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专题 13 阅读理解：推理判断题
备考 2023 年高考英语二轮复习讲练测--讲练
命题解读
推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展
的趋势。推理判断能力是阅读理解能力的重要组成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。每年每
套题通常会有 5～7 题。在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断。
题型分类
1．推断隐含意义
2．推断观点态度
3．推断写作目的
4．推断文章出处
5．推断下续内容解题技巧：
1：推断隐含意义: ( infer/conclude/see/imply/suggest/indicate/know/learn...)
1．Scanning，找到相关信息点
2．Study reading， 不但理解表层，而且要由表及里、由浅入深地分析
3．推理，以文中提供的信息为依据，结合常识，作出符合逻辑的推断
2：推断观点态度 : （attitude/ felt/thought/according to...）
根据作者在文中的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外
之音。
3：推断写作目的 : ( purpose/ intend to/show/ to...)
常见于科普类﹑新闻报道类﹑文化类或社会类的文章.
1. 找主旨
2. 看文体――根据文章结构和措辞
(1) to entertain readers
常见于故事类的文章
(2) to persuade readers
常见于广告类的文章
(3) to inform readers/offer information/tips
4：推断文章出处或读者对象 : （is likely to be taken from/section...）
A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。
C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、
药量等。
D.网站：文中会出现click（点击），online（在线）, web（网络）, website（网址）等字眼。
5：推断下续内容Question Forms : ( next /following the passage/ continue...)
把握作者的意图和文章结构，注意最后一段内容，特别是最后几句话。
推理判断题选项特征
1.正确项特征
1.根据原文内容，一步即可推得。
依附原文，只推
一步 2．选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等，正确答案
的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如 often,usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
选项中一般没有
用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。
绝对概念词
正话反说 把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。
原文原词 利用原文原词作为正确选项。
2.推理判断题干扰选项特征
张冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容，干扰迷惑考生。
这类干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但文中无信息支撑。其
无中生有
次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。
利用原文的词设计出干扰项，与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变
曲解文意 动，是对原文意思的曲解。
黑白颠倒 与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。
过度解读 与文中事实想的太多，推断的不合情理。
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换
偷梁换柱 了几个单词，造成句意的改变。
这类干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义
以偏概全 代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义。
3.注意：
阅读时时还应当关注下列词：
1. but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary，unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with,
in comparison，like, such as, for example, for instance, take ... as an example，because, for, since, as, so, thus,
therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。
典例剖析（2022年浙江卷6月）Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that
moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new
a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who
practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of
viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long......
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is
a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do
things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7．What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
9．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10．What does the text seem to advocate?
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】7．D 9．C 10．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工
作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。7．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，
但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University,
researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language
moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer
领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试
者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成
果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会
产生最好的结果。故选D。
9．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher
levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积
极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10．推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研究
发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance,
especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工
作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，
即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
典例剖析
（2022年全国乙卷）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help
railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky”
technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe
for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to
inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and
switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.【答案】28．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助
铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
28．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct
position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来
检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，使用无人机检查电
力线使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
典例剖析
（2022年全国乙卷）
Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to
have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part. 35．What can be
inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A．It is a short-sighted decision. B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers.D．It upsets customers.
【答案】 35．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，
同时该收入用于学校体育。
35．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.(根据
一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英
镑)”可知，糖税政策带来了积极影响。由此推知，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
高考真题练一练1. （2022年浙江卷1月）
For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was
born of the financial crisis(危机)in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate (房地产)firm where she had worked
for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near
her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take
it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1, 600 miles away. It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog
there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth’s pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except
Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with
transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding
and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. She moved their family from Canada to California when she was
one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she
left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing
and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30, 000 per year before tax. She doesn’t work in
summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she
gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says, “When I am
on the road, I’m just in my own world. I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help
animals.”
1．Why did Merebeth changed her job?
A．She wanted to work near her home.
B．She was tired of working in the office.
C．Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D．Her former employer was out of business.
2．The word “wanderlust” in paragraph 2 means a desire to _________?
A．make money. B．try various jobs.
C．be close to nature. D．travel to different places.
3．What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?
A．She has chances to see rare animals.
B．She works hard throughout the year.C．She relies on herself the whole time.
D．She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Merebeth从事的新工作。近十年来，她一直是一名自营宠物运输专家。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The downturn hit the real estate （房地产）firm where she had worked for ten
years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.（她曾在一家房地产公司做了10
年的办公室经理，经济低迷打击了这家公司。 公司破产了，她只好另寻新工作）”，可知，Merebeth之所以
换工作，是因为她以前的雇主破产了。故选D。
2．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon,
she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in
all weathers.（她自豪地说，除了蒙大拿州、华盛顿州和俄勒冈州，她走遍了美国所有的州。如果她想去一个新
的地方，她只需要找到一个有交通需要的宠物。 她风雨无阻地旅行）”，可知，划线词的意思是“渴望去不
同的地方旅行”。故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-
spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals.（当我在路上的时候，我只是在自己的世界里。 我一直
很独立，我强烈地觉得我必须帮助动物）”，可知，Merebeth在她的新工作中一直都是靠自己。故选C。
2. （2022年全国甲卷）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor.
Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches,
and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our
separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun
to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly
rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept
aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t
seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting anybetter at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks
some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and
dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. Sydney’s striking architecture. B. The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C. The key to Sydney’s development. D. Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
33. What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A. He goes to work by boat. B. He looks forward to a new life.
C. He pilots catamarans well. D. He is attached to the old ferries.
34. What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A. It is losing its traditions. B. It should speed up its progress.
C. It should expand its population. D. It is becoming more international.
35. Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A. A city can be young and old at the same time.
B. A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C. Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D. Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【语篇导读】文章介绍了不同身份的人们对于悉尼发展过程中现代化与传统文化之间冲突的看法 。
32.【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney,
Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它
的港口) ”以及“But it is the harbor that makes the city. (但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发
展的关键是港口。故选C项。
33.【答案】D
【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilot Sydney ferryboats
for a living. (安德鲁-雷诺兹（Andrew Reynolds）是一个30岁出头的开朗小伙子，以驾驶悉尼渡船为生。)”、第
三段“I’ll miss these old boats. (我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not soelegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. (双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员
Andrew Reynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D项。
34.【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to
modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. (该市的官方历史
学家雪莉-菲茨杰拉德（Shirley Fitzgerald）告诉我，在20世纪70年代急于实现现代化的过程中，悉尼将其大
部分的过去扫地出门，包括其许多最好的建筑。)”可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在
失去它的传统。故选A项。
35【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its
attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. (另一方面，同时年轻和年
老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一个叫安东尼的有思想的年轻商人时，我考虑了这个问题。)”以及最后一段“He is
right (他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A项。
3.（2021年6月新高考I卷）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional （情感的） intelligence.
Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup
that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism
and "people skills." Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but
most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or
bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how
best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent
does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of
this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis （重视）on emotion by employers, educators and
others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in
everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention
will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming
decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives （视角） from which to study how people manage
their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right
direction.
2. Why does the author mention "doctor" and "cheater" in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant. C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4. （2021年6月全国甲卷）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we
want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much
more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps
this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for
admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people
of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say
that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls act onthat belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really smart."
Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to
know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see
flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors（因
素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses
come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune, who are able
to change the world."
1.What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
5. （2020年全国1卷）
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome
familiarity — but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But
books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.
It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the
now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has
to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is ErnestHemingway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost
intoxicating (令人陶醉的 ), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie
Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble ( 随 笔 ) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio
Cortázar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortázar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I
attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is
the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
( )What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He teaches reading. B. He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious. D. He loves poetry.
6. （2020 全国卷I卷）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to
fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact ( 接 触 ) with the
ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn
Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at
a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice
as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or
more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon
among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so peoplewith a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race
walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes
some practice.
( )Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.
7.（2020年全国III卷）
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look
deeper into our genes ( 基因 ), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years.
People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and
northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to
air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱)
in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii
researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as
divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than
us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the
Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the
task easier for them. “It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo.
She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
( )What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers. B. Recent findings of human origin.
C. New knowledge of human evolution. D. Significance of food selection.
8. (2022年全国高考新高考II卷)
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most
people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can starteven sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry
and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.
Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in
shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were
otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of
nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-
intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second
group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the
reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more
blood during exercise. ” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has
flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing
happened to them at all. ”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start.
But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of
an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
12. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
13. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
14. What does Levine’s research find?
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
15. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。
12. 【答案】D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a
drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University
of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. (“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就
会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想
通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。
13. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance
training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the
guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. (第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第
二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型
的不同，故选C。
14. 【答案】A
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance
of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart
health. (第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了
显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old
hearts,” says Levine. (莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发
现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。
15. 【答案】C
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups
of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. (但这项研究的规模很
小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博
士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。
