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六级阅读理解 100 篇文本
Can the Computer Learn from Experience
计算机会总结经验吗
Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also
championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the
computer’s progress in the ability to learn from experience.
Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be
perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the
computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response
to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this
is a sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful
computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed.
But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chess—literally
trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could
be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of
holding that much data.
Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be
programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to
learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively
unstructured situation—in a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be
done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess
players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks.
The computers have had programs to carry them through the early,
mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to
reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.
There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this
example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of
chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does it . But there
are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as
games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and
work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problems
—international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the
ever-increasing threat of world famine—can perhaps be solved by the joint
efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notes
check:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12
pieces
ecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关
系，生态学
Reading comprehension
The purpose of creating chess-playing computers is __________
A to win the world chess champion
B to pave the way for further intelligent computers
C to work out strategies for international wars
D to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress
2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be programmed to ________
A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the
game
B function with complete data and beat the best players
C learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the game
D evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each
time
3 For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to ________
A mange to process as much data as possible in a second
B program it so that it can learn from its experiences
C prepare it for chess-playing first
D enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The author’s attitude towards the Defense Department is____
A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative
5 In the author’s opinion,______
A winning a chess game is an unimportant event
B serious human problems shouldn’t be regarded as playing a game
C ecological problems are more urgent to be solved
D there is hope for more intelligent computers
1 b 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 d
You Call This a Good Economy
这能称之为上佳经验
You have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good
economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rule—rather than
the exception—that an ordinary family, without higher education, could
sustain itself decently on the income of a single breadwinner（养家糊口的
人）. In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who
had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82
a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my
father, discipline and enterprise.
The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good
economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy
for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly
ten times that price today.
There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be
moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power.
That is, my father’s bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after
deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.
To ordinary people, the economy doesn’t look very good at all. After-tax
incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. The jobs offered in theemployment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5
an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that
with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth
today’s $7.50 before and after taxes.
Notes
1 Brooklyn: a district of New York city
2 inflate:通货膨胀
3 proxy: the authority to act for another
4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to each
Reading Comprehension
In the author’s opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people can be
expressed in terms of ______
the amount of wage
after-tax income
the actual purchasing power
the minimum wage per hour
In the period between 1950 and 1970,_______
there was not much difference in the living standards between people of
higher and lower education
an ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person
income
the income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying food
for an average family the income was sufficient to support all the members
Today a bookbinder’s wage is ten times that of the 1950’s but its income tax
rate has increased ______a.50 times b.60times c. 70 times d. 80 times
4 The worsening of a bookbinder’s livelihood results from _____
a. his low education and the amount of wage
b. the high-taxation and the income deductions
c. the high taxation and cost of living
d. thelow wage and higher prices
5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher______
a. the value of labor actually is shrinking
b. the minimum wage level is increasing likewise
c. the income tax rate is rising along
d. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage
6 The author’s tone in writing the article is_____
a. ironical b. subjective c. high-sounding d. convincing
7 the article aims to _________.
a. help control the rapidly increasing prices
b. give some advice to the policy-makers
c.impress the younger generation with some basic facts
d.call upon the societys attention against inflation
1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 d 7 c
Are Experts Always Right
专家总是对的吗
The world has become so complicated that we’ve lost confidence in ourability to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it
ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a
person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement.
It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly
scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot,
the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard
carton, I rushed off to my doctor.
“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “It’s nothing—just one of
those little scalp nerves sounding off.”
Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the
fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know
something’s different.”
“If you won’t take my word for it,I’ll take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he
said.
Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye
socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused
by my bed. ”It’s a good thing you’re so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of
these tumors because we don’t know they’re there until it is too late.”
I’m really not so smart. And I’m too docile in the face of authority. I should
have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. It’s hard to question
opinions delivered with absolute certainty.
Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime
minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would
be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise
Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because
“no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely
believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little
note, nor long remember, what we say here…”
We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When it’s an area we
really know about—our bodies, our families, our houses—let’s listen to
what the experts say, then make up our own minds.
Notes
cardboard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paperscalp: the skin covering the head
tumor:肿瘤
eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fits
docile: easily managed or taught
reading comprehension
“It” in “…deal with it”(para.1) refers to ______
a. confidence b. the world c. ability d. complication
2. “Expertise” in para.1 means______
a. common sense b. expert skill or knowledge c. unusual ability to
appreciate
d. personal experience
3. We have to trust our own judgement since ____
a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertise
b. experts often lose their common sense
c. experts may sometimes fail to give good advice
d. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise
4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that”(para. 2) refers to______
a. I can learn to trust my judgement
b. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myself
c. common sense is not as useful as knowedge
d. expertise may not be reliable
5 While reading one day, the author______a. found a hole at the back of his head
b. heard a scratching sound from a carton
c. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratching
d. noticed a sound coming out from his head
6 “tease” in paragraph 3 means______
a. to make fun of b. to comfort c. to reply d. to disbelieve
7 “if you won’t take my word for it” in para.5 may be paraphrased_____
a. if you don’t think my word is worth anything
b. if you don’t listen to my advice
c. if you don’t believe my judgement
d. if you prefer actions to words
8 “Skull” in para.6 most probably means____
a. the bony framework of the head
b. the surface skin of the head
c. the nerve system inside the head
d. the top part of the head
9 The author didn’t think he was smart(para.7)because____
a. he had already suffered for two years
b. he had not been able to put up with the pain
c. he had believed too much in expertise
d. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself
10 It happens that the examples given by the author_____a. all concern with wars
b. are taken from modern American history
c. have become popular themes in movies
d. have American Civil War as the background
11 In the last paragraph, the work ”intimidate” may mean_____
a. deceive b. frighten c. make timid d. encourage
1 b 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 a 11 c
Just Call Me Mister
1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to PlaySpace,
an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions.
There’s just one irritating detail: when you pay your money, the cashier pulls
out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.
“Frum,” I say.
“No, your first name.”
“What do you need my first name for?”
“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call
you.”
“In that case, write ‘Mr. Frum.’”
2 At which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza
Toro.
3 In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names,
PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully
report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the
practice of leaving a visiting card.
4 There’s hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I give a message
fro her boss, “I’ll tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent,
whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel witha cheerful “Hello, David!”
5 You don’t have to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories.
Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind
the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first
name before taking his order.
6 Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by nothing worse than
uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I don’t believe it. I f I asked the
fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a
whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I won’t
go along with his story idea. No, it’s not friendliness that drives first-
namers; it’s aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would
never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron
Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David
would never first-name the bank’s chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff at
PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an
assertion of power disguised as good cheer.
Notes
1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets
2 felt-tip marker:软笔尖的颜色笔
3 adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌
4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank,
especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting
Ring” in English
5 Bangor:City of South central Maine
6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷
7 spiel(slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to
be persuasive
8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver
9 press baron:Baron is the lowest male rank of nobility, but here it stands fora man with great power in press
10 mock: simulated
11 cheery:cheerful
Reading comprehension
The author apparently regrets____
having to take his children to PlaySpace
being first-named
being approached so frequently by PR agents
having to put on an adhesive lapel tag
“PR” in paragraph6 stands for____
a. personal request b. personal respect
c. public relations d. public review
3 When the author, as a journalist, speaks on the phone___
a. he is usually very formal and faithful
b. he does not know whether a grownup or a child is speaking at the other
end
c. he finds people address each other formally
d. he finds the secretary is often willing to pass a message
4 He often finds secretaries _____
a. irresponsible in answering phone calls
b. trustworthy in passing messages
c. not only friendly but also carefuld. calling him David
5 The author thinks that addressing a stranger by his first name is being____
a. cheerful b. friendly c. disrespectful d. light-hearted
6 “As dead as” in paragraph 3 may be paraphrased as_____
a. as firmly fixed as b. as useless as
c. as out of fashion as d.as unmistakenly as
7 Habitual first-namers’ claim amounts to saying____
a. there’s nothing that can be worse than high-spirited friendliness
b. their attitude should be acceptable
c. they are sometimes too high-spirited to control chemselves
d. one should control oneself while speaking to a stranger
8 The so-called high-spirited friendliness(para. 6) is actually____
a. cheerfulness in appearance but mockery in reality
b. out and out insult
c. a well-accepted skill in public relations
d. an act of outward warmth
9 “In a whoosh” in paragraph 6 means______
a. by all means b. in the end c. in a second d. in reality
10 “I won’t go along with…” in paragraph 6 may be paraphrased as
a. I won’t believe…… b. I won’t go on listening…..
c. I won’t agree with…. D. I won’t stick to…..
1 b 2 c 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 b 8 a 9 c 10 bThe Dvelopment of Civilization
1 The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the
invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although no body
knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter
2 The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually
Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes
have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive
professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity
for the mastering of speech. When man became suffiviently intelligent, we
must suppose that he fradually increased the number of cries for different
purposes. It was a great day when he discovered hat speech could be used
for narrative. There are those who think in this respect picture language
preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave
to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch.
Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am
inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in
the development of man.
3 Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history.
The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture.
Agriculture was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was
nothing comparable until our own machine age. Agriculture made possible
an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions
where it could be successfully practiced. These were, at first, only those in
which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with
violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life
prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.
4 Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken
language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain
stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people
who were not present when the information was given.
5 These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons, domestic
animals, agriculture, and writing—made the existence of civilized
communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical
advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to
become accustomed to his technique, and to deveop the beliefs and political
organizations appropriate to it There was, of course, an immense extension
in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, theEuphrates, the Tigris and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it
covered much the greater part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to
suggest that there was no technical progress during this long time; there was
progress—there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely
gunpowder and the mariner’s compass—but neither of these can be
compared in their power to such things as speech and writing and
agriculture.
Notes
1 ape: any monkey
2 narrative: a story or description of actual or fictional events; to narrate is
to give an account or commentary
3 prey: an animal hunted or caught for food
4 pastoral: of or pertaining to shepherds, herdsmen, etc.
5 nomad: one of a group of people who have no permanent home and move
about from place to place
6 the Nile: the longest river in the world flowing through East Africa,尼罗河
7 the Tigris: river of Southwest Asia, joining the Euphrates in South Iraq
8 the Euphrates: river of Southwest Asia,幼发拉底河
9 the Indus: river of South Central Asia, rising from Southwest Tibet,
flowing through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea
Reading Comprehension
which one of the following, according to the author, was first discovered or
invented in human civilization?
a. written language b. oral language c. fire d. domestication
2 The author does not state clearly but implies that in the development of
man___
a. human speech developed along with other human facultiesb. picture language and writtenlanguage developed side by side
c. oral language preceded the use of fire
d. the ape might be taught to master speech
3 According to the passage picture language was found most useful
when_____
a. people didn’t want to use speech in communication
b. oral language was not fully developed
c. people went hunting or traveling somewhere
d. people were inhabiting in caves
4 It is the author’s view that in human civilization agriculture______.
a. is the most important step man has ever made
b. is only less important than the domestication of animals
c. had long been practiced as stated in written history
d. can be ranked in importancewith the invention of machines
5 In the 3rd paragraph,”… in the regions where it could be practiced…”,
here, “it” refers to ________
a. increase b. number c. agriculture d. species
6 The pastoral nomads would not have yielded to the agricultural way of
life____
a. if it had not been for the benefits brought about by agriculture
b. unless agriculture could provide them with sufficient domesticated
animals
c. if agriculture had taken up too large a number of their pastures
d. if they had not found setbacks in their pastoral way of life7 Written language in its initial stage was found more advantageous in that
__
a. it could communicate more accurately than the oral language
b. it had developed from picture language
c. information could be recorded and transmitted
d. it was easier to learn than picture language
8 The following conditions except one made it possible for civilized
communities to exist. The exception is _________
a. writing b. agriculture c. fire d. caves
9 The word ”it” in “… to develop the beliefs and political organizations
appropriate to it.”(paragraph 5) stands for______
a. technique b. time c. long period d. Industrial Revolution
10 The author means to say that human civilized life originated from____
a. South Europe b. North Africa c. East Asia d. river areas
1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 d 9 a 10 d
