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绝密★启用前
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（二）
（科目代码：204）
☆考生注意事项众
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（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word( s) for each numbered blank and
mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Ifs not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 , to
understand their negative consequences. Most work-related behaviors have
multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.
Travel on a London bus and you'll 3 see how this works with drivers.
Watch people get on and show their tickets. Are they carefully inspected? Never.
Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that
people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They
are 5 How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as
cyclists.
Why? Because the target is 6 People complained that buses were late
and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and
drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit
their targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 ,
you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion
changed to safety, you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.
But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.
There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting
targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still
arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time
a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.
The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with
multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.
Everything can be done faster and made cheaper, but there is a 17 . Setting
targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.
This is not an argument against target-setting. But it is an argument for
exploring consequences first. All good targets should have multiple criteria
18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The
trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but
also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.
英语（二）试题.1.（共15页）1. A. therefore B. however C. again D. moreover
2. A. Emphasize B. Identify C. Assess D. Explain
3. A. nearly B. curiously C. eagerly D. quickly
4. A. claim B. prove C. check D. recall
5. A. threatened B. ignored C. mocked D. blamed
6. A. punctuality B. hospitality C. competition D. innovation
7. A. Yet B. So C. Besides D. Still
8. A. hired B. trained C. rewarded D. grouped
9. A. only B. rather C. once D. also
10. A. comfort B.revenue C. efficiency D. security
11. A. friendly B. quiet C. cautious D. diligent
12. A. purpose B. problem C. prejudice D. policy
13. A. reported B. revealed C. admitted D. noticed
14. A. break B. trip C. departure D. transfer .
15. A. moral B. background C. style D. form
16. A. interpret B. criticize C. sacrifice D. tolerate
17. A. task B. secret C. product D. cost
18. A. leading to B. calling for C. relating to D. accounting for
19. A. specify B. predict C. restore D. create
20. A. modify B. review C. present D. achieve
Section H Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
英语（二）试题.2.（共15页）Text 1
"Reskilling" is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a
requirement if we plan to have a future in which a lot of would-be workers do not
get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand
will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by
the World Economic Forum finds that on average 42 per cent of the "core skillsn
within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline.
The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual
companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no
longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not
always happen. AT(8lT is often given as the gold standard of a company who
decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire
strategy. Other companies had also pledged to create their own plans. When the
skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to
government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably
languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of
employers begging for workers even at times and in regions where unemployment
is high.
With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at
3.5 per cent and 5. 5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and
the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were
everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13. 3 per cent and 13.7 per
cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so.
In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there
were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to
be a doctor in a few weeks. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you
can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That
seems to be the case in Sweden: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their
cabin staff, Scandinavian Airlines decided to start up a short retraining program
that reskilled the laid-off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a
collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.
英语（二）试题.3.（共15页）21. Research by the World Economic Forum suggests
A. an increase in full-time employment
B. an urgent demand for new job skills
C. a steady growth of job opportunities
D. a controversy about the u core skills
22. ATcSiT is cited to show.
A. an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy
B. an immediate need for government support
C. the importance of staff appraisal standards
D. the characteristics of reskilling programs
23. Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada
A. have driven up labour costs
B. have proved to be inconsistent
C. have met with fierce opposition
D. have appeared to be insufficient
24. We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was.
A. a call for policy adjustment
B. a change in hiring practices
C. a lack of medical workers
D. a sign of economic recovery
25. Scandinavian Airlines decided to.
A. create job vacancies for the unemployed
B. prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs
C. retrain their cabin staff for better services
D. finance their staffs college education
英语（二）试题.4.（共15页）Text 2
With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and
forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to
keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has
become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.
Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the
UK importing food. The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it
eats, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. A move back to self-
sufficiency ,the argument goes, would boost the farming industry, political
sovereignty and even the nation's health. Sounds great—but how feasible is this
vision?
According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,
UK, 85 per cent of the country's total land area is associated with meat and dairy
production. That supplies 80 per cent of what is consumed, so even covering the
whole country in livestock farms wouldn't allow us to cover all our meat and
dairy needs.
There are many caveats to those figures, but they are still grave. To become
much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its
consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning
fewer green fields, and more factory-style production.
But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn't help. There is a good
reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry: most of its terrain doesn't
have the right soil or climate to grow crops on commercial basis. Just 25 per cent
of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already
occupied by arable fields. Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of
fruit and veg—which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and
removing thousands of people from their homes—we would achieve only a 30 per
cent boost in crop production.
Just 23 per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently
home-grown, so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per
cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the
grains, sugars, seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current
calorie intake.
英语（二）试题.5.（共15页）26. Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would
A. be hindered by its population growth
B. contribute to the nation's well-being
C. become a priority of the government
D. pose a challenge to its farming industry
27. The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK
A. farmland has been inefficiently utilised
B. factory-style production needs reforming
C. most land is used for meat and dairy production
D. more green fields will be converted for farming
28. Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to.
A. its farming technology
B. its dietary tradition
C. its natural conditions
D. its commercial interests
29. It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people
A. rely largely on imports for fresh produce
B. enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption
C. are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake
D. are trying to grow new varieties of grains
30. The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is
A. defensive
B. doubtful
C. tolerant
D. optimistic
英语（二）试题.6.（共15页）Text 3
When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile
calendar Sunrise in 2015, it picked up two newcomers that were attracting
considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft's own Office dominates the market
for “ productivity" software, but the start-ups represented a new wave of
technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.
Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used
their best features in its own products. Their teams of engineers stayed on,
making them two of the many "acqui-hires" that the biggest companies have used
to feed their great hunger for tech talent.
To Microsoft's critics, the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a
remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in
their path. "They bought the seedlings and closed them down," complained Paul
Arnold, a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting an end to
businesses that might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined to
comment.
Like other start-up investors, Mr Arnold's own business often depends on
selling start-ups to larger tech companies, though he admits to mixed feelings
about the result: "I think these things are good for me, if I put my selfish hat on.
But are they good for the American economy? I don't know."
The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that
question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for
information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade. Although
only a research project at this stage, the request has raised the prospect of
regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond
their reach.
Given their combined market value of more than $5.5 trillion, rifling
through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist
and Sunrise—might seem beside the point. Between them, the five biggest tech
companies have spent an average of only $ 3.4 billion a year on sub- $ 1 billion
acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean compared with their
massive financial reserves, and the more than $ 130 billion of venture capital that
was invested in the US last year.
However, critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most
threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain
momentum, in some cases as part of a "buy and kill" tactic to simply close them
down.
英语（二）试题.7.（共15页）31. What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?
A. Their engineers were retained.
B. Their market values declined.
C. Their tech features improved.
D. Their products were re-priced.
32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend to
A. exaggerate their product quality
B. eliminate their potential competitors
C. treat new tech talent unfairly
D. ignore public opinions
33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.
A. weaken big tech companies
B. worsen market competition
C. harm the national economy
D. discourage start-up investors
34. The US Federal Trade Commission intends to.
A. limit Big Tech's expansion
B. encourage research collaboration
C. examine small acquisitions
D. supervise start-ups' operations
35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisitions have
A. brought little financial pressure
B. raised few management challenges
C. set an example for future deals
D. generated considerable profits
英语（二）试题.8.（共15页）Text 4
We're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of
experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction, and
deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. In one study of the ability
she called " thin slicing," the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants
to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's
overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly with students, end-of-
semester ratings. Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000
by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory.
Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social
processing.
Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons
for their judgment, before giving the rating. Accuracy dropped dramatically.
Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,
such as certain gestxires or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of
subtle signals form a holistic impression. She found similar interference when
participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they
were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
Other research shows we're better at detecting deception from thin slices
when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. "It's as if you're driving a stick
shift,M says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you
start thinking about it too much, you can't remember what you're doing. But if
you go on automatic pilot, you're fine. Much of our social life is like that."
Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences. College
students, ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with
experts' opinions when the students weren't asked to analyze their rationale. And
people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more
personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,
but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to
process.
Intuition's special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances. In
one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that
tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four
that tapped intuition and creativity ( generating new products or figures of
speech). Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition ("gut
feelings,n "hunches," "my heartM . Use of their gut hurt their performance on
the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the
heart is smarter than the head.
英语（二）试题.9.（共15页）36. Nalini Ambady's study deals with.
A. the power of people's memory
B. the reliability of first impressions
C. instructor-student interaction
D. people's ability to influence others
37. In Ambady's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants
A. focused on specific details
B. gave the rating in limited time
C. watched shorter video clips
D. discussed with one another
38. Judith Hall mentions driving to show that
A. reflection can be distracting
B. memory may be selective
C. social skills must be cultivated
D. deception is difficult to detect
39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to
A. collect enough data
B. list your preferences
C. seek expert advice
.空
D. follow your feelings
,■
40. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Generating new products takes time.
B. Intuition may affect reflective tasks.
C. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.
D. Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness.
英语（二）试题.10.（共15页）Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable
subheading from the list A—G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41— 5).
There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your
answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
A. Stay calm
B. Stay humble
C. Decide whether to wait
D. Be realistic about the risks
E. Don't make judgments
F. Identify a shared goal
G. Ask permission to disagree
How to Disagree with Someone More Powerful Than You
Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won't work. Your senior
colleague outlines a project timeline you believe is unrealistic. What do you say
when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do? How do you
decide whether it's worth speaking up? And if you do, what exactly should you
say? Here's how to disagree with someone more powerful than you.
41._____________________
You may decide ifs best to hold off on voicing your opinion. Maybe you
haven't finished thinking the problem through, or you want to get a clearer sense
of what the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you
might want to gather your army first. People can contribute experience or
information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement
stronger or more valid. It's also a good idea to delay the conversation if you are
英语（二）试题.11.（共15页）in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the
powerful person feel less threatened.
42. _____________________
Before you share your thoughts, think about what the powerful person cares
about—it may be the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time.
You're more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a higher
purpose. State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not
as a disagreeable subordinate but as a colleague who's trying to advance a
common objective. The discussion will then become more like a chess game than
a boxing match.
43. _____________________
This step may sound overly deferential, but it's a smart way to give the
powerful person psychological safety and control. You can say something like,
“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here. I have
reasons to think that won't work. I'd like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be
OK?" This gives the person a choice, allowing him to verbally opt in. And,
assuming he says yes, it will make you feel more confident about voicing your
disagreement.
44. ______________ .
You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but do whatever
you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions. When your body
language communicates reluctance or anxiety, it undercuts the message. It sends
a mixed message, and your counterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths
can help, as can speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky,
we tend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking in an even
tone helps the other person cool down and does the same for you. It also makes
you seem confident, even if you aren't.
英语（二）试题.12.（共15页）45._____________________
Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth. It may
be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but ifs still an opinion, so talk
tentatively and slightly understate your confidence. Instead of saying " If we set
an end-of-quarter deadline, we will never make it," say, "This is just my
opinion, but I don't see how we will make that deadline. " Having asserted your
position (as a position, not as a fact), demonstrate equal curiosity about other
views. Remind the person that this is your point of view, and then invite
critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.
Section DI Translation
46. Directions:
Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER
SHEET. (15 points)
We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of
connection, laughter, and warmth. While that may well be true, researchers have
also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood
and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.
In one series of studies, researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using
public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.
On average, participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who
had been told to stand or sit in silence. The researchers also argued that when we
shy away from casual interactions with strangers, it is often due to a misplaced
anxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time, however, this
belief is false. As it turns out, many people are actually perfectly willing to
talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.
英语（二）试题.13.（共15页）Section IV Writing
Part A
47. Directions:
Suppose you are organizing an online meeting. Write an email to Jack, an
international student, to
1) invite him to participate, and
2) tell him about the details.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)
Part B
48. Directions:
Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should
1) interpret the chart, and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
英语（二）试题.14.（共15页）2021年考研英语（二）真题答案速查表
1 ~ 5 BADCB 6-10 ABCDB 11 ~15 CBDBA
16-20 CDCAD 21 ~25 BADCB 26-30 BCCAB
31 ~35 ABCCA 36-40 BAADB 41 ~45 CFGAB
Section ID Translation
我们往往认为，朋友和家人是我们情感联系、欢笑和温暖的最大源泉。尽管这种说法很
可能正确，但最近研究人员也发现，与陌生人交谈实际上会带给我们意想不到的情绪改善和
归属感。
在一系列研究中,研究人员指示芝加哥地区的通勤者在乘坐公共交通工具时和自己旁边
的人交谈。平均而言,遵从研究人员指示的参与者比那些被吩咐默不作声地站着或坐着的参
与者感受更好。研究人员还认为，当我们避免与陌生人进行随意的交谈时，通常是由于我们
产生了一种不应有的焦虑感——认为别人或许不愿与我们交谈。然而,很多时候这种看法是
错误的。事实证明,许多人实际上非常乐意交谈，甚至可能会因为受到你的关注而感到荣幸。
英语（二）试题.15.（共15页）
