet of over 200 ships navigated the blue seas, with
almost 28,000 people on board, which was a splendid scene. It would take 500 years
before a larger fleet sailed the seas. According to some records, the largest ships were
5 over 140 metres in length, demonstrating the advanced technology and special
skills used in constructing ships.
Between 1405 and 1433, on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made a total
of seven voyages. His ships were loaded with china, silk, tea and other treasures as
gifts for foreign rulers, and the fleet paid friendly visits to more than 30 countries
10 and regions. He even sailed as far as the east coast of Africa. As they sailed, the
navigators took compass readings, kept logs of their voyages and charted the coast.
Later the detailed maps became Zheng He’s Navigation Map.
Zheng He’s seven voyages had a far-reaching impact on China and its neighbours.
In the countries and regions where Zheng He set foot, legends have been passed
15 on about this great explorer. Zheng He’s efforts helped develop and strengthen
harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to
Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands.
For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends. The
final proof came when an enormous shipyard was discovered in Nanjing, where the
20 fleet had been built. Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged,
and he is remembered as one of China’s most influential explorers.
30 Unit 3Christopher Columbus
Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along
the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus. Columbus was
born in a port city of Italy in 1451. As a teenager, he loved sailing, and he showed
great interest in geography, which inspired him to begin his career as a seaman.
5 Columbus insisted on searching for a direct sea route to the East Indies by sailing
across the Atlantic Ocean. After continuous attempts, he received financial support
from the King and Queen of Spain. On 3 August 1492, he departed from Spain
with three ships carrying about 90 crewmen. The journey was full of challenges:
it took longer than expected, they faced a shortage of food, and one of the ships
10 was leaking badly, which put everyone on this ship in grave danger. The men on
board were in panic. Regardless of all the challenges, Columbus managed to keep
everyone out of danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean. Finally,
on 12 October, the crew spotted land in the distance. Columbus called the natives
living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East
15 Indies. However, the shores they had reached were of the Caribbean, not the East
Indies.
Between 1493 and 1504, Columbus found more land over the course of his three
subsequent voyages. The major contribution of this great explorer is that he
“discovered” the New World. His discovery inspired explorers such as Captain
20 James Cook to explore and discover more vast areas of the world. His voyages
opened a new chapter of the Age of Exploration, a period which witnessed many
important geographical findings. This period also allowed for an international
exchange of ideas and cultures.
Back to the past 31A Understanding the text
A1 Read the historical articles and complete the table below.
Christopher Columbus’s
Zheng He’s exploration
exploration
Departure time
Departure point
The first
voyage Fleet size
Number of crew
members
Places of arrival
Total number of voyages
Significance
A2 Read the historical articles again carefully and answer the following questions.
1 Why were Zheng He’s ships loaded with china, silk, tea and other treasures?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 What helped prove that the records of Zheng He’s voyages were not legends?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 What challenges did Columbus and his crew encounter during the journey
in 1492?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 Why did Columbus call the natives Indians?
__________________________________________________________________________________
A3 In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 What factors made the voyages of Zheng He and Columbus so successful? Use
the information in the articles to support your opinion.
2 What have you learnt about the spirit of exploration from the articles?
3 How might explorers have changed the course of history?
32 Unit 3B Building your language
B1 The article below, from a travel website, tells the story about the Tomb of the King of
Boni. Complete the article with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.
subsequent harmonious influential on behalf of
proof strengthen acknowledge be loaded with
The early 1400s was a glorious era in Chinese history. During this time, the
Yongle Emperor wanted to develop (1) _________________ relations with the
overseas neighbours. Zheng He, one of the most (2) _________________ explorers,
took charge of the task. One of the states mentioned in the historical records
was Boni (present-day Brunei), a small kingdom in South-East Asia. There is
(3) _________________ that China established very good relations with this state
a long time ago: one of its kings was buried in Nanjing during the early Ming
Dynasty, and there is a fascinating legend about the king.
In 1405, (4) _________________ the emperor, Zheng He sailed the oceans on his first
voyage. His fleet (5) _________________ gifts to the neighbouring countries and
regions. In 1407, he travelled to Boni, which (6) _________________ the friendly
relationship between the two countries. In the (7) _________________ year, the
King of Boni paid a friendly visit to China. He was accompanied by more than
150 people. The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and
technologically advanced the Ming Dynasty was. They received a royal welcome
from the Yongle Emperor.
Unfortunately, after over a month in the capital, the king fell ill. On his deathbed, he
asked to be buried in China, and in line with his will the emperor built a tomb for
him. This tomb bears witness to the long history of friendly interactions between the
two countries and is now (8) _________________ as one of the many important historic
sites in China.
B2 The historical articles use a lot of words and phrases related to navigation. Find the words
and phrases in the articles and think of more on your own.
Words and phrases for people explorer
Words and phrases for things ship
Words and phrases for actions sail
B3 The historical articles use facts to illustrate their points. Find the examples in the articles
and try to use facts to support the point that explorers make an important contribution.
Learn this Good writers use facts to support their ideas. Without such specific
information, the writers’ ideas remain unconvincing. The quality and amount of
the information you give will largely determine the effectiveness of your writing.
Back to the past 33Grammar and usage
Predicative clauses
A Exploring the rules
Below is an essay on the great historian Sima Qian. Find the sentences with predicative clauses
and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.
Sima Qian, one of the greatest historians in Chinese history, was born in either 145
or 135 BCE. Influenced by his father, who was also a historian, Sima Qian took
an interest in history when he was a child. He learnt Chinese classics from great
literary masters, and at the age of 20, he began travelling extensively across the
country. He interviewed the local people to get a wide range of information.
Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a
historian.
His father’s dream was that one day he could write a great masterpiece recording
what had happened in history. After his father died, Sima Qian succeeded his
father as Grand Historian, which facilitated his access to official books and files.
However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources
and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. His chief
concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently.
As he carried on with his work, something awful happened to Sima Qian. He was
put in prison, where he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally. However,
he was not defeated. He never forgot about his father’s dream, in good times or
bad times. After more than ten years of hard work, the Shiji (Records of the Grand
Historian), his masterpiece, was completed.
Learning and travelling were exactly what helped him in his later career as a historian.
Working out the rules
• We can use a noun clause as the predicative of a sentence.
• We can use that to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is
a (1) _________________. We can use whether to introduce a predicative
clause when the clause is a (2) _________________. We can use what, why,
when, where, etc. to introduce a predicative clause when the clause is a
(3) _________________.
Grammar notes page 96
34 Unit 3B Applying the rules
B1 Complete the sentences with proper linking words to form predicative clauses.
1 I got six books from the library. The question is _________________ one I should
read first!
2 The truth is _________________ there are many reasons why wars break out.
3 We have made it a rule that visitors must not touch the china vases. The
problem is _________________ some visitors do not pay attention to it.
4 The museum was closed. That was _________________ we couldn’t see the
historical documents.
5 The two historians disagree with each other. The question is _________________ it
is possible to prove who is right.
6 Besides having the history classes at school, we also visit historic destinations.
That is _________________ we learn about important events in history.
B2 Below is an article about the Shiji. Complete the article below with proper linking words
to form predicative clauses.
In the first century BCE, Sima Qian completed the Shiji, which describes historical
events and figures from the era of the Yellow Emperor in ancient legends to his
own time.
Totalling over 520,000 Chinese characters and extending over a period of about
3,000 years, the Shiji consists of 130 chapters in five categories. What makes this
book remarkable in content is (1) _________________ it not only includes vivid
descriptions of historical figures such as emperors, ministers or other exceptional
figures, but also lists important events in different periods. Another thing to note
is (2) _________________ it covers advances in astronomy, music, the calendar and so on.
One of the main features of the Shiji is (3) _________________ the biographies are
presented—in the form of stories rather than dry facts. Sima Qian was able to use a
small number of words to describe a historical event or figure vividly. Some of the
phrases employed in this book are still in constant use.
Even today, the events and figures in the Shiji seem real when you read about
them. Later historians wrote 23 more official histories in a similar format. Together
with the Shiji, these were edited in the Qing Dynasty. That is (4) _________________
these works became known as the Twenty-Four Histories. They are among the most
important records of Chinese history.
B3 Write a short paragraph based on each of the situations below, using predicative clauses.
Use the example below to help you.
I’d like to join you in doing the project on the First World War, but my
Example
concern is that I don’t have much knowledge of it.
1 Tom is so nervous about his history test tomorrow.
2 David’s new book on world history has sold 10,000 copies!
Back to the past 35Integrated skills
Expressing your opinion of popular history books
A Alan is introducing his favourite popular history book. Listen and finish the exercises
below.
A1 Listen to the introduction and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or
false (F). Tip
1 The book is about the Song Dynasty. T / F Recognizing
paraphrasing
2 In the first week, the book sold 5,000 copies. T / F
The wording of the
statements may not be
3 The author has tried her best to ensure that the facts are the same as that of the
specific information in
accurate. T / F
the text. First read the
statements carefully and
4 The author provides many thoughtful comments on some identify keywords and
phrases that might help
events. T / F
you listen for the
information you need.
5 Alan thinks that there is a new trend towards reading popular When listening, look out
for the synonyms for
science books. T / F
those words or phrases.
A2 Listen to the introduction again and complete the notes below.
My favourite popular history book
Writing style
• The author turns (1) _________________________.
• She (2) _________________________ of historical figures or events.
• Her language is (3) _________________________.
Factual accuracy
• The author has referred to many academic history books to
(4) _________________________.
• (5) _________________________ on the same event have been
considered.
• (6) _________________________ have been compared.
Influence on me
• The author has inspired me to (7) _________________________ on
certain topics.
• I am eager to (8) _________________________.
36 Unit 3B Alan has found an article about popular history books. Read the article and answer the
questions below.
Popular history books
Not so long ago, history was a heavy topic for the general reader. Luckily,
popular history books have made that a thing of the past. There are more
popular history books on our shelves than before. As a historian, I am glad
about this! I want as many people as possible to enjoy the subject.
I believe understanding the past that has shaped the present day helps us
continue to build a better future. However, academic history books do not
usually make that easy for the general reader. With the rise of popular
history books, the subject is now more accessible than ever. This type of
history book presents historical information in a way that is easily
understood, sometimes with a touch of humour, seeking to inform and
educate a wider audience about history. It also provides a knowledge base
for those who want to study history but need to walk before they can run.
So how do popular history books achieve this? The authors adopt a
natural, chatty style of writing that opens up the subject matter to the
ordinary reader. Also, they often use stories and interesting comparisons
to describe historical figures or events vividly, thus engaging the reader’s
interest. Packed with vivid descriptions and fun facts, this type of history
book is highly readable and true to life.
Reading popular history books is certainly a fantastic way to introduce
people to the basics of history. Contrary to popular history books, most
academic books tend to adopt a more analytical and serious approach to
studying history. Think of it this way: popular history books lead you to
the doorway of a palace, but if you want to enter the palace and truly
explore it, you need to open a few academic history books too!
1 According to the historian, why can popular history books attract a wider
audience?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 What is the historian’s attitude towards popular history books? Use details in
the article to support your opinion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Back to the past 37C In pairs, talk about popular history books. Use the following questions and expressions to
help you.
• What is the current situation of popular history books?
• What is your opinion of popular history books?
• What are the features of popular history books?
Expressions
Agreeing and disagreeing
I agree with you. That’s not always the case.
Yes, that’s right. I don’t think that’s a good idea.
You’re absolutely right. I don’t see eye to eye with you.
I couldn’t agree with you more. I’m sorry, but I totally disagree.
I feel the same way. I see your point, but ...
D Write an article on popular history books. Use your ideas from part C and the information
in parts A and B to help you.
Planning your writing
• Learning about the structure
To write an article on popular history books, you can follow the structure below:
Start by introducing the rise of popular history books and stating your opinion
on them.
Give your reasons and examples to support your point of view.
End the article with a strong conclusion.
• Learning about writing techniques
An effective opening paragraph is important for a piece of successful writing.
A well-written introduction tells the reader what is to come and encourages them
to read further. You could use a rhetorical question or a well-known saying to
grab the reader’s attention.
Checking your writing
Remember to check your writing after you finish and exchange drafts between you
and your partner. Pay attention to the following aspects:
Punctuation Spelling Grammar
Choice of words Style (formal/informal) Structure
Self-review Peer review
• What reasons do you give to support • Does your partner think you clearly state
your opinion? your opinion on popular history books?
• How well do you write your opening • What corrections does your partner think
paragraph? you have to make?
38 Unit 3Extended reading
Read the article about the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Hell comes to
Pearl Harbor
It was Sunday, December 7, 1941. As usual, the wake-up call came at 5:45 a.m. The
men aboard the warship USS Arizona stretched and rubbed their eyes. Seaman
Russell Warriner was awakened by Quartermaster Louis Conter. Russell made his
bed and helped clean the huge, shared room. The men went to the washroom,
5 dressed in their uniforms and sat down to breakfast. It looked like it would be a
normal day on board the ship.
But nobody ate their breakfast: at that moment, there was a huge crashing sound
from above. The ship shook violently and the men looked at each other in horror.
Above their heads, hundreds of Japanese planes circled like eagles. They were
10 diving down to drop bombs on Pearl Harbor. The scream of their engines was
deafening. As bombs thundered all around, clouds of black smoke rose into the sky
and hung over the sea. Russell felt his blood freeze, but he quickly came to himself
and rushed up to the deck. Moments later, a bomb hit the USS Arizona and Russell
was thrown more than 100 meters across the ship. He suffered serious burns on his
15 hands, arms and legs, and watched many of his friends die.
Louis, meanwhile, also standing on the deck, was lucky not to be thrown into the
sea. With only minor injuries, he was able to help others who were severely burnt
and in terrible pain. After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more
men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat. In the chaos and confusion
20 after the attack, the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis had been
killed in the attack. Luckily, he was able to get in touch with them before the
message arrived. Despite his remarkable actions, Louis did not think that he was a
hero. “The heroes are the ones that gave their lives that day,” he said.
Back to the past 39Russell was saved from the water, but he was badly burnt, bleeding heavily.
25 Fortunately, he was taken to hospital and survived. For many years, Russell refused
to talk about what happened that morning, describing it simply as “hell”. His wife
Elsa said, “When he opened up later on, he always mentioned the horror of it.”
Louis and Russell would never forget the terrible scene of the attack, but they were
fortunate enough to be among the few survivors from the Arizona. Nobody had
30 expected the bombing. Japan had hatched a plot to launch a surprise attack on
Pearl Harbor, so the attack began without warning and without declaring war on
the United States. The attack destroyed nearly 20 American ships and over 180
airplanes. In total, more than 2,000 American people were killed and over 1,000
others were wounded that day. More than 1,000 people aboard the Arizona lost
35 their lives. Out of 37 sets of brothers, Russell and his brother were the only full pair
to survive the attack.
The surprise attack came as a great shock to the whole nation. The next day,
President Roosevelt delivered his famous Pearl Harbor Speech, in which he
described December 7 as “a date which will live in infamy” and asked that the
40 US Congress declare war on Japan. In response to the attack and the president’s
address, the United States joined the Second World War.
Today, the USS Arizona lies where it sank: in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Its
location is marked with a memorial shaped like a bridge, which crosses the ship’s
sunken remains. Each year, more than two million people visit the memorial. They
45 come to see the shadow of the ship at the bottom of Pearl Harbor, to learn about
the attack, to show respect for those who had lost their lives in the attack and to
pray for world peace. Although about eight decades has passed, the attack on Pearl
Harbor, one of the darkest episodes in American history, will never be forgotten.
A Complete the table below with the information from the article. Tip
Identifying the chronological
Time Events order
Recognizing how a text is
Before the attack organized can help you
understand it better, and find
During the attack particular information in the text
more easily. Chronological order
After the attack is often used to tell stories or
describe historical events. While
Now reading, you should pay
attention to the linking words
that indicate the order, e.g. later,
meanwhile, after or before.
B Why should we never forget the attack on Pearl Harbor?
40 Unit 3Project
Making a report on a historical event
A As a class, discuss historical events that you are interested in. Then in groups, choose one
historical event to research.
B As a group, research your chosen historical event. Use the ideas below to help you.
• Background
• Process
• Impact
C As a group, put together your information to make a report on the historical event. Use
the example below to help you. Then present your report to the rest of the class.
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution started in England in the 18th century. In the 19th
century, it spread to other European countries such as Belgium, France and
Germany, and also the United States.
The factory system was one fundamental change of the Industrial Revolution.
This began with improvements in textile production in northern England.
Machine designs were reformed and the textile output increased considerably.
Previously, the work was done at home, but thanks to the machines, cloth
could be made in factories, where each worker had a specialized role.
Steam power was another important change. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen
created the first practical steam engine. James Watt then greatly improved
Newcomen’s engine, making it more suitable for
industrial use in the late 18th century. Through
further improvement, the steam engine was widely
used in factories and transport to power all types of
machines.
The shift from the cottage industry to the factory
system, combined with the introduction of new machines, new energy sources
and new forms of transport, promoted economic growth and expanded world
trade. These developments, in turn, had an impact on society as a whole,
bringing about the rapid growth of industrial cities and the appearance of an
urban working class.
Back to the past 41Assessment
Answer the following questions to assess your performance. Then work in groups and
exchange your answers with your partners.
1 Can you make a comparison between Zheng He’s and Columbus’s voyages?
Make a list of the differences and similarities.
2 What do you think of your writing about popular history books? List 2 or 3
sentences that you are the most satisfied with.
3 What can you learn from the article about the attack on Pearl Harbor to help
you describe wars?
4 Did you have any difficulty doing the project of this unit? If yes, what was it?
5 What new words have you learnt from this unit? List some of them. *
6 What grammar have you learnt from this unit? Make a sentence with the
grammar. *
7 What tips have you learnt from this unit? Make a list of them.
8 How are you going to improve your overall performance? Make an action plan.
* Assess your learning of vocabulary and grammar by doing language practice on pages 69–70.
Further study
World history provides a record of the people and events
that have impacted on the whole world throughout the ages.
Examining history enables us to learn about the past and gain
a broader perspective on the present day. Read a book about
world history to take a journey through time and space and
explore the causes and consequences of the past events.
The National Museum of China (NMC), one of the largest
museums in the world, is a great palace of history and art in
China. Visit its official website to explore and learn more about
China’s long history.
42 Unit 3UNIT Protecting our
4
heritage sites
A concerted effort to preserve our heritage is a vital link to our cultural,
educational, aesthetic, inspirational, and economic legacies.
—Steve Berry
In this unit, you are going to:
• read a lecture transcript about World Heritage Sites
in danger;
• write an article calling for the protection of heritage
sites;
• read a magazine article about the Silk Road;
• make a poster to introduce a UNESCO heritage site.
Welcome to the unit
Heritage is the shared wealth of mankind. Watch the video and finish the following exercises.
• The Great Pyramid of Giza
belongs to the cultural heritage
sites. This tall man-made
structure shows us the advanced
_________________.
• Yellowstone National Park is one
of the natural heritage sites. It is
known for _________________ and
geothermal features.
• Mount Huangshan, one of
_________________, is famous for its
breathtaking mountain scenery.
1 Which heritage site mentioned in the video impresses you most? Why?
2 What other heritage sites do you know about? What are they like?
Protecting our heritage sites 43Reading
Some of the heritage sites face serious dangers. The lecture below is given by a UNESCO
official, who explains some of these dangers. Before you read the lecture transcript, think
about the following questions:
• What historic or natural sites are there in your area?
• What dangers do you think cultural and natural heritage sites are faced with?
Welcome, everybody. It’s wonderful to be here. Before we begin, I want to ask you:
have you ever been awed by natural wonders? Have you ever been fascinated by
human civilization? If so, you might already understand why UNESCO is fighting
to preserve sites of cultural and natural importance to mankind. I have the belief
5 that some of you have heard about UNESCO heritage sites or maybe even visited
one! There are currently around 1,100 sites in more than 160 countries worldwide.
Unfortunately, they face a variety of dangers and many of them are in urgent need
of protection. Let’s look at some specific issues.
Heritage sites are at risk from natural forces. The
10 long-term natural forces, such as wind, water and
temperature, can gradually wear down heritage
sites. For instance, the Great Pyramid of Giza is now
several metres shorter than it was originally. Natural
disasters, the sudden and powerful natural forces,
15 can lead to the destruction of heritage sites: in 2003,
a terrible earthquake shook south-eastern Iran and
ruined large parts of the city of Bam, an incredible
UNESCO cultural heritage site.
Another big danger is human activities. Wars can cause a great deal of damage
20 to both cultural and natural heritage sites. Sometimes, amazing ancient clay
44 Unit 4sculptures and buildings are accidentally destroyed by missile attacks during
periods of violence. In some conflict areas where civil wars often break out, fighters
have even destroyed heritage sites on purpose.
Meanwhile, World Heritage status may give rise to a series of problems. One of
25 the problems is the flood of tourists. Millions of tourists travel to UNESCO World
Heritage Sites every year, so it is only natural that the sites suffer a bit of wear
and tear. The temples of Angkor in Cambodia are typical examples of unique
architecture. Every day, thousands of tourists climbing up the narrow stone steps
are wearing down these ancient buildings and the long-term consequences could
30 lead to irreparable destruction of the internal structure.
Due to human population growth, the demand for production and consumption
of goods increases. Widespread development puts our cultural and natural heritage
sites in danger. Many heritage sites are even at risk of being lost forever. Take the
Historic Centre of Vienna in Austria as an example. The city has been recognized
35 as the musical capital of Europe since the 16th century, home to the likes of Mozart
and Beethoven. It is now on the List of World Heritage in Danger due to high-rise
construction projects in central Vienna.
Such dangers can have disastrous outcomes not only for the sites themselves, but
also for people. For instance, the Great Barrier Reef off the north-east coast of
40 Australia is a natural heritage site in danger. Due to high seawater temperatures
caused by global warming, a large amount of coral is killed and parts of the reef are
seriously affected, which harms its fragile natural ecology. As well as being home
to a wide diversity of ocean species, the reef can boost tourism and fishing in the
local area, providing many job opportunities. It also helps protect the coastline
45 against waves and floods. If the reef disappears, many people’s lives and possibly
even their homes will suffer greatly.
Heritage protection is at the top of the agenda for the benefit of all mankind.
The more we acknowledge the outstanding universal value of our heritage
sites, the more likely we are to treat them with respect. These sites are the great
50 wonders of our world and tell the story of human civilization. We all share a joint
responsibility to protect and preserve them, not just for ourselves, but for future
generations. If your heart breaks like mine at the thought of our irreplaceable
heritage being lost forever, please take action. If you’re interested, please look at our
website and participate in any way you can! Thank you.
Protecting our heritage sites 45A Understanding the text
A1 Read the lecture transcript and complete the chart below.
Para. 1: Heritage sites need protection.
Long-term natural forces
Natural forces
Paras. 2–5: (2) ______________________
(1) ___________
Wars
______________
Human activities (3) ______________________
(4) ______________________
Para. 6: Such dangers can have disastrous outcomes not
only for the sites, but also for people.
Para. 7: (5) _____________________________________________
A2 Read the lecture transcript again carefully and answer the following questions.
1 How many UNESCO heritage sites are there worldwide?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 How do wars threaten heritage sites?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 What activity is causing damage to the temples of Angkor?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 Why is the Historic Centre of Vienna on the List of World Heritage in Danger?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 What causes the loss of the coral on the Great Barrier Reef?
__________________________________________________________________________________
A3 In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 The lecturer mentions examples of heritage sites facing dangers. Can you think
of more examples?
2 At the end of the lecture, what questions would you like to ask the lecturer?
46 Unit 4B Building your language
B1 The blog entry below is about the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County in China. Complete
the blog entry with the correct forms of the words and phrases in the box below.
incredible urgent ruin wear down
civilization internal agenda at the thought of
Today I learnt a lot about the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County, Shanxi
Province. This (1) _________________ ancient structure has a very rich history—it
was built during the Liao Dynasty, almost 1,000 years ago. It is actually one of the
oldest wooden structures without a single nail in the world and attracts millions of
tourists every year!
Unfortunately, there has been a lot of damage to the pagoda over the centuries.
Wind and rain gradually (2) _________________ the wooden building. Moreover,
natural disasters such as earthquakes even caused great damage to its
(3) _________________ structure. In addition, the pagoda got hit by bombs during
several wars, which caused some damage. Given these dangers, it was in
(4) _________________ need of repair.
For years, a panel of specialists discussed and assessed different means of
repairing the pagoda. It was quite a big challenge. Because the pagoda had already
started to tip to one side, people were worried it would collapse if they tried to
make any major repairs. Nobody wanted to see the site (5) _________________! After
close consultation with the specialists, the local government couldn’t agree on
how to make the repairs safely. Therefore, the repair work was suspended. However,
I’m really glad (6) _________________ everybody working together like this to save
our heritage sites. I really hope one day we are able to repair the pagoda
successfully. I looked at many photos of the pagoda on the Internet, and all my
research has helped me appreciate the importance of protecting heritage sites
of human (7) _________________. This task should be at the top of every nation’s
(8) _________________.
B2 The lecture transcript uses a lot of words and phrases related to damage to and
protection of heritage sites. Find the words and phrases in the lecture transcript and think of
more on your own.
Words and phrases related to damage wear down
Words and phrases related to protection preserve
B3 The lecture transcript uses some transitional sentences. Find these in the lecture transcript
and try to replace them with your own transitional sentences.
Learn this Texts that flow smoothly are more elegant and also easier to
understand. We can connect the ideas of two paragraphs with a transitional
sentence—a sentence that serves as a bridge between the two paragraphs.
Protecting our heritage sites 47Grammar and usage
Appositive clauses
A Exploring the rules
Chris is reading an article about the effort to save historic temples in Egypt. Find the sentences
with appositive clauses and fill in the box below. The first one has been done for you.
The Abu Simbel temples in Egypt are thousands of years old and it took decades
to build them. There are divisions among historians over when exactly the
construction of the twin temples started, but no one can deny the fact that they
were constructed in the 13th century BCE. In the mid-20th century, the temples
were under serious threat. The government had decided to build the Aswan High
Dam on the Nile and this structure would cause water levels to rise, which could in
turn flood the Abu Simbel temples. This decision caused widespread concern among
people around the world. They could not prevent the construction of the dam and
they had no idea whether the temples could be saved from the rising waters.
Some experts, however, had a feeling that it was possible. UNESCO put together an
international team of architects, engineers and heavy equipment operators, who
looked at different ways of saving the temples. At first, they had no idea which way
could work. Finally, they decided to try to take the temples apart, move their parts
to a new location and then put them back together. There was no guarantee that
it would work, since no one had attempted anything similar before. Furthermore,
the experts had no clue whether any parts of the temples would break during
transport. However, the operation was carefully planned and the team eventually
managed to relocate all of the Abu Simbel temples without incident.
This success demonstrates the power of international cooperation in times of
crisis. It is difficult to forecast what threats our heritage sites will face in the future,
but we have the belief that we will need this kind of cooperation in heritage
preservation.
..., but no one can deny the fact that they were constructed in the 13th century BCE.
Working out the rules
• An appositive clause is usually placed after an abstract noun to explain its
content.
• We often use (1) _________________, (2) _________________ or a question word
to introduce an appositive clause.
• Nouns that can be followed by an appositive clause include fact, idea, news,
opinion, etc.
Grammar notes page 96
48 Unit 4B Applying the rules
B1 Read the sentences below and tick the ones with appositive clauses.
1 We have no doubt that UNESCO is trying to protect the heritage sites.
2 T his was the clue that helped the police find the man who had destroyed
the ancient statues.
3 M any people do not know the reason why this heritage site is threatened.
4 T here is no question that we should protect our shared heritage—we simply
have to.
5 I want to plan my trip but I have no idea when the temples will open.
B2 Chris meets with Miss Ma to discuss UNESCO’s work related to heritage preservation.
Complete the conversation below with proper linking words to form appositive clauses.
Chris: Sorry to interrupt you, Miss Ma. I’m writing an article about UNESCO’s
work on heritage preservation. Can you tell me something about it?
Miss Ma: Sure. In 1972, the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of
UNESCO.
Chris: But I’ve heard some people have serious doubts (1) _________________ the
World Heritage Convention really helps.
Miss Ma: Sure, it does. It links the concepts of nature conservation and the
preservation of cultural properties together. Apart from the Convention,
the World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and passed the
motion (2) _________________ we should protect our cultural and natural
heritage sites.
Chris: I see. Can you tell me what the World Heritage Committee does?
Miss Ma: Of course. For example, it votes to determine which sites are to be listed
as UNESCO heritage sites and monitors the state of conservation.
Chris: That’s amazing. Is China one of the UNESCO States Parties?
Miss Ma: Yes. Do you have any idea (3) _________________ Chinese properties are on
the World Heritage List?
Chris: Yes, more than 50 now. For example, the Grand Canal, the world’s
longest and oldest canal, was on the list in 2014. I’ve heard the news
(4) _________________ certain heritage sites in China are under threat.
Miss Ma: You’re right. The proposal (5) _________________ we should raise public
awareness of heritage protection is worth considering.
B3 Chris is talking to her friend Jenny about a historic site in the city. In pairs, complete the
conversation below using appositive clauses.
Chris: I was upset that those ancient buildings were in such bad condition.
Jenny: But didn’t you hear the news (1) ___________________________?
Chris: No, I didn’t. That’s great news! I have a dream (2) ___________________________.
Jenny: I’ll join you. After all, we have no idea (3) ___________________________.
Protecting our heritage sites 49Integrated skills
Calling for the protection of our heritage sites
A Linda has found an editorial about the importance of world heritage. Read the editorial
and answer the questions below.
The value of our heritage
There are certain things on the Earth that we must not lose. The great animal
migration across the plains of the Serengeti or the towering pyramids of
Egypt are such examples. Every country can be proud of its cultural or natural
heritage sites, which must be protected, so that we can enjoy them today and
allow future generations to know where they come from. We are lucky to have
UNESCO to oversee such an important task. It sees heritage as “our legacy from
the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations” as
well as “irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration”.
The incredible splendour of heritage sites is a reminder of the power of nature
and the genius of man. As a national park and nature reserve, Jiuzhaigou Valley,
just north of the Sichuan Basin, is home to mighty snow-capped mountains,
thick forests alive with wildlife, impressive waterfalls and lakes so blue that they
take our breath away. This dreamlike scenery makes us realize that nature has
truly created a masterpiece. Similarly, standing in the shadow of the Borobudur
Temple, as the sun rises over this grand historic building, we are impressed with
the effort, determination and intense belief
of the people who built it with only primitive
tools. It is in places like these that we cannot
help but be humbled, come to understand
our limitations as human beings, and know
that our duty is to protect them for future
generations.
Heritage sites not only often provide answers to questions, but also often pose
questions to which there are no definitive answers at the moment. They do,
however, provide us with opportunities to wonder, to be inspired and to think
more deeply about our time on the Earth. As Cicero remarked, “To be ignorant
of what occurred before you were born is to remain always a child.”
1 According to the editorial, why should we protect heritage sites?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 How do you understand the quote from Cicero?
__________________________________________________________________________________
50 Unit 4B Linda is listening to a radio interview about the protection of heritage sites. Listen and
finish the exercises below.
B1 Listen to the interview and decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 Mr Li is a professor in the field of history. T / F
2 The host thinks making laws is a good way to protect heritage sites. T / F
3 Mr Li wants more tourists coming to the heritage sites. T / F
4 The host thinks that limits can ensure the safety of these sites. T / F
5 Mr Li’s main job is to raise funds for the local heritage projects. T / F
6 We can educate local officials about the importance of heritage sites. T / F
B2 Listen to the interview again and complete the notes below.
How to protect heritage sites
Measures to limit the number of tourists
• Ask tourists to (1) _________________________ through an app
or on the website in advance
• (2) _________________________ how long tourists can spend
visiting the heritage sites on a daily basis
Resources
• (3) _________________________
• Equipment
• (4) _________________________ in many other fields
Education
• Launch campaigns
• (5) _________________________
• (6) _________________________
Protecting our heritage sites 51C In pairs, discuss the protection of heritage sites. Use the following ideas to help you.
Tip
• The importance of protecting
heritage sites Moving on to another topic
When too much time has been spent on a topic, or your
• Methods of protection partner has nothing more to say about a topic, you can move
on to another topic, e.g. I think we’ve talked enough about this
point. Maybe we could move on to ... I think there’s nothing more
to talk about this aspect. Let’s change the topic to ...
D Write an article calling for the protection of heritage sites. Use your ideas from part C and
the information in parts A and B to help you.
Planning your writing
• Learning about the structure
To write an article calling for the protection of heritage sites, you can follow the
structure below:
State the importance of the protection of heritage sites.
Give your ideas on how to protect our heritage sites.
Sum up the main points and call on people to take action.
• Learning about the language
Make sure you use very clear and direct language. You can also use modal verbs
to express obligation to protect heritage sites.
• Learning about writing techniques
An effective closing paragraph is essential to a piece of successful writing. At the
end of the writing, you should sum up the main points. You could also include
an interesting statement or a projection for the future. There are some common
expressions that can be used to draw conclusions, e.g. in conclusion, to conclude, to
sum up, in summary.
Checking your writing
Remember to check your writing after you finish and exchange drafts between you
and your partner. Pay attention to the following aspects:
Punctuation Spelling Grammar
Choice of words Style (formal/informal) Structure
Self-review Peer review
• What ideas do you give on the protection • What does your partner think of the
of our heritage sites? structure of your writing?
• Does your writing have an effective • What suggestions does your partner give
conclusion? for further improvement?
52 Unit 4Extended reading
Read the magazine article about the Silk Road.
Covering vast distances and an astonishing variety of landscapes, the Silk Road was
a network of ancient trade routes that extended from East Asia all the way to the
Mediterranean. A key section of the extensive Silk Road network is the Chang’an-
Tianshan Corridor, which stretches over a distance of around 5,000 kilometres
5 through China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, covering a total of 8,700 kilometres of
trade routes. The three countries jointly pursued an application for UNESCO World
Heritage status. They submitted the proposal which contained detailed research
on the 33 sites along the corridor. This made history in its own way as the first
successful multinational World Heritage application—and it seems to be only the
10 beginning of the road for the Silk Road, as other countries are also planning World
Heritage applications for other sections of the network.
The starting point of the corridor and the entire Silk Road network is Chang’an
(present-day Xi’an), in Shaanxi Province of north-west China. It was famous as
the capital of the Han and Tang Dynasties. Further west on the Silk Road, the
15 geography gradually changes from wild deserts to high, snow-capped mountains
to vast grasslands as the routes pass through the splendid Tianshan Mountains
and emerge in the rolling valleys of Central Asia. Although the Chang’an-
Tianshan Corridor ends here, the network continues westwards until it reaches the
Mediterranean.
20 The Silk Road began to develop in the 2nd century BCE. Assigned by the emperor,
the ambassador Zhang Qian journeyed from Chang’an to Central Asia, seeking
to build bridges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. Following
Protecting our heritage sites 53Zhang’s efforts, trade routes took shape and relationships were strengthened
between the major powers of the time, with the routes network reaching as far as
25 the Roman Empire. The network expanded gradually, playing an important role in
world history between the 6th and 14th centuries, and remained in use until the
16th century.
At the initial stage of the Silk Road development, silk was the main item in the
trade list thanks to its light weight and high value. At its peak, many other items
30 were contributed to the marketplace of goods. The routes were alive with strings of
camels carrying loads of goods and traders selling everything imaginable. China’s
exports included silk, china and tea, while horses, wool, cotton and grapes were all
imported over vast distances along the network.
In addition to trade exchange, the network served as a bridge for cultural exchange
35 which shaped the evolution of science, art, technology and many other areas in
societies along the network. Astronomy and mathematics were introduced to China
from India and Arabia; in Gansu Province, the Mogao Caves, home to some of the
finest examples of Buddhist art, reflected the eastward spread of Buddhism from
India; important Chinese inventions such as papermaking and printing were first
40 brought to the West through the network.
All of these activities contributed to a great age of expansion as trade and cultural
exchanges gave people access to new goods, knowledge and ideas. These amazingly
long routes connected Eastern and Western civilizations, which achieved a shared
development. In the modern age, through the Belt and Road Initiative, the Silk
45 Road is once again connecting the countries along the ancient trade routes and
promoting the exchanges of different civilizations. The addition of the Chang’an-
Tianshan Corridor to the UNESCO World Heritage List is a milestone in recognition
of the Silk Road as a crucial part of humanity’s common heritage.
A Write a summary of the article on the Silk Road. Use the following ideas to help you.
• The overall introduction
• The geography
• The history
• The trade and cultural exchanges
• The significance
B The Silk Road Economic Belt initiative was first brought up in 2013. What impact is the
initiative having on the countries along the Silk Road?
54 Unit 4Project
Making a poster on a UNESCO heritage site
A As a class, discuss the UNESCO heritage sites that you are interested in. Then in groups,
choose one heritage site to research.
B As a group, research your chosen heritage site. Use the ideas below to help you.
• The site’s location
• Its history
• Its importance
• Its current state, including threats
• Measures to protect it
C As a group, put together your information to make a poster. Use the example below to
help you. Then present your poster to the rest of the class.
Location Threats
In the Pacific Ocean, on both • Human activities
sides of the equator such as overfishing
upset the habitat and
Importance
History behaviour of the local
Because the islands animals.
• The islands were discovered
are so far from any
in 1535 and became part of • Invasive species
other land mass, and
Ecuador in 1832. threaten the unique
they are also located
ecosystem of the
• In 1835, Charles Darwin at the meeting
islands.
visited the islands. His point of three ocean
research there led to the currents, they are
Protection measures
groundbreaking theory home to many
of evolution by natural unusual plants and • The government has
selection. animals that do not introduced a special
live elsewhere on the entry fee for tourists.
• In 1978, UNESCO listed
planet.
the Galápagos Islands as a • The introduction of
UNESCO World Heritage non-native species is
Site, describing them as a banned.
unique “living museum
and showcase of evolution”.
Protecting our heritage sites 55Assessment
Answer the following questions to assess your performance. Then work in groups and
exchange your answers with your partners.
1 What do you think is the purpose of the lecture?
2 What do you think of your writing about the protection of heritage sites? List
2 or 3 sentences that you are the most satisfied with.
3 What is the outstanding universal value of the Silk Road?
4 How do you like your experience of making a poster on a UNESCO heritage
site? Do you want to try more?
5 What new words have you learnt from this unit? List some of them. *
6 What grammar have you learnt from this unit? Make a sentence with the
grammar. *
7 What tip have you learnt from this unit? Provide an example to show how it
helps you with your learning.
8 How are you going to improve your overall performance? Make an action
plan.
* Assess your learning of vocabulary and grammar by doing language practice on pages 75–76.
Further study
The web pages of UNESCO World Heritage Centre provide some
information about news and events related to heritage, and inform
the public of the importance of protecting our heritage. Visit the
web pages to learn more about heritage sites.
The history of the Silk Road is the amazing story of trade and
cultural exchanges in ancient times. Its modern revival in
the shape of the Belt and Road Initiative has spotlighted its
importance once again. Read a book about the ancient trade routes
network to find out more about its impact on the world.
56 Unit 4Workbook
Unit 1
Wish you were here
Exploring language
A Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box below.
consumption contrast dynamic harmony
manner minority possession surrounding
1 In this beautiful place, humans live in perfect _________________ with nature.
2 To his disappointment, only a _________________ of his employees supported the
new plan.
3 Our head teacher was fond of her _________________ and confident personality.
4 In Japan, over 30 per cent of residents live in the capital and the
_________________ area.
5 The doctor advised him to reduce his alcohol _________________.
6 Sarah often _________________ life in Italy now with what it was like 20 years ago.
7 It is wise to talk in a more polite _________________ to make a good first
impression on others.
8 All their personal _________________ have been packed into the suitcases.
B Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases in the box below.
apart from bring about off the beaten track come down to
make one’s way to beat down make up line up
1 Indigenous peoples ______________________ nearly five per cent of the total
population in that country.
2 ______________________ a house in Liverpool, the Smiths also have a villa in a
suburb of London.
3 The sun ______________________ and the ground temperature is rising sharply.
4 Books ______________________ on the top shelf, and they are beyond my reach.
5 I am wondering what ______________________ his change in attitude.
6 To enjoy the summer sunshine on the beach, ______________________ the Gold
Coast!
7 I chose that island as my tourist destination, because it was ______________________.
8 From my point of view it all ______________________ people’s addiction to
smartphones.
Wish you were here 57C Fill in the blanks with proper relative pronouns or relative adverbs. You can add a
preposition before the relative pronoun where necessary.
1 My hometown, _________________ attracts tourists from across the country,
looks quite different from what it was when I was a child.
2 Einstein, _________________ we all know is a great scientist, developed the theory
of relativity more than 100 years ago.
3 Sometimes we had to work until the early hours of the morning,
_________________ most people were still fast asleep.
4 My hobby is reading books, _________________ I spend most of my spare money.
5 Our teachers always try to create a relaxed atmosphere in class,
_________________ we can enjoy the learning experience.
6 _________________ we all know, travelling can give us opportunities to broaden
our horizons.
7 There are about 1,000 students in our school, most _________________ are from
the suburbs.
8 We were all very grateful to John, _________________ help contributed greatly to
our success.
9 There are dozens of TV channels available, some _________________ specialize in
art and literature.
10 Hundreds of people came to the town to enjoy the beauties of nature,
_________________ was usual at weekends.
D Translate the following sentences into English. Use the words and phrases in the brackets.
1 考虑到天气，我们将提前出发。(given)
2 我们第一次体验了这项极限运动。(sample)
3 她成功登顶了，这一点不让人意外。(come as no surprise)
4 这两种文化截然不同。(distinct from)
5 非洲那壮丽的风景让我难以忘怀。(splendid)
6 这项举措会影响公司每个人的福利。(welfare)
7 这个价格包括住宿和交通的费用。(accommodation)
8 如果你有机会游览桂林，那里的景色会让你惊喜的。(Should ...)
58 Unit 1Building skills
A Reading and speaking
A1 The Grand Canyon, one of the most breathtaking sights in the USA, is famous for its
geological depth and fantastic colors. Read the magazine article and answer the questions
below.
The Grand Canyon—a real-world geology lesson
No trip to south-western America is complete without a visit to the Grand
Canyon, one of the natural wonders of the world.
A golden oldie
Located in Arizona, the Grand Canyon is a real-world geology lesson. It was
formed over millions of years by the Colorado River as it slowly ate its way
through the many layers of rock. The rocks at the rim of the canyon are about
270 million years old, while those at the bottom of the canyon are more than 1.8
billion years old! The different types of stone also give the cliffs of the Grand
Canyon their amazing colors—from brown and cream to deep red, purple and
white.
Home sweet canyon
In 1869, the geologist John Wesley Powell started mapping the Colorado River.
He traveled through the Grand Canyon and also studied the cultures of some
of the Native Americans he met. Powell was also the first person to call it the
Grand Canyon (previously, it had simply been called the “Big Canyon”).
The Native American tribes who live in the Grand Canyon today include the
Havasupai. Their settlement is about 1,000 meters down in the canyon. Since it
is not reachable by car, visitors must go on an eight-mile hike down a very steep
trail to reach the tiny village. Even the mail must be delivered by mule!
_____________________
March 2007 saw the opening of one of the Grand Canyon’s newest attractions:
the Grand Canyon Skywalk. The viewing platform has a glass floor which
allows visitors to stand around 20 meters out from the canyon rim and look
down over 1,200 meters to the bottom of the canyon. That’s like looking
straight down from the top of a skyscraper!
The Grand Canyon is one of the USA’s most famous attractions. After all, where
else can you descend through billions of years of the Earth’s history on the back
of a mule? This will be the most exciting geology lesson you’ll ever have!
1 What might be an appropriate subheading for the fifth paragraph? Write it in
the blank.
2 Why is the Grand Canyon considered one of the USA’s most famous attractions?
Give at least two reasons.
Wish you were here 59A2 In pairs, role-play a conversation between a tourist and a tour guide in the Grand
Canyon. Use the example below to help you and pay attention to the expressions in bold.
Switch roles after you finish.
A: Welcome to the Grand Canyon. I’m Emma, and I’m going to be your guide
during this five-day hike. Let me give you a few safety tips. As you can tell,
Arizona is one of the driest states in the USA. It’s going to be hot and sunny, so
make sure you bring enough water before leaving.
B: How hot will it be?
A: Down in the canyon, it’s not unusual for the temperature to reach 40 °C.
Also, the rainy season is about to start, so there’s a high risk of thunderstorms
later this week. In fact, there are about 25,000 lightning strikes every year in
the Grand Canyon.
B: Wow! What if we’re caught in a thunderstorm while we’re hiking?
A: If we hear thunder, we need to go to a safe place immediately. Don’t touch any
metal railings or stand underneath the trees.
B: OK. Is there any chance of seeing wild animals when we go on our hike?
A: Yes, we’ll definitely see a few! Since you asked, let me take the opportunity to
tell you about that. Keep a safe distance—the behaviour of wild animals can
be very unpredictable. Stay 15 metres away from small animals, and 30 metres
away from large ones.
B: I see. Any other tips?
A: Also, do not feed animals. They might start behaving aggressively towards you.
It’s also bad for wild animals to become dependent on human beings.
B: I got it. I’ll follow these safety tips.
B Listening and writing
B1 Annie is interviewing Martin, an adventurous traveller. Listen to the conversation and
decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If the information is not
mentioned, circle NG (not given).
1 Martin often hikes in the wild and remote places by himself. T / F / NG
2 Martin does not have much free time and his life is stressful. T / F / NG
3 Mother Bear and her babies were playing behind Martin’s tent. T / F / NG
4 Martin has never thought of giving up his adventures. T / F / NG
5 Although Martin looks forward to having exciting experiences
on his trips, he feels sad about leaving his family. T / F / NG
6 Martin’s family will not let him continue his adventures. T / F / NG
60 Unit 1B2 Martin releases a podcast giving advice on how to prepare for an adventurous trip. Listen
to the podcast and complete the notes below.
Preparing for an adventurous trip
Take the things you need
(1) (3)
• _______________________ food supplies • A _______________________ kit
• A torch • A hiking map
(2)
• A _______________________ • A good backpack
Practise carrying your backpack
(4)
• A fully loaded backpack should be no _______________________ of your
body weight.
• Pack your backpack and walk for a few hours with it.
Find a partner
(5)
• It is far safer to travel _______________________.
(6)
• Make sure that you _______________________ with your partner.
Learn basic camping skills
(7)
• How to _______________________ a tent
• How to start a fire
(8)
• How to send _______________________
B3 Write an email inviting your friend to go on an adventure with you. Tell your friend about
your plan and the possible preparations needed.
Hi __________________,
______________________________________________________________________
Purpose of
______________________________________________________________________
the email
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Plan and
______________________________________________________________________
possible
preparations
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
______________________________________________________________________
Yours,
__________________
Wish you were here 61Appreciating language
Shangri-La, located in China’s Yunnan Province, is a place of mystery and beauty. Read
aloud the blog entry below written by a tourist in Shangri-La.
Shangri-La
Here we were in Shangri-La. I had been dreaming about visiting this place
after reading the classic novel, Lost Horizon by the English writer James Hilton.
I sighed deeply at the sight of the fantastic scenery before me. I gasped for
breath as I tried to take it all in at once. It was so beautiful.
In the distance, snow-capped mountains reached up into the clear blue sky
and their image was perfectly reflected in the mirror-like waters of the crystal
clear lake, which sat at the foot of the mountains. I had never seen a sky so
big; it stretched from horizon to horizon and was dotted with clouds so white
that they made my eyes blink.
Down in the valley were stands of trees dotting the landscape, all in different
varieties and colours: dark green trees which would keep their needle-shaped
leaves throughout the winter, and lighter broadleaved trees whose leaves
would turn rich shades of gold during autumn. Between the trees were
meadows of thick grass on which groups of cattle from nearby farms were
happily grazing.
The air was clear and cool. We were at such a high altitude that everything
I could see was in sharp focus. Not for the first time, I took a deep breath to
control my emotions. I could hear the breeze gently playing with the leaves of
nearby trees. It moved among the tall grasses so that they rippled like waves
on the ocean. I became aware of nature’s music all around me and I started to
sway to its natural rhythm.
At that moment, a small group of local villagers, both men and women, came
over the ridge and waved to us. They were wearing traditional clothes of
beautiful colours and their faces had a calmness that I had not seen before.
They were a group of people totally in harmony with their environment.
This place was not only beautiful, but it was far away from the pressures and
stresses of modern life.
62 Unit 1Unit 2
Out of this world
EExxpplloorriinngg llaanngguuaaggee
A Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
1 Reading _________________ (occupation) most of my leisure time recently.
2 The aim of this quiz is to _________________ (evaluation) your reading ability.
3 Astronauts must wear special spacesuits to protect themselves from
_________________ (expose) to radiation in space.
4 Road accidents have decreased in _________________ (frequent) in this region
during the past decade.
5 Our editor is looking for a reliable _________________ (assist) to help her with
daily tasks.
6 The company has made a huge _________________ (invest) in product
development.
7 To him, travelling is not _________________ (mere) a hobby, but a way of life.
8 The World Cup Final between France and Croatia received global media
_________________ (cover).
B Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases in the box below.
lay the foundation for plain to see in the circumstances differ from
in view of cast new light on of vital importance come to an end
1 Twin brothers as they are, they ______________________ each other in many aspects.
2 At last the staff meeting ______________________ at 9 p.m.
3 His previous work experience ______________________ his career in oil painting.
4 Jackie’s growing interest in music is ______________________.
5 ______________________ the positive feedback from the audience, the director
decided to work on a new season.
6 Actually, your reaction is perfectly understandable ______________________.
7 Winning this case is ______________________ to the future success of the company.
8 Recent research ______________________ the economic consequences of this event.
Out of this world 63C Fill in the blanks with proper linking words to form subject clauses.
1 _________________ learning a foreign language can develop students’ thinking
ability is well accepted.
2 _________________ makes Tom so extraordinary is his rich imagination and his
ability to express himself.
3 It is common knowledge _________________ the Earth is now the only planet in
the solar system suitable to live on.
4 Did it ever occur to you _________________ she was telling a white lie?
5 _________________ we feel about ourselves is sometimes affected by other
people’s opinions.
6 _________________ there is life on other planets remains to be seen.
7 _________________ we should put the album is a problem.
8 It has not been decided yet _________________ we shall go on a trip to Japan.
9 _________________ the man broke into the car is not known, because he didn’t
take any of the valuables inside.
10 We need to bear in mind that _________________ holds fast to dreams is more
likely to succeed.
D Fill in the blanks with proper words or the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
Leland Melvin is probably the only person in human history to catch a pass in the
National Football League and in space.
(1)
He played football for the university football team, _________________ he was
a wide receiver. Then he got drafted into the National Football League, but
(2)
an _________________ (injure) cut short his professional football career.
(3)
_________________, this did not stop Melvin. He worked hard at graduate school,
and later earned a position at NASA. He began working at a research center and
(4)
then was selected as an astronaut. Years of hard training were _________________
vital importance to his later success. Actually, his road to space was not easy.
(5)
During a training exercise, he lost his hearing, _________________ came as a great
(6)
shock to him. _________________ amazed everyone was that he did not give up.
He invested a large amount of time in education programs. Luckily, even with a
(7)
partial _________________ (recover) of his hearing, he was able to fly two missions
aboard the space shuttle Atlantis.
(8)
Melvin is an athlete, engineer and astronaut, whose life story is _________________
(incredible) encouraging.
64 Unit 2Building skills
A Listening and speaking
A1 Space Talk is a podcast devoted to all things about space. The host is introducing the
search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). Listen to the talk and answer the following
questions.
1 How long has the search for extraterrestrial intelligence been going on?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2 What do scientists use to detect extraterrestrial messages?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3 When was man’s first SETI attempt?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4 What is the distance between the Earth and each “nearby” star in Project Ozma?
__________________________________________________________________________________
5 What does the SETI Institute want to explore, understand and explain?
__________________________________________________________________________________
A2 In the second half of the podcast, the host is interviewing astronomer Eileen Guest about
contacting extraterrestrials. Listen to the conversation and complete the notes below.
Contacting extraterrestrials
Challenge
We won’t be able to speak to them in any human language or with
(1)
____________________________. We need to deal with difficulties of
communicating across space and time and bridging an extremely wide
(2)
____________________________.
Way to communicate with them
(3)
We need to find ____________________________. Two popular suggestions are
(4)
____________________________.
Advantage
(5)
We could learn so much about life, ____________________________ and even
ourselves from them.
Potential danger
Extraterrestrial civilizations may be a lot older than ours, so the aliens may
(6)
have had more time to ____________________________. If they are not friendly,
reaching out to them could be a horrible idea.
Out of this world 65A3 In pairs, discuss whether humans should try to contact extraterrestrial intelligence. Use
the example below to help you and pay attention to the expressions in bold.
A: I don’t think we should try to speak with extraterrestrials. It’s far too dangerous.
What if they make use of the most advanced technologies to travel here?
B: That would be great, wouldn’t it? Imagine how amazing it would be to meet
aliens for the first time!
A: We know absolutely nothing about them. They could be friendly, but there
is no guarantee whatsoever. One thing that comes to mind is that when
two civilizations come into contact throughout human history, the more
technologically advanced one often takes advantage of the other.
B: Well, that’s just your opinion. I don’t see the harm in introducing ourselves
properly to aliens and trying to start a friendly little chat. Maybe they like
sports and poetry just like us.
A: I hope so, but there’s no way of knowing for sure. It’s dangerous to send
out messages when you don’t know who will receive them. What if they don’t
want a friendly chat and launch an attack instead?
B: Well, you never know. Human beings have already been sending out signals
for a very long time, so it’s a bit late to worry. We are pushing the limits
of science and technology, and we can learn more about the universe and
ourselves.
A: Hmm, you certainly made a good point there.
B Reading and writing
B1 What would a city on Mars look like? Read the magazine article and answer the
questions below.
Of all the planets in the solar system, Mars is the most Earth-like. It is made of
rock and has a thin atmosphere. The scenery is beautiful but also strange, with
sand dunes, dust and scattered rocks. It has some of the tallest mountains and
deepest canyons in the solar system—all under a pink sky.
Mars is further from the Sun than the Earth, and much colder: on average, the
bone-chilling temperature is about 60 °C below freezing. Its atmosphere
consists mainly of carbon dioxide and is about 100 times thinner than the
Earth’s, so people will not be able to breathe. However, the biggest danger on
Mars is radiation. Since Mars has no magnetic field, the radiation levels on
Mars are much higher than those on the Earth, which means an increased
risk of cancer. At first, residents will probably live underground to protect
themselves against radiation, but once they develop radiation-blocking glass
or plastic, they can live above ground in brick buildings with windows, or
even inside a tent.
66 Unit 2Settlers will need to manufacture everything they need, since it is expensive
to send materials to Mars. To do so, they need to make use of the planet’s
resources. Mars has plenty of metals and rock, and probably lots of water, but
no wood or petroleum, which is used to make petrol, plastic and many other
useful products. Settlers could make bricks from local dirt. And of course,
everything sent to Mars will stay on Mars. Martian citizens will be really good
at recycling.
Settlers will also need to produce food, and they will most likely eat a vegan
diet. Animals are hard to transport, and it takes much less energy to grow
plants than to raise animals. Furthermore, plants breathe in carbon dioxide
and produce oxygen, which people need to breathe.
How will the settlers spend their leisure time? Perhaps they will go on short
sightseeing trips, or create new sports that take advantage of the low gravity
on Mars. Travelling back to the Earth will be difficult, because the fastest trip
will take around six to eight months. Also, the radiation and lack of gravity
on long space flights are harmful to humans, so we will need to keep trips
to a minimum. However, people on Mars can communicate with the Earth
regularly.
Settling on Mars will be mankind’s first step in expanding our reach within
the solar system and beyond.
1 What are the dangers on Mars?
2 Briefly summarize what life on Mars will be like. Include at least three aspects.
B2 Is it good or not for human beings to settle on other planets? Write a short passage to
express your opinion.
Title: __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Opinion
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Reasons
_______________________________________________________________________ for opinion
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ Conclusion
_______________________________________________________________________
Out of this world 67Appreciating language
Are you curious about what the Martians might look like? Read aloud the excerpt below,
which describes a Martian emerging from a spaceship.
When I returned to the common the sun was setting. Scattered groups were
hurrying from the direction of Woking, and one or two persons were returning.
The crowd about the large hole had increased, and stood out black against the
lemon yellow of the sky—a couple of hundred people, perhaps. There were
raised voices, and some sort of struggle appeared to be going on about the hole.
Strange imaginings passed through my mind. As I drew nearer I heard Stent’s
voice:
“Keep back! Keep back!”
The end of the cylinder was being screwed out from within. Nearly two feet of
shining screw projected. I turned, and as I did so the screw must have come
out, for the lid of the cylinder fell upon the ground. I stuck my elbow into
the person behind me, and turned my head towards the Thing again. For a
moment the cylinder seemed perfectly black. I had the sunset in my eyes.
I think everyone expected to see a man appear—possibly something a little
unlike us, but in all essentials a man. I know I did. But, looking, I presently saw
something moving slightly within the shadow: greyish billowy movements,
one above another, and then two shining disks—like eyes. Then something
looking like a little grey snake, about the thickness of a walking stick, twisted
out of the middle, and moved in the air towards me—and then another.
A sudden feeling of coldness came over me. There was a general movement
backwards. I found myself alone, and saw the people on the other side of
the hole running off, Stent among them. I looked again at the cylinder, and
uncontrollable fear gripped me. I stood staring.
A big greyish rounded bulk, the size, perhaps, of a bear, was rising slowly and
painfully out of the cylinder. As it bulged up and caught the light, it shone like
wet leather.
Two large dark-coloured eyes were regarding me firmly. The mass that framed
them, the head of the thing, was rounded, and had, one might say, a face.
There was a mouth under the eyes, the lipless brim of which shook and
breathed heavily, and dropped saliva.
Those who have never seen a living Martian can hardly imagine the strange
horror of its appearance. Even at this first encounter, this first glimpse, I was
overcome with disgust and dread.
(Adapted from The War of the Worlds, by H. G. Wells)
68 Unit 2Unit 3
Back to the past
EExxpplloorriinngg llaanngguuaaggee
A Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box below.
aboard adopt comparison convince dismiss
facilitate financial shift subsequent violently
1 He tried to _________________ me of what he said, but I just did not buy it.
2 A recent survey suggests that there is a dramatic _________________ in public
opinion.
3 The police _________________ the possibility that the boy was taken away by
aliens.
4 But for your _________________ support, I would not have survived the winter.
5 In the _________________ experiments, students will find out more about the
chemical element.
6 If the new method _________________, we can work more efficiently.
7 More cooperation between the two countries will _________________ rapid
economic growth.
8 It is necessary to draw a _________________ between the two artists’ works.
9 The plane crashed, killing all 212 passengers _________________.
10 The volcano erupted _________________, leaving all the people in the nearby
village in panic.
B Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases in the box below.
regardless of pass on a shortage of on behalf of
insist on contrary to contribute to sort out
1 Four great modern inventions ______________________ the rapid social progress.
2 My teacher ______________________ sending me to hospital for a further physical
examination.
3 ______________________ her husband, she received the Award for Best Actor.
4 ______________________ opposition from her family members, Amy was
determined to study abroad.
5 The factory is suffering from ______________________ skilled workers at present.
6 ______________________ popular belief, highly intelligent students do not
necessarily achieve academic success.
7 The first step is to ______________________ all your documents and put them in
the desk drawer.
8 Tales about this great explorer ______________________ from generation to
generation.
Back to the past 69C Fill in the blanks with proper linking words to form predicative clauses.
1 My dream is _________________ I can study archaeology at university, because I
am interested in the past.
2 The reason why he was scolded was _________________ he had made a serious
mistake in the experiment.
3 Birds are kept in cages, but cages are not _________________ they are meant to be.
4 I read a lot, I write regularly and I memorize new words every day. That is
_________________ I learn English.
5 The use of light and shade is _________________ impresses me most about this
famous painting.
6 The issue is _________________ we should take part in the speech competition.
7 Tom had a terrible toothache and went to see the doctor. That’s
_________________ he had a day off yesterday.
8 The happiest time of my life is _________________ I sit at the dinner table with
my family at the end of the day.
9 My first impression of Mike’s essay was _________________ it was off topic.
10 There are dark clouds in the sky. It looks _________________ it is going to rain.
D Fill in the blanks with proper words or the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
(1)
There have been many _________________ (influence) explorers throughout
(2)
history. Their _________________ (exception) achievements and qualities are
worthy of note.
Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was considered the first European
(3) (4)
_________________ (reach) India by sea. _________________ (departure) from
Europe, Vasco da Gama led the very first ships to sail non-stop to India. His
(5)
_________________ (discover) of this sea route resulted in a big increase in trade
and a booming economy.
Ferdinand Magellan was also a great Portuguese explorer. He intended to search
(6)
for a new route _________________ the Spice Islands. His sailors were the first to
successfully circumnavigate the world. The reason why Magellan himself did not
(7)
complete the entire voyage was _________________ he was killed in a battle in the
(8)
Philippines. The voyage, _________________ lasted from 1519 to 1522, confirmed
the conception of the world as a globe.
70 Unit 3Building skills
A Reading and speaking
A1 Sheets made from papyrus were the chief writing material in ancient Egypt. Read the
magazine article introducing papyrus and answer the questions below.
When the ancient Egyptians wanted to record something important such as
a religious text or a literary tale, they would write on papyrus. Papyrus was a
type of ancient paper, made from the stems of papyrus plants.
The people who wrote on papyrus were known as scribes. They were literate
professionals, meaning that it was their job to read and write. Perhaps as few as
one to ten per cent of the people in ancient Egypt were in this class, so being
a scribe meant that you were well educated and of very high status. Using a
brush and ink, scribes would record religious texts, medical documents, legal
contracts, literary tales and other documents. In addition to writing down
these passages, scribes were responsible for painting beautiful illustrations to
accompany the texts. These texts were not collected into books, but rolled up
into scrolls.
The papyrus documents that have survived have done so mainly because of
Egypt’s climate, which is hot and dry. This environment helps preserve delicate
materials, such as papyrus and wood. Additionally, much of ancient Egypt was,
over time, buried in sand, which also helped protect fragile papyrus artefacts
by blocking out damaging sunlight. Once the papyri were unearthed, however,
they were exposed to harmful elements, such as light, moisture, oils from
hands and air pollution. If modern technology is not used to conserve ancient
papyri properly, these harmful elements can cause the papyrus to fall apart.
Some early archaeologists recorded stories about scrolls that had been packed
carefully into boxes and shipped back to museums in Europe. When they
opened the boxes, however, there was nothing inside but broken fragments
and dust.
Modern conservation varies in scientific complexity. Simple methods include
controlling moisture in the air, temperature, exposure to light and exposure
to insects. More complex methods include applying chemical solutions that
can strengthen the papyrus strips and preserve the ink. Through such great
efforts, many ancient Egyptian papyri have been preserved, providing us with
incredible tales through text and illustration.
1 What does the underlined word “fragments” in the third paragraph mean?
2 What modern conservation methods are mentioned in the article?
Back to the past 71A2 Archaeologists go to extraordinary lengths to discover and preserve artefacts such as
papyrus scrolls. In turns, make a speech about the importance of archaeologists’ work. Use
the example below to help you and pay attention to the expressions in bold.
What archaeologists do is not easy: they have to work long hours outdoors digging
for artefacts, and they also need to make sure not to damage the objects that they
find. Thanks to their patience and perseverance, however, we now know much
more about the past than ever before.
Archaeologists not only discover artefacts, they also interpret their findings. By
looking at bones or even rubbish found at archaeological sites, they can draw
conclusions about the people who lived there, for instance, what kind of food
they ate, what tools they used, and whether they were rich or poor.
Their conclusions are often astonishing, and they show us how the lives of
previous generations have shaped the world we live in. It is also fascinating to find
out that many basic aspects of life have not changed that much over the centuries,
and that people back then were not as different as one might think. In other
words, archaeologists put us in touch with past generations, from whom we
have inherited our culture and language.
In conclusion, the past is still relevant, and we should be grateful for the work
that archaeologists do. By studying the people who came before us, archaeologists
offer us a precious window into the past, which in turn allows us to understand
ourselves better.
B Listening and writing
B1 Alexander the Great is one of the most famous figures in ancient history. Listen to a radio
programme introducing his life and fill in the blanks with the correct years.
1 Alexander the Great was born. ___________ BCE
2 Alexander became the King of Macedonia. ___________ BCE
3 Alexander led his army into the Middle East. ___________ BCE
4 Alexander took Babylon. ___________ BCE
5 Alexander became the King of Persia. ___________ BCE
6 Alexander came down with a fever and died. ___________ BCE
72 Unit 3B2 In the second half of the radio programme, the host is interviewing a professor about the
legacy of Alexander the Great. Listen to the conversation and complete the notes below.
Legacy of Alexander the Great
His military conquests
(1)
• His empire stretched across ____________________________.
(2)
• His empire covered an area of about ____________________________ square
kilometres.
Spread of the Greek culture
• The Greek language was widely used in countries like Egypt even a hundred
years after Alexander’s death.
(3)
• ____________________________ appeared on coins and monuments. The
(4)
Indian Emperor Ashoka had some of ____________________________ on
stone tablets translated into Greek.
(5)
• Greek sculpture influenced Indian art. ____________________________ of the
Buddha started appearing after Alexander’s army reached India.
Founding of the Greek cities
Alexandria in Egypt became an important city of learning, with the ancient
(6)
world’s ____________________________.
Connection to China
The Han Dynasty came into contact with Bactria in Central Asia, ruled by the
Greeks.
B3 Write a short passage introducing a historical figure. You may write about his/her life and
achievements. You can research online or through books first.
Title: __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Back to the past 73Appreciating language
Historians are those who study and write about the past. Read aloud the excerpt below to
find out what makes a good historian.
A true and comprehensive history should be the life of a nation. It
should describe it in its larger and more various aspects. It should be a
study of causes and effects, of distant as well as recent causes, and of the
large, slow and permanent evolution of things. It should include the
social, the industrial and the intellectual life of the nation as well as
mere political changes. Moreover, it should be marked by a true
perspective dealing with subjects at a length according to their real
importance.
All this requires a powerful and original intellect quite different from
that of a mere compiler. It requires too, in a high degree, the kind of
imagination which enables a man to reproduce not only the acts but the
feelings, the ideals, the modes of thought and life of a distant past, and
see through the actions and professions of men to their real characters.
Insight into character is one of the first requirements of a historian. It is,
therefore, much to be desired that he should possess a wide knowledge
of the world. He should possess the knowledge of different types of
character, foreign as well as English, which travel and society and
practical experience of business can give. This knowledge will also be
of no small advantage to him if he has passed through more than one
intellectual or religious phase, widening the area of his appreciation
and realisations. He should also have enough of the dramatic element
to enable him to throw himself into ways of reasoning or feeling very
different from his own. One of the most valuable of all forms of
historical imagination is the one that enables a writer to place himself in
the point of view of the best men on different sides, and to bring out the
full sense of opposing arguments. All these gifts or qualities are never
in a high degree united, but they are all essential to a great historian,
and a true school of history should widen instead of narrowing our
understanding of it.
74 Unit 3Unit 4
Protecting our heritage sites
EExxpplloorriinngg llaanngguuaaggee
A Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the brackets.
1 “How spectacular the waterfall is!” Linda shouted in _________________ (awesome).
2 We should strictly ban illegal and harmful content posted on the Internet, such
as drug use and _________________ (violent).
3 After _________________ (assessment) the house, experts advised them not to
move in directly.
4 This device was used to _________________ (forecast) earthquakes in ancient times.
5 Strongly influenced by her father, Jenny showed great interest in wildlife
_________________ (conserve).
6 They _________________ (submission) all the documents needed for their visa
application yesterday afternoon.
7 Facing lots of challenges, the company is still confident about further
_________________ (expand).
8 _________________ (assignment) by the King and Queen of Spain, Columbus
departed with three ships.
B Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the phrases in the box below.
take shape at the top of the agenda in urgent need of on purpose
wear and tear the likes of in times of crisis serve as
1 He is the sort of person we can depend on _______________________.
2 My father forbids me from hanging out with _______________________ him.
3 For the company, staff training is now _______________________.
4 People in disaster-stricken areas are _______________________ clean water, enough
food and safe shelter.
5 After a heated discussion, a new plan _______________________.
6 The surprise attack _______________________ a warning to the whole nation.
7 They decided to figure out a way to protect the equipment from
_______________________.
8 In order to annoy his parents, he broke the vase _______________________.
Protecting our heritage sites 75C Fill in the blanks with proper linking words to form appositive clauses.
1 Some hold the belief _________________ they can always find more ways of
solving problems.
2 The decision _________________ we will have the celebration next month has
not been made.
3 We work as hard as we can in the knowledge _________________ our efforts will
eventually pay off.
4 Does anyone have any idea _________________ has happened to Paul? Why
hasn’t he come yet?
5 She raised the problem _________________ we could improve communication
between managers and staff.
6 We have just received a warning _________________ a storm is on the way. We
need to get prepared.
7 There is some doubt among the students _________________ the travel plan will
be cancelled.
8 Many people responded positively to the suggestion _________________ we
should raise money for local charities.
9 We had a heated discussion on the question _________________ online learning
was better suited for high school students.
10 Mr Smith really has no idea _________________ is wrong with their programme.
D Translate the following sentences into English. Use the words and phrases in the brackets.
1 对于何时启动寺庙修复工作，专家们意见不一。(division)
2 自然力量和人类活动将我们的文化遗产地置于危险之中。(put ... in danger)
3 机器磨损，导致产量下滑。(wear down)
4 据估计美国有500万人面临失业的风险。(at risk of)
5 人们越意识到环保的重要性，就越会满怀敬畏地对待大自然。(the more ..., the more ...)
6 这座破败的建筑被保存下来，时时提醒我们战争的可怕。(reminder)
7 一想到今天要完成这个任务，我就感到焦虑。(at the thought of)
8 在顾客的需求和公司的目标之间有时会有矛盾。(conflict)
76 Unit 4Building skills
A Listening and speaking
A1 The podcast host is talking about the benefits of gaining UNESCO World Heritage status.
Listen to the talk and fill in the blanks below.
1 Heritage sites can receive ____________________________ assistance from UNESCO.
2 Angkor was removed from the List of World Heritage in Danger in
____________________________.
3 New heritage sites are likely to ____________________________ from far and wide.
4 The boom in tourism can lead to ____________________________ in the area.
5 Improved local infrastructure such as ____________________________ can benefit
the local people and the tourists.
6 The inclusion of any site in the World Heritage List is a source of
____________________________.
A2 In the second half of the podcast, the host is interviewing a sociologist named Sharon
King about the disadvantages of gaining UNESCO World Heritage status. Listen to the
conversation and complete the notes below.
Mont-Saint-Michel
Location: Off the north-west coast of France
(1)
When it gained World Heritage status: ____________________________
(2)
The number of tourists every year: ____________________________
Impact: The flood of tourists is a major challenge to
(3)
____________________________.
Machu Picchu
(4)
Location: ____________________________ of the Andes Mountains
(5)
When it gained World Heritage status: ____________________________
(6)
Impact: T he vibrations from ____________________________ too many
tourists could lead to the collapse of the temples and other
structures.
Protecting our heritage sites 77A3 In pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of gaining UNESCO World Heritage
status. Use the example below to help you and pay attention to the expressions in bold.
A: Hmm, I’ve never thought that there would be any downsides to gaining
UNESCO World Heritage status.
B: Well, I wasn’t surprised. Just think about the Dresden case. As far as I’m
concerned, the local government was definitely right to give up its UNESCO
World Heritage status. Also, more than half of the local people agreed with the
decision.
A: I can’t understand why they thought that a bridge was more important.
B: At the end of the day, the town belongs to the local people—they are the ones
who live there. The bridge will make their lives much more convenient. I don’t
think it’s fair to ask them to make sacrifices for tourists who only spend a day
or two there.
A: Well, it’s true that tourism can have a negative effect on the local community.
On the other hand, UNESCO World Heritage status also brings many benefits:
the site will receive a lot of international attention, and this will be a source of
pride for the local people.
B: Agreed. They will definitely benefit from that. It will also affect the country
as a whole in a positive way. For instance, it will encourage people to learn
about their country’s history. In short, there are upsides as well as downsides.
A: Yes, it’s not a black-and-white issue.
B Reading and writing
B1 Read the article from a travel website about the Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing
Dynasties and answer the questions below.
The Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are among the most
extraordinary cultural remains to be found anywhere in the world.
Most of the Ming tombs can be found in the north-west of Beijing in a
place called Shisanling, which means “thirteen tombs” in Chinese. Thirteen
emperors of the Ming Dynasty were buried here, along with their wives and
other members of the royal family. Of the 13 tombs, only Changling, Dingling
and Zhaoling are open to the public.
Along the Sacred Way, which leads to the tombs, you can see huge stone
statues of 24 animals and 12 officials. At the upper end of the Sacred Way is
Changling, the largest of the Ming tombs in Beijing. Changling is considered
by many as the best preserved of the 13 tombs. It is in the heart of Shisanling,
with the other tombs placed on either side of it.
Adding to the extraordinary beauty of Changling is the Ling’en Palace, known
for its simple design and painted ceiling. Many of the decorations are made of
a precious type of wood native to China, and the floor is covered with
78 Unit 4so-called “gold” bricks.
The Qing Dynasty had 12 emperors, nine of whom were buried in the two
groups of tombs in Hebei Province, not far from Beijing. It is apparent that
the Qing tombs are influenced by the Ming tombs, especially in terms of
architecture and the way they are placed among the surrounding mountains
and valleys.
One group of the Qing tombs is called Dongling, in Zunhua, 125 kilometres
east of Beijing. The tombs, which were built over a period of 247 years, take
up 80 square kilometres. Buried there were the remains of five emperors, their
wives and other royal family members. The other group of the Qing tombs
is called Xiling. It sits about 100 kilometres to the west of Beijing, in Yixian.
Xiling contains the tombs of four of the Qing emperors.
Preserving the Ming and Qing tombs has been given serious attention in recent
decades. Although a number of tombs have survived with little damage, all
have suffered at least some harm from centuries of rain, war, fire and theft. As
a result, the government has strengthened regulation to protect these historic
sites. In addition, getting these historic sites recognized by the rest of the world
is helpful in preserving and repairing them, as it stresses to everyone their
great value and importance. The Ming and Qing tombs have now been listed
as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which will help bring the necessary attention
and assistance for protecting them in the future. It has led to increased tourism
as well, which is an important source of money, but also a potential source of
damage to these fragile sites.
1 What does the beauty of the Ling’en Palace lie in?
2 Why does the author think that the tombs are important?
B2 Write a short passage introducing a UNESCO heritage site. You can include information
about its value and current state. You may research online or through books first.
Title: __________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Protecting our heritage sites 79Appreciating language
In 1911, Hiram Bingham led an expedition to Peru and discovered the ruins of Machu Picchu.
Read aloud the excerpt below about Bingham’s discovery.
The view was simply enchanting. Immediately in front, on the north side
of the valley, was a great cliff rising 2,000 feet straight up. On all sides were
rocky cliffs. Beyond them cloud-capped mountains rose thousands of feet
above us.
Without the slightest expectation of finding anything more interesting than
the small ruins which I already spotted, I climbed further up the ridge and
around a slight promontory.
Hardly had we rounded it when the character of the stonework began to
improve. A flight of beautifully constructed terraces, each 200 yards long
and 10 feet high, had then recently been rescued from the jungle by the
Indians. A forest of large trees had been cut down and burned over to make
a clearing. Crossing these terraces, I entered the untouched forest beyond,
and suddenly found myself in a maze of beautiful stone houses! They were
covered with trees and moss and the growth of centuries, but in the dense
shadow, could be seen, here and there, walls of white stone blocks most
carefully cut and perfectly fitted together.
It did not take an expert to realize, from the sight of Machu Picchu on that
rainy day in July 1911, that here were most extraordinary and interesting
ruins. Although the ridge had been partly cleared by the Indians, so much of
it was still underneath a thick jungle growth—some walls were actually
supporting trees 10 and 12 inches in diameter—that it was impossible to
determine just what would be found here.
It was not until 1890 that the Peruvian government decided to construct a
trail along the banks of the river through the grand canyon. This new road
enabled us to learn that the Incas had once lived here in the remote Andes.
They had left stone witnesses of the magnificence and beauty of their
ancient civilization, more interesting and extensive than any which have
been found since the days of the Spanish conquest of Peru.
(Adapted from Lost City of the Incas, by Hiram Bingham)
80 Unit 4Appendices
Text notes
Unit 1
1 The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having
new eyes. —Marcel Proust (page 1)
真正的发现之旅不在于寻找新的风景，而在于获得新的视野。——马塞尔·普鲁斯特
该句出自法国小说家马塞尔·普鲁斯特的《追忆似水年华》，意在强调旅行的真正意
义在于开阔眼界，增长见闻，真正认识世界。
2 It is also one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world with distinct
cultures. (page 2, lines 3–4)
它也是世界上最具种族多样性的国家之一，有着丰富多样的文化。
句中distinct意为“截然不同的，有区别的，不同种类的”，常与介词from搭配使用。如：
country music is quite distinct from jazz.
乡村音乐完全不同于爵士乐。
3 To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains, which are home to
high peaks and deep valleys carved by ice and water. (page 2, lines 6–8)
太平洋海岸向东耸立着巍峨的落基山脉，这里有高耸的山峰和被冰川水流侵蚀而成
的深谷。
(1) 落基山脉是北美洲科迪勒拉山系东部山脉，纵贯加拿大和美国西部，全长约
4800千米。落基山脉地质构造丰富，地貌种类多元化。加拿大落基山公园群凭
借奇特的山脉自然景观已被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
(2) 句中carve意为“侵蚀，冲刷”；carve还可表示“雕，刻”。如：
The wood was carved into the shape of a small bird.
木头被雕成了小鸟的形状。
4 One truly unique scenic spot in Canada is the mighty Niagara Falls with water
rushing over its edge in a splendid display of sights and sounds. (page 2, lines 11–13)
加拿大真正独一无二的一处景点是气势恢宏的尼亚加拉瀑布，水流从边缘倾泻而下，
景色壮观，水声轰鸣。
尼亚加拉瀑布位于北美洲伊利湖和安大略湖间的尼亚加拉河上，是世界闻名的旅游
胜地。尼亚加拉河的河水流经此地，突然垂直跌落50余米，巨大的水流冲下断崖，水
势澎湃，声震如雷。
815 Apart from its geographical diversity, Canada’s many rural areas and urban centers
reflect the diversity of its residents. (page 2, lines 14–15)
除了其地理环境的多样性，加拿大的许多农村地区和城市中心还体现了其居民的多
样性。
句中apart from意为“除了……外（还），此外”，相当于in addition to；apart from还
可表示“除了……外（都）”，相当于except for。如：
Apart from the occasional visits, Alan does nothing for his uncle.
除了偶尔的探望，艾伦并没有为他的叔叔做些什么。
6 Should you find yourself in one of these subcultures, languages, cuisine,
architecture, art and music will define your encounter. (page 3, lines 24–26)
如果你发现自己置身于其中一种亚文化中，那么（它的）语言、饮食、建筑、艺术和音乐
都会说明你邂逅的是何种文化。
句中should置于句首，省略连词if，构成倒装。如：
Should anyone call (=If anyone should call), please tell them I’ll be back soon.
万一有人打电话来，请告诉他们我很快就回来。
7 Finally, if you are looking for something off the beaten track, you may visit Cape
Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, where you can dance to fiddle tunes
and enjoy the cultures and traditions of Celtic settlers. (page 3, lines 31–34)
最后，如果你想独辟蹊径的话，可以去新斯科舍省的布雷顿角岛玩玩。在岛上，你可
以随着小提琴的曲调翩翩起舞，感受凯尔特移民的文化和传统。
句中off the beaten track意为“不落俗套，打破常规”；off the beaten track还可表示
“远离闹市，偏远”。如：
Some small beaches can be found off the beaten track.
在人迹罕至的地方可以找到一些小海滩。
8 Given these cultural differences, it comes as no surprise that Canada has been
celebrating Multiculturalism Day since 2002. (page 3, lines 35–36)
考虑到这些文化差异，加拿大自 2002 年起就一直在庆祝多元文化日也就不足为
奇了。
(1) 句中 it comes as no surprise that ...意为“……不足为奇，……毫不奇怪”，其中
it是形式主语，that引导的从句充当真正的主语。如：
It comes as no surprise that he knows nothing about the festival.
他对这个节日一无所知一点也不奇怪。
(2) 句中given意为“考虑到，鉴于”，用作介词，相当于considering。如：
Given his age, he has done a good job.
考虑到他的年龄，他已经做得不错了。
829 However, booming business is not always a bed of roses. (page 6)
但是，蓬勃发展的商业并非总是十全十美。
句中(not) a bed of roses意为“（并非）轻松的境况，（并非）令人愉快的情况”，也可以
表述成(not) all roses。如：
We knew that life was not likely to be a bed of roses back in England.
我们知道回到英格兰以后的生活不可能是尽善尽美的。
10 More nature-centred tourist attractions, where man and nature live in harmony, can
be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists. (page 6)
更多以自然风光为主、人与自然和睦相处的旅游景点，会因为大量游客涌入而受到巨
大影响甚至遭到破坏。
句中harmony意为“融洽，和睦”。短语live in harmony (with ...) 表示“（与……）和
睦相处”。如：
We need to live in harmony with our environment.
我们需要与我们的环境和睦相处。
11 In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect— for nature, culture
and people. (page 7)
总而言之，做一名践行可持续旅游理念的游客归根结底就是要心怀尊重——对自然、
文化和人的尊重。
句中come down to意为“可归结为，可归纳为”。如：
Their disagreement comes down to money.
他们的争论归结起来就是钱的问题。
12 Make your way to the main hall and admire the 8.8-metre-high statue of the
Buddha. (page 9)
前往主殿，瞻礼8.8米高的佛像。
句中make one’s way to ... 意为“前往……，到……地方去”。如：
Will you be able to make your own way to the station?
你能自己去车站吗？
13 Appreciate amazing antiques, including Ming vases and Qing furniture. (page 9)
欣赏令人惊奇的古董，包括明代花瓶和清代家具。
句中furniture意为“家具”，为不可数名词。“一件家具”可以表达为a piece of
furniture。如：
We need to buy some new office furniture.
我们需要买一些新的办公室家具。
8314 It wasn’t long before we were surrounded by enormous sand dunes towering above
us on all sides. (page 11, lines 8–9)
很快我们就被四周高耸的巨大沙丘包围住。
(1) 句中it wasn’t long before ... 为常用句型，意为“不久就……”。it won’t be long
before ...意为“很快就会……”。如：
It won’t be long before she is able to drive.
很快她就能开车。
(2) 句中tower above意为“高于，超过”；tower above还可表示“（在能力、品质等
方面）胜过”。如：
She towered above all other actresses of her generation.
她远远超过同时代的所有其他女演员。
15 The wind was blowing grains of sand from the tops of the dunes, the sun was
beating down hard and bright, and the sky was a deep shade of blue that I had never
seen before. (page 11, lines 9–12)
风吹动着沙丘顶上的沙粒，阳光猛烈而耀眼地照射着，天空是我以前从未见过的
深蓝色。
句中beat down意为“（阳光）强烈照射，曝晒”，后面可接介词on。如：
The sun beat down on his back.
阳光火辣辣地照在他的背上。
16 There were five similar huts, all lined up facing Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest
mountain in Africa. (page 12, lines 33–35)
有五间类似的小屋，都排成一排，面向非洲的最高山脉——乞力马扎罗山。
(1) 乞力马扎罗山是非洲最高山脉，享有“非洲屋脊”之称。乞力马扎罗山地处赤道
附近，但其顶部终年积雪，形成“赤道雪山”奇观。乞力马扎罗国家公园于1987
年被列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》。
(2) 句中line up意为“使站成一队，使排列成一行”。如：
He lined the books up on the shelf.
他把书排列在架子上。
17 I returned to the car and fetched more possessions. (page 12, line 43)
我回到车上，又拿了些物品。
句中possession意为“私人物品，个人财产”；possession还可以用作不可数名词，意
为“具有，拥有”。如：
The house has been in the family’s possession since the 1800s.
这座房子自19 世纪以来就一直归这个家族所有。
84Unit 2
1 The pursuit of the ultimate truth of the universe is the final objective and
destination of civilization. —Liu Cixin (page 15)
对宇宙终极真理的追求，是文明的最终目标和归宿。——刘慈欣
该句出自中国科幻作家刘慈欣的小说《朝闻道》，意在说明对宇宙的探索才是人类文
明的最高境界。
2 It’s strange that we try to sleep with no pressure against our back, but the unusual
beds don’t bother us any more. (page 16, lines 8–10)
试着背部没有压力入睡是奇怪的，但我们不再为这些特别的床而烦恼了。
句中bother意为“使（某人）烦恼（或担忧），给（某人）造成麻烦”。如：
I didn’t want to bother her with my financial problems.
我不想让她为我的经济问题操心。
3 The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding, but they can also be
extremely rewarding. (page 16, lines 11–12)
占用了一天里大部分时间的日常工作要求很高，但是也会非常有意义。
句中occupy意为“占用（空间、面积、时间等）”；occupy还可表示“使忙于，忙着”。如：
He occupied himself with business matters, so we didn’t want to bother him.
他忙于生意方面的事情，所以我们不想打扰他。
4 We need to evaluate the effects of low gravity on animals and plants. (page 16,
lines 12–13)
我们需要评估低重力对动物和植物的影响。
句中evaluate意为“评估，评价”。如：
We need to evaluate how well the training is working.
我们需要对本次培训产生的效果作出评价。
5 In the circumstances, it’s time for a spacewalk. (page 17, line 24)
在这种情况下，是时候来场太空行走了。
句中in the circumstances意为“在这种情况下，既然如此”，也可以表述成under the
circumstances。如：
Under the circumstances, it seems better not to tell him the truth.
在这种情况下，不告诉他实情似乎更好。
6 Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as exciting as you might
think. (page 17, lines 27–28)
虽然地球的景色十分壮观，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。
85句中splendid as the view of the Earth is是as引导的让步状语从句，相当于though
the view of the Earth is splendid。as在引导让步状语从句时，意为“虽然，尽管”，通
常将形容词、副词、名词或动词等置于句首。如：
Strong as you may be, you cannot lift the box.
尽管你可能力气大，你还是提不起来这个盒子。
7 Spending some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts’ health. (page 17,
line 39)
花些时间在健身房锻炼对宇航员的健康至关重要。
句中of vital importance意为“至关重要”。常用结构“of +抽象名词”，可表示“具
有……特征或属性”。如：
Taking plenty of exercise can be of great benefit to us.
多锻炼身体会对我们有极大的益处。
8 Did you know that in just five months, astronauts could lose a significant amount of
muscle and bone mass? (page 17, lines 39–41)
你知道仅仅在五个月里宇航员就可能失去相当多的肌肉量和骨量吗？
句中mass意为“质量”，muscle mass和bone mass均为专业术语，分别指肌肉量和
骨量。短语a mass of或masses of意为“大量，许多”。如：
On his desk are masses of newly published books.
他桌上堆满了新出版的书籍。
9 During our leisure time, there’s nothing we like more than to sit back with the rest
of the crew and watch our remarkable planet go by, taking pictures for our family
and friends back home. (page 17, lines 45–47)
在空闲时间，我们最喜欢做的事就是和其他工作人员一起舒服地坐下来，看着我们非
凡的星球从身边经过，拍点照片给地球上的家人和朋友看。
(1) 句中there’s nothing we like more than ... 意为“我们最喜欢的是……”。类似
的结构还有there’s nothing I like less than ...，意为“我最不喜欢的是……”。如：
There is nothing I like less than lying.
我最不喜欢的就是撒谎。
(2) 句中leisure意为“闲暇，空闲”。如：
Listening to music is her favourite leisure interest.
听音乐是她最喜欢的业余爱好。
10 Hubble observations have played a crucial role in the discovery of the mysterious
dark energy. (page 20)
哈勃（太空望远镜）的观测在发现神秘的暗能量方面发挥了至关重要的作用。
86句中crucial意为“至关重要的，关键性的”，近义词有critical、essential、vital等。常
用句型it is crucial that ...意为“至关重要的是……”。如：
It is crucial that the problem should be tackled immediately.
关键是应该马上处理这个问题。
11 One example is the innovative FAST, which is the largest single-dish radio
telescope in the world. (page 20)
一个例子就是创新性的500米口径球面射电望远镜，它是世界上最大的单口径射电
望远镜。
FAST是建于贵州省喀斯特洼地中的500米口径球面射电望远镜，被誉为“中国天
眼”。这项国家重大科技基础设施建设项目历时22年。2016年9月25日，FAST
落成启用。这是世界上最大的单口径射电望远镜，具有我国自主知识产权。
12 How much we will learn from the telescopes is merely limited by our imagination.
(page 20)
我们将从这些望远镜中学习到多少，这仅仅受限于我们的想象力。
句中merely意为“仅仅，只不过”，与only互为近义词。如：
She said nothing and merely smiled at me.
她什么也没说，只是朝我微笑。
13 The Chinese Lunar Exploration Program is also known as the Chang’e Program.
(page 21)
中国探月工程，也称“嫦娥工程”。
从2004年起，中国开始实施月球探测工程。该工程规划为“绕、落、回”三期。截至
2020年，我国已成功发射空间探测器“嫦娥一号”“嫦娥二号”“嫦娥三号”“嫦娥四号”
和“嫦娥五号”，圆满完成“绕、落、回”三步走的规划。
14 We long to visit thick and wild forests, climb vast mountain ranges, and cross deep
oceans. (page 25, lines 10–11)
我们渴望探索茂密的原始森林，攀登广袤的山脉，越过深邃的海洋。
句中long用作动词，意为“渴望”，常用结构有long to do sth、long for sth。如：
Lucy has always longed for a new car.
露西一直渴望有辆新车。
15 Shock absorbers originally applied to the space shuttle launch have also been set up
in the cities with a high frequency of earthquakes in order to protect buildings and
save lives. (page 26, lines 28–30)
最初应用到航天飞机发射中的减震器也已安装在地震频发的城市里，以便保护建筑
和挽救生命。
87句中frequency意为“发生率，出现率”。其形容词形式为frequent，意为“频繁的”；
副词形式为frequently，意为“频繁地，经常”。如：
This is the most frequently asked question in the interview.
这是采访中最常问到的问题。
16 Jobs in the space industry go far beyond the astronauts that receive widespread
media coverage. (page 26, lines 41–42)
航空业中的职业远不只是受到媒体广泛报道的宇航员。
(1) 句中go far beyond意为“远超出”。如：
Now the textbook goes far beyond words and pictures.
现在，教科书远远不只有文字和图片。
(2) 句中coverage意为“新闻报道”。其动词形式为cover，意为“报道”。如：
Simon was sent to cover the Winter Olympics.
西蒙被派去报道冬奥会。
Unit 3
1 Looking into a mirror, we can see true images of our own; with our knowledge of
the past, the present can be better known. —Chen Shou (page 29)
明镜所以照形，古事所以知今。——陈寿
该句出自三国及西晋时期史学家陈寿的《三国志·吴书·吴主五子传》，表明研究历
史是为了洞察当今的形势。
2 “It is clear,” he said, “that there is only one way to convince you. We must conduct
an experiment.” (page 29)
他说：“显然，只有一种方法可以令你们信服。我们必须做个实验。”
句中convince意为“使确信，使相信”；convince还可表示“说服，劝说”。如：
We’ve been trying to convince her to stay at home.
我们一直设法劝她留在家里。
3 Between 1405 and 1433, on behalf of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made a total of
seven voyages. (page 30, lines 7–8)
1405年到1433年期间，郑和代表明朝总共进行了七次航行。
(1) 句中on behalf of sb意为“代表某人”，也可以表述成on one’s behalf。如：
Mr Jones cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize on his behalf.
琼斯先生无法到场，因此他夫人会代他领奖。
(2) 句中a total of意为“总共”，后面常接由数词修饰的名词。如：
88The school has a total of 1,776 pupils.
这所学校总计有1776名小学生。
4 For many years, some historians dismissed the records of these voyages as legends.
(page 30, line 18)
多年来，一些历史学家把这些航海记录当作传说而不予理会。
句中dismiss意为“不予考虑，摒弃”。短语dismiss sth as ...意为“把某事当成……
不予考虑”。如：
We can safely dismiss what he said as a joke.
我们大可以把他的话当作笑话而不予理会。
5 Zheng He’s accomplishments are now widely acknowledged, and he is remembered
as one of China’s most influential explorers. (page 30, lines 20–21)
郑和的成就现在受到广泛认可，他也作为中国最具影响力的探险家之一被世人铭记。
句中acknowledge意为“承认”，既可表示承认某事属实，也可表示承认某种权威或地
位。短语acknowledge sb/sth as ...意为“承认某人或某物是……”。如：
He is widely acknowledged as one of the world’s greatest architects.
他被公认为世界上最伟大的建筑师之一。
6 Regardless of all the challenges, Columbus managed to keep everyone out of
danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean. (page 31, lines 11–12)
不顾所有挑战，哥伦布设法凭借自己的知识和勇敢确保每个人都平安越过海洋。
句中regardless of意为“不管，不顾”。如：
The club admits new members regardless of age.
俱乐部接纳新成员时不分年龄。
7 This period also allowed for an international exchange of ideas and cultures.
(page 31, lines 22–23)
这一时期也实现了思想和文化的国际交流。
句中allow for意为“使成为可能”；allow for还可表示“考虑到，把……计算在内”。
如：
It will take about two hours to get there, allowing for traffic jams.
考虑到交通堵塞，到那里大约需要两个小时。
8 The records show that the visitors were astonished by how rich and technologically
advanced the Ming Dynasty was. (page 33)
记录表明，来访者对明朝如此富有和技术上如此先进感到很震惊。
句中astonish意为“使十分惊讶，使大为惊奇”。 如：
89It astonished us that he could be so careless.
他会如此粗心大意，令我们大吃一惊。
9 After his father died, Sima Qian succeeded his father as Grand Historian, which
facilitated his access to official books and files. (page 34)
父亲去世后，司马迁接替了他父亲任太史令，这便于他参阅官方书籍和档案。
(1) 句中succeed意为“接替，继任”，常用结构有succeed sb as sth。如：
David is almost certain to succeed him as chairman.
戴维几乎确定要接替他担任主席。
(2) 句中facilitate意为“使便利，促进，促使”。如：
Effective time management facilitates learning.
有效的时间管理有利于学习。
10 However, his work proved difficult, because sorting out all the available resources
and checking facts of historical materials required painstaking efforts. (page 34)
但是，他的工作其实很艰难，因为整理所有可利用的资源并核查史料的事实需要付出
艰辛的努力。
(1) 句中sort out意为“理顺，整理”。如：
The bookshelf needs sorting out.
书架需要整理一下。
(2) 句中available意为“可获得的，可购得的，可找到的”；available还可表示“有
空的”。 如：
Will the dentist be available this morning?
今天上午牙医有空吗？
11 Contrary to popular history books, most academic books tend to adopt a more
analytical and serious approach to studying history. (page 37)
与通俗历史读物相反，大多数学术著作往往采用更具分析性、更严肃的方式研究历史。
句中contrary意为“相反的，相对立的”。短语contrary to ...意为“与……相反”。如：
contrary to popular belief, the desert can be a beautiful place.
与普遍观念相反，沙漠可以是一个美丽的地方。
12 His wife Elsa said, “When he opened up later on, he always mentioned the horror
of it.” (page 40, lines 26–27)
他的妻子埃尔莎说：“后来当他敞开了心扉，总是提起那件事有多恐怖。”
句中open up意为“直抒胸臆，畅所欲言”。如：
When he knew he could trust me, he began to open up.
当他知道自己可以信任我时，便开始畅所欲言起来。
9013 Today, the USS Arizona lies where it sank: in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
(page 40, line 42)
今天，美国“亚利桑那号”战列舰还在当年沉没的地方：在太平洋中央。
句中where引导地点状语从句，the USS Arizona为主语，谓语动词lies为不及物动
词。如：
please sit where I can see you.
请坐在我能看得见你的地方。
Unit 4
1 A concerted effort to preserve our heritage is a vital link to our cultural, educational,
aesthetic, inspirational, and economic legacies. —Steve Berry (page 43)
同心协力保护遗产对于我们的文化、教育、美学、精神和经济遗产而言，是至关重要的
一环。 ——史蒂夫·贝里
该句出自美国作家史蒂夫·贝里的文章《为什么保存历史很重要》（“Why Preserving
History Matters”），意在说明保护遗产的重要性。
2 If so, you might already understand why UNESCO is fighting to preserve sites of
cultural and natural importance to mankind. (page 44, lines 3–4)
如果是这样，你们也许已经明白为什么联合国教科文组织正在竭力保护对人类具有
文化和自然重要性的遗址。
UNESCO（ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization的缩
写）是联合国教育、科学及文化组织，简称联合国教科文组织。该组织于1945年正式
成立，是联合国下属的专门机构之一。该组织的宗旨是推动各国在教育、科学和文化
方面开展国际合作，以利于各国人民之间的相互了解，维护世界和平。中国是联合国
教科文组织的创始国之一。
3 The long-term natural forces, such as wind, water and temperature, can gradually
wear down heritage sites. (page 44, lines 9–12)
诸如风、水和气温等长期存在的自然力会逐渐侵蚀遗产地。
句中wear down意为“使磨损，使逐渐磨平”，还可以用作不及物动词短语。如：
My shoes have worn down because I have to walk a long distance to school each day.
我的鞋已经磨坏了，因为我每天必须走很远的路去上学。
4 Natural disasters, the sudden and powerful natural forces, can lead to the
destruction of heritage sites: in 2003, a terrible earthquake shook south-eastern Iran
and ruined large parts of the city of Bam, an incredible UNESCO cultural heritage
site. (page 44, lines 13–18)
91自然灾害这种突发而强大的自然力会破坏遗产地：2003年，一场可怕的地震袭击了
伊朗东南部，摧毁了巴姆古城的大部分地区。该古城是一处令人叹为观止的联合国
教科文组织文化遗产地。
(1) 句中ruin意为“破坏，毁坏”。如：
The thunderstorm ruined our trip.
雷雨毁了我们的旅行。
(2) 句中incredible意为“极好的，极大的”；incredible还可表示“难以置信的”，相
当于unbelievable。如：
It is incredible how much Jack has changed since he graduated.
杰克毕业以后变化之大简直令人难以置信。
5 Millions of tourists travel to UNESCO World Heritage Sites every year, so it is only
natural that the sites suffer a bit of wear and tear. (page 45, lines 25–27)
每年有大量游客到联合国教科文组织世界遗产地旅游，所以这些遗产地遭受些损坏
是很自然的。
句中wear and tear是名词短语，意为“磨损，损坏”，一般指正常使用所造成的损坏。如：
The machine should last for ten years allowing for normal wear and tear.
考虑到正常磨损，这台机器应该可以使用十年。
6 Heritage protection is at the top of the agenda for the benefit of all mankind.
(page 45, line 47)
为了全人类的利益，遗产保护是当务之急。
句中agenda意为“计划，方案”。短语at the top of the agenda意为“当务之急”。如：
For the government, health care is now at the top of the agenda.
对政府来说，医疗服务现在是当务之急。
7 If your heart breaks like mine at the thought of our irreplaceable heritage being lost
forever, please take action. (page 45, lines 52–53)
如果你们像我一样，一想到我们无可取代的遗产会永远消失就觉得心碎，那么就请采
取行动吧。
句中at the thought of意为“一想到”。如：
I feel very excited at the thought of the coming holiday.
一想到即将到来的假期，我就感到很兴奋。
8 There are divisions among historians over when exactly the construction of the twin
temples started, but no one can deny the fact that they were constructed in the 13th
century BCE. (page 48)
历史学家就这两座神庙具体始建于何时存在着分歧，但没有人能否认这一事实，它们
建于公元前13世纪。
92(1) 句中that引导同位语从句，解释说明前面所修饰名词fact的内容。如：
Due to the fact that smoking does harm to health, we should say no to smoking.
由于吸烟有害健康这一事实，我们应该对吸烟说不。
(2) 句中division意为“分歧，不和”；division还可表示“分隔，分配”。如：
We should pay attention to the fair division of time.
我们应关注时间的合理分配。
9 There was no guarantee that it would work, since no one had attempted anything
similar before. (page 48)
不能保证这个方法会奏效，因为此前没有人进行过类似的尝试。
句中there was no guarantee that ... 意为“不能保证……”，that引导同位语从句。如：
There is no guarantee that we will succeed.
不能保证我们会成功。
10 Covering vast distances and an astonishing variety of landscapes, the Silk Road was
a network of ancient trade routes that extended from East Asia all the way to the
Mediterranean. (page 53, lines 1–3)
丝绸之路跨越遥远的距离，覆盖各种景观，令人惊叹，是从东亚一路延伸至地中海地
区的古代贸易路网。
丝绸之路是西汉时由张骞出使西域开辟的陆上通道。它以长安为起点，经甘肃、新疆，
到中亚、西亚，并连接地中海各国。中国、哈萨克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦三国联合申报
世界文化遗产。“丝绸之路：长安—天山廊道的路网”于2014年被列入联合国教科文
组织《世界遗产名录》。
11 The three countries jointly pursued an application for UNESCO World Heritage
status. (page 53, lines 6–7)
这三个国家联合致力于申报联合国教科文组织世界遗产。
句中pursue意为“追求，致力于，执行”；pursue还可表示“追逐，追赶”。如：
The police pursued the car on the motorway.
警察在高速公路上追赶那辆汽车。
12 They submitted the proposal which contained detailed research on the 33 sites along
the corridor. (page 53, lines 7–8)
它们递交了提案，其中包括对廊道沿线33处遗址的详细研究。
句中submit意为“提交，呈递（文件、建议等）”，常用结构有submit sth to sb/sth；
submit还可表示“顺从，屈服”，常用结构有submit (oneself) to sb/sth。如：
The hero didn’t submit to the enemy.
这位英雄没有向敌人屈服。
9313 Following Zhang’s efforts, trade routes took shape and relationships were
strengthened between the major powers of the time, with the routes network
reaching as far as the Roman Empire. (pages 53–54, lines 22–25)
在张骞的努力下，贸易路线成形了。随着路网一直延伸至罗马帝国，当时主要强国间
的关系也得以加强。
句中take shape意为“成形，有了模样”。如：
A story began to take shape in the writer’s mind.
一个故事开始在作者脑中成形。
14 All of these activities contributed to a great age of expansion as trade and cultural
exchanges gave people access to new goods, knowledge and ideas. (page 54,
lines 41–42)
所有这些活动都催生了一个发展的大时代，因为贸易往来和文化交流使人们接触到
了新商品、新知识和新观念。
句中expansion意为“扩张，扩大”。如：
The company has abandoned plans for further expansion in the south.
这家公司已经放弃了在南方进一步扩张的计划。
94Grammar notes
Unit 1
非限制性定语从句
1 非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，通常用逗号与主句隔开，由关系代词
which、who、whom、 whose或关系副词when、where等引导。如：
I live in Nanjing, which is a big city.
I like my English teacher, who speaks good English.
I visit my grandparents at the weekend, when I do not go to school.
2 which引导非限制性定语从句时，先行项可以是某个单词或短语，也可以是整个主句
或主句的一部分。如：
He missed the show, which was a pity.
Jack told me he would join the poetry club, which surprised me greatly.
3 在非限制性定语从句中，whom、which前面可以加some/many/all of等修饰词，表示
整体中的部分或所有。如：
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on a diet.
I have been to many big cities, all of which have left a deep impression on me.
4 as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行项可以是整个主句或主句的一部分。as引导的从
句可以置于主句前、主句中或主句后。如：
As is known to all, the Moon travels around the Earth.
Unit 2
主语从句
1 主语从句在句子中作主语，可以由that 引导，that在从句中不充当成分。如：
That he will succeed is certain.
2 主语从句也可以由whether、who、what、when、where、why、how等词引导。如：
Whether we will attend the lecture has not been decided yet.
What I need is a good night’s sleep.
When people can land on Mars is not known.
3 主语从句也可以由whoever、whatever等词引导。如：
Whoever comes first will get a free book.
Whatever you say sounds reasonable.
954 主语从句可以用形式主语it代替，真正的主语置于句末，使句子更平衡。如：
It is obvious that Tom looks happy today.
It is reported that the experiment was a success.
It has not been announced when the meeting room will be available.
Unit 3
表语从句
1 表语从句在句子中作表语，可以由that引导，that在从句中不充当成分。如：
The truth is that they are fully prepared for the trip.
2 表语从句也可以由whether、who、what、when、where、why、how等词引导。如：
My doubt is whether we can get there on time.
The question is who is responsible for the accident.
That’s not what I wanted.
The problem is how we can raise enough money for the project.
3 表语从句也可以由as if/as though引导。如：
It looks as if there’s a storm coming.
Unit 4
同位语从句
1 同位语从句通常跟在名词后面，解释说明名词的内容。如：
I have the impression that people there are always on the go.
2 常接同位语从句的名词有belief、possibility、hope、idea等。如：
Many people hold the belief that there are aliens somewhere in the universe.
Is there any possibility that the ruined temple can be restored?
3 同位语从句通常由that引导，that在从句中不充当成分。如：
The news that we have won the race is encouraging.
4 同位语从句也可以由why、how、what、whether等词引导。如：
Do you have any idea why all this happened?
I have no idea how this problem can be solved.
96Wordlist 1
(by unit)
说明：本表收录各单元阅读文章和语篇练习中所包含的生词和短语，不收录指示语和讲解
文字中所包含的生词和短语。带*的词条为《普通高中英语课程标准( 2017年版2020年
修订 )》规定之外的词汇。
Unit 1 cuisine n.烹饪，风味；饭菜，菜肴 (3)
/kwɪˈziːn/
dynamic adj.（事物）有活力的；
/daɪˈnæmɪk/
*blooming adj.盛开的，开花的 (2) 动态的，发展变化的；充满活力的 (3)
/ˈbluːmɪŋ/
unfold vi. & vt.开花；展开，打开； sample vt.尝，品尝，体验；抽样检验
/ʌnˈfəʊld/ /ˈsɑːmpl/
展示，展现 (2) n.样本，样品；取样 (3)
*ethnically adv.种族地 (2) off the beaten track 不落俗套，打破常规；远
/ˈeθnɪkli/
distinct adj.截然不同的，有区别的， 离闹市，偏远 (3)
/dɪˈstɪŋkt/
不同种类的；清楚的，清晰的 (2) *fiddle n.小提琴 (3)
/ˈfɪdl/
territory n.（加拿大）地区；领土， *Celtic adj.凯尔特人的，凯尔特语的 (3)
/ˈterətri/ /ˈkeltɪk/
领地；领域 (2) come as no surprise 不足为奇，毫不奇怪 (3)
valley n.山谷，溪谷 (2) depth n.最深处；深（度）；深刻；深厚 (3)
/ˈvæli/ /depθ/
carve vt. 侵蚀，冲刷；雕，刻 (2) suburb n. 郊区，城外 (5)
/kɑːv/ /ˈsʌbɜːb/
*glacier n.冰川 (2) botanical adj. 植物学的 (5)
/ˈɡlæsiə(r)/ /bəˈtænɪkl/
mighty adj.巨大的，非凡的；强而有 *Clovis adj. 克洛维斯的 (5)
/ˈmaɪti/ /ˈkləʊvɪs/
力的 (2) blanket n. 厚层；毛毯 (5)
/ˈblæŋkɪt/
splendid adj.壮丽的，雄伟的；极 *hockey n.冰球运动，冰上曲棍球；曲
/ˈsplendɪd/ /ˈhɒki/
佳的，非常好的 (2) 棍球 (5)
apart from 除了…外（还），此外；除了…外 niece n.侄女，外甥女 (5)
/niːs/
（都），要不是 (2) welfare n.幸福，福祉；福利 (6)
/ˈwelfeə(r)/
urban adj.城市的，城镇的 (2) accommodation n.住处 (6)
/ˈɜːbən/ /əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/
ancestor n.祖宗，祖先；原种 (2) surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 (6)
/ˈænsestə(r)/ /səˈraʊndɪŋ/
*indigenous adj.本地的，土生 harmony n.融洽，和睦；和谐 (6)
/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ /ˈhɑːməni/
土长的 (2) sustain vt.使保持，使稳定持续；
/səˈsteɪn/
strait n. 海峡，水道 (2) 维持 (6)
/streɪt/
minority n.少数民族，少数群 manner n.方式，方法；举止；
/maɪˈnɒrəti/ /ˈmænə(r)/
体；少数，少数人 (3) (manners)礼貌 (7)
97consumption n.消耗，消耗量； vi. & vt.（ 与…）接壤 (12)
/kənˈsʌmpʃn/
消费 (7) parking n. 停车；停车位 (12)
/ˈpɑːkɪŋ/
church n. 教堂；礼拜 (7) *hut n.（ 简陋的）小屋，棚屋 (12)
/tʃɜːtʃ/ /hʌt/
come down to 可归结为，可归纳为 (7) brick n.砖块；积木 (12)
/brɪk/
*code n.行为规范，道德准则；法规，法 *dot vt.遍布；使布满，点缀；加点
/kəʊd/ /dɒt/
典；密码 (7) n.点 (12)
dress code 着装规定 (7) *flap vi. & vt.拍打，摆动；振（翅） (12)
/flæp/
item n.一件商品（或物品）；项目 (7) ham n. 火腿，火腿肉 (12)
/ˈaɪtəm/ /hæm/
elegant adj.漂亮雅致的，精美的； sausage n. 香肠，腊肠 (12)
/ˈelɪɡənt/ /ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
优美的，文雅的 (9) bunch n. 串，束；大量 (12)
/bʌntʃ/
make one’s way to 去，前往 (9) fetch vt.（ 去）拿来，（去）请来 (12)
/fetʃ/
statue n.雕像，雕塑 (9) possession n.私人物品，个人财产；
/ˈstætʃuː/ /pəˈzeʃn/
*souvenir n.纪念物，纪念品 (9) 具有，拥有 (12)
/ˌsuːvəˈnɪə(r)/
antique n.文物，古董 intently adv.热切地，专注地 (12)
/ænˈtiːk/ /ɪnˈtentli/
adj.古老的，古董的 (9) hike / n. 远足，徒步旅行
haɪk/
vase n.花瓶，装饰瓶 (9) vi. & vt. 去…远足，做徒步旅行 (13)
/vɑːz/
furniture n.家具 (9) awesome adj.令人惊叹的，使人惊
/ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)/ /ˈɔːsəm/
*dune n.沙丘 (11) 惧的；很好的 (13)
/djuːn/
goat n.山羊 (11) liquid adj.液体的，液态的
/ɡəʊt/ /ˈlɪkwɪd/
*fragile adj.脆弱的；易碎的 (11) n. 液体 (13)
/ˈfrædʒaɪl/
resolution n.决心，决定；决议； *Arctic adj.北极的
/ˌrezəˈluːʃn/ /ˈɑːktɪk/
解决 (11) n. (the Arctic)北极，北极地区 (13)
grain n. 细粒，颗粒；谷物 (11) fox n.狐狸；狡猾的人 (13)
/ɡreɪn/ /fɒks/
beat down（ 阳光）强烈照射，曝晒 (11) polar adj.极地的；完全相反的 (13)
/ˈpəʊlə(r)/
contrast vi.形成对比 delicacy n. 佳肴；谨慎；敏感 (13)
/kənˈtrɑːst/ /ˈdelɪkəsi/
vt.对比，对照 lamb n.羊羔肉；羔羊 (13)
/læm/
n.差异，差别；对照物 (11)
/ˈkɒntrɑːst/
ray n. 光线，射线 (11) Unit 2
/reɪ/
camel n.骆驼 (11)
/ˈkæml/
chew vi. & vt.咀嚼，嚼碎；咬住 (11) astronaut n.宇航员，航天员 (16)
/tʃuː/ /ˈæstrənɔːt/
starve vi. & vt（. 使）饿死，（使）挨饿 (11) gravity n.重力；严重性；严肃 (16)
/stɑːv/ /ˈɡrævəti/
barbecue n. 烤架；户外烧烤 (11) absence n.缺乏，不存在；缺席 (16)
/ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/ /ˈæbsəns/
departure n. 离开，起程 (12) *float vi. 飘动，漂流；浮
/dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ /fləʊt/
mud n.泥，淤泥 (12) vt. 使浮动，使漂流 (16)
/mʌd/
border n. 国界，边界 cupboard n.壁橱；橱柜，衣柜 (16)
/ˈbɔːdə(r)/ /ˈkʌbəd/
98ceiling n. 天花板；上限 (16) 罚；训练
/ˈsiːlɪŋ/
bother vt. 使烦恼，使担心；花费时 n.训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力 (17)
/ˈbɒðə(r)/
间精力（做某事）；打扰 leisure n.闲暇，空闲 (17)
/ˈleʒə(r)/
vi.花费时间精力（做某事） crew n. 全体工作人员；全体乘务人员，
/kruː/
n.麻烦，困难 (16) 全体船员；专业团队 (17)
occupy vt.占用，使用；居住；占领， permanent adj.永久的，永恒的 (19)
/ˈɒkjupaɪ/ /ˈpɜːmənənt/
侵占；使忙于 (16) altogether adv. 完全；总共；
/ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə(r)/
mission n.任务；使命，天职；军事行 总之 (19)
/ˈmɪʃn/
动；太空飞行任务 (16) kit n.成套设备，成套工具；配套元件 (19)
/kɪt/
evaluate vt.评估，估计，评价 (16) telescope n.望远镜 (20)
/ɪˈvæljueɪt/ /ˈtelɪskəʊp/
creature n.动物，生物；人 (16) universe n. (the universe)宇宙，
/ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ /ˈjuːnɪvɜːs/
mosquito n. (pl. mosquitoes or 天地万物 (20)
/məˈskiːtəʊ/
mosquitos)蚊子 (16) crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的 (20)
/ˈkruːʃl/
microscope n. 显微镜 (16) orbit vt. & vi.围绕…运动，沿轨道运行
/ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/ /ˈɔːbɪt/
cast new light on 使进一步了解… (16) n.（天体等运行的）轨道 (20)
maintenance n. 维护，保养；维 astronomer n.天文学家 (20)
/ˈmeɪntənəns/ /əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/
持，保持 (16) merely adv.仅仅，只不过 (20)
/ˈmɪəli/
circumstance n.条件，状况； administration n.行政部
/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ /ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/
(circumstances)境况，（尤指）经济 门；管理，行政 (21)
状况 (17) agency n.机构；代理处 (21)
/ˈeɪdʒənsi/
in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既 comprise vt.包括，包含；组成，
/kəmˈpraɪz/
然如此 (17) 构成 (21)
exposure n.面临，遭受；揭露； *scan vt. & vi.扫描；细看；浏览
/ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/ /skæn/
报道 (17) n.扫描检查；快速查阅 (21)
radiation n.辐射，放射线 (17) plain to see 显而易见的 (21)
/ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/
visible adj.看得见的；明显的 (17) foundation n.基础，根据；地基；
/ˈvɪzəbl/ /faʊnˈdeɪʃn/
in view of 鉴于，考虑到 (17) 创办；基金会 (21)
luxury n.不常有的乐趣（或享受）； lay the foundation for 为…打下基础 (21)
/ˈlʌkʃəri/
奢侈品 (17) purse n. 资金，财源；钱包 (25)
/pɜːs/
tube n.管，管子；软管 (17) tale n.故事；讲述，叙述 (25)
/tjuːb/ /teɪl/
furthermore adv.此外，再者 (17) origin n. 起源，起因；出身 (25)
/ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː(r)/ /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/
pill n. 药丸，药片 (17) *shuttle n.航天飞机；来往于两地之间
/pɪl/ /ˈʃʌtl/
vital adj.必不可少的，对…极重要的； 的航班（或班车、火车）
/ˈvaɪtl/
维持生命所必需的 (17) vi.频繁往来（于两地之间） (26)
discipline vt.严格要求（自己）；惩 frequency n.发生率，出现率；
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/ /ˈfriːkwənsi/
99频繁；频率 (26) n.负载；承载量；大量 (30)
hydrogen n. 氢，氢气 (26) *compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规 (30)
/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/ /ˈkʌmpəs/
rocket n. 火箭；火箭武器 (26) log n. 航海日志，正式记录；原木
/ˈrɒkɪt/ /lɒɡ/
motive n. 原因，动机，目的 (26) vi. & vt. 伐木 (30)
/ˈməʊtɪv/
investment n. 投资；投入 (26) strengthen vt. & vi.加强，增强 (30)
/ɪnˈvestmənt/ /ˈstreŋkθn/
calculate vt. 计算，核算；预测 (26) harmonious adj.友好和睦的；
/ˈkælkjuleɪt/ /hɑːˈməʊniəs/
coverage n.新闻报道；覆盖范围； 协调的，和谐的 (30)
/ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/
信息范围 (26) dismiss vt.不予考虑，对…不屑一
/dɪsˈmɪs/
mechanic n.机械师，技工 (26) 提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 (30)
/məˈkænɪk/
assistant n.助理；售货员；助教 proof n.证据，证明 (30)
/əˈsɪstənt/ /pruːf/
adj.助理的，副的 (26) acknowledge vt.承认（权威、地
/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
incredibly adv.极其，极端地； 位）；承认（属实）；（公开）感谢 (30)
/ɪnˈkredəbli/
令人难以置信 (26) influential adj.有很大影响力的，
/ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/
dust n. 沙土，尘土；灰尘，尘埃 (27) 有支配力的 (30)
/dʌst/
shelter n. 居所，住处；庇护 insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；
/ˈʃeltə(r)/ /ɪnˈsɪst/
vt. 保护，掩蔽 坚持说 (31)
vi. 躲避 (27) route n.路线，路途；途径，渠道 (31)
/ruːt/
constant adj.固定的，不变的；连 financial adj.财政的，金融的，财
/ˈkɒnstənt/ /faɪˈnænʃl/
续发生的，重复的 (27) 务的 (31)
nuclear adj. 核能的，原子能的； depart vi. & vt.离开，起程 (31)
/ˈnjuːkliə(r)/ /dɪˈpɑːt/
核武器的 (27) shortage n.不足，短缺 (31)
/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/
leak vi. 漏，渗漏；渗入
/liːk/
Unit 3 vt.漏，渗漏；泄露
n.漏洞 (31)
breadth n.宽度；广泛 (29) panic n.惊恐，恐慌
/bredθ/ /ˈpænɪk/
convince vt.使确信，使相信；说 vi. & vt. (panicked, panicked)（使）惊
/kənˈvɪns/
服，劝说 (29) 慌，（使）惊慌失措 (31)
*voyage n.航海，航行，航天 regardless adv. 不顾，不加理会 (31)
/ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/ /rɪˈɡɑːdləs/
vi.航行，远行 (30) regardless of 不管，不顾 (31)
*fleet n.舰队；捕鱼船队；车队 (30) shore n.岸，滨 (31)
/fliːt/ /ʃɔː(r)/
*navigate vt.航行；导航 subsequent adj.随后的，后
/ˈnævɪɡeɪt/ /ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
vi. 导航 (30) 来的 (31)
on behalf of 代表（或代替）；为帮助； captain n. 船长，机长；上校；队长 (31)
/bɪˈhɑːf/ /ˈkæptɪn/
为了 (30) allow for 使成为可能；考虑到，把…计算
load vt. & vi.装上，装入 在内 (31)
/ləʊd/
100kingdom n.王国；管辖范围 (33) washroom n. 洗手间，厕所 (39)
/ˈkɪŋdəm/ /ˈwɒʃruːm/
astonish vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊 (33) uniform n. 制服；队服
/əˈstɒnɪʃ/ /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/
royal adj.盛大的，庄严的；皇家的，王 adj. 一致的，统一的 (39)
/ˈrɔɪəl/
室的 (33) violently adv.猛烈地，厉害地；
/ˈvaɪələntli/
*tomb n.坟墓 (33) 强烈地，激烈地；凶狠地 (39)
/tuːm/
literary adj.文学的，文学上的；爱 eagle n. 雕 (39)
/ˈlɪtərəri/ /ˈiːɡl/
好文学的 (34) dive vi. 俯冲；跳水；潜水
/daɪv/
extensively adv. 广阔地； n. 冲，扑，俯冲；潜水；跳水 (39)
/ɪkˈstensɪvli/
广泛地 (34) thunder vi. 轰隆隆地响；打雷
/ˈθʌndə(r)/
facilitate vt.使便利，促进 (34) n. 雷，雷声 (39)
/fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
sort out 理顺，整理；把…安排好 (34) freeze vi. & vt. (froze, frozen) 突然停
/friːz/
available adj.可获得的，可找到 止，呆住；结冰；冻僵 (39)
/əˈveɪləbl/
的；有空的 (34) *deck n.甲板，舱面 (39)
/dek/
prison n.监狱 (34) meanwhile adv.同时；其间；对比
/ˈprɪzn/ /ˈmiːnwaɪl/
minister n.大臣，部长 (35) 之下 (39)
/ˈmɪnɪstə(r)/
exceptional adj.杰出的，优秀的； drag vt.拖，拉；缓慢而费力地移动 (39)
/ɪkˈsepʃənl/ /dræɡ/
异常的，罕见的 (35) chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 (39)
/ˈkeɪɒs/
phrase n.成语，习语；短语，词组 (35) navy n. 海军，海军部队 (39)
/freɪz/ /ˈneɪvi/
format n.总体安排，设计；版式 (35) bleed vi. (bled, bled)失血，流血 (40)
/ˈfɔːmæt/ /bliːd/
shelf n. (pl. shelves )（书架等的） hatch vt. 密谋，策划；使孵出
/ʃelf/ /ʃelvz/ /hætʃ/
架子，搁板 (37) vi. 孵化；孵出 (40)
adopt vt. 采用，采取；表决采纳；领 plot n. 阴谋；故事情节
/əˈdɒpt/ /plɒt/
养，收养 vi. & vt. 密谋 (40)
vi.领养，收养 (37) *infamy n.臭名昭著，声名狼藉；恶
/ˈɪnfəmi/
comparison n.对比；比较 (37) 行，罪恶 (40)
/kəmˈpærɪsn/
pack vt. & vi.塞进，挤进；装（箱），收拾； sink vi. & vt. (sank, sunk)下沉，沉没；
/pæk/ /sɪŋk/
打包；包装 坐下；降低 (40)
n.包，包裹；小盒，小包 (37) memorial n.纪念碑（或像等）；
/məˈmɔːriəl/
contrary adj.相反的，相对立的； 纪念物 (40)
/ˈkɒntrəri/
截然不同的 (37) pray vi. & vt. 企盼，祈求；祈祷，祷告 (40)
/preɪ/
contrary to 与…相反 (37) episode n. 一段经历，片段；一集 (40)
/ˈepɪsəʊd/
*hell n.地狱；苦难的经历，悲惨的境况 (39) *textile n.纺织品；(textiles)纺
/hel/ /ˈtekstaɪl/
aboard prep. & adv.在（车、船、飞机 织业 (41)
/əˈbɔːd/
等）上，上（车、船、飞机等） (39) reform vt. 改进，改良，改革
/rɪˈfɔːm/
*rub vt. & vi.擦，磨，搓；（使）相互摩擦 (39) n. 改革，改良 (41)
/rʌb/
101output n. 产量，输出量 (41) 损耗 (45)
/ˈaʊtpʊt/
cloth n.织物，布料 (41) internal adj.内部的；国内的 (45)
/klɒθ/ /ɪnˈtɜːnl/
shift n.改变，转移；轮班 outcome n.结果，效果 (45)
/ʃɪft/ /ˈaʊtkʌm/
vi. & vt.（使）移动，（使）转移；改变 (41) *reef n.礁，礁脉 (45)
/riːf/
cottage n.小屋，村舍 (41) *coral n.珊瑚
/ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ /ˈkɒrəl/
cottage industry 家庭手工业 (41) adj.珊瑚色的 (45)
ecology n.生态，生态学 (45)
/iˈkɒlədʒi/
Unit 4 agenda n.计划，方案；议程表，议
/əˈdʒendə/
事日程 (45)
*heritage n.遗产 (44) *pagoda n.佛塔 (47)
/ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ /pəˈɡəʊdə/
awe vt.使惊叹，使敬畏 nail n. 钉子；指甲
/ɔː/ /neɪl/
n.敬畏，惊叹 (44) vt. 固定 (47)
civilization (also civilisation) panel n. 专家咨询组，讨论小组；
/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ /ˈpænl/
n.文明；社会文明；文明社会，文明世界 (44) 嵌板；仪表盘 (47)
preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存； specialist n. 专家；专科医生
/prɪˈzɜːv/ /ˈspeʃəlɪst/
维持 (44) adj. 专业的 (47)
urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的；催促 assess vt.评估，评定；估算 (47)
/ˈɜːdʒənt/ /əˈses/
的，急切的 (44) collapse vi. 倒塌，坍塌；昏倒
/kəˈlæps/
wear down（ 使）磨损，（使）逐渐磨平 (44) n. 昏倒；倒塌 (47)
*pyramid n.金字塔 (44) consultation n. 咨询，商讨；
/ˈpɪrəmɪd/ /ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn/
ruin vt.破坏，毁坏；使破产，毁灭 就诊 (47)
/ˈruːɪn/
n.毁坏，毁灭；破产；残垣断壁 (44) suspend vt. 暂停；悬，挂 (47)
/səˈspend/
incredible adj.极好的，极大的； division n.分歧；分开，分隔 (48)
/ɪnˈkredəbl/ /dɪˈvɪʒn/
不能相信的，难以置信的 (44) *dam n. 水坝 (48)
/dæm/
clay n.黏土，陶土 (44) architect n. 建筑师；设计师 (48)
/kleɪ/ /ˈɑːkɪtekt/
sculpture n.雕像，雕塑品； operator n.操作人员，技工；接
/ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ /ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)/
雕刻术 (45) 线员 (48)
missile n. 导弹 (45) incident n.事件；冲突 (48)
/ˈmɪsaɪl/ /ˈɪnsɪdənt/
violence n.暴力，暴行；狂热，激情 (45) cooperation n.合作，协作；协
/ˈvaɪələns/ /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
conflict n.（ 军事）冲突，战斗；争 助，配合 (48)
/ˈkɒnflɪkt/
论；矛盾，不一致 forecast vt. (forecast, forecast;
/ˈfɔːkɑːst/
vi.冲突，抵触 (45) forecasted, forecasted)预测，预报
/kənˈflɪkt/
civil adj.国民的；国家的；民事的 (45) n. 预测，预报 (48)
/ˈsɪvl/
*status n.身份，地位；状况，情形 (45) interrupt vt. 打扰，插嘴；使暂停，
/ˈsteɪtəs/ /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
wear and tear（ 正常使用造成的）磨损， 使中断
102vi. 打扰，插嘴 (49) emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头 (53)
/ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
conservation n.保护；保持 (49) assign vt.指定，指派；分配；确定 (53)
/ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/ /əˈsaɪn/
motion n.提议，动议；运动；动作 (49) take shape 成形，有了模样 (54)
/ˈməʊʃn/
vote vt. & vi. 投票，表决 string n. 一批，一连串，一系列；
/vəʊt/ /strɪŋ/
n. 选票；投票 (49) 线；弦 (54)
canal n. 运河 (49) wool n. 毛织物；羊毛 (54)
/kəˈnæl/ /wʊl/
*migration n.迁徙，迁移，移居 (50) cotton n. 棉织物；棉，棉花 (54)
/maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ /ˈkɒtn/
*legacy n.遗产 (50) cave n. 山洞，洞穴 (54)
/ˈleɡəsi/ /keɪv/
splendour (AmE splendor) *Buddhist adj.佛教的
/ˈsplendə(r)/ /ˈbʊdɪst/
n. 壮丽，雄伟 (50) n.佛教徒 (54)
reserve n. 自然保护区； 储备 expansion n.扩展，扩大，膨胀 (54)
/rɪˈzɜːv/ /ɪkˈspænʃn/
vt. 预订；预留；保留 (50) initiative n. 倡议，新方案；主动性 (54)
/ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
basin n. 盆地；洗脸盆；盆；流域 (50) milestone n.重要阶段，里程碑 (54)
/ˈbeɪsn/ /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/
intense adj.很大的，十分强烈的；有 equator n. 赤道 (55)
/ɪnˈtens/ /ɪˈkweɪtə(r)/
强烈感情的，热切的；激烈的 (50) showcase n.展示的场合；玻璃
/ˈʃəʊkeɪs/
primitive adj.简陋的，落后的；原 柜台 (55)
/ˈprɪmətɪv/
始的，远古的 (50) elsewhere adv.在（或去）别处 (55)
/ˌelsˈweə(r)/
humble vt.使感到谦卑，使感到自惭 entry n. 进入；参与，加入；参赛 (55)
/ˈhʌmbl/ /ˈentri/
adj.谦虚的，谦卑的 (50) fee n.费；报酬 (55)
/fiː/
*corridor n.走廊，地带；通道 (53) ban vt.明令禁止，取缔；禁止做某事
/ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)/ /bæn/
pursue vt.追求，致力于，执行；追逐 (53) n.禁令 (55)
/pəˈsjuː/
submit vt. & vi.提交，呈递；屈服 (53)
/səbˈmɪt/
103Wordlist 2
(in alphabetical order)
说明：本表收录各单元阅读文章和语篇练习中所包含的生词和短语，不收录指示语和讲解
文字中所包含的生词和短语。带*的词条为《普通高中英语课程标准( 2017年版 2020年
修订 )》规定之外的词汇。
A *Arctic adj.北极的
/ˈɑːktɪk/
n. (the Arctic)北极，北极地区 (13)
aboard prep. & adv.在（车、船、飞机 assess vt.评估，评定；估算 (47)
/əˈbɔːd/ /əˈses/
等）上，上（车、船、飞机等） (39) assign vt.指定，指派；分配；确定 (53)
/əˈsaɪn/
absence n.缺乏，不存在；缺席 (16) assistant n.助理；售货员；助教
/ˈæbsəns/ /əˈsɪstənt/
accommodation n.住处 (6) adj.助理的，副的 (26)
/əˌkɒməˈdeɪʃn/
acknowledge vt.承认（权威、地 astonish vt.使十分惊讶，使吃惊 (33)
/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/ /əˈstɒnɪʃ/
位）；承认（属实）；（公开）感谢 (30) astronaut n.宇航员，航天员 (16)
/ˈæstrənɔːt/
administration n.行政部 astronomer n.天文学家 (20)
/ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪʃn/ /əˈstrɒnəmə(r)/
门；管理，行政 (21) available adj.可获得的，可找到
/əˈveɪləbl/
adopt vt. 采用，采取；表决采纳；领 的；有空的 (34)
/əˈdɒpt/
养，收养 awe vt.使惊叹，使敬畏
/ɔː/
vi.领养，收养 (37) n.敬畏，惊叹 (44)
agency n.机构；代理处 (21) awesome adj.令人惊叹的，使人惊
/ˈeɪdʒənsi/ /ˈɔːsəm/
agenda n.计划，方案；议程表，议 惧的；很好的 (13)
/əˈdʒendə/
事日程 (45)
allow for 使成为可能；考虑到，把…计算 B
在内 (31)
altogether adv. 完全；总共； ban vt.明令禁止，取缔；禁止做某事
/ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə(r)/ /bæn/
总之 (19) n.禁令 (55)
ancestor n.祖宗，祖先；原种 (2) barbecue n. 烤架；户外烧烤 (11)
/ˈænsestə(r)/ /ˈbɑːbɪkjuː/
antique n.文物，古董 basin n. 盆地；洗脸盆；盆；流域 (50)
/ænˈtiːk/ /ˈbeɪsn/
adj.古老的，古董的 (9) beat down（ 阳光）强烈照射，曝晒 (11)
apart from 除了…外（还），此外；除了…外 blanket n. 厚层；毛毯 (5)
/ˈblæŋkɪt/
（都），要不是 (2) bleed vi. (bled, bled)失血，流血 (40)
/bliːd/
architect n. 建筑师；设计师 (48) *blooming adj.盛开的，开花的 (2)
/ˈɑːkɪtekt/ /ˈbluːmɪŋ/
104border n. 国界，边界 clay n.黏土，陶土 (44)
/ˈbɔːdə(r)/ /kleɪ/
vi. & vt.（ 与…）接壤 (12) cloth n.织物，布料 (41)
/klɒθ/
botanical adj. 植物学的 (5) *Clovis adj. 克洛维斯的 (5)
/bəˈtænɪkl/ /ˈkləʊvɪs/
bother vt. 使烦恼，使担心；花费时 *code n.行为规范，道德准则；法规，法
/ˈbɒðə(r)/ /kəʊd/
间精力（做某事）；打扰 典；密码 (7)
vi.花费时间精力（做某事） dress code 着装规定 (7)
n.麻烦，困难 (16) collapse vi. 倒塌，坍塌；昏倒
/kəˈlæps/
breadth n.宽度；广泛 (29) n. 昏倒；倒塌 (47)
/bredθ/
brick n.砖块；积木 (12) come as no surprise 不足为奇，毫不奇怪 (3)
/brɪk/
*Buddhist adj.佛教的 come down to 可归结为，可归纳为 (7)
/ˈbʊdɪst/
n.佛教徒 (54) comparison n.对比；比较 (37)
/kəmˈpærɪsn/
bunch n. 串，束；大量 (12) *compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规 (30)
/bʌntʃ/ /ˈkʌmpəs/
comprise vt.包括，包含；组成，
/kəmˈpraɪz/
C 构成 (21)
conflict n.（ 军事）冲突，战斗；争
/ˈkɒnflɪkt/
calculate vt. 计算，核算；预测 (26) 论；矛盾，不一致
/ˈkælkjuleɪt/
camel n.骆驼 (11) vi.冲突，抵触 (45)
/ˈkæml/ /kənˈflɪkt/
canal n. 运河 (49) conservation n.保护；保持 (49)
/kəˈnæl/ /ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn/
captain n. 船长，机长；上校；队长 (31) constant adj.固定的，不变的；连
/ˈkæptɪn/ /ˈkɒnstənt/
carve vt. 侵蚀，冲刷；雕，刻 (2) 续发生的，重复的 (27)
/kɑːv/
cast new light on 使进一步了解… (16) consultation n. 咨询，商讨；
/ˌkɒnslˈteɪʃn/
cave n. 山洞，洞穴 (54) 就诊 (47)
/keɪv/
ceiling n. 天花板；上限 (16) consumption n.消耗，消耗量；
/ˈsiːlɪŋ/ /kənˈsʌmpʃn/
*Celtic adj.凯尔特人的，凯尔特语的 (3) 消费 (7)
/ˈkeltɪk/
chaos n. 混乱，杂乱 (39) contrary adj.相反的，相对立的；
/ˈkeɪɒs/ /ˈkɒntrəri/
chew vi. & vt.咀嚼，嚼碎；咬住 (11) 截然不同的 (37)
/tʃuː/
church n. 教堂；礼拜 (7) contrary to 与…相反 (37)
/tʃɜːtʃ/
circumstance n.条件，状况； contrast vi.形成对比
/ˈsɜːkəmstəns/ /kənˈtrɑːst/
(circumstances)境况，（尤指）经济 vt.对比，对照
状况 (17) n.差异，差别；对照物 (11)
/ˈkɒntrɑːst/
in the circumstances 在这种情况下，既 convince vt.使确信，使相信；说
/kənˈvɪns/
然如此 (17) 服，劝说 (29)
civil adj.国民的；国家的；民事的 (45) cooperation n.合作，协作；协
/ˈsɪvl/ /kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃn/
civilization (also civilisation) 助，配合 (48)
/ˌsɪvəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/
n.文明；社会文明；文明社会，文明世界 (44) *coral n.珊瑚
/ˈkɒrəl/
105adj.珊瑚色的 (45) *dune n.沙丘 (11)
/djuːn/
*corridor n.走廊，地带；通道 (53) dust n. 沙土，尘土；灰尘，尘埃 (27)
/ˈkɒrɪdɔː(r)/ /dʌst/
cottage n.小屋，村舍 (41) dynamic adj.（事物）有活力的；
/ˈkɒtɪdʒ/ /daɪˈnæmɪk/
cottage industry 家庭手工业 (41) 动态的，发展变化的；充满活力的 (3)
cotton n. 棉织物；棉，棉花 (54)
/ˈkɒtn/
coverage n.新闻报道；覆盖范围； E
/ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/
信息范围 (26)
creature n.动物，生物；人 (16) eagle n. 雕 (39)
/ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ /ˈiːɡl/
crew n. 全体工作人员；全体乘务人员， ecology n.生态，生态学 (45)
/kruː/ /iˈkɒlədʒi/
全体船员；专业团队 (17) elegant adj.漂亮雅致的，精美的；
/ˈelɪɡənt/
crucial adj.至关重要的，关键性的 (20) 优美的，文雅的 (9)
/ˈkruːʃl/
cuisine n.烹饪，风味；饭菜，菜肴 (3) elsewhere adv.在（或去）别处 (55)
/kwɪˈziːn/ /ˌelsˈweə(r)/
cupboard n.壁橱；橱柜，衣柜 (16) emerge vi. 出现；暴露；露头 (53)
/ˈkʌbəd/ /ɪˈmɜːdʒ/
entry n. 进入；参与，加入；参赛 (55)
/ˈentri/
D episode n. 一段经历，片段；一集 (40)
/ˈepɪsəʊd/
equator n. 赤道 (55)
/ɪˈkweɪtə(r)/
*dam n. 水坝 (48) *ethnically adv.种族地 (2)
/dæm/ /ˈeθnɪkli/
*deck n.甲板，舱面 (39) evaluate vt.评估，估计，评价 (16)
/dek/ /ɪˈvæljueɪt/
delicacy n. 佳肴；谨慎；敏感 (13) exceptional adj.杰出的，优秀的；
/ˈdelɪkəsi/ /ɪkˈsepʃənl/
depart vi. & vt.离开，起程 (31) 异常的，罕见的 (35)
/dɪˈpɑːt/
departure n. 离开，起程 (12) expansion n.扩展，扩大，膨胀 (54)
/dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ /ɪkˈspænʃn/
depth n.最深处；深（度）；深刻；深厚 (3) exposure n.面临，遭受；揭露；
/depθ/ /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/
discipline vt.严格要求（自己）；惩 报道 (17)
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
罚；训练 extensively adv. 广阔地；
/ɪkˈstensɪvli/
n.训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力 (17) 广泛地 (34)
dismiss vt.不予考虑，对…不屑一
/dɪsˈmɪs/
提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散 (30) F
distinct adj.截然不同的，有区别的，
/dɪˈstɪŋkt/
不同种类的；清楚的，清晰的 (2) facilitate vt.使便利，促进 (34)
/fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/
dive vi. 俯冲；跳水；潜水 fee n.费；报酬 (55)
/daɪv/ /fiː/
n. 冲，扑，俯冲；潜水；跳水 (39) fetch vt.（ 去）拿来，（去）请来 (12)
/fetʃ/
division n.分歧；分开，分隔 (48) *fiddle n.小提琴 (3)
/dɪˈvɪʒn/ /ˈfɪdl/
*dot vt.遍布；使布满，点缀；加点 financial adj.财政的，金融的，财
/dɒt/ /faɪˈnænʃl/
n.点 (12) 务的 (31)
drag vt.拖，拉；缓慢而费力地移动 (39) *flap vi. & vt.拍打，摆动；振（翅） (12)
/dræɡ/ /flæp/
106*fleet n.舰队；捕鱼船队；车队 (30) *heritage n.遗产 (44)
/fliːt/ /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/
*float vi. 飘动，漂流；浮 hike / n. 远足，徒步旅行
/fləʊt/ haɪk/
vt. 使浮动，使漂流 (16) vi. & vt. 去…远足，做徒步旅行 (13)
forecast vt. (forecast, forecast; *hockey n.冰球运动，冰上曲棍球；曲
/ˈfɔːkɑːst/ /ˈhɒki/
forecasted, forecasted)预测，预报 棍球 (5)
n. 预测，预报 (48) humble vt.使感到谦卑，使感到自惭
/ˈhʌmbl/
format n.总体安排，设计；版式 (35) adj.谦虚的，谦卑的 (50)
/ˈfɔːmæt/
foundation n.基础，根据；地基； *hut n.（ 简陋的）小屋，棚屋 (12)
/faʊnˈdeɪʃn/ /hʌt/
创办；基金会 (21) hydrogen n. 氢，氢气 (26)
/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/
lay the foundation for 为…打下基础 (21)
fox n.狐狸；狡猾的人 (13) I
/fɒks/
*fragile adj.脆弱的；易碎的 (11)
/ˈfrædʒaɪl/
freeze vi. & vt. (froze, frozen) 突然停 in view of 鉴于，考虑到 (17)
/friːz/
止，呆住；结冰；冻僵 (39) incident n.事件；冲突 (48)
/ˈɪnsɪdənt/
frequency n.发生率，出现率； incredible adj.极好的，极大的；
/ˈfriːkwənsi/ /ɪnˈkredəbl/
频繁；频率 (26) 不能相信的，难以置信的 (44)
furniture n.家具 (9) incredibly adv.极其，极端地；
/ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)/ /ɪnˈkredəbli/
furthermore adv.此外，再者 (17) 令人难以置信 (26)
/ˌfɜːðəˈmɔː(r)/
*indigenous adj.本地的，土生
/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
G 土长的 (2)
*infamy n.臭名昭著，声名狼藉；恶
/ˈɪnfəmi/
*glacier n.冰川 (2) 行，罪恶 (40)
/ˈɡlæsiə(r)/
goat n.山羊 (11) influential adj.有很大影响力的，
/ɡəʊt/ /ˌɪnfluˈenʃl/
grain n. 细粒，颗粒；谷物 (11) 有支配力的 (30)
/ɡreɪn/
gravity n.重力；严重性；严肃 (16) initiative n. 倡议，新方案；主动性 (54)
/ˈɡrævəti/ /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/
insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；
/ɪnˈsɪst/
H 坚持说 (31)
intense adj.很大的，十分强烈的；有
/ɪnˈtens/
ham n. 火腿，火腿肉 (12) 强烈感情的，热切的；激烈的 (50)
/hæm/
harmonious adj.友好和睦的； intently adv.热切地，专注地 (12)
/hɑːˈməʊniəs/ /ɪnˈtentli/
协调的，和谐的 (30) internal adj.内部的；国内的 (45)
/ɪnˈtɜːnl/
harmony n.融洽，和睦；和谐 (6) interrupt vt. 打扰，插嘴；使暂停，
/ˈhɑːməni/ /ˌɪntəˈrʌpt/
hatch vt. 密谋，策划；使孵出 使中断
/hætʃ/
vi. 孵化；孵出 (40) vi. 打扰，插嘴 (49)
*hell n.地狱；苦难的经历，悲惨的境况 (39) investment n. 投资；投入 (26)
/hel/ /ɪnˈvestmənt/
107item n.一件商品（或物品）；项目 (7) mechanic n.机械师，技工 (26)
/ˈaɪtəm/ /məˈkænɪk/
memorial n.纪念碑（或像等）；
/məˈmɔːriəl/
K 纪念物 (40)
merely adv.仅仅，只不过 (20)
/ˈmɪəli/
kingdom n.王国；管辖范围 (33) microscope n. 显微镜 (16)
/ˈkɪŋdəm/ /ˈmaɪkrəskəʊp/
kit n.成套设备，成套工具；配套元件 (19) mighty adj.巨大的，非凡的；强而有
/kɪt/ /ˈmaɪti/
力的 (2)
L *migration n.迁徙，迁移，移居 (50)
/maɪˈɡreɪʃn/
milestone n.重要阶段，里程碑 (54)
/ˈmaɪlstəʊn/
lamb
/læm/
n.羊羔肉；羔羊 (13) minister
/ˈmɪnɪstə(r)/
n.大臣，部长 (35)
leak
/liːk/
vi. 漏，渗漏；渗入 minority
/maɪˈnɒrəti/
n.少数民族，少数群
vt.漏，渗漏；泄露 体；少数，少数人 (3)
n.漏洞 (31) missile n. 导弹 (45)
/ˈmɪsaɪl/
*legacy
/ˈleɡəsi/
n.遗产 (50) mission
/ˈmɪʃn/
n.任务；使命，天职；军事行
leisure n.闲暇，空闲 (17) 动；太空飞行任务 (16)
/ˈleʒə(r)/
liquid adj.液体的，液态的 mosquito n. (pl. mosquitoes or
/ˈlɪkwɪd/ /məˈskiːtəʊ/
n. 液体 (13) mosquitos)蚊子 (16)
literary
/ˈlɪtərəri/
adj.文学的，文学上的；爱 motion
/ˈməʊʃn/
n.提议，动议；运动；动作 (49)
好文学的 (34) motive n. 原因，动机，目的 (26)
/ˈməʊtɪv/
load
/ləʊd/
vt. & vi.装上，装入 mud
/mʌd/
n.泥，淤泥 (12)
n.负载；承载量；大量 (30)
log n. 航海日志，正式记录；原木 N
/lɒɡ/
vi. & vt. 伐木 (30)
luxury n.不常有的乐趣（或享受）； nail n. 钉子；指甲
/ˈlʌkʃəri/ /neɪl/
奢侈品 (17) vt. 固定 (47)
*navigate vt.航行；导航
/ˈnævɪɡeɪt/
M vi. 导航 (30)
navy n. 海军，海军部队 (39)
/ˈneɪvi/
maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/ n. 维护，保养；维 niece /niːs/ n.侄女，外甥女 (5)
持，保持 (16) nuclear adj. 核能的，原子能的；
/ˈnjuːkliə(r)/
make one’s way to 去，前往 (9) 核武器的 (27)
manner n.方式，方法；举止；
/ˈmænə(r)/
(manners)礼貌 (7) O
meanwhile adv.同时；其间；对比
/ˈmiːnwaɪl/
之下 (39) occupy vt.占用，使用；居住；占领，
/ˈɒkjupaɪ/
108侵占；使忙于 (16) preserve vt. 维护，保护，保存；
/prɪˈzɜːv/
off the beaten track 不落俗套，打破常规；远 维持 (44)
离闹市，偏远 (3) primitive adj.简陋的，落后的；原
/ˈprɪmətɪv/
on behalf of 代表（或代替）；为帮助； 始的，远古的 (50)
/bɪˈhɑːf/
为了 (30) prison n.监狱 (34)
/ˈprɪzn/
operator n.操作人员，技工；接 proof n.证据，证明 (30)
/ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)/ /pruːf/
线员 (48) purse n. 资金，财源；钱包 (25)
/pɜːs/
orbit vt. & vi.围绕…运动，沿轨道运行 pursue vt.追求，致力于，执行；追逐 (53)
/ˈɔːbɪt/ /pəˈsjuː/
n.（天体等运行的）轨道 (20) *pyramid n.金字塔 (44)
/ˈpɪrəmɪd/
origin n. 起源，起因；出身 (25)
/ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/
outcome n.结果，效果 (45) R
/ˈaʊtkʌm/
output n. 产量，输出量 (41)
/ˈaʊtpʊt/
radiation n.辐射，放射线 (17)
/ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃn/
P ray n. 光线，射线 (11)
/reɪ/
*reef n.礁，礁脉 (45)
/riːf/
pack vt. & vi.塞进，挤进；装（箱），收拾； reform vt. 改进，改良，改革
/pæk/ /rɪˈfɔːm/
打包；包装 n. 改革，改良 (41)
n.包，包裹；小盒，小包 (37) regardless adv. 不顾，不加理会 (31)
/rɪˈɡɑːdləs/
*pagoda n.佛塔 (47) regardless of 不管，不顾 (31)
/pəˈɡəʊdə/
panel n. 专家咨询组，讨论小组； reserve n. 自然保护区； 储备
/ˈpænl/ /rɪˈzɜːv/
嵌板；仪表盘 (47) vt. 预订；预留；保留 (50)
panic n.惊恐，恐慌 resolution n.决心，决定；决议；
/ˈpænɪk/ /ˌrezəˈluːʃn/
vi. & vt. (panicked, panicked)（使）惊 解决 (11)
慌，（使）惊慌失措 (31) rocket n. 火箭；火箭武器 (26)
/ˈrɒkɪt/
parking n. 停车；停车位 (12) route n.路线，路途；途径，渠道 (31)
/ˈpɑːkɪŋ/ /ruːt/
permanent adj.永久的，永恒的 (19) royal adj.盛大的，庄严的；皇家的，王
/ˈpɜːmənənt/ /ˈrɔɪəl/
phrase n.成语，习语；短语，词组 (35) 室的 (33)
/freɪz/
pill n. 药丸，药片 (17) *rub vt. & vi.擦，磨，搓；（使）相互摩擦 (39)
/pɪl/ /rʌb/
plain to see 显而易见的 (21) ruin vt.破坏，毁坏；使破产，毁灭
/ˈruːɪn/
plot n. 阴谋；故事情节 n.毁坏，毁灭；破产；残垣断壁 (44)
/plɒt/
vi. & vt. 密谋 (40)
polar adj.极地的；完全相反的 (13) S
/ˈpəʊlə(r)/
possession n.私人物品，个人财产；
/pəˈzeʃn/
具有，拥有 (12) sample vt.尝，品尝，体验；抽样检验
/ˈsɑːmpl/
pray vi. & vt. 企盼，祈求；祈祷，祷告 (40) n.样本，样品；取样 (3)
/preɪ/
109sausage n. 香肠，腊肠 (12) 线；弦 (54)
/ˈsɒsɪdʒ/
*scan vt. & vi.扫描；细看；浏览 submit vt. & vi.提交，呈递；屈服 (53)
/skæn/ /səbˈmɪt/
n.扫描检查；快速查阅 (21) subsequent adj.随后的，后
/ˈsʌbsɪkwənt/
sculpture n.雕像，雕塑品； 来的 (31)
/ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/
雕刻术 (45) suburb n. 郊区，城外 (5)
/ˈsʌbɜːb/
shelf n. (pl. shelves )（书架等的） surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 (6)
/ʃelf/ /ʃelvz/ /səˈraʊndɪŋ/
架子，搁板 (37) suspend vt. 暂停；悬，挂 (47)
/səˈspend/
shelter n. 居所，住处；庇护 sustain vt.使保持，使稳定持续；
/ˈʃeltə(r)/ /səˈsteɪn/
vt. 保护，掩蔽 维持 (6)
vi. 躲避 (27)
shift n.改变，转移；轮班 T
/ʃɪft/
vi. & vt.（使）移动，（使）转移；改变 (41)
shore n.岸，滨 (31) take shape 成形，有了模样 (54)
/ʃɔː(r)/
shortage n.不足，短缺 (31) tale n.故事；讲述，叙述 (25)
/ˈʃɔːtɪdʒ/ /teɪl/
showcase n.展示的场合；玻璃 telescope n.望远镜 (20)
/ˈʃəʊkeɪs/ /ˈtelɪskəʊp/
柜台 (55) territory n.（加拿大）地区；领土，
/ˈterətri/
*shuttle n.航天飞机；来往于两地之间 领地；领域 (2)
/ˈʃʌtl/
的航班（或班车、火车） *textile n.纺织品；(textiles)纺
/ˈtekstaɪl/
vi.频繁往来（于两地之间） (26) 织业 (41)
sink vi. & vt. (sank, sunk)下沉，沉没； thunder vi. 轰隆隆地响；打雷
/sɪŋk/ /ˈθʌndə(r)/
坐下；降低 (40) n. 雷，雷声 (39)
sort out 理顺，整理；把…安排好 (34) *tomb n.坟墓 (33)
/tuːm/
*souvenir n.纪念物，纪念品 (9) tube n.管，管子；软管 (17)
/ˌsuːvəˈnɪə(r)/ /tjuːb/
specialist n. 专家；专科医生
/ˈspeʃəlɪst/
adj. 专业的 (47) U
splendid adj.壮丽的，雄伟的；极
/ˈsplendɪd/
佳的，非常好的 (2) unfold vi. & vt.开花；展开，打开；
/ʌnˈfəʊld/
splendour (AmE splendor) 展示，展现 (2)
/ˈsplendə(r)/
n. 壮丽，雄伟 (50) uniform n. 制服；队服
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/
starve vi. & vt（. 使）饿死，（使）挨饿 (11) adj. 一致的，统一的 (39)
/stɑːv/
statue
/ˈstætʃuː/
n.雕像，雕塑 (9) universe
/ˈjuːnɪvɜːs/
n. (the universe)宇宙，
*status n.身份，地位；状况，情形 (45) 天地万物 (20)
/ˈsteɪtəs/
strait n. 海峡，水道 (2) urban adj.城市的，城镇的 (2)
/streɪt/ /ˈɜːbən/
strengthen
/ˈstreŋkθn/
vt. & vi.加强，增强 (30) urgent
/ˈɜːdʒənt/
adj.紧急的，紧迫的；催促
string n. 一批，一连串，一系列； 的，急切的 (44)
/strɪŋ/
110V *voyage n.航海，航行，航天
/ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/
vi.航行，远行 (30)
valley n.山谷，溪谷 (2)
/ˈvæli/
vase n.花瓶，装饰瓶 (9) W
/vɑːz/
violence n.暴力，暴行；狂热，激情 (45)
/ˈvaɪələns/
violently adv.猛烈地，厉害地； washroom n. 洗手间，厕所 (39)
/ˈvaɪələntli/ /ˈwɒʃruːm/
强烈地，激烈地；凶狠地 (39) wear and tear（ 正常使用造成的）磨损，
visible adj.看得见的；明显的 (17) 损耗 (45)
/ˈvɪzəbl/
vital adj.必不可少的，对…极重要的； wear down（ 使）磨损，（使）逐渐磨平 (44)
/ˈvaɪtl/
维持生命所必需的 (17) welfare n.幸福，福祉；福利 (6)
/ˈwelfeə(r)/
vote vt. & vi. 投票，表决 wool n. 毛织物；羊毛 (54)
/vəʊt/ /wʊl/
n. 选票；投票 (49)
111Wordlist 3
(proper nouns)
说明：本表收录教科书中出现的人名、国名、地名、节日名称等专有名词。本表按页码排序。
Marcel Proust 马塞尔·普鲁斯特（法国小说家） (1)
/ˈmɑːsel pruːst/
Canada 加拿大 (1)
/ˈkænədə/
Africa 非洲 (1)
/ˈæfrɪkə/
(the) Lijiang River 漓江 (1)
(the) Empire State Building（ 美国）帝国大厦 (1)
/ˈempaɪə(r)/
(the) USA 美国（the United States of America的缩写） (1)
Big Ben （英国）大本钟 (1)
/ben/
(the) UK 英国（the United Kingdom的缩写） (1)
Uluru (Ayers Rock) （澳大利亚）乌鲁鲁巨石（又称“艾尔斯岩石”） (1)
/ˈuːlʊruː/ /eə(r)z/
Australia 澳大利亚 (1)
/ɒˈstreɪliə/
the Atlantic 大西洋 (2)
/ətˈlæntɪk/
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 (2)
/pəˈsɪfɪk/
the Rocky Mountains （北美洲）落基山脉 (2)
/ˈrɒki/
Banff National Park （加拿大）班夫国家公园 (2)
/bænf/
Jasper National Park （加拿大）贾斯珀国家公园 (2)
/ˈdʒæspə(r)/
Niagara Falls （北美洲）尼亚加拉瀑布 (2)
/naɪˌæɡrə ˈfɔːlz/
the Bering Strait 白令海峡 (2)
/ˈbeərɪŋ/
Siberia 西伯利亚 (3)
/saɪˈbɪəriə/
European 欧洲人 (3)
/ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/
the English 英格兰人 (3)
/ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/
the Scottish 苏格兰人 (3)
/ˈskɒtɪʃ/
the French 法国人 (3)
/frentʃ/
Singapore 新加坡 (3)
/ˌsɪŋəˈpɔː(r)/
the Pacific Islands 太平洋岛屿 (3)
Vancouver 温哥华（加拿大城市） (3)
/vænˈkuːvə(r)/
the Dr Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese （加拿大）中山公园 (3)
Garden
Montreal 蒙特利尔（加拿大城市） (3)
/ˌmɒntriˈɔːl/
112Cape Breton Island （加拿大）布雷顿角岛 (3)
/keɪp/ /ˈbretən/
Nova Scotia 新斯科舍（加拿大省份） (3)
/ˌnəʊvə ˈskəʊʃə/
Multiculturalism Day 多元文化日 (3)
the United Nations 联合国 (3)
Lisa 莉萨（女子名） (5)
/ˈliːsə/
Calgary 卡尔加里（加拿大城市） (5)
/ˈkælɡəri/
May 梅（女子名） (5)
/meɪ/
the Botanical Gardens of Silver Springs（ 加拿大）银泉植物园 (5)
the Calgary Tower （加拿大）卡尔加里塔 (5)
Japan 日本 (7)
/dʒəˈpæn/
Rome 罗马（意大利首都） (7)
/rəʊm/
Boston 波士顿（美国城市） (8)
/ˈbɒstən/
Shanghai Tower 上海中心大厦 (9)
Yu Garden 豫园 (9)
the Great Rockery 大假山 (9)
/ˈrɒkəri/
the Bund 外滩 (9)
/bʌnd/
Xuhui District 徐汇区 (9)
Jing’an Temple 静安寺 (9)
the Buddha 佛陀（佛教创始人） (9)
/ˈbʊdə/
Nanjing Road 南京路 (9)
Shanghai Museum 上海博物馆 (9)
Shanghai Grand Theatre 上海大剧院 (9)
Yue Opera 越剧 (9)
Morocco 摩洛哥 (11)
/məˈrɒkəʊ/
Marrakesh 马拉喀什（摩洛哥城市） (11)
/ˌmærəˈkeʃ/
Merzouga 梅尔祖卡（摩洛哥村庄） (11)
/mɜːˈzuːɡə/
the Sahara （非洲）撒哈拉沙漠 (11)
/səˈhɑːrə/
Kenya 肯尼亚 (12)
/ˈkenjə/
Amboseli National Park （非洲）安博塞利国家公园 (12)
/æmˈbəʊseli/
Mount Kilimanjaro （非洲）乞力马扎罗山 (12)
/ˌkɪləmənˈdʒɑːrəʊ/
Iceland 冰岛 (13)
/ˈaɪslənd/
the North Atlantic Ocean 北大西洋 (13)
Reykjavík 雷克雅未克（冰岛首都） (13)
/ˈreɪkjəvɪk/
the Northern Lights 北极光 (13)
113Greenland 格陵兰岛（世界最大的岛屿） (13)
/ˈɡriːnlənd/
Liu Cixin 刘慈欣（中国科幻小说家） (15)
Yuri Gagarin 尤里·加加林（苏联宇航员） (15)
/ˌjʊəri ɡəˈɡɑːrɪn/
Neil Armstrong 尼尔·阿姆斯特朗（美国宇航员） (15)
/ˌniːl ˈɑːmstrɒŋ/
David Scott 戴维·斯科特（美国宇航员） (15)
/ˌdeɪvɪd ˈskɒt/
James Irwin 詹姆斯·欧文（美国宇航员） (15)
/ˌdʒeɪmz ˈɜːwɪn/
the ISS 国际空间站（the International Space Station的缩写） (15)
Mars 火星 (15)
/mɑːz/
Galileo 伽利略（意大利天文学家） (20)
/ˌɡæləˈleɪəʊ/
the Hubble Space Telescope 哈勃太空望远镜 (20)
/ˈhʌbl/
the Kepler Space Telescope 开普勒太空望远镜 (20)
/ˈkeplə(r)/
FAST 500米口径球面射电望远镜（Five-hundred-metre (20)
Aperture Spherical Radio Telescope的缩写）
the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program 中国探月工程 (21)
the Chang’e Program 嫦娥工程 (21)
the China National Space Administration 中国国家航天局 (21)
Chang’e 1 “嫦娥一号” (21)
Chang’e 2 “嫦娥二号” (21)
Chang’e 3 “嫦娥三号” (21)
Chang’e 4 “嫦娥四号” (21)
Chang’e 5 “嫦娥五号” (21)
Jenny 珍妮（女子名） (22)
/ˈdʒeni/
Bob 鲍勃（男子名） (22)
/bɒb/
The Beasts from Mars 《来自火星的野兽》（虚构电影名） (22)
/biːsts/
Strangers from Space 《来自太空的异客》（虚构书名） (22)
Stephen Hawking 斯蒂芬·霍金（英国物理学家） (25)
/ˌstiːvn ˈhɔːkɪŋ/
Mercury 水星 (27)
/ˈmɜːkjəri/
Jupiter 木星 (27)
/ˈdʒuːpɪtə(r)/
Uranus 天王星 (27)
/ˈjʊərənəs/
Venus 金星 (27)
/ˈviːnəs/
Saturn 土星 (27)
/ˈsætɜːn/
Neptune 海王星 (27)
/ˈneptjuːn/
Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking《 与霍金一起了解宇宙》（纪录片名） (28)
Chen Shou 陈寿（三国及西晋时期史学家） (29)
114Pearl Harbor 珍珠港（美国港口名） (29)
/ˌpɜːl ˈhɑːbə(r)/
The Time Machine 《时间机器》（H. G. 威尔斯的作品） (29)
H. G. Wells H. G.威尔斯（英国小说家） (29)
/welz/
Zheng He 郑和（明朝航海家） (30)
Taicang 太仓（江苏省县级市） (30)
Zheng He’s Navigation 《郑和航海图》 (30)
/ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn/
Map
Christopher Columbus 克里斯托弗·哥伦布（意大利航海家） (31)
/ˌkrɪstəfə kəˈlʌmbəs/
Italy 意大利 (31)
/ˈɪtəli/
the East Indies 东印度群岛 (31)
/ˈɪndɪz/
Spain 西班牙 (31)
/speɪn/
Indian 印第安人 (31)
/ˈɪndiən/
the Caribbean 加勒比海地区 (31)
/ˌkærɪˈbiːən/
the New World 新大陆 (31)
Captain James Cook 詹姆斯·库克船长（英国航海家） (31)
/ˌdʒeɪmz ˈkʊk/
the Age of Exploration 大航海时代 (31)
the Tomb of the King of Boni 浡泥国王墓 (33)
/ˈbɒni/
the Yongle Emperor 永乐帝（明朝皇帝） (33)
Boni 浡泥国（文莱的旧称） (33)
Brunei 文莱 (33)
/bruˈnaɪ/
South-East Asia 东南亚 (33)
Sima Qian 司马迁（西汉史学家） (34)
(the) Grand Historian 太史令（官职名） (34)
Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) 《史记》 (34)
the Yellow Emperor 黄帝 (35)
Twenty-Four Histories 《二十四史》 (35)
the First World War 第一次世界大战 (35)
Alan 艾伦（男子名） (36)
/ˈælən/
the USS Arizona 美国“亚利桑那号”战列舰 (39)
/ˌærɪˈzəʊnə/
Seaman Russell Warriner 拉塞尔·沃里纳海员（“珍珠港事件”的幸存者） (39)
/ˌrʌsl ˈwɒrɪnə(r)/
Quartermaster 路易·孔泰军需官（“珍珠港事件”的幸存者） (39)
/ˈkwɔːtəmɑːstə(r)/
Louis Conter
/ˌluːi ˈkɒŋtə(r)/
115the US Navy 美国海军 (39)
Elsa 埃尔莎（女子名） (40)
/ˈelsə/
President Roosevelt 罗斯福总统 (40)
/ˈrəʊzəvelt/
Pearl Harbor Speech 《珍珠港演说》 (40)
the US Congress 美国国会 (40)
/ˈkɒŋɡres/
the Second World War 第二次世界大战 (40)
the Industrial Revolution 工业革命 (41)
/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/
Belgium 比利时 (41)
/ˈbeldʒəm/
France 法国 (41)
/frɑːns/
Germany 德国 (41)
/ˈdʒɜːməni/
Thomas Newcomen 托马斯·纽科门（英国工程师） (41)
/ˌtɒməs ˈnjuːˌkʌmən/
James Watt 詹姆斯·瓦特（英国发明家） (41)
/ˌdʒeɪmz ˈwɒt/
the National Museum of China 中国国家博物馆 (42)
Steve Berry 史蒂夫·贝里（美国作家） (43)
/ˌstiːv ˈberi/
(the) World Heritage Site 世界遗产地 (43)
the Silk Road 丝绸之路 (43)
UNESCO 联合国教育、科学及文化组织（简称联合国教科文 (43)
/juːˈneskəʊ/
组织，United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization的
缩写）
the Great Pyramid of Giza （埃及）吉萨大金字塔 (43)
/ˈpɪrəmɪd/
/ˈɡiːzə/
Yellowstone National Park （美国）黄石国家公园 (43)
Mount Huangshan 黄山 (43)
Iran 伊朗 (44)
/ɪˈrɑːn/
Bam 巴姆（伊朗城市） (44)
/bæm/
Angkor （柬埔寨）吴哥 (45)
/ˈæŋkɔː(r)/
Cambodia 柬埔寨 (45)
/kæmˈbəʊdiə/
the Historic Centre of Vienna （奥地利）维也纳历史中心 (45)
/viˈenə/
Austria 奥地利 (45)
/ˈɒstriə/
Mozart 莫扎特（奥地利作曲家） (45)
/ˈməʊtsɑːt/
Beethoven 贝多芬（德国音乐家） (45)
/ˈbeɪtəʊvən/
the List of World Heritage in Danger 《世界濒危遗产名录》 (45)
116the Great Barrier Reef （澳大利亚）大堡礁 (45)
the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County 应县木塔 (47)
Chris 克丽丝（女子名） (48)
/krɪs/
Egypt 埃及 (48)
/ˈiːdʒɪpt/
Abu Simbel temples （埃及）阿布辛贝神庙 (48)
/ˌæbuː ˈsɪmbəl/
Aswan High Dam （埃及）阿斯旺高坝 (48)
/æsˈwɑːn/
the Nile （非洲）尼罗河 (48)
/naɪl/
the Convention Concerning《 保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》 (49)
/kənˈvenʃn/
the Protection of the World
Cultural and Natural Heritage
the General Conference of UNESCO 联合国教科文组织大会 (49)
the World Heritage Committee 世界遗产委员会 (49)
the UNESCO States Parties 联合国教科文组织缔约国 (49)
the World Heritage List 《世界遗产名录》 (49)
the Grand Canal 大运河 (49)
Linda 琳达（女子名） (50)
/ˈlɪndə/
the Serengeti （非洲）塞伦盖蒂 (50)
/ˌserənˈɡeti/
Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟 (50)
the Sichuan Basin 四川盆地 (50)
the Borobudur Temple （印度尼西亚）婆罗浮屠佛塔 (50)
/ˌbɒrəʊbʊˈdʊə/
Cicero 西塞罗（古罗马哲学家） (50)
/ˈsɪsərəʊ/
East Asia 东亚 (53)
the Mediterranean 地中海地区 (53)
/ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən/
the Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor 长安—天山廊道 (53)
Kazakhstan 哈萨克斯坦 (53)
/ˌkæzəkˈstɑːn/
Kyrgyzstan 吉尔吉斯斯坦 (53)
/ˌkɜːɡɪˈstɑːn/
Chang’an 长安（西安的古称） (53)
Xi’an 西安（中国城市） (53)
Shaanxi 陕西（中国省份） (53)
Tianshan Mountains 天山 (53)
Central Asia 中亚 (53)
Zhang Qian 张骞（西汉外交家） (53)
the Roman Empire 罗马帝国 (54)
Arabia 阿拉伯半岛 (54)
/əˈreɪbiə/
117the Mogao Caves 莫高窟 (54)
Buddhism 佛教 (54)
/ˈbʊdɪzəm/
the Belt and Road Initiative “一带一路”倡议 (54)
the Silk Road Economic Belt 丝绸之路经济带 (54)
the Galápagos Islands （厄瓜多尔）加拉帕戈斯群岛 (55)
/ɡəˈlæpəɡəs/
Ecuador 厄瓜多尔 (55)
/ˈekwədɔː(r)/
Charles Darwin 查尔斯·达尔文（英国生物学家） (55)
/ˌtʃɑːlz ˈdɑːwɪn/
UNESCO World Heritage Centre 联合国教科文组织世界遗产中心 (56)
118Irregular verbs
Base form Simple past Past participle Base form Simple past Past participle
arise arose arisen eat ate eaten
awake awoke awoken fall fell fallen
be was/were been feed fed fed
bear bore borne feel felt felt
beat beat beaten fight fought fought
become became become find found found
begin began begun fly flew flown
bend bent bent forecast forecast/ forecast/
bet bet bet forecasted forecasted
bite bit bitten forget forgot forgotten
bleed bled bled forgive forgave forgiven
blow blew blown freeze froze frozen
break broke broken get got got
bring brought brought give gave given
broadcast broadcast broadcast go went gone
build built built grow grew grown
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned hang hung/hanged hung/hanged
buy bought bought have had had
cast cast cast hear heard heard
catch caught caught hide hid hidden
choose chose chosen hit hit hit
come came come hold held held
cost cost cost hurt hurt hurt
cut cut cut keep kept kept
deal dealt dealt know knew known
dig dug dug lay laid laid
do did done lead led led
draw drew drawn learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed leave left left
drink drank drunk lend lent lent
drive drove driven let let let
119Base form Simple past Past participle Base form Simple past Past participle
lie lied/lay lied/lain sleep slept slept
light lit/lighted lit/lighted slide slid slid
lose lost lost smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
make made made sow sowed sown/sowed
mean meant meant speak spoke spoken
meet met met speed sped/speeded sped/speeded
mistake mistook mistaken spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood spend spent spent
overcome overcame overcome spread spread spread
panic panicked panicked spring sprang sprung
pay paid paid stand stood stood
prove proved proved/proven steal stole stolen
put put put stick stuck stuck
quit quit/quitted quit/quitted strike struck struck/stricken
read read read string strung strung
ride rode ridden sweep swept swept
ring rang rung swim swam swum
rise rose risen swing swung swung
run ran run take took taken
say said said teach taught taught
see saw seen tell told told
seek sought sought think thought thought
sell sold sold throw threw thrown
send sent sent understand understood understood
set set set upset upset upset
sew sewed sewn/sewed wake woke woken
shake shook shaken wear wore worn
shine shone shone weep wept wept
shoot shot shot wet wet/wetted wet/wetted
show showed shown win won won
shut shut shut wind wound wound
sing sang sung withdraw withdrew withdrawn
sink sank sunk write wrote written
sit sat sat
120后 记
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