文档内容
考点 23 阅读理解说明文（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 高考真题考点分布
字数 题型分类
年份 卷次 主题语境 细节 推理 主旨 词义
理解 判断 大意 猜测
2024 2024·新高考 C篇：人与社会：纸质阅读与数字阅 323+160 1 2 0 1
年 I卷 读在学习效果上的差异
D篇：人与自然：现代生物采样数据 366+122 1 3 0 0
的科学性
2024·新高考 B篇：人与社会：：旧金山湾区快速 276+126 2 2 0 0
II卷 交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
C篇：人与社会：巴比伦微农场 272+125 2 1 1 0
D篇：人与社会：图书《人工智能设 321+160 0 3 0 1
计:与人工智能共生的计划》
2024·全国甲 B篇：人与自然：了解猫的行为 312+124 1 1 1 1
卷
C篇：人与社会：提供医疗服务的圣 282+111 1 3 0 0
卢卡斯列车
D篇：人与社会：谈论文学作品的最 351+146 1 3 0 0
佳结局
2024·北京卷 人与社会：人类道德准则的形成 384+105 1 1 1 0
过程及人类建立道德准则的标准
2024·浙江卷 人与自我：儿童棉花糖实验引发思考 340+149 1 1 1 0
1月卷
2023 2023·新高考 C篇：人与社会：数字极简主义生活方式 322+ 107 1 2 0 1
年 I卷
D篇：人与社会：“群体智慧”效 339+112 1 2 1 0
2023·新高考 人与自然：保护城市中的野生自然 320+156 1 3 0 0
** 错误的表
达式 **卷
2023·全国甲 人与自然：美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复 321+149 2 2 0 0卷 到2000多头
2023·全国乙 人与社会：英国烹饪节目的影响 295+103 2 2 0 0
卷
2023·北京卷 C篇：人与社会：短期主义 365+102 0 3 0 0
D篇：ALife是否也在不断地进化的 429+129 0 2 1 1
2023·浙江卷 人与社会：新型的太阳能农场 317+149 2 1 1 0
2022 2022·新高考 B篇：人与自然：在家庭中过零浪费的生活 346+130 0 2 1 1
年 I卷 方式
C篇：人与社会：改善老年人的健康 299+131 0 3 0 1
状况的项目
D篇：人与社会：饮食的改变导致了现在 339+153 2 1 1 0
在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音
2022·新高考 人与社会：Textalyzer（短信监控 289+128 1 1 1 1
** 错误的表 器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候
达式 **卷 是否使用了手机
2022·全国甲 人与自然：会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉 255+147 2 1 1 0
卷
2022·全国乙 C篇：人与社会：无人机能在保证铁路安全 314+142 1 1 1 1
可靠又经济
卷
D篇：人与社会：对软饮料征收的糖税 325+127 3 1 0 0
2022·北京卷 人与社会：系统思维 415+144 1 2 0 0
2022·天津卷 人与社会：思想塑造身体，身体同等 405+220 0 5 0 0
程度地塑造思想
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】
近三年说明文阅读理解主要考查说明文。所选材料题材丰富多样，涉及社会、科技、文化、生活、人物、
教育、生态、安全等方面。说明文在高考阅读理解中的重要性不容忽视。即便是第一节中的细节理解题，
大多数情况下考生也无法从文章中直接找到与选项表述完全一致的信息，而是需要在理解文章细节信息后
作出归纳和判断。此外，通常一套卷中主旨大意、词义猜测、写作意图/观点态度类高难度试题的考查数量
为2道左右，说明文考查此类题目的频率较高，且命题点呈多样化特征。
【备考策略】
说明文阅读理解总体上要做到稳、准、快，在确保准确率的基础上提高阅读速度，以节省时间。解题时，要做到：
（1）快速浏览主题。快速浏览加粗字体的标题、小标题或加下划线的语句等最重要的信息，以了解语篇
提供的是哪方面的信息，并判定行文方式。
（2）速读题干，跳读定位信息。接下来阅读每一道试题，根据题干定位信息点，并在文章中找出答案或
相关信息。在定位和寻找信息点的时候，可以充分利用加粗字体的标题、小标题、加下划线的语句等重要
信息提高阅读和解题速度，如果每则信息的项目及其位置具有一致性和对应性，就可利用其一致性和对应
性快速查找答案，查找信息时不一定要读完全文。
（3）细读解题信息。最后，根据查找的相关信息，经过思考后选出正确答案。
【命题预测】
从近三年命题的发展趋势来看，预测2025年高考说明文阅读理解试题难度会保持相对稳定，主要考查题型
仍然为细节理解题和推理判断题为主，主旨大意题和词义猜测题为辅。
【必备基础知识】
一、【语篇特点】
说明文阅读理解一般作为全国卷阅谈理解中的CD篇，主要分为两种类型：实验研究和介绍说明型。说明
文是对事物的形状，性质，特征，成果或公用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，把我所说明事物的特征和
本质是理解说明文的关键，说明事物特征的方法很多，主要有定义法，解释法，比较法，比喻法，数字法，
图标法，引用法和距离法等。说明文的特点是客观、简洁、准确、清晰，文章很少表达作者的情感倾向。
阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、结构、形成原因、功能；了解事物的
意义和特征等。
二、【解题策略】
1. 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离
句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替
作者的观点。
2. 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生
完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、
推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。
3. 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、
综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。
4. 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻
辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。
5. 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细
节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在
材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文
章。
三【说明文中的推理判断题】
【题型解读】推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义
与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之
意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供
的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。
【设题趋势】
常以infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose等词提问。
提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can, could, might, would 等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably, possibly
等。
具体的设问方式如:
What can we infer from the (first/.../last) paragraph?
Where does this passage probably come from?
What’s the author’s attitude towards...?
What is the main purpose of the passage?等。
【常考类型】
题型1 深层推断题 周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义
题型2 意图推断题 依据文体特点推断写作意图
题型3 观点态度题 利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断
题型4 文章出处题 根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处
【推理判断题解题技巧】
1. 正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项
一般具有以下特征:
(1) “立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。
(2) 选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only, never, all, absolutely等。
(3) 正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often, usually, sometimes,
some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。
【干扰选项】
即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的
张冠李戴
却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点
这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支
无中生有
撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干
即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句
曲解文意 话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原
文意思的曲解
鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义
鱼目混珠
代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义
为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上 almost,
all, nearly, more than, normally, usually 等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是
扩缩范围
在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解
题造成干扰的命题方法
干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,
偷梁换柱
造成句意的改变01 说明文中的推理判断题之深层推断题（隐含推断题）
主要考查以下几个方面:
(1)细节推断题,即根据文章特定细节进行推断;
(2)综合推断题,即根据全段,甚至全篇,结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义;
(3)逻辑推断题,即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻
辑的结论。
(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选) Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to
make the printed page outdated.
31.What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【解答思路】
第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词: What, want to say, by mentioning the e-reader
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Continued developments in communication technologies were
once believed to make the printed page outdated.(第四段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可以推知,作者提到电子阅读器说明,这显示了人们认为信息技术的发展一度
使得印刷书籍过时了,但是现在的情况却正好相反,故选__A__。
【方法指导】
抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理判断。细节类推理判断题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关
键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。 整合全文(段)信息进行推测。抓住了
关键信息,以事实为依据,在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确
定最佳答案。
（2024·山西·模拟预测）A team of scientists from the Center for Cognition and Sociality and the Data
Science Group at the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) made an exciting discovery about how computers and human
brains work similarly when remembering things. They found out that the way artificial intelligence (AI) models,
like those in smart robots, store memories is a lot like how our brain’s memory center, called the hippocampus (海
马体), does it. This part of the brain is really important for feelings and memories.
Understanding how AI learns and keeps information is key to making it smarter. The scientists looked into
how our brains learn and remember by focusing on a special process involving the NMDA receptor, a critical partof the hippocampus. This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and remembering. It
opens when certain brain chemicals are present, allowing the cell to receive signals and create memories. A specific
element, magnesium, acts like a guard, only letting substances in under the right conditions.
Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a similar “guarding” method to
manage its memory. They wondered if they could make the Transformer’s memory better by copying the brain’s
process. By adjusting some settings in the Transformer to mimic (模拟、模仿) the brain’s memory door, they
improved its ability to remember things long-term, just like adjusting magnesium levels can affect how well we
remember stuff.
This discovery is a big deal because it shows we can use what we know about the brain to make AI smarter.
C． Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned that this research was a big step
forward for both AI and brain science. It opens up new ways to understand how the brain works and to create more
advanced AI based on these insights.
So, in simple terms, scientists have figured out that computers can learn and remember in ways that are
surprisingly similar to us, which could help make them even smarter in the future.
12．What does the term “NMDA receptor” in paragraph 2 most likely refer to?
A．A type of computer virus that attacks AI systems.
B．A new technology for making computers run faster.
C．A component in AI models that predicts future events.
D．A part of the human brain involved in learning and memory.
13．What did the team discover about Transformer?
A．It directly mimics the brain’s memory process.
B．It is unaffected by changes in memory settings.
C．It uses a special method to manage memory.
D．It requires adjustments to enhance long-term memory.
14．What is the significance of the research findings according to C． Justin LEE?
A．It is a new approach to memory organization.
B．It is a crucial step in advancing AI and neuroscience.
C．It is a method for improving short-term memory in AI.
D．It is a breakthrough in understanding AI emotional processing.
【答案】12．D 13．C 14．B
【导语】本文一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家发现人工智能记忆存储方式与人脑海马体相似，并通过
模仿大脑记忆机制改进了AI模型的记忆能力，促进了AI与脑科学的发展。
12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This receptor works like a smart door in our brain that helps with learning and
remembering.(这种受体就像我们大脑中的一扇智能门，帮助我们学习和记忆)”可知，“NMDA receptor”是
人脑中参与学习和记忆的一部分。故选D。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Interestingly, the team found that Transformer, a type of AI model, uses a
similar “guarding” method to manage its memory.(有趣的是，研究小组发现，Transformer是一种人工智能模型，它使用类似的“保护”方法来管理内存)”可知，Transformer使用了一种类似于保护的特殊方法来管理
其内存。故选C。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段中“C. Justin LEE, a neuroscience (神经学) director at the institute, mentioned
that this research was a big step forward for both AI and brain science. (C. Justin LEE，该研究所的神经科学主任
表示，这项研究对于人工智能和脑科学都是一个重大的进展)”可知，他认为这些研究发现的重要意义在于
这项研究发现推进了AI和神经科学的关键步骤。故选B。
02 说明文中的推理判断题之意图推断题
文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意,而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文
的写作意图,又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。
常见设问方式：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The writer of the story wants to tell us that________
The fact... is mentioned by the author to show______
The author writes the last paragraph in order to_____
解题技巧：
1. 关注设问的信息位置:
1)开头提出问题——To attract readers’ attention；To introduce the topic;
2)开头举例，用谚语或者名人名言——To draw the readers’ attention to the top;
3)结尾设问——To attract readers to pay for a trip to some attraction; To call on…; To sell a product or
service；
4)文中引语、事例、研究的数据和研究——To argue against…; To support one’s own idea; To make it
more persuasive (更有说服力的)
2. 关注逻辑关系和篇章结构（TEEC 模式）Topic→explanation→example→conclusion 主题+举例子解释或
者证明——To stress/confirm/support sth
常见的说明方法:
1、列数字(list figures): 具体而准确地说明该事物的特点。使说明更有说服力。
2、举例子(give examples): 具体真切地说明了事物的等等特点。
3、引资料(quote): 能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。用引用的方法说明事物的特征，增强说服力。如引用
古诗文、谚语、俗话。引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。
4、分类别(by category): 条理清楚地说明了事物的特点，对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更
有条理性。使说明的内容眉目清楚，避免重复交叉的现象。
5、打比方(make an analogy) : 打比方就是修辞方法中的比喻。生动形象地说明该事物的 xx特点，增强
了文章的趣味性。
6、下定义(draw a definition/ make analysis): 用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而
更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。7、作比较(make a contrast/comparison): 突出强调了被说明对象的特点(地位、影响等)。
1.【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to
deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence
comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed
by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that
powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into
the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for
a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as
AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable,
moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says,
will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future
now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep
control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they
are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history
and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future
with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness
rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，
强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。
【12题详解】
词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码)
that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady
into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic,
making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost
as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20
多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角
度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”
可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示
“如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience
translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as
an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you
feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理
解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，
读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的
内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk
being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更
糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured
thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考
虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走
向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工
智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。
【15题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we
all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with
Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing
the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我
们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是 AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial
Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即
将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on
the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，
该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁
各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的
书。故选A项。
【技巧提示】利用文体特点突破意图推断题
（2024·四川·模拟预测）In an era of digital technology, the art of writing by hand has slowly been
downgraded to a past entertainment. However, recent research suggests that this physical act is essential to brain
health and development, having multiple cognitive (认知的) benefits. It is time we should reevaluate the potential
benefits it may have on our mental capacities.
According to numerous studies, writing by hand stimulates more complex and diverse brain connections
essential for encoding new information and forming memories. For instance, a recent investigation found that brain
connectivity patterns were far more complicated and widespread for participants who wrote by hand compared to
those who typed. Thus, it is clear that handwriting has a distinct and significant impact on our brain health.
Handwriting isn’t just good for our brains health—it also has clear, practical benefits. Research has shown
that students who take handwritten notes score significantly higher on quizzes, demonstrating improved learning.
This extends beyond the classroom too. People who recorded information on paper calendars demonstrated more
brain activity and recalled information faster than those who used smartphones. The act of handwriting, therefore,
could be a valuable tool for students preparing for exams and adults managing daily tasks.
Despite its clear benefits, handwriting has been on the decline. However, 25states in the US have
reintroduced writing back into school curriculums. This is a step in the right direction, as previous research has also
indicated that handwriting is essential in children’s brain development. Preliterate (未识字的) children who wrote
by hand demonstrated brain activity in a circuit of the brain used in learning to read, further strengthening the link
between handwriting and cognitive development.
It is clear that handwriting is a valuable activity that has the potential to enhance our brain health, learning,
memory, and problem-solving skills. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is important not to overlook the
value of this seemingly simple activity. So, the next time you reach for your keyboard, remember the benefits of
picking up a pen instead.
12．What do people usually think of handwriting at present?
A．It has become an old-fashioned skill. B．It has many cognitive benefits in life.
C．It has been replaced by digital devices. D．It has been a popular entertainment.
13．What does the author mainly show about handwriting in paragraph 3?
A．It is beneficial to brain health. B．It helps students score higher on quizzes.
C．It stimulates diverse brain connection. D．It has good effects on learning and memory.
14．Why is previous research mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To make a comparison. B．To add further evidence.C．To show different opinions. D．To explain the brain activity.
15．What’s the purpose of the passage?
A．To illustrate a finding on handwriting. B．To emphasize the importance of handwriting.
C．To show the wide application of handwriting. D．To introduce the artistic value of handwriting.
【答案】12．A 13．D 14．B 15．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，论述我们应该重新评估书写对我们的心智能力的益处，未来它将成为教育的
重要组成部分。
12．细节理解题。根据第一段“In an era of digital technology, the art of writing by hand has slowly been
downgraded to a past entertainment.(在数字技术时代，手写的艺术已经慢慢沦为一种过时的娱乐)”可知，人
们通常把手写看成一种已经过时的技能。故选A。
13．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Handwriting isn’t just good for our brains health—it also has clear, practical
benefits. Research has shown that students who take handwritten notes score significantly higher on quizzes,
demonstrating improved learning. This extends beyond the classroom too. People who recorded information on
paper calendars demonstrated more brain activity and recalled information faster than those who used smartphones.
The act of handwriting, therefore, could be a valuable tool for students preparing for exams and adults managing
daily tasks.(手写不仅对我们的大脑健康有好处——它还有明显的、实际的好处。研究表明，做手写笔记的
学生在测验中得分明显更高，这表明他们的学习能力有所提高。这也延伸到了课堂之外。在纸质日历上记
录信息的人比使用智能手机的人大脑活动更活跃，回忆信息的速度也更快。因此，对于准备考试的学生和
管理日常事务的成年人来说，书写的行为可能是一个有价值的工具)”可知，该段主要讲述手写对学习和记
忆的影响。故选D。
14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Despite its clear benefits, handwriting has been on the decline. However,
25states in the US have reintroduced writing back into school curriculums. This is a step in the right direction, as
previous research has also indicated that handwriting is essential in children’s brain development. Preliterate (未识
字的) children who wrote by hand demonstrated brain activity in a circuit of the brain used in learning to read,
further strengthening the link between handwriting and cognitive development.(尽管有明显的好处，但手写一直
在走下坡路。然而，美国已有25个州将写作重新引入学校课程。这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步，因为之前
的研究也表明，书写对儿童的大脑发育至关重要。识字之前用手写字的儿童在学习阅读的大脑回路中表现
出大脑活动，进一步加强了书写和认知发展之间的联系)”可推断，该段提及从前的研究是为了进一步证实
书写的好处。故选B。
15．推理判断题。根据第一段“In an era of digital technology, the art of writing by hand has slowly been
downgraded to a past entertainment. However, recent research suggests that this physical act is essential to brain
health and development, having multiple cognitive (认知的) benefits. It is time we should reevaluate the potential
benefits it may have on our mental capacities.(在数字技术时代，手写的艺术已经慢慢沦为一种过时的娱乐。
然而，最近的研究表明，这种身体活动对大脑的健康和发育至关重要，有多种认知益处。是时候我们应该
重新评估它对我们心智能力的潜在好处了)”结合文章论述强调了书写对我们的心智能力的益处，希望读者
重视书写。即文章的目的是强调书写的重要性。故选B。03 说明文中的推理判断题之观点态度题
推断作者或者文中人物的意图态度题就是指针对文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的观点或者态度进行
设问。文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词
之中。
常见的设问方式有:
How does the author feel about...?
What does the author think of...?
What is the author’s attitude towards/to...?
作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：乐观、支持、赞同；中立、客观；悲观、怀疑、反对、批评。作者的
思想态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间，应特别注意文中表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。
【观点态度词】
一、表中立，客观
1.objective客观的
2.neutral中立的
3.factual事实的
4.disinterested无兴趣的
5.impartial公平的；不偏不倚的
6.impersonal无人情味的
7.unprejudiced无偏见的
8.unbiased无偏见的
9.unconcerned不关心的
10.detached独立的
二、表赞同、支持
1.enthusiastic热心的
2.supportive支持的
3.optimistic乐观的
4.positive积极的
5.favorable有利的；赞成的
6.approving赞成的
7.appreciative欣赏的
8.admiring钦佩的
9.impressive印象深刻的
三、表怀疑、否定1.suspicious可疑的
2.doubtful怀疑的
3.skeptical/sceptical怀疑的
4.questioning质疑的
5.opposed反对的
6.contradictory自相矛盾的
7.negative消极的
8.disapproving不赞成的
9.critical批评的
10.disgusted反感的
11.ironic反话的；讽刺的
12.hostile敌对的
13.contemptuous蔑视的
14.dismissive轻蔑的
15.pessimistic悲观的
16.gloomy阴暗的；令人沮丧的
17.apprehensive忧虑的
四、其他
1.mixed混合的
2.tolerant容忍的
3.indifferent漠不关心的
4.concerned担心的
5.sensitive敏感的
6.reserved矜持的
7.conservative保守的；守旧的
8.radical激进的
9.moderate中等的；适度的
10.mild温和的；温顺的
11.subjective主观的
12.inconclusive无定论的
【2024全国甲卷B篇片段】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The SaintLukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡
村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
...
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】 11. A
【11题详解】
推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in
such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many
rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持
专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机
会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
（2024·江苏南通·三模）In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers
discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest.
NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a
new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster
versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the
better they performed during subsequent practice sessions.
The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at
the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning
technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test
code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment
began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible
for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的)
practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times.
During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and
then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains
happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those
made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this
new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves.
“We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest.
Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this ideaout for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of
the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain
wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code.
Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit
surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may
be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate
recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen.
8．What have NIH researchers recently found?
A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill.
B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated.
C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity.
D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances.
9．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?
A．The process of the research.
B．The facilities of the research.
C．The application of the research.
D．The preparations of the research.
10．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program?
A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones.
B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning.
C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning.
D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves.
11．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings?
A．Acceptable.
B．Promising.
C．Shallow.
D．Dismissive.
【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B 11．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一研究中，研究人员发现当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技
能的记忆。
8．细节理解题。根据第二段“NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a
new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly
and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a
volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. (美国国立卫生研究
院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短
暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。志愿者重复
练习的次数越多，他们在随后的练习中表现就越好)”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。故选D。
9．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen,
M.D., senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a
highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned
to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-
shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out
as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle
of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. (这项研究在美国国立卫生研究院临床中心
进行。科恩博士是美国国立卫生研究院国家神经疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)的高级研究员，他的团队使用
了一种高度敏感的扫描技术，记录了33名健康的右撇子志愿者在学习用左手输入五位数测试代码时的脑电
波。受试者坐在椅子上，在扫描仪的长锥形帽下。实验开始时，受试者在屏幕上看到代码“41234”，并被
要求在10秒内尽可能多地输入该代码，然后休息10秒。受试者被要求重复这种交替练习和休息的循环，
总共35次)”可知，本段在介绍研究的过程。故选A。
10．细节理解题。根据第五段““We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening
seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so
we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D., a staff scientist on Dr.
Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team
to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. (“我们想探索清醒休息
期间记忆增强背后的机制。有几种形式的记忆似乎依赖于神经活动的重演，所以我们决定在程序技能学习
中验证这个想法，”科恩团队的一名科学家、该研究的负责人Ethan R. Buch博士说。为了做到这一点，布
赫博士开发了一个计算机程序，使团队能够了解与输入测试代码中的每个数字相关的脑电波活动)”可知，
Buch博士要开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。故选B。
11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their
performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay
activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills
faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. (有趣的是，他们发现志愿者重复播放的次
数越多，他们的表现就越好。“我们对最后的结果感到有点惊讶。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一
种观点，即在清醒休息期间的重放活动可能是一种强大的工具，研究人员可以使用它来帮助个人更快地学
习新技能，并可能促进中风后的恢复。”Cohen博士说)”可推知，Cohen博士对研究结果是认同的。故选
A。
04 说明文中的推理判断题之文章出处题
推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞
来判断。
常见设问方式：
This passage would be most likely to be found in____The passage is probably taken out of _____________
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容着手。一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯
社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称
或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖，时效性
强。
Newspaper特征：
1. 首段或首句为新闻归纳(时效性强)。
2.有特殊的文体标示(如Reuters)
Magazine 特征：
1. 内容更加丰富，专题性更强，
2. 话题更详细语言轻松活泼、语言表述更具作者的主体意识。
Research特征：
1. 语言比较专业化，会有一些专业词汇(如Planetary orbit)
2. 内容上严肃且精华，经常出现专业的知识。
常见选项：
A biology textbook(生物教科书)/A magazine /A research paper(研究论文) /A travel brochure(旅游手册)/
A news report(新闻报告)/A booklet(小册子)/A website/a blog(博客；网络日志)/ A guide book/An advertisement
等.
(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object—the book,
represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...In this “book of books”,
artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures...
28.Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D.A review of modern paintings.
【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干, 找关键词。关键词: Where, the text, taken from
第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday
object—the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world...(第一
段) In this “book of books”, artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures...(第二段)
第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提到Reading Art:Art for Book Lovers, the book和第二段中
的In this“book of books”等信息均说明,本文选自对一本有关阅读艺术的书的介绍, 故选 __A__。【方法指导】
确定题干中的关键信息。写作意图、文章出处类推理判断题要先锁定题干中的关键信息,把文章的内容
与题干中的关键信息结合起来做出正确的判断。 了解语言特色。要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说等
文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最
佳答案。
（2024·河北·一模）Many parents confused by how their children shop or socialize, would feel undisturbed
by how they are taught — this sector remains digitally behind. Can artificial intelligence boost the digital sector of
classroom? ChatGPT-like generative AI is generating excitement for providing personalized tutoring to students.
By May, New York had let the bot back into classrooms.
Learners are accepting the technology. Two-fifths of undergraduates surveyed last y car by online tutoring
company Chegg reported using an AI chatbot to help them with their studies, with half of those using it daily.
Chegg’s chief executive told investors it was losing customers to ChatGPT as a result of the technology’s
popularity. Yet there are good reasons to believe that education specialists who harness AI will eventually win over
generalists such as Open AI and other tech firms eyeing the education business.
For one, AI chat bots have a bad habit of producing nonsense. “Students want content from trusted providers,”
argues Kate Edwards from a textbook publisher. Her company hasn’t allowed ChatGPT and other AIs to use its
material, but has instead used the content to train its own models into its learning apps. Besides, teaching isn’t
merely about giving students an answer, but about presenting it in a way that helps them learn. Charbots must also
be tailored to different age groups to avoid either cheating or infantilizing (使婴儿化) students.
Bringing AI to education won’t be easy. Many teachers are behind the learning curve. Less than a fifth of
British educators surveyed by Pearson last year reported receiving training on digital learning tools. Tight budgets
at many institutions will make selling new technology an uphill battle. Teachers’ attention may need to shift
towards motivating students and instructing them on how to best work with AI tools. If those answers can be
provided, it’s not just companies that stand to benefit. An influent in l paper from 1984 found that one-to-one
tutoring improved the average academic performance of students. With the learning of students, especially those
from poorer households, held back, such a development would certainly deserve top marks.
49．What do many parents think remains untouched by AI about their children?
A．Their shopping habits. B．Their social behavior.
C．Their classroom learning. D．Their interest in digital devices.
50．What does the underlined word “harness” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Develop. B．Use. C．Prohibit. D．Blame.
51．What mainly prevents AI from entering the classroom at present?
A．Many teachers aren’t prepared technically.
B．Tailored chatbots can’t satisfy different needs.
C．AI has no right to copy textbooks for teaching.D．It can be tricked to produce nonsense answers.
52．Where is the text most probably taken from?
A．An introduction to AI. B．A product advertisement.
C．A guidebook to AI application. D．A review of AI in education.
【答案】49．C 50．B 51．A 52．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能在教育行业的应用与限制，及其未来在教育行业的发
展。
49．细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Many parents confused by how their children shop or socialize, would feel
undisturbed by how they are taught—this sector remains digitally behind. (对他们的孩子如何购物或社交感到困
惑的许多家长，对于孩子接受教育的方式没有感到担忧——这个领域在数字上仍然落后。)”可知，很多父
母对于孩子接受教育的方式没有感到担忧，因为在课堂学习这一领域，数字化仍然很落后。故选C。
50．词句猜测题。画线词后所在部分“who harness AI”是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词education
specialists(教育专家)，结合上文“will eventually win over generalists such as Open AI and other tech firms
eyeing the education business(将最终战胜Open AI等多面手和其他关注教育业务的科技公司)” 可推知，教育
专家要利用AI才能的最终战胜开放人工智能等多面手和其他关注教育事业的科技公司。故划线词harness
意为“利用”，与use同义。故选B。
51．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“Bringing AI to education won’t be easy. Many teachers are behind the
learning curve. Less than a fifth of British educators surveyed by Pearson last year reported receiving training on
digital learning tools. (将人工智能带入教育领域并不容易。许多教师都落后于学习曲线。在皮尔森去年调查
的英国教育工作者中，只有不到五分之一的人表示接受过数字学习工具的培训。)”可知，许多老师没有得
到良好的培训以帮助他们使用数字化的教学工具，这妨碍了人工智能进入教学领域，所以目前阻碍人工智
能进入课堂的主要因素是很多老师在技术上没有准备好。故选A。
52．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中“Can artificial intelligence boost the digital sector of
classroom? ChatGPT-like generative AI is generating excitement for providing personalized tutoring to students.
By May. New York had let the bot back into classrooms. (人工智能能否推动课堂数字化？类似ChatGPT的生成
式人工智能正在为学生提供个性化辅导。在5月。纽约已经允许机器人回到教室。)”可知，本文探讨了人
工智能在教育行业的应用前景，并讨论了应用的困难和希望，因此本篇文章最有可能选自一份AI在教育
领域的评论。故选D。‘’
05 说明文中的主旨大意题文章走势和篇章结构
常见的设问方式：
1. What will be discussed further in the coming paragraph?
2．What may the researchers do next according to the last paragraph?
3．What would the author most probably discuss next?
4．Where does the article go next?
5.What would the following paragraph talk about?[2023·全国乙卷] What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a
Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a
reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our
television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
Its thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britains consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients(配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UKs obsession(痴迷) with food is reflected
through television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before.
With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, its no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
31.What might the author continue talking about?
A.The art of cooking in other countries.
B.Male chefs on TV programmes.
C.Table manners in the UK.
D.Studies of big eaters.
31.B 推理判断题。根据文章尾句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, its no longer ‘uncool’ for
boys to like cooking.”可知,随着越来越多的男厨师出现在电视上,男孩喜欢烹饪已经不再是“不酷”的事了。
由此可推知,接下来作者可能会接着讨论电视节目上的男厨师们。故选B项。
【2023届山西省长治市部分学校高三下学期三模联合考试】
One of the things that we expect from the ocean is is deep blue color that reflects the sky. Scientists at UC San
Diego Institution of Oceanography along with scientists at the University of Washington have been experimenting
with dyeing (染) the ocean at San Diego beach pink. What could they possibly be up to?
This is being done for a study that examines how freshwater outflows are combining with the ocean surf zone.
The experiment is called Plumes in Nearshore Conditions (PiNC).“I’m excited because this research hasn’t been
done before and it’s a unique experiment,” said Sarah Giddings, a coastal oceanographer leading the study. “The
aim is to understand how freshwater interacts with waves, since it is usually warmer than ocean water and morebuoyant (有浮力的).”
The freshwater is dyed pink so that the team can easily keep track of it when freshwater is added to the
seawater. The dye is environmentally friendly and is then spotted as it makes progress in the water. It is tracked by
sensors on poles that are located along the sand as well as by drones (无人机). There’s also a jet ski with a
fluorometer that tracks the light that is given out from the pink dye. The sensors outside of the surf zone record the
height of the waves, ocean currents and temperature. There are three planned dye releases as of now, and
researchers are hoping that this pink dye experiment will help them record more about how pollutants travel in the
ocean water through these additions of freshwater.
Giddings explained: “We’re bringing together different people with different expertise, such that I think it’s
going to have some great results and impacts. We’ll combine results from this experiment with an older field study
and computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.”
31．What will researchers probably do next?
A．Build more scientific computer models.
B．Experiment with dyes of different colors.
C．Make a further research into the results.
D．Discuss the results with different experts.
【答案】 31．C
31．推理判断题。根据第四段的“We will combine results from this experiment with an older field study and
computer models that will allow us to make progress on understanding how the dyed freshwater spread.(我们将把
这个实验的结果与一个较早的实地研究和计算机模型结合起来，这将使我们能够进一步了解染红的淡水是
如何传播的)”推知，科学家们将结合之前的研究数据，继续深入研究有关淡水的流向。故选C项。
06 说明文中的主旨大意题
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能
是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们
可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。若短文由若干段组成，
除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含
在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中
心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因
此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。
主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；
2. 主题句一般结构简单；
3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想,比较,归纳,
推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点
混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者
有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好
基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，
正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。
（三）常用解题方法
（1）定位对照法：
先阅读题干，然后根据问题的要求，按照题目顺序依次有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，
阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息。再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号
入座；如果问题与原文不同．则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
（2）选项分析法：
根据题干中的关键词，找准相关句、段的内容。再仔细对照，排除于文章内容不一致的错误信息，从
而确定选项。
（3）中心精确捕捉法：
根据议论文特点对文章中心段或句进行精准分析。
（四）两种解题步骤
方式一：
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心明确）；
2.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”；
3.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）。
方式二
1.读开头段，把握中心（中心不明确）；
2.解“细节题”（先定段，后定句）；
3.解“主旨题”以及“主旨相关题”。
【注意事项】
1.不必通读全文，不必千方百计理解文章所有语句；
2.必须首先读好开头与结尾段，快速准确找出文章中心主旨；
3.注意并充分利用文章中所给出的中文提示词。【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have
distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.
But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations
with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract
attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft
meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】 7. B
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达
他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，
以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标
题最为合适。故选B。
（2024·湖北·一模）To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good
example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes the example the parent wants him to
follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than
“Monkey see, monkey do”.
Look at it from the child’s point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is
seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out
what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. In other words, the child looks for an
authority or expert who can show what to do.
There is a second clement at work in this situation. The child may attain his immediate goal only to find thathis method brings criticism from people around. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of
delivering a message, he is told that such an action is unpleasant, and that he should walk into the next room to say
his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve a problem is overlaid by the desire to solve it properly. One early thing the
child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. If one is to maintain
others’ support and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social groups approves.
In finding trial responses, the child does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a
good person to be liked, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good
violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players, rather than those who may most
influence his approach to books.
Admiring one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We
use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We know they are
dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.
39．What are the last two paragraphs mainly about?
A．How children choose models. B．How children learn by imitation.
C．The motives of children’s imitation. D．The influence of children’s imitation.
40．Which of the following serves as the best title of the passage?
A．Admiration for Children’s Imitation.
B．Misunderstanding of Children’s Imitation.
C．Children’s Imitation: Not a Simple Trick
D．Children’s Imitation: Not Unique to Humans
【答案】 39．A 40．C
39．主旨大意题。根据最后两段“In finding trial responses, the child does not choose models at random. He
imitates the person who seems a good person to be liked, rather than a person whose social status he wishes to
avoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players,
rather than those who may most influence his approach to books. Admiring one quality often leads us to admire a
person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of
situations, imitating much that they do. We know they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating
them leads to success.”（在寻找试验反应时，儿童并不是随机选择模型的。他模仿那些看起来是值得他喜欢
的好人，而不是那些他希望避免其社会地位的人。如果学生想成为一名优秀的小提琴手，他会观察并尝试
模仿有能力的演奏者的技术，而不是那些可能对他的学习方法影响最大的人。欣赏一种品质往往会让我们
欣赏一个人的整体，而他就会成为一个有辨识力的人物。我们在很多情况下都用一些人作为榜样，模仿他
们的很多行为。我们知道他们是可靠和有益的模式，因为模仿他们会导致成功。）可知，最后两段主要讲
的是孩子如何选择模仿对象。故选A项。
40．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach
is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes the example the parent
wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle
theory than “Monkey see, monkey do”.”（说孩子通过模仿来学习，说教育的方法就是树立一个好榜样，这太
简单化了。没有孩子会模仿他看到的每一个动作。有时父母希望他遵循的榜样被忽视了，而他却采取了相反的模式。因此，我们必须转向一个比“猴子看，猴子做”更微妙的理论。）可知，本文介绍了孩子的模
仿行为不简单，分别从“为何模仿”和“模仿谁”两个方面展开论述，证实了模仿背后大有乾坤，所以
Children’s Imitation: Not a Simple Trick （儿童的模仿：不是一个简单的把戏）为最佳标题。故选C项。
（最新模拟试题演练）
Passage 01
（2024·湖南长沙·一模）Having high self-control is often seen as a good thing. It’s believed to be the key
to success in life. But as suggested in a theory published by Professor Thomas Lynch, it may not always be a good
thing—and for some, it could be linked to certain mental health problems.
According to Lynch’s theory, everyone leans (偏向) more towards one of two personality styles: under
control or overcontrol. Being under controlled or overcontrolled is neither good nor bad because most of us are
psychologically flexible, and can adapt to different situations. So, regardless of whether we're overcontrolled or
under controlled, this flexibility helps us deal with life's challenges and setbacks in a constructive way.
But when we are much less flexible, both under control and overcontrol can become problematic. Most of us
are probably more familiar with highly under controlled people, who may struggle to control their emotions and
their behaviors may be unpredictable. This can negatively affect their relationships, education, work, and health.
Unfortunately, overcontrol isn't talked about as much. This may be because overcontrolled characteristics—
such as persistence, the ability to make plans and stick to them, pursuing perfection, and being in control of
emotions-are often highly regarded in our society.
However, highly overcontrolled people may struggle to adapt to changes. They may be less open to new
experiences. They may experience bitter feelings of envy towards others, and struggle to relax and have fun in
many social situations. They may also use fewer gestures, and rarely smile or cry. Together, these may make a
person more likely to experience social isolation and loneliness. This may eventually cause their mental health to
worsen.
Alongside his theory, Lynch also developed a treatment designed to treat issues of overcontrol. It helps
overcontrolled people by teaching them how to let go of the need t oalways be in control, be more open about their
emotions, better communicate with other people, and be more flexible in changing situations. Continued work in
the field will hopefully make it easier for people to get the help they need.
1．How does psychological flexibility help people?
A．It backs adjusting to changes effectively.
B．It assists in dealing with similar situations.
C．It supports overcoming physical challenges.
D．It encourages choosing the right personality style.2．Why is overcontrolled personality less talked about?
A．It is insignificant. B．It is underestimated.C．It fits social values. D．It has
changing features.
3．What can be inferred about highly overcontrolled people in paragraph 5?
A．They ignore their mental health. B．They know little of body gestures.
C．They experience few new emotions. D．They have a poor social support network.
4．What is Lynch’s suggestion for highly overcontrolled people?
A．Accepting more changes. B．Interacting with others more.
C．Evaluating feelings more often. D．Releasing more personal needs.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了过度控制对心理健康的影响。虽然过度控制的人具备的特质通常被
社会所重视，但他们可能面临难以适应变化、社交孤立和孤独等问题。过度控制的人应该不要总是控制自
己的需求，要更好地表达情感并与他人沟通。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Being under controlled or overcontrolled is neither good nor bad because most
of us are psychologically flexible, and can adapt to different situations.(受到控制或过度控制既不好也不坏，因
为我们大多数人的心理都很灵活，能够适应不同的情况)”可知，心理灵活性使人们能够在生活中灵活地适
应不同的情况。因此，心理灵活性有助于人们有效地适应变化。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Unfortunately, overcontrol isn't talked about as much. This may be because
overcontrolled characteristics—such as persistence, the ability to make plans and stick to them, pursuing perfection,
and being in control of emotions-are often highly regarded in our society.(不幸的是，过度控制并没有被谈论那
么多。这可能是因为过度控制的特征——比如坚持、制定计划并坚持下去的能力、追求完美和控制情绪的
能力——在我们的社会中往往受到高度重视)”可知，过度控制的人的特征（如坚持不懈、制订并坚持执行
计划的能力、追求完美和控制情绪）通常在我们的社会中受到高度重视，由此可推知，过度控制的个性符
合社会价值观，所以很少被提及。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第五段“They may experience bitter feelings of envy towards others, and struggle to relax
and have fun in many social situations. They may also use fewer gestures, and rarely smile or cry. Together, these
may make a person more likely to experience social isolation and loneliness. (他们可能会对他人产生嫉妒的苦涩
情绪，并在许多社交场合努力放松和享受乐趣。他们也可能较少使用手势，很少微笑或哭泣。这些因素加
在一起可能会使一个人更容易经历社会孤立和孤独)”可知，过度控制的人可能很难适应各种变化，可能不
太愿意接受新体验，可能对他人产生苦涩的嫉妒情绪，也可能难以在社交场合中放松和享受乐趣。这些因
素可能使他们更容易经历社交孤立和孤独。由此可以推断出，过度控制的人可能拥有较差的社交支持网。
故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“It helps overcontrolled people by teaching them how to let go of the need to
always be in control, be more open about their emotions, better communicate with other people, and be more
flexible in changing situations. (它帮助过度控制的人，教会他们如何放下总是控制自己的需要，更开放地对
待自己的情绪，更好地与他人沟通，在不断变化的情况下更灵活)”可知，Lynch针对过度控制问题研发了
一种治疗方法，教过度控制的人如何不要总是控制自己的需求，更加开放地表达情感，与他人更好地沟通，并在不断变化的情况下更具灵活性。由此可推知，Lynch给过度控制的人的建议包括“更多地与他人互
动”这一条。故选B。
Passage 02
（2024·河南安阳·一模）There are many fantastic health benefits of exercise, but does exercise affect hair
growth? It may seem unlikely that your workout would be able to provide protection against the seemingly
unavoidable hair loss associated with aging, but there may be some link.
For one, exercise increases blood circulation and oxygen in blood cells, which benefits hair follicles (毛囊).
This can allow the growth phase of hair to be longer. Exercise can also put an end to certain stress, which is one of
the factors involved in hair thinning. Consistent exercise may prevent hair loss. Additionally, exercise will always
have a positive effect on your overall health, thus positively affecting your hair growth as well.
It’s unrealistic to think that a single run or a couple of yoga classes will immediately reverse hair loss and
cause a bunch of new hair strands to spring up.
Interestingly, not all types of exercise are equal when it comes to promoting hair growth. Strength training is
not as good as any sort of aerobic (有氧的) exercise.
Hair loss can be classified into two types: permanent and temporary. Most irreversible hair loss is a product
of your gene (基因), whereas hair loss caused by lifestyle choices is usually temporary and can be changed by
improving your general health.
Although hair loss is not associated with marathon running or any other intense endurance training, it can be
affected if you aren’t taking care of your body to support your training. In addition to exercise, following a healthy
lifestyle, such as getting enough sleep, not smoking and eating a nutrient-dense diet can promote hair growth.
Finally, leaving sweat on your hair after exercise can also make a difference. Hair can become blocked and
weak if sweat stays on the head for a long time. Showering after exercise will prevent this.
5．How does exercise benefit the hair according to the text?
A．It can relieve people’s stress.
B．It can help produce some useful chemicals.
C．It takes away some bad things in people’s blood.
D．It increases the number of people’s hair follicles positively.
6．What does the underlined word “reverse” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Witness. B．Speed. C．Demonstrate. D．Change.
7．Which can be regarded as a permanent factor for hair loss?
A．Exercising habits. B．Lifestyle choices.
C．Genetic weakness. D．Living environment.
8．Why is showering after exercise suggested in the text?
A．To stop sweat from harming hair growth.
B．To keep you smelling pleasant.
C．To better take care of your skin.
D．To make you feel relaxed.【答案】5．A 6．D 7．C 8．A
【导语】本文为说明文。主题语境为人与社会。锻炼会影响毛发生长吗？回答是肯定的。如何影响？在哪
些方面？文章将逐一解读。
5．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Exercise can also put an end to certain stress, which is one of the factors
involved in hair thinning.(锻炼还可以消除某些压力，这是导致头发稀疏的因素之一)”可知，锻炼可以减轻某
些压力，而压力与头发变得稀薄有关系。故选A。
6．词义猜测题。根据画线词后“cause a bunch of new hair strands to spring up(让一簇新头发如雨后春笋般涌
现)”可知，本句句意：指望跑一次步或上几节瑜伽课就能突然“逆转”脱发，并让一簇新头发如雨后春笋
般涌现，这是不现实的。change与reverse意义相近。故选D。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段的“Most irreversible hair loss is a product of your gene (基因)(大多数不可逆转的
脱发是基因的产物)”可知，大多数不可逆转的脱发是你的基因的产物。故选C。
8．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Hair can become blocked and weak if sweat stays on the head for a long
time. Showering after exercise will prevent this.(如果汗水长时间停留在头上，头发会变得堵塞和脆弱。运动
后洗澡可以防止这种情况)”可知，运动过后头发上的汗水会阻碍头发生长，使之变得脆弱。运动后淋浴会
防止这个结果的产生。故选A。
Passage 03
（2024·江西九江·一模）Psychologists have defined nostalgia (怀旧) as self-conscious, socially emotional,
bittersweet but mainly positive. It develops out of happy memories mixed with a longing for the past and the close
relationships we had back then. Often, nostalgia involves five senses. For example, the smell of autumn leaves
might spark an intense longing for your childhood home.
Almost everyone experiences nostalgia, although its object tends to vary throughout life. One survey
conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt more nostalgia for pets, toys,
and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. I came of age in the 1980s, and even songs
I found hopelessly annoying back then can fill me with nostalgic emotions.
As my colleague Julie Beck has written, nostalgia was originally viewed as an emotional disorder when it
was first defined in the late 17th century. And, crucially, it often occurs when people are experiencing negative
moods or having bad experiences. Loneliness can be a trigger, as researchers found in 2008. Another is bad
weather.
However, despite its association with negative emotions, nostalgia does not cause or increase unhappiness.
Rather, nostalgia is a defense response to unhappiness, one that brings relief from a negative mood. Psychologists
writing in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2006 found that stirring nostalgia in experiments
strengthened people’s social bonds, boosted their positive feelings about themselves, and improved their mood.
Similar research has shown that when people feel nostalgia, it can fire their sense of life’s meaning, lower an
existential (存在主义的) reaction to the idea of death, increase spirituality, and raise optimism.
Scholars aren’t sure exactly why nostalgia works; some have inferred that recalling happy memories
strengthens “valued aspects of the self” in situations when we might otherwise feel lonely or unworthy. Either way,its emotional intensity allows the joy of the past to overpower the unpleasantness of the present, a little escapism
that helps get us through the bad times.
9．What do the psychologists think of nostalgia?
A．Always painful. B．Primarily positive.
C．Seldom intense. D．Usually unconscious.
10．Why is the author’s experience mentioned in paragraph 2?
A．To show the objects of nostalgia change with age.
B．To illustrate annoying music often leads to nostalgia.
C．To highlight the young are more likely to be nostalgic.
D．To demonstrate nostalgia has an impact on emotions.
11．In which situation may people easily feel nostalgia?
A．Attending a lively class. B．Engaging in a family reunion.
C．Staying alone in an empty room. D．Joining in a joyful birthday party.
12．What may be a benefit of nostalgia?
A．Maintaining self-respect. B．Shaping personal insights.
C．Escaping from daily chaos. D．Enhancing one’s self-worth.
【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D
【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了nostalgia (怀旧)是如何产生的，怀旧的特点及其好处。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Psychologists have defined nostalgia as self-conscious, socially emotional,
bittersweet but mainly positive.(心理学家将怀旧定义为自我意识、社会情感、苦乐参半，但主要是积极的)”
可知，心理学家认为怀旧主要是积极的。故选B。
10．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Almost everyone experiences nostalgia, although its object tends to vary
throughout life. One survey conducted by the psychologist Krystine Irene Batcho found that younger people felt
more nostalgia for pets, toys, and holidays than did older people, who felt it more strongly for music. I came of age
in the 1980s, and even songs I found hopelessly annoying back then can fill me with nostalgic emotions.(几乎每个
人都会经历怀旧，尽管怀旧的对象在一生中往往会有所不同。心理学家Krystine Irene Batcho进行的一项调
查发现，年轻人比老年人更怀念宠物、玩具和假期，老年人对音乐的怀念更强烈。我是在20世纪80年代
长大的，即使是当时我觉得非常讨厌的歌曲也能让我充满怀旧的情绪)”可知，怀旧的对象在一生中往往会
有所不同，年轻人比老年人更怀念宠物、玩具和假期，老年人对音乐的怀念更强烈，老歌曲引起作者的怀
旧情绪，作者第二段用自己的例子说明怀旧的对象随年龄的变化。故选A。
11．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“And, crucially, it often occurs when people are experiencing negative
moods or having bad experiences. Loneliness can be a trigger, as researchers found in 2008. Another is bad
weather.(更重要的是，它通常发生在人们经历消极情绪或糟糕经历的时候。研究人员在2008年发现，孤独
可能是诱因。另一个是坏天气)”可知，独自待在一个空房间里可能会引起人们的怀旧情绪。故选C。
12．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Scholars aren’t sure exactly why nostalgia works; some have inferredthat recalling happy memories strengthens “valued aspects of the self” in situations when we might otherwise feel
lonely or unworthy. Either way, its emotional intensity allows the joy of the past to overpower the unpleasantness of
the present, a little escapism that helps get us through the bad times.(学者们并不确定为什么怀旧会起作用；一
些人推断，回忆快乐的记忆会在我们可能感到孤独或不值得的情况下加强“自我有价值的方面”。不管怎
样，它的情感强度让过去的快乐压倒了现在的不愉快，这是帮助我们度过艰难时期的一点逃避主义)”可知，
怀旧其中的一个好处是提升自我价值。故选D。
Passage 04
（2024·山西太原·一模）“Renewable energy development is a critically important component of the
transition away from fossil fuels, making our air cleaner. However, bird death has become an unintended
consequence of renewable energy development,” said Hannah Vander Zanden, an assistant professor of biology at
the University of Florida. Birds can be killed when they hit wind turbines (涡轮机), fly into solar panels they
mistake for bodies of water or get burned by the intense heat from concentrating solar power plants. While the
death rate of birds due to these energy facilities is far less than deaths due to domestic cats and crashes with
buildings, efforts to deal with this new problem are important, scientists say.
Vander Zanden and her colleagues performed geospatial (地理空间的) analyses of stable hydrogen isotope
(氢同位素) data obtained from feathers of 871 individual birds found dead at these renewable energy facilities in
California, which represented 24 species. Results from the study show that the birds killed at the facilities were
from a broad area across the continent. Their geographical origins varied among species and included a mix of local
and nonlocal birds. Researchers found most birds killed at solar facilities were nonlocal and peaked during the
migratory periods of April and September through October. The percentage of migratory birds found at wind
facilities nearly matched that of local birds, at 51%.
“The data can help inform us about the best strategies to use to minimize the deaths,” Vander Zanden said.
“For example, facilities management could work with conservationists to improve the local habitat to help protect
local birds or improve other parts of the species’ range where the migratory birds originate.” The results also
illustrate the power of stable isotope data to assess future population growth or decline patterns for birds due to a
variety of reasons.
“Studying the remains of animals like what we did is a noninvasive approach to get information that is
otherwise hard to track and apply to conservation,” Vander Zanden said. “It’s a great way to understand the
mysteries about animals.”
13．What is the new threat to birds according to Vander Zanden?
A．The high-rise buildings. B．The loss of natural habitats.
C．The devastating climate change. D．The rise of renewable energy facilities.
14．What did Vander Zanden and her colleagues discover in their study?
A．Solar facilities were primarily responsible for bird death.
B．Non-migratory birds faced a greater death risk at wind facilities.
C．Migratory birds were more affected by solar facilities than local ones.
D．The bird death rate was closely associated with migration patterns.15．What can we infer from Vander Zanden’s words?
A．Animals hold many mysteries to humans.
B．The research possesses scientific significance.
C．Keeping track of and analyzing birds is challenging.
D．The remains of dead birds should be well conserved.
16．What does the passage mainly talk about？
A．Renewable energy is a two-edged sword.
B．Solar energy is a major cause of birds’ death.
C．Studying birds promotes energy development.
D．Birds are threatened by renewable energy facilities.
【答案】13．D 14．C 15．B 16．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了可再生能源设施致鸟死亡成新问题，研究通过分析鸟羽毛同
位素揭示死亡鸟源地，提出保护策略，凸显同位素数据在鸟类保护上的潜力。
13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, bird death has become an unintended consequence of renewable
energy development,(然而，鸟类死亡已成为可再生能源发展的意外后果)”及“Birds can be killed when they
hit wind turbines (涡轮机), fly into solar panels they mistake for bodies of water or get burned by the intense heat
from concentrating solar power plants.(鸟类可能因撞击风力涡轮机,误将太阳能板当作水面而飞入，或被集中
式太阳能发电厂的强烈热能烧伤而死亡)”可知，鸟类面临的新威胁是可再生能源设施的增加。故选D。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Researchers found most birds killed at solar facilities were nonlocal and
peaked during the migratory periods of April and September through October. (研究人员发现，在太阳能设施中
丧生的大部分鸟类是非本地的，并在4月及9月至10月的迁徙期间达到高峰)”可知，研究发现迁徙中的鸟
类比本地鸟类受太阳能设施的影响更大。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据第三段中““The data can help inform us about the best strategies to use to minimize the
deaths,”Vander Zanden said. “For example, facilities management could work with conservationists to improve the
local habitat to help protect local birds or improve other parts of the species’ range where the migratory birds
originate.”(范德赞登说：“这些数据可以帮助我们了解如何制定最佳策略以最大限度地减少死亡。例如，
设施管理人员可以与环保主义者合作，改善当地栖息地以保护本地鸟类，或改善迁徙鸟类起源的该物种其
他分布区域”)”可知，这项研究具有科学意义，可以帮助制定策略来保护鸟类。故选B。
16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第一段中“However, bird death has become an unintended consequence of
renewable energy development (然而，鸟类死亡已成为可再生能源发展的意外后果)”可知，文章主要谈论了
鸟类受到可再生能源设施的威胁这一问题。故选D。
Passage 05
（2024·广东惠州·一模）Hearing live music may be more emotional than listening to a recording of the
same tune because it brings about greater activity in the part of the brain linked to processing emotions:
Sascha Frühholz at the University of Zurich in Switzerland and his team composed 12 pieces of music, eachlasting 30 seconds. Half were written with the aim of expressing negative emotions, such as sadness and anger.
These were slower, less harmonious and included more minor chords (和弦) than the remaining songs, written to
arouse positive emotions.
The researchers then employed 27 people who weren’t musically trained, to listen to these 12 pieces twice —
once performed by a live pianist, which the participants heard through a speaker, and once as a recording. The order
they listened to them was randomly assigned, with 30 seconds of silence in between. People didn’t know when they
were hearing a recording or live music.
While listening to the music, the participants lay in an MRI scanner (扫描仪) so the team could monitor their
brain activity. The pianist then adapted the volume and speed of the piece according to the brain activity. For
example, if someone was showing little activity in response to a positive piece of music, the pianist might play
louder.
“Recorded music is not adaptive to now a listener is responding, but live pianists often adapt the music to the
audience to get the best response from them,” says Frühholz.
Live performances of both the negative and positive pieces led to increased brain activity in the left
amygdala, the region of the brain that is strongly linked to assigning sensory stimuli, such as sounds, to certain
emotions.
The recorded tunes caused much less, and more inconsistent, activity in the left amygdala. This matched how
emotive the participants rated each piece of music after the experiment.
The findings show that live music strengthens our emotional response, probably due to its free-flowing and
active nature.
17．Which aspect of live music does Sascha Frühholz’s research focus on?
A．The technical skill of live musicians.
B．The popularity of live music concerts.
C．Its emotional impact on listeners’ brain
D．Its lack of interaction with the audience
18．What made the audience receive the best response from live musicians?
A．Their harmonious tune. B．Their emotional performance.
C．Their adjustment to the listeners. D．Their connection with the audience.
19．How did the researchers conduct the experiment?
A．By analyzing the data. B．By comparing brain activity.
C．By grouping the participants. D．By asking certain questions.
20．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．What could live music bring us?
B．What emotions could live music express?
C．Why does live music make us so emotional?
D．Why does live music outweigh recorded music?【答案】17．C 18．C 19．B 20．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了苏黎世大学的Sascha Frühholz团队的研究发现，听现场音乐比听录
音音乐更能激发大脑情绪处理区域的活动，这可能是因为现场音乐更具互动性和流动性。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段“Hearing live music may be more emotional than listening to a recording of the
same tune because it brings about greater activity in the part of the brain linked to processing emotions”（听现场
音乐可能比听同一曲调的录音更能激发人的情感，因为它能使大脑中与处理情感有关的部分更加活跃）可
知，Sascha Frühholz的研究重点是现场音乐对听众大脑的情感影响。故选C项。
18．细节理解题。根据第五段中“Recorded music is not adaptive to now a listener is responding, but live
pianists often adapt the music to the audience to get the best response from them”（录制的音乐并不能适应听众
的反应，但是现场的钢琴家经常会根据听众的反应来调整音乐以获得最好的反应）可知，现场音乐家对听
众的调整使得观众从现场音乐家那里得到最好的回应。故选C项。
19．推理判断题。根据第四段中“While listening to the music, the participants lay in an MRI scanner (扫描仪)
so the team could monitor their brain activity. The pianist then adapted the volume and speed of the piece according
to the brain activity.”（在听音乐时，参与者躺在核磁共振扫描仪上，这样研究小组就能监测他们的大脑活动。
然后，钢琴家根据大脑活动调整乐曲的音量和速度。）及第六段“Live performances of both the negative and
positive pieces led to increased brain activity in the left amygdala, the region of the brain that is strongly linked to
assigning sensory stimuli, such as sounds, to certain emotions.”（对消极和积极部分的现场表演导致左侧杏仁核
的大脑活动增加，这是大脑的一个区域，与将感官刺激（如声音）分配到某些情绪密切相关。）可知，研
究人员通过比较大脑活动做实验。故选B项。
20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Hearing live music may be more emotional than listening to a recording of the
same tune because it brings about greater activity in the part of the brain linked to processing emotions”（听现场
音乐可能比听同一曲调的录音更能激发人的情感，因为它能使大脑中与处理情感有关的部分更加活跃）以
及最后一段“The findings show that live music strengthens our emotional response, probably due to its free-
flowing and active nature.”（研究结果表明，现场音乐会增强我们的情绪反应，这可能是由于它的自由流动
性和活跃性。）可知，文章主要介绍了苏黎世大学的Sascha Frühholz团队的研究发现，听现场音乐比听录
音音乐更能激发大脑情绪处理区域的活动，原因是现场音乐更具互动性和流动性。可推知C项“Why does
live music make us so emotional?”（为什么现场音乐会让我们如此情绪化？）符合文意主旨，最适合作为本
文标题。故选C项。
Passage 06
（2024·辽宁大连·一模）Nanako Hama was holding a light envelop. When he tore it open with care, locks
of hair emerged. Many strangers send Hama locks of their hair, hoping to recycle it.
People generate a huge amount of hair waste. Nearly all of that waste ends up in landfill, where it can release
harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. But hair possesses such useful qualities that it’s a
shame to simply throw it away. That’s why people all around the world, like Hama, have been collecting hair and
finding innovative ways to recycle it, including making mats (垫子) out of it for removing oil leaks.
Hama is part of the nonprofit Matter of Trust (MoT) members working at more than 60 centers dotted across17 countries, using machines to make hair donated from local salons and individuals into square mats, which are
then used to clean up the floating oil. “Hair is particularly well-suited for this,” says MoT co-founder Lisa Gautier.
“That’s because its rough (粗糙的) sort of outer layer lets oil stick to it.” MoT’s mats have been used in major oil
leaks, including the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 2007 Cosco Busan incidents.
In a 2018 study, Murray, an environmental scientist at the University of Technology Sydney in Australia,
found that mats made of recycled human hair could absorb 0.84 grams of oil onto its surface for every gram of hair
— significantly more than polypropylene, a type of plastic that’s typically used to clean up floating oil. Besides,
hair is also useful as fertilizer (化肥). Hair contains a relatively high nitrogen, a chemical element crucial for plant
growth, and each lock of hair is made of roughly 16 percent of this essential nutrient. Last year, more than 560
gallons of liquid fertilizer made from human hair was sold to farmers in northern Tanzania and the feedback from
the farmers has been very encouraging.
“It’s just a great way to use hair in a productive way. Hair is an answer literally hanging in front of our eyes
— for oil and soil,” Hama says.
21．How does the author introduce the topic in paragraph 1?
A．By detailing the background. B．By presenting a scene.
C．By describing the usage of hair. D．By praising an environmentalist.
22．What purpose can the mat serve?
A．Fertilize the soil. B．Prevent oil leaks. C．Take in harmful gas. D．Clear the
sea of oil.
23．What makes hair special in its innovative use?
A．Its color and strength. B．Its length and amount.
C．Its weight and flexibility. D．Its outside and component.
24．Which best describes the future of hair waste as fertilizer?
A．Uncertain. B．Promising. C．Doubtful. D．Uncontrollable.
【答案】21．B 22．D 23．D 24．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人类废弃头发的问题以及人们通过创新方式回收利用头发的做法。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Nanako Hama was holding a light envelop. When he tore it open with care,
locks of hair emerged. Many strangers send Hama locks of their hair, hoping to recycle it.(Nanako Hama 拿着一
个轻飘飘的信封。当他小心翼翼地撕开信封时，里面露出了一缕缕头发。许多陌生人给Hama寄来头发，
希望它能被回收利用)”和第二段中“People generate a huge amount of hair waste. Nearly all of that waste ends
up in landfill, where it can release harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.(人们会产生大量的
头发废弃物。几乎所有的垃圾最终都被填埋，在那里它会释放出有害的温室气体，导致气候变化)”可知，
作者在第一段中呈现了Hama收到陌生人寄来的头发这一场景，借此引出下文中关于头发废弃物的话题。
故选B项。
22．细节理解题。根据第二段中“That’s why people all around the world, like Hama, have been collecting hairand finding innovative ways to recycle it, including making mats (垫子) out of it for removing oil leaks.(这就是为
什么世界各地的人们，像Hama一样，一直在收集头发，并寻找创新的回收方法，包括用头发做垫子来去
除泄露的石油)”可知，头发做成的垫子可用于清除海上泄露的石油。故选D项。
23．推理判断题。根据第三段中““Hair is particularly well-suited for this,” says MoT co-founder Lisa Gautier.
“That’s because its rough (粗糙的) sort of outer layer lets oil stick to it.”(“头发特别适合这个，”MoT联合创始
人丽莎·戈蒂埃说。“这是因为它粗糙的外层让油粘在上面。”)”和第四段中“Besides, hair is also useful as
fertilizer (化肥). Hair contains a relatively high nitrogen, a chemical element crucial for plant growth, and each
lock of hair is made of roughly 16 percent of this essential nutrient.(此外，头发也是有用的肥料。头发含有相对
较高的氮，这是一种对植物生长至关重要的化学元素，每根头发大约由16%的这种必需营养素组成)”可知，
头发粗糙的外层让它适合来清除除泄露的石油，而它的成分让它适合做肥料。由此可知，头发的外部结构
和组成成分让它的创新用途成为可能。故选D项。
24．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Last year, more than 560 gallons of liquid fertilizer made from human hair
was sold to farmers in northern Tanzania and the feedback from the farmers has been very encouraging.(去年，超
过560加仑的由人类头发制成的液体肥料卖给了坦桑尼亚北部的农民，农民的反馈非常令人鼓舞)”可知，
头发废料作为肥料深受农民欢迎，说明其前景广阔。故选B项。
Passage 07
（2024·辽宁大连·一模）German physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most famous scientists of all time,
the personification of genius and the subject of a whole industry of scholarship. In The Einsteinian Revolution, two
experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of relativity―Israeli physicst Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of
science Jurgen Renn—offer an original and penetrating(厚利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions
to physics and our view of the physical world.
By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn
discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific genius who single-handedly created
modern physics—and by pure thought alone.
As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady
evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past. He saw his theory of relativity not as something from
scratch, but a natural extension of the classical physics developed by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo
Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century
physicists.
The authors highlight how classical physics cannot be separated cleanly from modem Einsteinian physics.
The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo whose methods
inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their shoulders, he meant that, without their
contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述) the theory of relativity.
The Einsteinian Revolution is an important and thought-provoking contribution to the scholarly literature on
Einstein and his surprising scientific creativity between 1905 and 1925. Gutfreund and Renn might not have given
the final answer as to why Einstein, of all people, revolutionized physics in the way that he did. But they argue in
fascinating detail that, to understand his genius, one must take into account not just the earlier history of physics but
also the history of knowledge more broadly. Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists andhistorians alike.
25．Where is the text most probably taken from?
A．An essay on Albert Einstein. B．An introduction to a book
C．A guidebook to a course. D．A review of physics development
26．What’s the attitude of Gutfreund and Renn to the popular viewpoint on Einstein?
A．Unclear. B．Favorable. C．Dismissive D．Opposing.
27．What does the underlined phrase “from scratch” probably mean?
A．Up to standard B．From nothing.
C．By learning from others. D．With previous knowledge.
28．What does the author mean to say by mentioning the famous physicists?
A．Their ideas were rejected by Einstein，
B．Their devotion to physics impressed Einstein
C．Their researches contributed to Einstein’s success.
D．Their hard work deserved the worldwide respect.
【答案】25．B 26．D 27．B 28．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍和评价一本关于爱因斯坦及其相对论的书《爱因斯坦革命》。
25．推理判断题。根据第一段中“In The Einsteinian Revolution, two experts on Einstein’s life and his theory of
relativity―Israeli physicst Hanoch Gutfreund and German historian of science Jurgen Renn—offer an original and
penetrating(厚利的) analysis of Einstein’s revolutionary contributions to physics and our view of the physical
world.”（在《爱因斯坦革命》一书中，两位研究爱因斯坦生平和相对论的专家——以色列物理学家哈诺赫·
古特弗罗因德和德国科学历史学家于尔根·雷恩——对爱因斯坦对物理学的革命性贡献以及我们对物理世界
的看法进行了独到而深入的分析。）、第三段中“As a large part of the book explains, Einstein typically
argued that science progresses through steady evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past.”（正如书
中的大部分内容所解释的那样，爱因斯坦通常认为，科学的进步是通过稳定的进化，而不是通过与过去的
革命性突破。）以及最后一段中“Although not always an easy read, the book will interest physicists and
historians alike.”（虽然读起来并不容易，但这本书会引起物理学家和历史学家的兴趣。）可知，全文都是
围绕这本书来写的，所以文章最有可能是来自一本书的介绍。故选B项。
26．推理判断题。根据第二段“By setting Einstein’s work in the long course of the evolution of scientific
knowledge, Gutfreund and Renn discover the popular misconception of Einstein as an unconventional scientific
genius who single-handedly created modern physics—and by pure thought alone.”（通过将爱因斯坦的工作置于
科学知识发展的漫长过程中，古特弗罗因德和雷恩发现了一个普遍的误解，即爱因斯坦是一个非传统的科
学天才，仅凭思想就独力创造了现代物理学。）可推知，他们俩对普遍关于爱因斯坦的观点持反对态度。
故选D项。
27．词义猜测题。根据第三段划线词上文“Einstein typically argued that science progresses through steady
evolution, not through revolutionary breaks with the past.”（爱因斯坦通常认为，科学的进步是通过稳定的进化，而不是通过与过去的革命性突破。）以及下文“but a natural extension of the classical physics developed
by pioneers such as Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei and English physicist Isaac Newton in the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries, as well as nineteenth-century physicists.”（而是经典物理学的自然延伸，这些经典物理
学是由意大利天文学家伽利略·伽利莱和英国物理学家艾萨克·牛顿等先驱者在16世纪和17世纪以及19世
纪的物理学家提出的。）由此可知，此处为他认为他的相对论不是从零开始的。故可猜测划线短语from
scratch为“从头开始”的意思，结合选项B项From nothing“从无到有，从零开始”意思一致。故选B项。
28．推理判断题。根据第四段中“The book also includes substantial sections on Polish astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus and Galileo whose methods inspired Einstein. When Einstein considered himself as standing on their
shoulders, he meant that, without their contributions, he would not have formulated(阐述) the theory of
relativity.”（这本书还包括波兰天文学家尼古拉·哥白尼和伽利略的大量章节，他们的方法启发了爱因斯坦。
当爱因斯坦认为自己站在他们的肩膀上时，他的意思是，如果没有他们的贡献，他就不会提出相对论。）
可推知，作者提到这位著名的物理学家是为了说明这些物理学家的研究促成了爱因斯坦的成功。故选C项。
Passage 08
（2024·河南三门峡·一模）When we’re stressed, the brain sends a signal to the adrenal medulla (肾上腺髓
质). That signal causes many unpleasant symptoms. Until recently, most scientists believe that muscles have
nothing to do with stress because they don’t influence how the brain and the adrenal medulla communicate. In fact,
Strick, a leading neuroscientist at the University of Pittsburgh, says he has long been suspicious of claims that
exercises building muscles like yoga can decrease stress. “I need to see that there’s a connection; that there’s a real
biological basis,” he says.
In 2016, Strick decided to study the connection between muscles and stress by using a method he pioneered.
Strick invented a process where he could put a virus into an organ to track the neural network s that connect the
brain and the muscles. “So we injected (注入) the adrenal medulla with a virus, and we tracked it back into the
brain and then mapped which areas influenced the adrenal,” he says. “And that’s where the surprise came.”
Essentially, Strick discovered that our stress response is controlled by more than just the ‘thinking’ part of the brain.
Other parts of the brain, including those controlling our muscles, are also sending signals to the adrenal medulla.
And the area of the brain that communicates with the adrenal receives signals from the core muscles as well. So,
strengthening those muscles, Strick says, can adjust our stress.
When we’re tapping away at a computer in a chair all day, many of us feel more mentally stressed. Strick
recommends strengthening the core muscles so that sitting upright all day becomes more natural. “Slump, and then
sit up straight,” he says “And see what the difference they make to your mood.”
Strick also says this discovery was a wake-up call for his own health. He credits his children, who persuaded
him to try yoga years ago. “And I once said, come on, give me a break. I don’t have time,” he says. “But as it turns
out, they’re right.”
29．What can we learn about Strick’s study?
A．He referred to other researchers’ methods.
B．He observed the influence a virus has on the adrenal.
C．He got the result similar to that of previous studies.
D．He found the part of the brain managing muscles can affect stress.30．What does the underlined word “slump” probably mean in paragraph 3?
A．Sink into a chair. B．Stand up all of a sudden.
C．Stare at something carefully. D．Do intense physical exercise.
31．What does Strick think of yoga at the end of the passage?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant. C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Why We Are So Easily Stressed B．Benefits of Doing Sports Like Yoga
C．Ways of Strengthening Our Muscles D．Our Muscles Can Affect Our Mood
【答案】29．D 30．A 31．A 32．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲了肌肉也可以起到缓解压力的作用。
29．推理判断题。根据第二段“Essentially, Strick discovered that our stress response is controlled by more than
just the ‘thinking’ part of the brain. Other parts of the brain, including those controlling our muscles, are also
sending signals to the adrenal medulla. And the area of the brain that communicates with the adrenal receives
signals from the core muscles as well. So, strengthening those muscles, Strick says, can adjust our stress.(从本质上
讲，斯特里克发现，我们的压力反应不仅仅是由大脑的“思考”部分控制的。大脑的其他部分，包括控制
肌肉的部分，也向肾上腺髓质发送信号。大脑中与肾上腺沟通的区域也会接收来自核心肌肉的信号。因此，
斯特里克说，加强这些肌肉可以调节我们的压力)”可知，斯特里克的研究发现大脑管理肌肉的部分可以影
响压力。故选D项。
30．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“When we’re tapping away at a computer in a chair all day, many of us feel
more mentally stressed. Strick recommends strengthening the core muscles so that sitting upright all day becomes
more natural.(当我们整天坐在椅子上敲击电脑时，我们中的许多人会感到更大的精神压力。斯特里克建议
加强核心肌肉，这样整天坐着就会变得更自然)”以及后文“And see what the difference they make to your
mood.”可知，画线词与向上坐直的身体体态是相反的，前后对比，再结合整段内容可知，画线词的含义应
为“瘫坐在椅子上”。故选A项。
31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“He credits his children, who persuaded him to try yoga years ago. “And I once
said, come on, give me a break. I don’t have time,” he says. “But as it turns out, they’re right.”(他把这归功于他的
孩子们，他们在几年前说服他尝试瑜伽。“我曾经说过，拜托，饶了我吧。我没有时间，”他说。“但事
实证明，他们是对的。”)”可知， 作者认为孩子们让他去尝试做瑜伽的做法是正确的，因此推断他认为瑜
伽是有益的。故选A项。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段“When we’re stressed, the brain sends a signal to the adrenal medulla (肾上腺髓
质). That signal causes many unpleasant symptoms. Until recently, most scientists believe that muscles have
nothing to do with stress because they don’t influence how the brain and the adrenal medulla communicate.(当我们
感到压力时，大脑会向肾上腺髓质发送信号。这个信号会引起许多不愉快的症状。直到最近，大多数科学
家都认为肌肉与压力无关，因为它们不影响大脑和肾上腺髓质的沟通方式)”结合本文主要讲了肌肉也可以
起到缓解压力的作用。D选项“我们的肌肉可以影响我们的情绪”符合标题。故选D项。Passage 09
（2024·湖北·一模）Alan Jamieson remembers seeing it for the first time: a small, black fiber floating in
liquid. It resembled a hair, but when Jamieson examined it under a microscope, he realized that the fiber was
clearly synthetic (人工合成) — a piece of plastic. And worryingly, his student Lauren Brooks had pulled it from
the gut of a small amphipod (片脚类动物) living in one of the deepest parts of the ocean.
For the past decade, Jamieson, a marine biologist at Newcastle University, has been sending vehicles to the
bottom of marine trenches (海沟), which can be as deep as the Himalayas are tall. These landers have collected
amphipods — scavenger relatives of crabs and shrimp that thrive in the depths. Jamieson originally wanted to know
how these animals differ from one distant trench to another. But a few years ago, he decided to analyze their body
for toxic, human-made pollutants, which have been banned for decades but which persist in nature for much longer.
“It’s not a good result,” Jamieson said. “I don’t like doing this type of work.” When he submitted his
findings to a scientific journal, the researchers who reviewed the paper reasonably asked how he could tell that the
fibers were actually plastic. To satisfy the critics, his team chemically analyzed a subset of the fibers and found that
all of it was synthetic.
Food is scarce in the deep, so amphipods eat pretty much anything, which makes them particularly
vulnerable to plastics. And since they sit at the bottom of the ocean food webs, their appetite can upset entire
ecosystems, “They’re like bags of peanuts,” Jamieson says, “Everything else eats amphipods — shrimp, fish — and
they’ll end up consuming plastics, too. And when the fish die, they get consumed by amphipods, and it goes round
and round in circles.”
“So what can we do? The International Union for the Conservation of Nature recommends we protect 30
percent of every marine habitat to address human impacts, but that will only help if we’re also sustainably
managing the remaining 70 percent, reducing carbon emissions, and limiting the pollution being dumped in the
ocean in the first place.”
33．Which conclusion can NOT be drawn about the fiber?
A．It has been proved to be generated by human. B．It won’t appear again through human’s efforts.
C．It was found in the body of a small amphipod.D．It indicates plastic pollution in the deep ocean.
34．What docs Jamieson’s research focus on?
A．The food of amphipods.
B．The habitat of amphipods.
C．The difference between amphipods in different trenches.
D．The existence of human-made pollutants in amphipods.
35．What’s the scientific journal’s initial attitude towards Jamieson’s findings?
A．Negative. B．Doubtful. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving.
36．By saying “their appetite can upset entire ecosystems”, the author means ________.
A．amphipods have occupied a lot of ocean space because of their appetite
B．amphipods’ habitat should be protected so as to address human impacts
C．amphipods can produce chain effects since they are food resources of othersD．amphipods consuming too much marine resources affect the balance of nature
【答案】33．B 34．D 35．B 36．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了艾伦·贾米森发现深海动物体内也有人工合成的塑料，解释了其
发现经过。
33．细节理解题。根据第一段“It resembled a hair, but when Jamieson examined it under a microscope, he
realized that the fiber was clearly synthetic (人工合成) — a piece of plastic. And worryingly, his student Lauren
Brooks had pulled it from the gut of a small amphipod (片脚类动物) living in one of the deepest parts of the ocean.
(它看起来像一根头发，但当贾米森在显微镜下观察它时，他意识到这种纤维显然是人工合成的——一块塑
料。令人担忧的是，他的学生劳伦·布鲁克斯从一种生活在海洋最深处的小片脚类动物的肠道中取出了它)”
可知，C选项“它是在一个小片脚类动物的身体里发现的”和D选项“这表明深海中有塑料污染”可以得
出；根据第三段“When he submitted his findings to a scientific journal, the researchers who reviewed the paper
reasonably asked how he could tell that the fibers were actually plastic. To satisfy the critics, his team chemically
analyzed a subset of the fibers and found that all of it was synthetic.(当他把他的发现提交给一份科学杂志时，
审查这篇论文的研究人员合理地问他是如何判断这些纤维实际上是塑料的。为了让批评者满意，他的团队
对其中一部分纤维进行了化学分析，发现它们都是人工合成的)”可知A选项“它已被证明是由人类产生
的”。故关于纤维的结论中，B选项“经过人类的努力，它不会再出现了”无法得出。故选B。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段“Jamieson originally wanted to know how these animals differ from one distant
trench to another. But a few years ago, he decided to analyze their body for toxic, human-made pollutants, which
have been banned for decades but which persist in nature for much longer.(贾米森最初想知道这些动物在不同的
海沟之间有何不同。但几年前，他决定分析它们体内的有毒、人为污染物，这些污染物已经被禁止了几十
年，但在自然界中存在的时间要长得多)”可知，贾米森的研究重点是片脚类动物体内存在人为污染物。故
选D。
35．推理判断题。根据第三段“When he submitted his findings to a scientific journal, the researchers who
reviewed the paper reasonably asked how he could tell that the fibers were actually plastic. To satisfy the critics, his
team chemically analyzed a subset of the fibers and found that all of it was synthetic.(当他把他的发现提交给一份
科学杂志时，审查这篇论文的研究人员合理地问他是如何判断这些纤维实际上是塑料的。为了让批评者满
意，他的团队对其中一部分纤维进行了化学分析，发现它们都是人工合成的)”可知，科学杂志对贾米森的
发现最初的态度是怀疑。故选B。
36．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Food is scarce in the deep, so amphipods eat pretty much anything, which
makes them particularly vulnerable to plastics. And since they sit at the bottom of the ocean food webs, their
appetite can upset entire ecosystems, “They’re like bags of peanuts,” Jamieson says, “Everything else eats
amphipods — shrimp, fish — and they’ll end up consuming plastics, too. And when the fish die, they get consumed
by amphipods, and it goes round and round in circles.”(深海里的食物很少，所以片脚类动物几乎什么都吃，这
使得它们特别容易受到塑料的伤害。由于它们位于海洋食物网的底部，它们的食欲会扰乱整个生态系统，
“它们就像一袋袋花生，”贾米森说，“其他所有的东西都吃片脚类动物——虾、鱼——它们最终也会消耗塑料。当鱼死后，它们会被片脚类动物吃掉，然后它就会一直循环下去。”)”可知，作者所说的“他们
的食欲可以扰乱整个生态系统”，是指片脚类动物作为其他动物的食物资源，可以产生连锁效应。故选
C。
Passage 10
（2024·河南三门峡·一模）Whether you’re eating a slice of delicious bread or an extra-chewy chocolate
cookie, it’s always fun to be the taste tester for a friend or relative who loves to bake. And, while eating products
created with love and sugar probably makes you feel good, the baker is obtaining some psychological benefits, too.
Studies have shown that creative activities like baking contribute to an overall sense of well-being. Boston
University professor of brain sciences Donna Pincus explained that there’s “stress relief that people get from having
some kind of an outlet (发泄方式) and a way to express themselves”.
Baking is also a great way to practice mindfulness, because it requires you to focus on following very
straightforward directions in a specific order. In other words, most of the decisions have already been made for you,
allowing you to concentrate on the details while nudging (轻推) your mind away from the stressors and anxieties of
your life outside the kitchen. Julie Ohana, a clinical social worker, explained that baking is effective because it
helps you practice the “balance of the moment and the bigger picture”. While you’re measuring and mixing
ingredients, you’re probably visualizing how they’ll all come together to create a fulfilling final product and
deciding how and when you’ll share it with others.
Sharing your desserts selflessly rather than for attention or competition is another mood-booster, making you
“feel like you’ve done something good for the world, which perhaps increases your meaning in life and connection
with other people,” Pincus said. It can also function as a mode of communication. Susan Whitbourne, professor of
psychological and brain sciences at the University of Massachusetts, said that “it can be helpful for people who
have difficulty expressing their feelings in words to show appreciation, or sympathy with baked goods”.
Baking may not be the be-all and end-all of the cure for mental illness, but anyone in need of lifted spirits
should consider pulling out the flour and warming up the oven.
41．What is the function of the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the theme. B．To draw a conclusion.
C．To offer some advice. D．To illustrate the background.
42．What is the benefit of baking according to Julie Ohana?
A．It is of importance to physical health.
B．It is a great way to encourage exercise.
C．It ensures everything will be in a right order.
D．It helps you to have positive expectations.
43．What do Pincus’s words mean in paragraph 4?
A．Competing can effectively boost our moods.
B．We can catch others’ attention through sharing.
C．Baking contributes to closer social relations.
D．Sharing enables us to express our feelings accurately.44．In which part of a newspaper will you find the article most probably?
A．Technology. B．Lifestyle. C．Society. D．Education.
【答案】41．A 42．D 43．C 44．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了烘焙的益处。
41．推理判断题。根据第一段“Whether you’re eating a slice of delicious bread or an extra-chewy chocolate
cookie, it’s always fun to be the taste tester for a friend or relative who loves to bake. And, while eating products
created with love and sugar probably makes you feel good, the baker is obtaining some psychological benefits, too.
(无论你是在吃一片美味的面包还是一块特别有嚼劲的巧克力饼干，为喜欢烘焙的朋友或亲戚做味觉测试者
总是很有趣的。而且，虽然吃由爱和糖制成的产品可能会让你感觉良好，但面包师也获得了一些心理益
处。)”可知，第一段通过例举吃烘焙食物引出了烘焙能够给烘焙者带来心理益处，接着下文具体讲述了烘
焙的益处，由此可推测出，第一段引出本文话题。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Julie Ohana, a clinical social worker, explained that baking is effective
because it helps you practice the “balance of the moment and the bigger picture”. While you’re measuring and
mixing ingredients, you’re probably visualizing how they’ll all come together to create a fulfilling final product and
deciding how and when you’ll share it with others.(临床社会工作者Julie Ohana解释说，烘焙之所以有效，是
因为它可以帮助你练习“当下和大局的平衡”。当你度量和混合材料时，你可能会想象它们将如何结合在
一起，创造出一个令人满意的最终产品，并决定如何以及何时与他人分享。)”可知，Julie Ohana认为烘焙
可以帮助你练习平衡当下和大局，使你能够专注于制作过程并创造出圆满的最终成果，然后决定如何以及
何时与他人分享，由此可推测出，Julie Ohana认为烘焙能够让人怀有正向、积极的期待。故选D。
43．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Sharing your desserts selflessly rather than for attention or competition is
another mood-booster, making you “feel like you’ve done something good for the world, which perhaps increases
your meaning in life and connection with other people,” Pincus said.(Pincus说，无私地分享甜点，而不是为了
获得关注或竞争，是另一种情绪助推器，让你“感觉自己为世界做了一些好事，这可能会增加你的生活意
义和与他人的联系”。)”可知，Pincus认为分享甜点可以增加生活意义以及与他人的联系，由此可推测出，
烘焙有助于建立更加亲密的社会联系。故选C。
44．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“And, while eating products created with love and sugar
probably makes you feel good, the baker is obtaining some psychological benefits, too.(而且，虽然吃由爱和糖制
成的产品可能会让你感觉良好，但面包师也获得了一些心理益处。)”和最后一段中的“Baking may not be
the be-all and end-all of the cure for mental illness, but anyone in need of lifted spirits should consider pulling out
the flour and warming up the oven.(烘焙可能不是治疗精神疾病的全部方法，但任何需要振奋精神的人都应该
考虑拿出面粉，加热烤箱。)”可知，本文主要讲述了烘焙的益处，这属于生活范畴，最有可能出自生活方
式栏目。故选B。
2024年Passage 1
【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have
distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.
But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations
with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract
attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft
meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示
爱意。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals
have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for
shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些
声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life
and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They
use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们
的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气
味来评估不同情况。故选C。
【6题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印
象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.
(许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边
找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行
为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达
他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，
以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章标
题最为合适。故选B。
Passage 2
【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and
citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现
在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding
to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而
且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段
““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the
greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍
摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记
录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to
bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense
because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording
their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的
人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方
式的不当。故选C。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas
and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational
data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded
image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不
足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们
上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
Passage 3
【2024 全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint
Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡
村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river.
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid.
10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year. B. About ten months.C. About two months. D. About two weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远
地区每年提供为期10个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
【8题详解】
细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel
to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the
doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
(圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，
在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其
他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
【9题详解】
推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The
government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas
east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid
programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共
卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷
的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远
地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk需要医疗援助，故选D。
【10题详解】
细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,
before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10个月，火车在两周内停靠大约
八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故
选D。
【11题详解】
推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in
such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many
rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持
专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机
会。”)”可知，Ducke对Saint Lukas的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
Passage 4
【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store
went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are
a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输
距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm
(BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短
了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有
一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them
walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and
avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,”
said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办
公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热
衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm
(BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短
了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient
app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of
water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each
plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。
由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每
株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About
half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting
garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in
our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑
自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员
工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场
（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少
化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
Passage 4
【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s
southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on
the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice
crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta —
downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land
by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area
from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating
wetter ground.”One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice,
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded
in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative
legal safety.
8. What does the project aim to do?
A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Who are opposed to the project?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999?
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
11. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991年9月7日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加
里的南郊。因此，自1996年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机
在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯
塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million
per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make
small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996年以来，一组保险
公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，
使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B项。
【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights —
worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔
省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research
scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷
风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce
moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄克
拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹了
由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的水
分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999年看到的龙卷
风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud
seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts,
no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering
can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智的。”在实践
中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工降雨公司的诉
讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推断出人工降雨
公司将继续存在。故选D项。
Passage 5
【2024北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable
moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well
understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and
interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.
Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada
being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may
vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while
cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising
religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms
for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of
others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape
our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts
motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.
Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering anddangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar
in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is
inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence
self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-
solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for
language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?
A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过
程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well
understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and
interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.
Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada
being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很
少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受
到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情
的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，
规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written
law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and
problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需
求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以
及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B项。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates theprobable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道
德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形
成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为
文章标题。故选D项。
Passage 6
【2024 浙江 1 月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist
Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single
sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before
eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with
the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and
various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
14. What does the author suggest readers do?
A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment.
15. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early HumansC. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they
would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖
励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost
and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this
mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但
是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前
一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三
段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric
consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of
the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的
热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地
管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
【15题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted
(诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global
delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，
我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将
我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可
知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精
神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
2023年
Passage 1
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasinglyintolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后
如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选
B。
【9题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty
days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities thatyou believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活
动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”
可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform
a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将
借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一
章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a
minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮
助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第
二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 2
【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper
which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he
conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite
accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
,
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大
量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors
aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these
errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar
and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the
wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become
correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯
错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均
在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错
误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们
的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各
不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除
而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be
independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding
of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,
the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more
accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步
划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个
五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立
的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高
也是可以做到的。故选D。【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a
better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most
confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大
学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对
自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试
图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论
过程。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions
remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研
究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas
领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas
的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 3
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the
book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader
appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’
representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds
of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand. B. Paint.
C. Seize. D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday
object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading
Art: Art for Book Lovers这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件
艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be
works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”
可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。
我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是
关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【10题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。
我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes may
have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它们记
录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”意思最
相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池
供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line”activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达的
是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 4
【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas
is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to
find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that
wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to
submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s
experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at
beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.
After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These
include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge
of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a
workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.
And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior
author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然
对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互
动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中
的野生自然。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find
places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。
如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可
知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written
summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网
上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，
将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，
再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began
to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to
visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提
交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。
故选A。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people
recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the
experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in
the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking
along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参
与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在
周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居
家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满
意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他
感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以
知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature
interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interactwith it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动
带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深
作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage 5
【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or
a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a
reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our
television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
8. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain. B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes. D. It deserves a high reputation.
9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative. B. Creative. C. Profitable. D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%. B. 24%. C. 25%. D. 33%.
11. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries. B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK. D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习
惯。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and
chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如此
无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食物
平平无奇。故选A项。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are
turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking
habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食餐，
而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people think
about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英国人对
烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很大的影
响力。故选D项。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they
used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示
他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，
三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D项。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”
for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事
了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B项。
Passage 6
【2023年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a
conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask
the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their
answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards andcampsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
.
A The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy
a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长
到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕
的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。
【13题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，
灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their
recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,
which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。
它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has
been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would
loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from
conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复
非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，
允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保
组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,
sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants
from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around
chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to
have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel,
longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻
烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，
灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望
有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理
米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措
施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2023年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a
significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences
leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian
Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at
once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the
moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In
business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it
translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference
tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our
psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but
there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the
future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global
warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-
term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradualbiodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they
would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of
collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of
the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long
drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A. draw a comparison
B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a problem
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
30. What does the author intend to tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个
重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未
来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
【28题详解】
推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now
a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是
工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole argues
that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of
the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，西方已经
进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用历史学家
Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col的话是为了
强调一个问题，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity,
they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmentaltransformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state
of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人类，
他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的“记忆
不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，
如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候变化形成
一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出缓慢的变
化，故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-
termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，
短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been proved
that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the
health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-
sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make
small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲
健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸福和稳定。在商业中，
这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天做出小的牺牲，而这些
牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁我们要做出有远见的思
考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选A。
Passage 8
,
【2023年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer.
The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one.
The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental
principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to
really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life
could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create
essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s
biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same
principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is
a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t helpeither. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife
mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the
evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may
be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all
acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps,
just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts
to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生
命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far
no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as
declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints.
Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living
system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’
Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工
生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾
伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存
在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，
‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学
成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话
语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
【32题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in
both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表
亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是
ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫
做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因
为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故
选B。
【34题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be
nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe,
the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别
的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证
明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝
试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
Passage 9
【2023 年浙江 1 月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels
installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of
that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few
like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32．What do solar developers often ignore?
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
33．What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A．Improve the productivity of local farms.
B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development.
C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．A 35．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农
场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals
to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers
of the soil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特
别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能
板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能
板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.(InSPIRE
正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”
可知，InSPIRE采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and
pesticide use.(超过28个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与
保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed
the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and
carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的
庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的
发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D项。
Passage 10
2022年阅读理解说明文
Passage 1
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝
麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then
friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad.
Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
— from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into
restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin
sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
,
Such methods seem obvious yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste. B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat. D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline. B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage. D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment. B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits. D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
7. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed. B. Reduce food consumption.
.
C Go shopping once a week. D. Eat in restaurants less often.【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席
执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人
一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻
菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通
过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to
grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it
would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的
水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个
国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境
的危害。故选B。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers
food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations
and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries?
Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的
首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，
收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或
干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing
more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t
eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，
还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故
选A。
Passage 2
C
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to
look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homeshave reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes. B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research. D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
9. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills. B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory. D. She has developed a strong personality.
10. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve. B. Oppose. C. Begin. D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received. B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable. D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness
and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康
状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【9题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in
to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels
great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来
外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier通过该项目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第一
批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C项：“Begin (开始)”含义相近。
故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目 的想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director of
Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents
through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高兴能参与这
个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反响很好。故
选A。
Passage 3
【2022年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common
“m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than
others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds
that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.
13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
.
D Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech
sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and
why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃
软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋
势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper
teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古
人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，
我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很
难发出唇齿音。故选C项。
【14题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change
in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during
the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年
里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable
since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a
member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定
保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，
Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。
Passage 4
【2022年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are
behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective. B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent. D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from. B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going. D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the TextalyzerC. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一
名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are
behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方
法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be
getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样
的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A选项
ineffective意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or
done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否
发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer能够确定的是司机
是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与此
相符，故选B。
【10题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior. ”（我们需要一
些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the
Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. ”（他
说，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是当
Textalyzer法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something指
代的是法律。故选D。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们
在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.
”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了
解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用
了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。
故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合
文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 5
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railwaysand, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
.
A To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
.
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as thecorrect position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样
的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人
机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间
派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety
problems. they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.可知，无人机在
铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选
A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and
reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the
very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of
rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁
路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未
来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机
检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护
铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章
主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思
想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 6
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制
造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,
as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation
to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4
月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目
的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半
的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and mostalcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，
一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶
为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税
主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.
（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了
数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
Passage 7
【2022年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways
and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
.
A To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
.
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the
correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样
的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人
机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间
派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety
problems. they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.可知，无人机在
铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选
A。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and
reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the
very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of
rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁
路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未
来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机
检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护
铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章
主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 8
D
【2022年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制
造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax,
as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation
to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools. B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health. D. To encourage research in education.
13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets. B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production. D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks. B. Milk-based drinks. C. Fruit juices. D. Classic Coke.
15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision. B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers. D. It upsets customers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016年4
月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目
的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半
的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most
alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，
一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶
为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税
主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.
（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了
数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。
Passage 9
【2022年全国甲卷】Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to
have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the
birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a
box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given
five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
4. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
5. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
6. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see. B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys. D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
7. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【4题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就
能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the
correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确
的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year
of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一
岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the
cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人
员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推
知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【7题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,
have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原
产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头
鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文
标题。故选D。
Passage 10
C
【2022年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of littleGentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what
was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories. D. Stick to a promise.
9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins. B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare. D. A friend’s invitation.
10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her. B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved. D. It needs to be fully introduced.
.
11 What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world. D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望
探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【8题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the
UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步
探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最
终独立生活)”可知，Ginni在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线词组take the plunge与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on
ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego.(正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从
火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船只)”可知，是一张折扣票价让Ginni决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of
the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.(意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni最深
刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71 has had a deep love for travel.(今年71岁的
吉妮从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了71岁的Ginni Balinton从小就对旅行有
着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008年开始了前往南
极洲的旅程。由此可知，A childhood dream.(童年的梦想)能够概括文章主旨。故选A。
Passage 11
【2022 年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor
Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that
isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but
much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an
approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires
considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those
things intersect (交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems
thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need
to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they
need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished (营养不良
)people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in
food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common
diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of
at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel
before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent
parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal
power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress (修正 ) such
power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems
approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond theirdirect lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results,
but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor
Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that
isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but
much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an
approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，世
界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因为
想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工程
师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系
统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维的方
法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C项。
29.【解析】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of
systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在
实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成
部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result
—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal着手改
变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的
关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B项。Passage 12
【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the
size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally
have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really
do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went
on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching
Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the
process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban
areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and
without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种).
This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they
attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding,
remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those
living locally.
4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?
A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside.
5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?
A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France,
Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，
最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故
选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that
easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈
特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the
trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少
600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得
很密。故选B。
Passage 13
C
【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those
who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways
of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when
people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.【答案】7. D 8.B 9.C 10.A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发
现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to
success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是
成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of
Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who
practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.
(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些
事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提
出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，
Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room
meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不
屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被
认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，
由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads
to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。
)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on
the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，
尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，
所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 14
【2022 年浙江卷 1 月】 The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the
lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy,
electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in
the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.*' writes Maury
Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted
historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that
changed the world*'. Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords
they put it to more uses than anyone else."
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morseinvented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison
perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New
York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon
became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the
steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long
narrative into an interesting one.
4. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age.
B. It began earlier than proper thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history.
D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
5. What can be inferred about Ned?
A. He was born in New York City. B. He wrote many increasing stories,
C. He created an electricity company.
D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
6. What is the text?
A. A biography. B. A book review. C. A short story. D. A science report.
【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段 “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric
revolutions."（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在 Klein看来，电力时
代 和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
【5题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. ’’（为了 编织
他 的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned,它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的
见 证。）矛卩第四段 “Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a
basic necessity.（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所
以他 应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
【6题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It’s a
technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个
角色，一 个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事 变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
Passage 15
C
【2022年浙江卷1月】 The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there ?s a new bonus to
add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be
nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less
sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are
exciting because ifs possible that improving people's cardiovascular （'ll、血管 ）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. ”
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to
measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103
watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were
in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80
watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other
cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of
the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent
of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of
dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a
relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be
applicable to other groups.
7. What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Positive effects of doing exercises.
B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies on diseases.
D. Advantages of sporty woman over man
8. Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?
A. To predict their maximum heart rate.
B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C. To change their habits of working out
D. To detect their potential health problems
9. What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B. Data collection was a lengthy process.C. Some participants withdrew from it.
D. The results were far from satisfactory.
10. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women*s Cardiovascular Fitness
【答案】7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。 【7
题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “New researchers found that middle-aged women who were
physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it
came on a decade later than less sporty women."（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的
可能性要低近90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，
第一段提到了健身锻 炼的好处。故选A项。
【8题详解】
会田节理解题。t 艮据上文 “These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's
cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.r （这些发现令
人兴奋，因为在 中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the
study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure
their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191名平均年龄为50岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，
直到她们精疲力竭，以 测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血
管峰值能力。故选B项。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段 “These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four
decades."（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期
的 过程。故选B项。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段 “New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could
be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade
later than less sporty women."（新的研宄人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近
90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段
通过列举 实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大
降低。故选C 项。
Passage 16
【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely thesize of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally
have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really
do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went
on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching
Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the
process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban
areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and
without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种).
This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they
attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding,
remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those
living locally.
4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?
A. It has achieved notable success. B. It is led by number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s. D. It will spread to the countryside.
5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?
A. To promote eco-tourism. B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening. D. To get people close to nature.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size. B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species. D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D 6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France,
Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，
最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故
选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that
easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈
特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然
之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the
trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得
很密。故选B。
Passage 17
C
【2022 年浙江卷 6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those
who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways
of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when
people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution. D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job. D. gets on well with his co-workers
9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits. B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions. D. Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】7.D 8. B 9. C 10. A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发
现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to
success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是
成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of
Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who
practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.
(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些
事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提
出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，
Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room
meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不
屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被
认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，
由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads
to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。
)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on
the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，
尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，
所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 18
【2022年天津卷第二次】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about
our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists
who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for
thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal
measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing
sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around
them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even
unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world，they cry when
they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.
Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve
centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe
this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer,
processing everything and forming your reactions.Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were
asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their
fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’
fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were
included felt physically warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and
sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in
difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across
languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a
warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any
interpersonal decisions.
46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________.
A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology
B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition
C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain
D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition
47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from?
A. Their personal looks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emotions.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________.
A. environment impacts how we judge others
B. how body temperature is related to health
C. the mind and the body influence each other
D. how humans interact with their surroundings
49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors.
B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph?
A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC.
【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项 EC理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，
我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
【46题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-
solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，
我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC
理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断 EC理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的
真理。故选D项。
【47题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just
hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the
real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with
being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出
生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，
他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想
与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge
people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived
warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感
知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the
other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or
“rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究
中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温
暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C项。
【49题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we
use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文
的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very
strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称
为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比
喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然
您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re
having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm upbefore making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。
如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实
生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC理论运用于现实生活中。故选C项。
2021年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the
skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these
precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few
decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of
market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and
house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their
survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal
Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from
Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
,
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands. B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers. D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire. B. Export.
C. Destroy. D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down. B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting. D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的
急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极
大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
【29题详解】
词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，
北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了
转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了
这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire获得；B. Export出口；C. Destroy破坏；D. Distribute
分配。故选C。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase
more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934年起，超过5亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过
500万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
【31题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只
有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可
知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
Passage2
D
【2021年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional
(情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a
person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability,
optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities,
but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these
qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故
选D项。
【33题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a
doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利
用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受
害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不
一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是
利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、
迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选
A项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and
scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives
from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推
知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。
Passage3
【2021年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for
decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are
aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors
to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags
(标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the
shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to
another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the
monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But
Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use
technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his
first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that
an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend
to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛 的健康状
况。【12题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for
decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，
这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短
缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and
texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器
人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the
industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a
man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——
使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认
为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's
Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛
人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”
可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
Passage4
【2021年全国甲卷】Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the
arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th
black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially
as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome
another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother,
Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,
but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing
every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the
calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port
Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and
great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving
the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A. Costly. B. Controversial. C. Ambitious. D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother. B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January. B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers. D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生
的第40头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the
reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁
育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D项。
【5题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，
已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C项。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino
to be born at the reserve. (1月31日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第 40头在保护区出生的黑犀
牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother
Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1月5日，犀牛妈妈Kisima分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在
Port Lympne，体重约为32公斤)”可知，Solio和Kisima的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A项。
【7题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned
to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推
知，Pon Lympne保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D项。
Passage5
【2021年全国乙卷】You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes
enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin VonWong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-
examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic
waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the
sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of
plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and,
because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take
centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a
truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of
volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been
dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in. B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A. Calming. B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing. D. Challenging.
.
31 Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家 Benjamin Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作
品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018的一件作品“Truckload
of Plastic”说明了每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提
高人们的环保意识。
【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von
Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-
examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真 有的什么区别吗？艺
术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使
观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视
与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest
source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to
drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von
Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the
straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，
但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利
用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才
能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了
展示它们回收的困难。故选A项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic:
Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von
Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look
like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一
个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组
志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，
这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料
污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。
【31题详解】
标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么
区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕
塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong
wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For
this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of
plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a
truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每
60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块
塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤
醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，
适合作为标题。故选D项。
Passage6
【2021年全国乙卷】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think
about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a
membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After
all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that
shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total
silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were
statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise
similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects
were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85
decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background
noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level
of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander,
without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on
creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop
ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found
that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee
shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate. B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere. D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence. B. 50 decibels C. 70 decibels. D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected. B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion. D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪
音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can
focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，采
访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A项。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,
the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee
shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量
为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第三段
“But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background
noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.（但由于70分贝的
结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上可能会提高一
个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70分贝的噪音背景环境
更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C项。
【34题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our
offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed,
the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a
coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集
中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创
作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，
开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
【35题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think
about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提
到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。
Passage7
【2021年北京卷】Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open
letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse.
Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might
create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-
uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long
ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so
disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might
happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers
of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the
“ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given
lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form,
possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we
have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely to
be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness.
“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there
to make the best of a troubling future.”
28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Scientific. B. Credible.
C. Original. D. Relevant.
29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A. worried B. puzzled
C. surprised D. scared
30. What can we learn from this passage?
A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B. The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D. The global collapse is well underway.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在
去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风
险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
【28题详解】
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable
is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most
technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场
病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，
不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关注，
正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific科学的；B. Credible可信的，可靠的；C. Original原来
的，原创的；D. Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。
【29题详解】
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are
likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，
我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,”
they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他
们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么
糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried担忧的；B. puzzled
困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised惊讶的；D. scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，
故选A。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；沉
迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，
充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely
to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都
希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则
提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，
提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we
see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看
到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另
一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，
故选B。
Passage8
【2021年浙江卷6月】If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or
annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human
faces, according to a new study
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either
a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the
person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by
showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The
researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses
more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces duringtraining to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures
based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that
the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies
to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human
facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial
expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with
humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them
with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes B. make sense of human faces
C. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other
9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B. Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C. Pictures used in the two stages were different
D. The dogs were photographed before the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. A suggestion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings.
C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类 的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种
能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same
person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还
是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half
of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial expressions
by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in training.(在训
练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向
狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不
一样的。故选C。
【10题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in theirliving with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has
provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller 说：“对我们来说，
最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接
触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表
情的可能原因。故选B。
Passage9
【2021年浙江卷1月】 At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins
made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing
height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid
being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15
per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents
working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods
with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机
会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and
talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed
by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's
day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental
opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-
accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and
takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and
hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
4．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
6．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
4．B推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today: in Australia: most children on average fall 2: 000 steps short of thephysical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent of children walked to school
while in 2010, it was as low as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少
了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据
沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，
是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
5．C细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time: many with both parents working to pay
for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited
public transport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择
的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不
够。故选C项。
6．D细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day
comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental
opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在
理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能
让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
Passage10
【2021年浙江卷1月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees
(黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a
"vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda,
and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to
be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they
deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human
language in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from
another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This
was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one
case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps
on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species
(物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was
praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results
were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are
still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings
seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "7．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
8．What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
10．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来
交流的手势含义。
7．D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where
they deliberately sent a message to another group member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们
故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选
D。
8．B推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of
Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human
language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨
博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点
令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
9．A词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.
（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流
方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with
non-verbal communications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，
黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.（所
以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf的意思是difference，故选A。
10．D主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild
chimpanzees use to communicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含
义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D项：
黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。Passage11
【2021年天津卷第二次】In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been
described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a
world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in
terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a
human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech
recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work
out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a
"digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital
people".
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're
humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities
also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of
algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that
behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them,
but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health
care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient
digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to
create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such
platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is
optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use
new ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in
their goals."
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s） do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A. leams to make proper emotional responses
B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D. processes the natural language it hears48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
.
B Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It's well planned.
B. It is promising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It's quite hopeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但
一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望
的。
【46题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on
the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a
nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因
为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部
表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。
【47题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological
approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and
"expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性
的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情
绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。
【48题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not
being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you
break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that
humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身
不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算
法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。
【49题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees
across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business
models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、
医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在
后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。
【50题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these
digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些
数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选
B项。
Passage12
D
【2021年天津卷第二次】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic
mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at
school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates
money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they
are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible
experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want
material things anymore, they want to experience life一the arts are a perfect crossover （交迭）between culture
and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social
bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and
their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who
frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who
do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public
Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing
stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with
drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and
languages. Kids with preference fbr the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future.
Participating in the arts is essential fbr child development; encouraging children to express themselves in
constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without
art would be boring and dead still, fbr art is a part of what makes us human.51. Art products differ from most other commercial products because .
A. most people purchase them for collection
B. they are more expensive and less accessible
C. they have both commercial and cultural values
D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can .
A. keep the community safe from illnesses
B. develop a stronger tie between them
C. learn to appreciate their own works of art
D. offer honourable solutions to their problems
53. What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A. They enjoy better living conditions.
B. They like to compare themselves with others.
C. They are particularly good at both music and art.
D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps to make responsible people out of them.
55. What is the best title for this passage?
A. How Art Cures Our Hearts
B. Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C. How Art Benefits Communities
D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。
从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
【51题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both
functional and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can
connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品
联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。
故选择C。
【52题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences
through reflection and discussion,, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor of events
significant to a nation's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见
通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
【53题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are
more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动
的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都
相对更加健康。故选择D。
【54题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their
education”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express
themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的
生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。
【55题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for
various purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, fbr art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术
对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，
因为艺术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好
处。所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
Passage13
【2021年天津卷第一次】 A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of
medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the
amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a
medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are
done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-
imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between
January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will
guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the
procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the
power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a
subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）
becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that ringsbecomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what
the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a
lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that
someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of
staff at her door wanting to take the training.
45．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A．a better understanding of children
B．less use of certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technology
D．an improved reputation of the hospital
46．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry out hypnosis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn about the procedure
47．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A．creating a perfect world for patients
B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C．putting patients into an unconscious state
D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality
48．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A．It should keep pace with the procedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technologist.
D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
49．The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．worry
D．criticism
50．What is the passage mainly about?
A．An easy way to communicate with patients.
B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以
减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部
门培训几位员工。
45．细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to
perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，
实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
46．细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a
few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——
也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催
眠培训来的。故选B。
47．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）
state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will
disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种
被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接
下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
48．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this
story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that
the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重
要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程
同步。故选A。
49．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in
January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a
line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，
这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism
批评。故选B。
50．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of
medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the
amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的
一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位
催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中
的应用。故选D。
