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专题 06 名词与冠词 知识梳理
·模块一 名词的分类
·模块二 名词的单复数
·模块三 修饰可数名词的词和词组
·模块四 中考常见不可数名词
·模块五 修饰不可数名词的词和词组
·模块六 名词的所有格
·模块七 名词的性
·模块八 冠词的分类
·模块九 不定冠词的用法
·模块十 定冠词的用法
·模块十一 零冠词的用法
·模块十二 2022、2023年各省市中考真题综合训练
名词的分类
A. 专有名词：具体的人、地、物、机构、团体、月份和节日等专有的名词
如：Alfred Nobel, Africa, February
名词
a 可数名词 可以用数字计数的名词，如boy，chair
B. 普通名词 1)物质名词：如fire, wood, air, water
b 不可数名词
2)抽象名词：如information, advice, courage
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名词的单复数
1. 单数变复数的一般规则，请将下列单词变为复数形式：
构成方法 例词
一般在词尾加-s horse—horses mile—miles
以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的词加-es box—boxes glass—glasses brush—
brushes
以o结尾的词加-s或-es 有生命加-es hero—heroes
potato- potatoes
Negro—Negroes
无生命加-s photo—photos
piano-pianos
zoo-zoos
特例 motto—mottos/mottoes, *kangaroo-kangaroos,
volcano- volcanoes
以-y结尾的词 以辅音字母加-y结 battery—batteries country—
尾的词，变y为i, countries
加-es
以元音字母加-y结 monkey—monkeys day—days
尾的词直接加-s
以-f或-fe结尾的词 f, fe变为v再加-es wolf—wolves wife—wives
个别词直接加-s roof—roofs belief—beliefs
scarf- scarves /scarfs
2. 特殊变化有下列情况:
man men medium media
Roman Romans child children
woman women mouse mice
businesswoman businesswomen ox oxen
goose geese foot feet
German Germans tooth teeth
There are many men doctors in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.（妇产科）
♥Attention♥
man/woman男人、女人双变原则
a man nurse some men nurses a woman doctor women doctors
boyfriends maidservants women servants lady drivers
3. 单复数同形的情况：
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sheep-sheep Chinese-Chinese means-means species-species craft 及 由 -craft
（ spacecraft ，
aircraft）构成的名词
deer-deer Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss series-series
The only means to achieve success is to appeal to law（诉诸法律）.
All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.
4. 单复数特别用法：
a. word 的特别用法：
不可数名词 新闻、消息、承诺
word
可数名词 词、话语
★小试身手★
1) Word has it that （有消息传来）she is leaving. (word has it that 是惯用语用法，表示有消息
说，eg. Legend has it that…… 有传说说 【学生版不出现】)
2) Please send me word （通知我）of your safe arrival.
3) They asked him to leave, in other words（换句话来说）, he was fired.
4) He likes to spread the word（宣传）about the importance of healthy eating.
★习惯用语★
keep/break one’s word 履行诺言/ 食言 in other words 换句话说
leave word 留言 eat one’s words 承认错误（收回
某人的话）
a man of his word 信守诺言的人 the last words 遗言
word for/by word 逐字逐句地 waste one’s words 白费口舌
in a word 总之 have a few words/ a word with sb 与某人谈谈
5. 单复数用法的其他特殊情况：
比较：CDs (CD’s) Some VIPs (some VIP’s) In the 1990s (1990’s)
6. 一“S” 之差，谬以千里
paper 纸 papers 考卷
good 好的 goods 货物
letter 信件 letters 文学（作品）
look 看 looks 外表
glass 杯子 glasses 眼镜
green 绿色 greens 绿叶蔬菜
custom 风俗 customs 海关
time 时间 times 时代
sand 沙 sands 沙滩
iron 铁 irons 脚镣
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drink 喝 drinks 饮品
force 武力 forces 军队
spirit 精神 spirits 精力/态度
work 工作 works 工厂/作品
7. 固定词组用复数
in high spirits as follows take turns hurt one’s feelings in rags
兴致高昂 如下 轮流 伤害感情 衣衫褴褛
修饰可数名词的词和词组
请翻译下列词组：
中考常见不可数名词
一群人 a group /crowd of people 一两天 a couple of days
一些亲戚 (a) few relatives 几台电脑 some computers
大量的乘客 a large number of 很多记者 a lot of/lots of reporters
passengers
很多地方 many places 顶尖学生中的一个 one of the top students
数以百年 hundreds of years 数以千年 thousands of years
数以万年 tens of thousands of years 两千年 two thousand years
一副眼镜/一双鞋/一条裤子/一把剪刀 a pair of glasses/shoes/trousers/scissors
忠告 advice 天气 weather 麻烦 trouble
黄油 butter 空气 air 乐趣 fun
玻璃 Glass 损坏 damage 草 grass
作业 Homework 家务活 housework 钱 money
信息 information 冰 ice 纸 paper
知识 knowledge 新闻 news 交通 traffic
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★真题试炼★
1. 选择
1) In ancient ___C____ people had to do heavy labour because at that______there were no modern machines.
A. time, time B. times, times C. times, time D. time, times
2) The students don’t find much __B _ about the topic on that website.
A. report B. information C. article D. story
3) Would you like a pudding? Go and bring me a little __A__ and I will make one for you.
A. bowl B. apples C. chalk D. shampoo
2. 填空
1) A lecture on biology was made by a __Japanese__ professor yesterday morning. (Japan)
2) We took many __photos__ when we travelled in Xinjiang last summer. (photo)
3) This is the first year to learn the new subject-- __chemistry__. (chemical)
4) The __owner__ of the shop is on holiday with his family. (own)
5) After 30 years, his twin brother’s sudden _ arrival _ brought him a great surprise. (arrive)
修饰不可数名词的词和词组
铁的原则：不可数名词与(可数)量词连用=可数（对量词的数变化）
请用量词+不可数名词的形式翻译下列词组：
一件衣服/家具 an article/piece of clothing/furniture
两块巧克力/肥皂 two bars of chocolate/soap
一瓶墨水/牛奶/酒 a bottle of ink/milk/wine
一点食物 (a) little food
一些工作/建议 some work/advice
很多新闻 a lot of/lots of news
大量信息 huge amounts of information
♥Attention♥
“万能搭”a piece of：
advice/bread/cake/chalk/cloth/clothing/equipment/furniture/information/kindness/land/news/paper/wood/work
可数名词与不可数名词修饰量词表
只能修饰可数名词 只能修饰不可数名词 可数/不可数名词均可修饰
alarge/ huge/great number of a great deal of plenty of/
the number of a large amount of a lot of
dozens of the amount of lots of/
scores of huge amounts of a large quantity of
hundreds of a large sum of (一大笔) quantities of(谓语动词用复数)
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(a) few (a) little the quantity of
several a bit
many (a) much
★真题试炼★
1) _____ people ____ come from all parts of the country to see the exhibition.
A. A lots of；have B. A large number of；have
C. Much；has D. Huge amounts of；has
2) ______ students of our school ________ more than one thousand.
A. A number of, are B. A number of, is
C. The number of, are D. The number of, is
★区分总结★
度量衡单位的原则(单复数变化)：
中国度量衡 one/five yuan two/four Jiao three Jin ten mu
外国度量衡 3 dollars 15 pounds 20 miles 12 kilometers
名词的所有格
总体规律：名词所有格有三种形式：’s所有格，of所有格和同时具备前两种格的双重所有格。
1. -’s所有格：
一般是在词尾，若原词已有复数词尾-s，则只要在-s后加 (’)
David’s car my brother’s notebook my sisters’ toy
Children’s Day Women’ s Day the People’s Square
2. of所有格：这种所有格常用于无生命的东西。
a. the A of C名词拥有较长的定语。
The sound of the children playing, the name of the girl standing outside, the contribution of science and
technology
b. 表示地理、机构、集体等的名词可用of或-’s表所有格。
The population of the city或the city’s population, the plan of the family或the family’s plan等。
c. 在某人的家或工作地
at Mr. Green’s to my uncle’s at the tailor’s at the doctor’s
♥Attention♥
共有还是私藏
Jane and Mary’s father Jane’s and Tom’s fathers
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3. 双重所有格： a book of my friend’s some friends of his father’s
a. 双重所有格中的第二个名词总是指人，不指物。
a page of the book’s (×)
应改为a page of the book.
b. 双重所有格中的第一个名词常有不定冠词 (a/an) 或that等词，而第二个名词总是特指the。
the friend of the doctor’s ( 错 )
a friend of the doctor’s ( 对 )
that friend of my brother’s (√)
♥Attention♥
a picture of my sister’s (画是我姐姐的)
a picture of my sister(画中人是我姐姐)
在用-’s和of皆可表示名词所有格时，强调有别。
China’s development (强调development)
The development of China ( 强调China )
★真题试炼★
1）_ A___ are travelling abroad.
A. The Greens B. The Green’s C. Greens D. Green’s
2）Tom and peter live in the same flat. It is __C__.
A. Susan and Betty B. Susan’s and Betty
C. Susan and Betty’s D. Susan’s and Betty’s
名词的性
actor actress waiter waitress
headmaster headmistress host hostess
prince princess emperor empress
god goddess steward stewardess
tiger tigress lion lioness
★真题试炼★
The _ B____ are planting some ____ in the school garden now.
A. woman teachers …apple trees B. women teachers…apple trees
C. woman teacher…apples tree D. women teachers…apples trees
冠词的分类
不定冠词（泛指） a 用于辅音音素或半元音音素前
冠词
an 用于元音音素前
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定冠词（特指） the
不定冠词的用法
不定冠词a/an常表示泛指
1. 泛指人或物
He will be a teacher in five years.
2. 表示数量“一个”
There is a book and two pencils on the desk.
3. 某些习惯用语中
take a look have a rest have a swim go on a diet
have a good time make a decision make a living
do sb. a favor give sb. a hand in a minute
4. 有些特殊情况中，专有名词前必须加不定冠词，表示具有某种特性的人或物、某一位不认识的人或
某个不确定的时间。
I know a Leonardo, but not the famous one. 我认识一个叫莱昂纳多的人，但不是有名气的那个。
定冠词的用法
1. 用于上文已经提到过的事物前
Give me the book.
2. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前
the air, the earth, the moon, the sun, the world, the sky, the south
♥Attention♥
space（太空）前不用
3. 用于形容词的比较级、最高级和序数词前
He is the taller of the two children in his family.
（特殊讲解此处特殊的形容词比较级用法）
the largest room, the second story
4. 用于西洋乐器前（中国乐器前不用加定冠词）
play the piano/ guitar
play zither/ erhu
♥Attention♥
a. 序数词前有时也可以用不定冠词a(n)，表示“又一、再一”的泛指意义。
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In spite of the first two failures, he tried a third time.
尽管前两次失败，他又试了第三次。
b. 下列表达在序数词前习惯不用定冠词：
They fell in love at first sight.
他们一见钟情。
5. 江河、海洋、山川、国家（全称）、组织、团体
请翻译下列的词组：
长江 (The) Yangtze River 太平洋 the Pacific Ocean
美国 the United States of 中国共产党 the Communist Party of China
America
北京宾馆 Beijing Hotel 自由女神像 the Statue of Liberty
6. 表时间和空间
a. 空间：the east，the west，the south，the north，the front，the back，the left，the right。
The teacher seated his pupils in the back of the classroom.
老师让学生们坐在教室后面。
b. 时间：at the beginning of在…初，in the middle of在…中，at the end of 在…末尾，the past过去，the
present现在
7. 用于形容词或分词前表示一类人或事物，谓语动词用复数
穷人 the poor 富人 the rich
老人 the old 年轻人 the young
病人 the sick 死人 the dead
盲人 the blind 伤者 the wounded
好人 the good 美人 the beautiful
不认识的人 the unknown 失业者 the unemployed
残疾人 the disabled 长者 the elderly
8. 动词+宾语＋介词＋the +身体部位
He took the thief by the hand.
The ball hit the boy on the nose.
The woman hit the man in the face.
9. the +姓氏的复数表示这一家人
The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table.
模块十一 零冠词的用法
1. 称呼、头衔作表语、同位语、补语
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He is head of the organization.（头衔，表语）
2. 学科、球类、棋类
Do you study maths?
He likes playing football/chess.
3. By+n
a. 表示交通工具，方式方法
by air, by bus, by bike, by train,
take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/bus, ride a bike
b. 依据……行事
by weight
4. 语言名称：
Chinese, English, French
5. 词组比较:（定冠词与零冠词用法）
2022、2023年各省市中考真题综合训练
in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院
in front of 在前方 in the front of 在前部
out of question 无疑的 out of the question 不可能的
at table 进餐 at the table 坐在桌子旁
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