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考点 29 阅读理解主旨大意题（重难题型）
高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确
获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信
息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括
能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。
在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：
(1) What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.
(3) The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…
(4) The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(5) What is mainly discussed in the text?
(6) What is the main idea of the passage?
(7) What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(8) The purpose of this passage is.
(9) Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?
(11) The passage mainly focuses on.
从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心
思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。
怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意
——主题句定位法
文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思
想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小
段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要
表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效
的方法。
但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主
题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。
因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，
一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。
文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：
1. 中心主题句出现在文首
开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见
的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。
新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，
是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。
【2022年全国甲卷B篇】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition
abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The
clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys”
to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent LearnersC. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
2. 主题句出现在文尾
在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，
即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。
【2021全国甲卷 D篇】
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But
we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so
much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin.
Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the
standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—
women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to
say that members of their gender（性别）are "really, really smart." Even worse, the study found that girls
act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are "really, really
smart." Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a
genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to
see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors
（因素） like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future
geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance（毅力）, and simple good fortune,
who are able to change the world."
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and IntelligenceD.Genius and Luck
Lacrosse ( 曲棍球 ) is a popular sport in Canada . The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for
war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.
People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal.
The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball
into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball
at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.
There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the
lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.
At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.
1.The passage is mainly about ___________.
A. How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada
4. 中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句
阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。
分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳
形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。
【2022年全国甲卷C篇】
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing andher sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
4. 主题句出现在文章的中间
通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步
的解释、支撑或发展。
The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates
each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better
attended by locals.
During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend
the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the
sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following
another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful
traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair
is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.
…
67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.
A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival
B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival
C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival
D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival
怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题
——高度概括法
对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择
或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主
旨大意，再定标题。
标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。
标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选
择文章的标题呢？
首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体
现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过
度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。
其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，
仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，
太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，
也可以是句子。
再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂
和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般
比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为
核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句
为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th
2004 in Beijing.
话题：Stamps
控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names
标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names
Passage 1
（2021·福建南平·二模）Independent living at home is the ideal for every aging person. But a fall or other
health-threatening incidents can change everything rapidly.
The wearable “panic buttons” introduced in the late 1980s were a great advance. But they only work if people
actually wear them and can reach the button in an emergency. Today there are passive wearables that automatically
detect falls, and camera-based systems to monitor elder safety.
Coming from a 40-year career in the semiconductor and wireless communication field, Rafi Zack decided to
find a better alternative. “People aren’t devoted to wearing small devices 24/7, and camera-based systems are an
invasion（侵犯）of privacy,” he points out, “The most challenging aspect is a fall. How fast we can detect a fall
matters because the medical situation worsens quickly. Sometimes people stay on the floor for a long time. We have
to find out how to solve that problem.”
Zack is a co-founder, CEO and vice president of R&D at EchoCare Technologies which has developed ECHO
(Elderly Care Home Observer), a cloud-connected monitor based on radar technology and machine learning.
Because radar sees through walls, one ECHO unit fixed on the ceiling or wall can monitor one person (or two
persons, in a future version) in a standard-sized apartment in a senior living facility. The device detects falls,
breathing difficulties, drowning in a bathtub and other dangerous events. It gives out warnings to potential health
worsening conditions by continuously monitoring and analyzing the person’s location, posture（姿势）, motion
and breath. EchoCare tested the device in the United States, Japan, Australia and Israel. ECHO was certified（认
证）in 2019 in Japan with the most aging population in the world.“Bathrooms were the main testing area where about 17,000 deadly accidents happen annually.” said SMK
Director and Executive Vice President Tetsuo Hara. “Bathroom makers, home security service providers and
nursing homes are highly interested in EchoCare’s solution.” Zack noted, “As more and more elder people live
alone as a result of social distancing, there is an increased need to monitor them without the burden of wearables or
privacy-invading cameras.”
1．What’s the advantage of ECHO over “panic buttons”?
A．It has camera-based systems. B．It has been widely accepted.
C．It can function without cameras. D．Its buttons can be easily reached.
2．What can we know about ECHO from paragraph 5?
A．It is designed to send out warnings regularly.
B．It monitors dangerous health-related events.
C．It was certified in many developed countries.
D．It detects more than one person at the same time.
3．What can we infer about the future of ECHO?
A．It’ll become more popular with the elderly.
B．It’ll stop 17,000 deaths happening annually.
C．It’ll be used in nursing homes and hospitals.
D．It’ll help elderly people to live an active life.
4．What can be the best title for the passage?
A．An Advanced Medical Instrument
B．A High-tech Monitor for the Elderly
C．The Invention of a Healthcare Device
D．The Improvement of a Medical Facility
Passage 2
（2021·山西晋中·三模）Young children who have experienced compassionate (有同情心的) love and
empathy (认同感) from their mothers may be more willing to turn thoughts into action by being generous to others,
a University of California, Davis’ study suggests.
In lab studies, children tested at ages 4 and 6 showed more willingness to give up the tokens (代金券) they
had earned to fictional children in need when two conditions were present—if they showed bodily changes when
given the opportunity to share and had experienced positive parenting that modeled such kindness. The study
initially included 74 preschool-age children and their mothers. They were invited back two years later, resulting in54 mother-child pairs whose behaviors and reactions were analyzed when the children were 6.
“At both ages, children with better physiological regulation and with mothers who expressed stronger
compassionate love were likely to donate more of their earnings,” said Paul Hastings, UC Davis professor of
psychology. “Compassionate mothers likely develop emotionally close relationships with their children while also
providing an early example of satisfying the needs of others,” researchers said in the study, published in November
in Frontiers in Psychology” Emotion Science.
In each lab exercise, after attaching a monitor to record children’s heart-rate activity, the examiner told the
children they would be earning tokens for a variety of activities, and that the tokens could be turned in for a prize.
The tokens were put into a box, and each child eventually earned 20 prize tokens. Then before the session ended,
children were told they could donate all or part of their tokens to other children.
Taken together, the findings showed that children’s generosity is supported by the combination of their
socialization experiences—their mothers’ compassionate love—and their physiological regulation, and that these
work like “internal and external supports for the ability to act prosocially that build on each other”.
In addition to observing the children’s propensity (习性) to donate their game earnings, Hastings suggested
that “being in a calmer state after sharing could reinforce (加强) the generous behavior that produced that good
feeling.”
5．How do young children loved by their mother tend to become in later years?
A．Considerate. B．Emotional.
C．Generous. D．Optimistic.
6．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．The process of the research. B．The result of the experiment.
C．The reactions of the children. D．The importance of Mom’s love.
7．According to Hastings, what factor could strengthen children’s good behaviors?
A．Their moms love them deeply. B．They donate the tokens easily.
C．They behave physiologically. D．They are calmer after sharing.
8．What is probably the best title of this passage?
A．What Contributes to Generosity?
B．The More You Give, the Calmer You Will Be
C．Do You Prefer to Receive or Give?
D．More Giving, Less Receiving
Passage 3（2021·山西晋中·三模）Nearly everyone knows eBay is a website where you can buy and sell pretty much
anything. There are other Internet auction (拍卖) sites, but none come close to eBay for brand-name recognition.
And for good reason: eBay is the largest English-language online auction site in the world. Buyers come to eBay
for the best chance of finding the particular thing they want. Sellers come for the largest pool of buyers, which they
hope means the best chance of selling at the highest possible price.
Buying things on eBay is pretty simple. You can type a term into the search field, or click through the
categories list to get to what you want. Inside an individual item listing, you’ll see the current asking price, and a
little button to click if you wish to place your own bid. Enter a price, occasionally come back to see if someone has
bid higher than you and wait for the end of the auction period. If your bid is the highest, you win! Now all you have
to do is arrange payment and shipping method with the seller. eBay is only in the business of putting buyers and
sellers together for a small fee from the seller. It doesn’t handle the actual payment or shipping of goods. In other
words, it isn’t a big department store, or a warehouse. It’s the owner of a flea market, and you have to do your own
deals with the individual sellers in their virtual stalls.
To be a skillful eBay buyer, you should learn when to trust sellers and how a proxy (代理人) bid can save you
from going online every half-hour to up your bid. Experienced eBay users also know how to use escrows (公正托
管) to guarantee goods, and how to avoid selling tricks such as fake bids that push up prices. The more often you
buy on eBay, the more you learn.
9．Why is eBay the best website for people to buy and sell things?
A．Because it has all brand products.
B．Because the trade language is English.
C．Because sellers and buyers can close their deals.
D．Because sellers can find a swimming pool there.
10．What should you do first if you want to buy something at the site?
A．Find the current asking price.
B．Click a button to place your own bid.
C．Enter a price which is higher than others.
D．Find what you want in the categories list.
11．What should the buyer do if he/she wins the bid?
A．Get goods from eBay.
B．Determine payment and shipment.C．Send somebody for the goods.
D．Talk about the price of the goods.
12．What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph?
A．How to be a skillful buyer at eBay.
B．How to make sure of qualified goods.
C．How to avoid being cheated by others.
D．How to spare you from going online frequently.
Passage 4
（2022·黑龙江·大庆实验中学模拟预测）The use of AI (artificial intelligence) is becoming more common
in many branches of industry and online shopping. Traditional lines of work, such as goods transport and driving,
are developing in a similar direction although mainly out of public view. Scientists at the University of Göttingen
have now investigated how efficient (高效的) the use of AI can be in the commercial management of trucks.
“Digital applications—as well as machine leaning, a kind of AI—are increasingly applied to operations and
courses in the transport area,” explains Professor Matthias Klumpp from the Faculty of Economics. “The question
in the commercial area, however, is whether or not this contributes to achieving goals.”
To answer this question, the researchers compared the work efficiency of truck drivers with their main use of
AI applications. Looking at trade delivery by truck, they studied three groups: the first drove completely following
human decision-making models; the second used a combination of human and machine; and the third depended
completely on fully automated decisions.
The researchers found that an intelligent combination of human work and decision-making abilities with AI
applications promises the highest transport and driving efficiency. “On average, the second group achieved the most
efficient transport trips, with the fewest interventions (干预) and off-course from the best path.” one researcher
said, “Clearly, neither a completely human decision-making structure nor a fully automated driving system can
promise to meet current goods transport requirements.” The scientists therefore summarized that despite the
progress of AI in the field of transportation by truck, human experience and decision-making abilities will still be
necessary in the longer term. However, the challenge is that a wide range of training and qualification (资格) needs
will come along by working with Al applications, especially for simple goods transport activities.
13．What does Matthias Klumpp focus on?
A．The efficiency of AI.
B．The advantages of AI.C．The problems caused by AI.
D．The wide applications of AI.
14．How did the researchers get the finding?
A．By providing examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By using different trucks.
D．By listing three experiments.
15．What can we know from the last paragraph?
A．Al is better at making decisions.
B．A balance is needed between human and AI.
C．Human will soon be replaced by AI in driving.
D．Al applications meet the current requirements.
16．What is the best title for the text?
A．The future of transport.
B．Artificial intelligence as a co-driver.
C．Artificial intelligence-a better choice in driving.
D．The strengths of artificial intelligence in transport.
Passage 5
（2021·福建宁德·三模）Just as a hungry brain craves (渴望) food, a lonely brain craves people. A new brain
study demonstrates this. After being left alone, it shows people's brains would be activated at the sight of other
people. The action was in the same brain region that speeds up when a hungry person sees food.
Livia Tomova, a neuroscientist, who studies how the brain produces mental activities, and her colleagues
began this study. They recruited (招募) 40 people. On one day, the participants had to fast—not eat anything at all
—for 10 hours. On another day, the same people were placed in a room for 10 hours. They couldn't see anyone. No
friends, no family and no social media. They weren't even allowed to check their email. After both days, Tomova
and her colleagues put the people in a MRI machine. It shows activity in the brain by tracking how much blood is
flowing to each region.
At the end of each day, the participants showed high activity in a brain area called the midbrain. The scientists
were interested in two, small areas within it. Both areas produce dopamine, a chemical that is important in craving
and rewards. The two areas activated when hungry participants saw pictures of tasty pizza or juicy hamburgers.
After the volunteers had been isolated, those brain areas became active when they saw social activities they missed.It might be playing sports or chatting with friends.
The midbrain plays an important part in people's motivation to seek food or friends. In fact, it responds to food
and social signals even when people aren't hungry or lonely. But hunger and loneliness increased the reactions and
made people's responses specific to the thing they were missing. And the more hunger or isolation the volunteers
said they were experiencing, the stronger the activity in this part of the brain. Tomova and her colleagues published
their results November 23 in Nature Neuroscience.
17．How does Tomova test out the result of the study?
A．By stimulating desire. B．By controlling blood flow.
C．By monitoring brain activity. D．By examining mental activities.
18．What do we know about midbrain?
A．It consists of two areas. B．It helps motivate desire for food.
C．It stops working when people are full. D．It decreases responses to lost friends.
19．What does the underlined “it” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．A midbrain area. B．A social activity. C．A volunteer. D．A hamburger.
20．What can be the best title for the text?
A．Dopamine—a Sure Sign of Age B．Midbrain—a Nest for the Thoughts
C．Hunger Makes Mental Health Struggle D．Loneliness Makes Our Brains Need People
Passage 6
（2022·陕西·宝鸡中学模拟预测）For thousands of years, mankind has bred plants and animals to create
more desired and useful plants and animals. For instance, modern corn has been bred to such a large size that it is
no longer able to reproduce without man’s assistance. Modern dairy cows produce too much milk; and if they are
not often drained of milk, they could leak, burst, become infected, and possibly die. Furthermore, most
domesticated dogs can not survive in the wild even with special training. Since natural evolution is extremely slow
and mankind’s selective breeding programs only take a few generations to produce a completely new species,
natural evolution has already taken a backseat to mankind’s breeding programs.
Additionally, mankind has successfully killed off several species all together. For instance, there are no more
European wolves in existence and mammoths probably became extinct because of mankind. Even certain diseases
have been permanently eradicated (根除) from the planet, and dozens of other diseases will soon follow. Again,
natural evolution did not cause most extinction during humanity’s reign.
Currently, scientists are creating new species with desired characteristics in the lab significantly faster thanevolution creates new species. In a single generation, new species can be artificially created and destroyed, while
natural evolution could take thousands of years to do the same but only haphazardly (偶然地). Scientists are even
able to replace flawed (有缺陷的) or damaged genes with different genes in an attempt to cure genetic defects. This
is something that natural evolution could possibly never correct.
Eventually scientists will be able to enhance even people. For example, imagine not only correcting your
eyesight with gene therapy, but also ensuring that all of your descendants do not inherit your old genes of poor
eyesight to. Scientists will one day be able to enhance the memory and intelligence of your children, so that they
will do better in school and achieve more in life. Doctors and scientists will be able to customize babies before they
are born just like picking options at a car dealership.
In the near future, natural evolution in the genetic code of any species can be quickly fixed if desired. As a
result, natural evolution is doomed.
21．From Paragraph 1 we learn that ______ .
A．selective breeding has improved all species
B．only selective breeding can make up for natural losses
C．modern corn can’t able to reproduce itself due to selective breeding
D．natural evolution can’t do without man’s assistance
22．The underlined word “backseat ” in Paragraph 1 probably means “ ______ ” .
A．powerful assistance B．important part
C．bad fortune D．secondary position
23．What do we know from the passage?
A．Selective breeding is partly beneficial to humans.
B．Genetic defects won’t be inherited due to natural evolution.
C．Natural evolution can’t create new species.
D．Selective breeding can determine the sex of babies.
24．The author mainly wants to tell us that ______ .
A．selective breeding will cause the extinction of many species
B．natural evolution is almost dead with the development of selective breeding
C．selective breeding has aroused attention from all over the world
D．natural evolution survives strongly although it is in danger1.【2022年全国甲卷C篇】
As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins (企鹅)
longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni
would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
29. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
30. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.31. What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
2.【2022年全国甲卷B篇】
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition
abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The
clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys”
to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
24. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
25. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
26. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters3.【2022全国乙卷C篇】
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in
the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施)
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
30. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
.
C To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
4.【2022年新高考2卷C篇】
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the TextalyzerC. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer.
5.【2021新高考1卷 C篇】
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive
with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans have taken care of these precious natural
resourses wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of
market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to
feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（栖息地）.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned
nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory（迁徙的）waterfowl and the wetlands so vital
to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase
and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. "Ding" Darling,
a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin
Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure
the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that
ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a
billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the
Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever
initiated.
1.What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A.Loss of wetlands. B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers. D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word "decimate" mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export. C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
6.【2021全国乙卷 C篇】
You've heard that plastic is polluting the ocean—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean
ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von
Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers
to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called "Strawpocalypse, " a pair of 10-foot-tall
plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168, 000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach
cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）
of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with
and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's
artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the
straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds,
a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, " Von Wong and
a group of volunteers collected more than 10, 000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look
like they'd been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
7.【2021.6 浙江卷 C篇】
If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may
be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces,
according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像） of the same person
making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half
or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between
human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different
from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy
face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces
during training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish hetween
the pictures bused on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth, " said study anthor Corsin Muller. "Instead,
our results suggest that the surcessful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling
eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish
human facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial
expressions in humans."To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living
with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, ” and this exposure has
provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
