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绝密★启用前
2001年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
Directions：
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A],
[,B] [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1
by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy
up people involved in prominent cases ] the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord
Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to
witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to
a case 6 a trial begins・
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select
committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said
that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.
9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media
protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European
legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament・
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the
European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that
everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect
themselves and their families.
"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges/5 he said.
Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life
sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for
telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be
encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.
英语试题 ・1. （共14页）1. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as
2. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening
3. [A] sketch [B]rough [C] preliminary [D] draft
4. [A] illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper
5. [A] publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity
6. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as
7. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complie [D] agreed
& [A] present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate
9. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure
10. [A] storm [B]rage [C] flare [D] flash
11. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] emonstration
12. [A] better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than
13. [A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns
14. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining
15. [A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified
16. [A] with [B] to [C] from [叨by
17. [A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue
1& [A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told
19. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that
20. [A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there
are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and
choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on
ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a
pencil. (40 points)
英语试题 .2. （共14页）Text 1
Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing
accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller
units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for
further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments
in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing
professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in
science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur'' does
carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific
community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of
specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer,
more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a
mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the
development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half
reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a
changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research pape匸 Thus, in the
nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their
own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become
acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider
geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local
studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional
geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the
widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth
century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a
logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed
mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of
differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within
one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in
local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well
under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences
were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the
nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the
structure of science.
英语试题・3. （共14页）21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in
sciences such as
[A] sociology and chemistry.
[B] physics and psychology・
[C] sociology and psychology.
[D] physics and chemistry.
22. We can infer from the passage that
[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation.
[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science.
[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community.
[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones・
23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate
[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation.
[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study.
[C] the change of policies in scientific publications・
[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs.
24. The direct reason for specialisation is
[A] the development in communication.
[B] the growth of professionalisation.
[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge.
[D] the splitting up of academic societies.
英语试题・4・ （共14页）Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide一the
division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that
divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty
years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that
work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the
Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to
universalize access一after all, the more people online, the more potential customers
there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want
to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on
the planet will be netted togethe匚 As a result, I now believe the digital divide will
narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the
Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've
ever had・
Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the
Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over
their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that
still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the
history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society ) in the United
States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the
capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructureincluding
roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on—were built with foreign investment. The
English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former
colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them
now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or
anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build
your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better
off you're going to be. That doesn,t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting
foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important
they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full
advantage of the Internet.
英语试题 .5. （共14页）25. Digital divide is something
[A] getting worse because of the Internet.
[B] the rich countries are responsible fbi\
[C] the world must guard against.
[D] considered positive today.
26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it
[A] offers economic potentials.
[B] can bring foreign funds.
[C] can soon wipe out world poverty.
[D] connects people all over the world.
27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of
[A] providing financial support overseas・
[B] preventing foreign capitafs control.
[C] building industrial infrastructure.
[D] accepting foreign investment.
2& It seems that now a country's economy depends much on
[A] how well-developed it is electronically.
[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants・
[C] whether it adopts America's industrial pattern.
[D] how much control it has over foreign corporations.
英语试题 ・6・ （共14页）Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The
American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The
organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low・level findings about
factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of
head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world
through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In
other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a
backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their
readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates^^ of the newsroom seem
alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five
middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents
in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live
in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're
less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be pan of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their
work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of
the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily
clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here
is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the
customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to
wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never
seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former
buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now
focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by
outlook, values, education, and class.
英语试题・7・ （共14页）29. What is the passage mainly about?
[A] needs of the readers all over the world
[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry
[D] aims of a journalism credibility project
30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be
[A] quite trustworthy.
[B] somewhat contradictory.
[C] very illuminating.
[D] rather superficial.
31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their
[A] working attitude.
[B] conventional lifestyle.
[C] world outlook.
[D] educational background・
32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to
its
[A] failure to realize its real problem.
[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters.
[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting.
[D] prejudice in matters of race and gende匚
英语试题 ・& （共14页）Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever
witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the
emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at
this process and worrying: “Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an
uncontrollable anti-competitive fbrce?"
There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational
corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure
is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing
segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In
Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from
43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms・ This
phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of
national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the
same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication
costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged
operations capable of meeting customers9 demands・ All these are beneficial, not
detrimental, to consumers・ As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it
is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same
threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the
Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as
WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the
pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming
down fhst. In cars, too, concentration is increasing一witness Daimler and Chrysler,
Renault and Nissan一but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks
ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is
going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic
banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to
another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And
should one country take upon itself the role of "defending competition^^ on issues that
affect many other nations, as in the U. S. vs. Microsoft case?
英语试题 .9. （共14页）33 ・ What is the typical trend of businesses today?
[A] to take in more foreign funds
[B] to invest more abroad
[C] to combine and become bigger
[D] to trade with more countries
34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is
[A] the greater customer demands.
[B] a surplus supply for the market.
[C] a growing productivity.
[D] the increase of the world's wealth.
35. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that
[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers.
[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs.
[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous.
[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition.
36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can be said to be
[A] optimistic.
[B] objective.
[C] pessimistic.
[D] biased.
英语试题 .10. （共14页）Text 5
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I
might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride
and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high
profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered
my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family^^.
Curiously, some two-and・a・half years and two novels later, my experiment in
what the Americans term "downshifting'' has turned my tired excuse into an absolute
reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of
"having it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She
magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation
from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of
"juggling your life,\ and making the alternative move into "downshi仕ing" brings with
it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade
me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour
working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the
limitations of being a parent on “quality time".
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle
is a well-established trend. Downshifting—also known in America as "voluntary
simplicity^^ 一has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed
anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self help books for
people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad
Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from
recycling their clingto making their own soap; there are even support groups for
those who want to achieve the mid・ '90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline一after
the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late580s一and is still linked to the
politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my
acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through
the '80s, downshifting in the mid-990s is not so much a search for the mythical good
life一growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one一as a personal
recognition of your limitations.
英语试题 .11. （共14页）37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?
[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.
[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
[C] “A lateral move,^ means stepping out of full-time employment.
[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
38. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting
[A] enables her to realize her dream.
[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life.
[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status.
[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine.
39. "Juggling one's lifeM probably means living a life characterized by
[A] non-materialistic lifestyle.
[B] a bit of everything.
[C] extreme stress.
[D] anti-consumerism.
40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of
[A] the quick pace of modem life.
[B] man's adventurous spirit.
[C] man's search for mythical experiences.
[D] the economic situation.
英语试题 .12. （共14页）Part B
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into
Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In less than 30 years9 time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links
between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory
virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
(41) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with
pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. (42) Children will play
with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in・built personalities will
be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in &ont of
smell・television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments
scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years),
when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
(43) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the
world to produce a unique millermium technology calendar that gives the latest dates
when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life
expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links・ “By linking
directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully,
simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather
like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, " he says. (44) But that,
Pearson points out, is only the start of man・machine integration: "It will be the
beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a flilly
electronic human before the end of the next century."
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs
that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light
travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel
will be possible・ But he does expect social problems as a result of technological
advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause
problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may
not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. (45) And home
apDliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result
in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.
英语试题 .13. （共14页）Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but
everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay
to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英语试题 .14. （共14页）绝密★启用前
2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码:201）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）
考生编号
考生姓名Section I Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
[,A] [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th
century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had
happened 1 As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that
the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 3 , following in the wake of
the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same
time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the
railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion
pictures 7 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not
everyone sees that process in 8 . It is important to do so.
It is generally recognized, 9 that the introduction of the computer in the
early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the
1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not
immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more
powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as 13 , with display
becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought o人 like
people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .
It was within the computer age that the term "information society^^ began to be
widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications
revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about
place and time, but there have been 19 views about its economic, political,
social and cultural implications. utBenefits^^ have been weighed 20 “harmfiil"
outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
英语试题 .1. （共12页）1. [A] between [B] before [C] since [D] later
2. [A] after [B] by [C] during [D] until
3. [A] means [B] method [C] medium [D] measure
4. [A] process [B] company [C] light [D] form
5. [A] gathered [B] speeded [C] worked [D] picked
6. [A] on [B] out [C] over [D] off
7. [A] of [B] for [C] beyond [D] into
& [A] concept [B] dimension [C] effect [D] perspective
9. [A] indeed [B] hence [C] however [D] therefore
10. [A] brought [B] followed [C] stimulated [D] characterized
11. [A] unless [B] since [C] lest [D] although
12. [A] apparent [B] desirable [C] negative [D] plausible
13. [A] institutional [B] universal [C] fundamental [D] instrumental
14. [A] ability [B] capability [C] capacity [D] faculty
15. [A] by means of [B] in terms of [C] with regard to [D] in line with
16. [A] deeper [B] fewer [C] nearer [D] smaller
17. [A] context [B] range [C]scope [D] territory
1& [A] regarded [B] impressed [C] influenced [D] effected
19. [A] competitive [B] controversial [C] distracting [D] irrational
20. [A] above [B] upon [C] against [D] with
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[,B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 .2. （共12页）Text 1
If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know
how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the
audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you
understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on
whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group
of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;
alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their
disorganized bosses.
Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses5 convention, of a story which works
well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven
and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful
gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peacefill, polite and friendly until,
waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white
coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by
himself. uWho is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thafs God," came the
reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a docto匚''
If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to
know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and ifll be
appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the
chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to
cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about
their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats
like the Post Office or the telephone system.
If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more
natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can
deliver in a relaxed and unforced manne匚 Often it's the delivery which causes the
audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an
unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.
Look for the humo匚 It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar
quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation.
Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few
words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.
英语试题 .3・ （共12页）21 ・ To make your humor work, you should
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience・
[B] make fun of the disorganized people.
[C] address different problems to different people・
[D] show sympathy for your listeners.
22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are
[A] impolite to new arrivals.
[B] very conscious of their godlike role.
[C] entitled to some privileges.
[D] very busy even during lunch hours・
23. It can be inferred from the text that public services
[A] have benefited many people・
[B] are the focus of public attention.
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor.
[D] have often been the laughing stock.
24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered
[A] in well-worded language・
[B] as awkwardly as possible・
[C] in exaggerated statements.
[D] as casually as possible.
25. The best title for the text may be
[A] Use Humor Effectively
[B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech
[D] Different Humor Strategies
英语试题 .4. （共12页）Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning
tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That
compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human
capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of
science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos
whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much
human labor*. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is
done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the
transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to
the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already
robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with
submillimeter accuracy一far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can
achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to
operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for
themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. uWhile we know how to tell a robot to
handle a specific error,says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we
can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.^^
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.
Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that
transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human
brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by
decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's
roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human
perception far more complicated一than previously imagined. They have built robots
that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a
controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing
scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously
focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious
face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach
that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
英语试题 .5. （共12页）26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
27. The word “gizmos" (line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means
[A] programs.
[B] experts.
[C] devices・
[D] creatures.
2& According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B] interact with human beings verbally.
[C] have a little common sense・
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention・
[C] improve factory environments・
[D] cultivate human creativity.
30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure・
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
[D] best used in a controlled environment.
英语试题 .6. （共12页）Text 3
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC
agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel,
up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary
memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979・1980, when they
also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global
economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil
exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the
northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less
severe than in the 1970s・ In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a
smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account
for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude
have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less
sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a
decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil
consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use for less oil than steel
or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now
use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic
Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in
1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%〜0.5%
of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other
hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted——have
become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the
rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general
commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world
is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price
index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by
70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
英语试题・7・ （共12页）31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is
[A] global inflation.
[B] reduction in supply.
[C] fast growth in economy.
[D] Iraq's suspension of exports.
32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if
[A] price of crude rises.
[B] commodity prices rise.
[C] consumption rises.
[D] oil taxes rise・
33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy・intensive.
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed・
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.
34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now.
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks・
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.
35. From the text we can see that the writer seems
[A] optimistic.
[B] sensitive.
[C] gloomy.
[D] scared.
英语试题 .8. （共12页）Text 4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important
implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted
suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect,a
centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects一a good one
that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends
only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of
morphine to control terminally ill patients9 pain, even though increasing dosages will
eventually kill the patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle
will shield doctors who '"until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not
give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death".
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains
that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor
has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like
surgery," he says. uWe don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't
intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you
can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.^^
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the
assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom
modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying・
Just three weeks before the Couifs ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the
National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching
Death'. Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and
the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong
and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test
knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing
code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating
pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning
medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem
unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering", to
the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse^^. He says medical licensing
boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are
incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.,^
英语试题 .9. （共12页）36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients9 pain.
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
37. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients7 death.
[B] Modem medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions・
38. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is
[A] prolonged medical procedures.
[B] inadequate treatment of pain.
[C] systematic drug abuse.
[D] insufficient hospital care.
39. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (Line 3, Paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold.
[B] Harmful.
[C] Careless.
[D] Desperate.
40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they
[A] manage their patients incompetently.
[B] give patients more medicine than needed.
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients.
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients・
英语试题 .10. （共12页）Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be
solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology
of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a
technology might be drawn. (41) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called
behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, fbelings, traits of
character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar
practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (42) The behavioral sciences
have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be
directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to
find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It
does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.
(43) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a
hundred years ago、and the selective role of the environment in shaping and
maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and
studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be
understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are
beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may
therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces
traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and
dignity illustrate the difficulty. (44) They are the possessions of the autonomous
(sei仁governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which
a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A
scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the
environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology
and to what ends? (45) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will
continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
英语试题 .11. （共12页）Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures—National
and International".
In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomen on.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英语试题 」2. （共12页）绝密★启用前
2003年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
[,A] [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes
that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious ] to how they
can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 but not
just in ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new
bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are
especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and
knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage
lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan
activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 , publishing newsletters
with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book
discussion clubs・ A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for
leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is
extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind
of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.
In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have 14 attention
spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain
active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feeling guilty and
without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must
accept irresponsibility. 18 , they can help students acquire a sense of
commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention
spans and by having clearly stated rules.
英语试题・1・ （共13页）1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice
2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D]enhance
3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure
4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because
5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] olerance
6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] urpassed
7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise
& [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] tor example [D] in a sense
9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging
10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple
11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation
12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security
13. [AJ particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely
14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short
15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D]even if
16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something
17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone
1& [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand
19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking
20. [A] capabilities [B] responsibilities [C] proficiency [D] efficiency
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[,B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
英语试题 .2. （共13页）Text 1
Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who
built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the
CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came
to hand in the “great game" of espionage一spying as a “profession.'' These days the
Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending
mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well.
The latest revolution isn't simply a matter of gentlemen reading other
gentlemen's e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In
the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry
of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence,9, and as the
Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to
see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin,
was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage
was its mastery of the electronic world.
Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitfbrd, Inc.,
a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by
selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations
like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are
available online at wwyv.straitford.com.
Straitfbrd president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of
mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a
spymaster's dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far
comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. t4As soon as that report runs,
we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign・ups from Ukraine/5 says Friedman, a former
political science professor. fc4And we'll hear back from some of them.^^ Open-source
spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information
from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep・
Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have
military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its
success. Straitfbrd's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and・fbrthing,
whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.
Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.
英语试题・3・ （共13页）21. The emergence of the Net has
[A] received support from fans like Donovan.
[B] remolded the intelligence services.
[C] restored many common pastimes.
[D] revived spying as a profession.
22. Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to
[A] introduce the topic of online spying.
[B] show how he fought for the US.
[C] give an episode of the information war.
[D] honor his unique services to the CIA.
23. The phrase "making the biggest splash" (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means
[A] causing the biggest trouble.
[B] exerting the greatest effort.
[C] achieving the greatest success・
[D] enjoying the widest popularity.
24. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that
[A] Straitfbrd^ prediction about Ukraine has proved true.
[B] Straitfbrd guarantees the truthfulness of its information.
[C] Straitfbrd5s business is characterized by unpredictability.
[D] Straitfbrd is able to provide fairly reliable information.
25. Straitfbrd is most proud of its
[A] official status.
[B] nonconformist image.
[C] efficient staff.
[D] military background.
英语试题・4. （共13页）Text 2
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, "all that is needed for the
triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.^^ One such cause now
seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling
out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights
advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening
advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target
biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand
the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in
research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent
street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that
comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she
opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.
When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes." Asked what
will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some
way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,
understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We
need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip
replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pefs shots.
To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these
treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at
best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done. Scientists could "adopt" middle school classes and present
their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest
animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of
truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals
receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the
health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known
personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the
value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do
nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the
precious embers of medical progress・
英语试题 ・5・ （共13页）26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to
[A] call on scientists to take some actions.
[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.
[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research.
[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement.
27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is
[A] cruel but natural.
[B] inhuman and unacceptable.
[C] inevitable but vicious.
[D] pointless and wasteful.
2& The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's
[A] discontent with animal research.
[B] ignorance about medical science・
[C] indifference to epidemics.
[D] anxiety about animal rights.
29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,
scientists should
[A] communicate more with the public・
[B] employ hi-tech means in research.
[C] feel no shame for their cause・
[D] strive to develop new cures.
30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is
[A] a well-known humanist.
[B] a medical practitioner.
[C] an enthusiast in animal rights.
[D] a supporter of animal research.
英语试题 .6. （共13页）Text 3
In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into
supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the
top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton・miles moved by rails.
Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well
over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.
Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for
substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they
argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that
for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain,
trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served
by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such ucaptive^^ shippers 20 to 30
percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal
government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief but the process is expensive,
time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that
in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same
average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other
forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost
of keeping up the line・ It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in
practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will
flourish and which will fail. t4Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who
wins and who loses in the marketplace?^^ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer
who frequently represents shippers.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate
increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does
not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its
surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with
Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and
CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conraifs net railway operating income in 1996 was
just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going
to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk
Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
英语试题 ・7. （共13页）31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because
[A] cost reduction is based on competition.
[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.
[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.
[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.
32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?
[A] Indifferent.
[B] Supportive・
[C] Indignant.
[D] Apprehensive.
33. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that
[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.
[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.
[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.
[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business・
34. The word "arbiters" (Line 7, Paragraph 4) most probably refers to those
[A] who work as coordinators.
[B] who function as judges.
[C] who supervise transactions.
[D] who determine the price.
35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by
[A] the continuing acquisition.
[B] the growing traffic.
[C] the cheering Wall Street.
[D] the shrinking market.
英语试题 .8. （共13页）Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California
optional. Small wonde匚 Americans9 life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past
century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts
removed in a 30・minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population
a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not
even a great health-care system can cure death一and our failure to confront that
reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even
under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers
we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost
of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.
The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians一frustrated by their
inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer
aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be
$1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try
to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should
simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age一say 83 or
so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old
and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way" so that younger, healthier
people can realize their potential.
I would not go that fhr. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s
and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner
Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in
her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet startin his
80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the
health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as
productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I
know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also
know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care,
have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have・ As a nation, we may be
overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler
therapies that could improve people's lives.
英语试题 .9. （共13页）36. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before・
[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
37. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that
[A] medical resources are often wasted・
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases・
[C] some treatments are too aggressive.
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable・
3& The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of
[A] strong disapproval.
[B] reserved consent.
[C] slight contempt・
[D] enthusiastic support.
39. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care
[A] more flexibly.
[B] more extravagantly.
[C] more cautiously.
[D] more reasonably.
40. The text intends to express the idea that
[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives.
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life.
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care.
英语试题 .10. （共13页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their
place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (41)
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modi® the environment in which they live,
thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore,
it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and
systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can
lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other
life fonns on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the
study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (42) Social science is that branch of
intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same
reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for
the study of natural phenomena・
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science,
psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or
specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a
field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in
analysis. (43) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural
perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a
unique and distinctly important social science.
英语试题 .11. （共13页）Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward
Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual
achievements of 19th century science. (44) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex
whole which includes belief art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its
simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human
life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared,
and patterned behavior.
(45) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture,'Tike the concept of "set" in
mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of
concrete research and understanding.
英语试题 .12. （共13页）Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you
should
1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
2 ) point out its implications in our life.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
温室花朵经不起风雨
英语试题 .13. （共13页）绝密★启用前
2004年全国硕士研究生招生考试
英语（一）
（科目代码：201）
☆考生注意事项承
1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡
指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。
2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷
条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由
考生自负。
3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须
书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在
草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。
4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂
写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。
5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。
（以下信息考生必须认真填写）Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark
[,A] [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed
by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing
influence. Theories ] on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal
behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they
have learned criminal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focusing on the
role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise
above their socioeconomic status, 5 as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from
disadvantaged families,_6_ the fact that children from wealthy homes also
commit crimes・ The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental
control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For
example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and
rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of
one-parent households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have
less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 .
This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.
Other 17 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the
increased 18 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and
child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a
criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
英语试题 ・1・ （共13页）1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting
2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
& [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
9. [A] affect [B]reduce [C] check [D] reflect
10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
14. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
1& [A]expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[,B] [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
英语试题 .2. （共13页）Text 1
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across
CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was
attracted by the site's "personal search agent". It's an interactive feature that lets
visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a
matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal,
intellectual property and Washington, D. C.. Three weeks later, he got his first
notification of an opening・ “I struck gold,^^ says Redmon, who E・mailed his resume to
the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings
can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated
visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts
see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: "Every
time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,M says one expert.
For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept一what you think you
want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programs do that," says another expert.
"There's no career counseling implicit in all of this." Instead, the best strategy is to
use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database;
when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. UI would not
rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest
me," says the author of a job-searching guide・
Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite5s
agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it
includes only three potential jobs一those it considers the best matches. There may be
more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find
them一and they do. "On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase
in our traffic,says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.
Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.
Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather
information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.
Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilde匚"You
always keep your eyes open,^^ he says. Working with a personal search agent means
having another set of eyes looking out for you.
英语试题 ・3. （共13页）21. How did Redmon find his job?
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
[C] By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
[A] Lack of counseling・
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency・
[D] Fewer successful matches.
23. The expression “tip service^^ (Line 3, Paragraph 3) most probably means
[A] advisory.
[B] compensation.
[C] interaction.
[D] reminde匚
24. Why does CareerSite\ agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
[A] To focus on better job matches・
[B] To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
25. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job・hunters.
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.
[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.
英语试题・4. （共13页）Text 2
Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been
condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism.
This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against
those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage
over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well
known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English
names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously
large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.
Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B
and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had
surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half Even more
striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are
alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi).
The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all
close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters.
As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).
Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time
enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of
the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to
make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in
the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive
teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a
lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less
individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs
proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are
literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of
conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their
recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
英语试题・5. （共13页）26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?
[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.
[B] A type of conspicuous bias.
[C] A type of personal prejudice・
[D] A kind of brand discrimination.
27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.
[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.
[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
28. The 4th paragraph suggests that
[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students.
[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.
[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students.
[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight・
29. What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZM (Line 2,
Paragraph 5)?
[A] They are getting impatient.
[B] They are noisily dozing off.
[C] They are feeling humiliated.
[D] They are busy with word puzzles.
30. Which of the following is true according to the text?
[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.
[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetsm.
[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
英语试题 .6. （共13页）Text 3
When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet.
But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd
like to, eithe匚 Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two
longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening
economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,she says. UI provide a service that people
can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.^^ So Spero is
downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban
Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. "I don't know if other clients are going
to abandon me, too," she says.
Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is
cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves.
From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers
temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue
between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial
time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But
don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not
panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term
prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.
Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines,
their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most
regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10
million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses/* says broker Barbara
Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets.
"Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a
Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their
ability to find and keep a job.
Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would
cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the
job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,
which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners
might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan9s hot new Alain Ducasse
restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still
be worth toasting.
英语试题 .7. （共13页）31. By “Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet" (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means
[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.
[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.
[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.
[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.
32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?
[A] Optimistic.
[B] Confused.
[C] Carefree.
Q] Panicked.
33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range" (Line 3, Paragraph 3), the
author is talking about
[A] gold market.
[B] real estate.
[C] stock exchange.
[D] venture investment.
34. Why can many people see "silver linings^, to the economic slowdown?
[A] They would benefit in certain ways.
[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.
[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.
[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.
35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
[A] A new boom, on the horizon.
[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.
[C] Caution all right, panic not.
[D] The more ventures, the more chances.
英语试题 .8. （共13页）Text 4
Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are
athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we
send our children to get a practical education一not to pursue knowledge for the sake
of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't
difficult to find.
"Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than
intellectual,says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance.^^
Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of
anti・intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the
American distaste for intellectual pursuits.
But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind
leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think
critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully
participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris,
“We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.^^
'intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,9, writes historian and
professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize
winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and
education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and
populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality,
common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities
than anything you could learn from a book.
Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling
and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: "We are shut up in
schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a
bellyful of words and do not know a thing.MMark Twain's Huckleberry Finn
exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to
school and learning to read一so he can preserve his innate goodness.
Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality
we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the
mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect
examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.
School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our
country's educational system is in the grips of people who 'joyfully and militantly
proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who
show the least intellectual promise.^^
英语试题・9. （共13页）36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?
[A] The habit of thinking independently.
[B] Profound knowledge of the world.
[C] Practical abilities for future career.
[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.
37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of
[A] undervaluing intellect.
[B] favoring intellectualism.
[C] supporting school reform.
[D] suppressing native intelligence・
3& The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are
[A] identical.
[B] similar.
[C] complementary.
[D] opposite・
39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably
[A] a pioneer of education reform.
[B] an opponent of intellectualism.
[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.
[D] an advocate of regular schooling.
40. What does the author think of intellect?
[A] It is second to intelligence.
[B] It evolves from common sense.
[C] It is to be pursued.
[D] It underlies powe匚
英语试题 .10. （共13页）PartB
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many
centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some
connection with the process of thought, which took root in EuroDe long before people
realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very
different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir,
were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America
during the first half of the twentieth century. (42) We are obliged to them because
some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out
or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier
part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from
“exotic" language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages
were so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and
Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.
Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could
be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian
languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf
developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual
英语试题 ・11・ (共13页)thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain
concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along
one track and not along anothe匚（45） Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic
determinism which, in its strongest form、states that language imprisons the mind, and
that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences
for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf
hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf
emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the
notion of linguistic determinism.
英语试题 .12. （共13页）Section III Writing
46. Directions:
Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the drawing,
2) inteq)ret its meaning, and
3) support your view with examples.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
英语试题 .13. （共13页）
