文档内容
第 04 讲 主旨大意题
目录
01 模拟基础练
【题型一】文章大意题的考查
【题型二】段落大意题的考查
【题型三】标题归纳题的考查
02 重难创新练
03 真题实战练
题型一 文章大意的考查
1.（2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测）Like almost every set of new parents, Bryan and Elizabeth Shaw started
snapping pictures of their son, Noah, practically from the moment he was born. When he was about three months
old, Elizabeth noticed something odd.
The flash on their digital camera created the typical red dot in the center of Noah’s left eye, but the right eye
had a white spot at the center, almost as if the flash was being reflected back at the camera by something. When
Elizabeth took Noah to an eye doctor, Noah was diagnosed with retinal (视网膜) cancer with the white reflection as
a sign. He endured months of treatment, but it was too late.
Noah’s cancer is treatable if caught early. Bryan Shaw wondered whether there were signs he’d missed. He
went back over every baby picture of Noah he could find and discovered the first white spot in a photo taken when
Noah was 12 days old. As time went on, it appeared more frequently. “By the time he was four months old, it was
showing up in 25percent of the pictures taken of him per month,” Bryan recalled.
Later, Bryan was determined to put his hard-won insights to good use. He created a database that recorded
the cancer’s appearance in every photo of Noah. He also collected photos and compiled the data from eight other
children with the same cancer. Armed with that data, he began to work with colleagues to develop a smartphone
app that can scan the photos in the user’s camera roll to search for white eye and can be used as a kind of
ophthalmoscope (眼底镜). Called White Eye Detector, it is now available for free on Google Play and in Apple’s
Apple Store.“I just kept telling myself, I really need to do this,” Bryan said. “This disease is tough to detect. Not only
could this software save vision, but it can save lives.”
What is the text mainly about?
A．How a boy lost his eye.
B．How a new app works.
C．How a father saved his son.
D．How an app came into being.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文尤其最后一段““I just kept telling myself, I really need to do this,” Bryan
said. “This disease is tough to detect. Not only could this software save vision, but it can save lives.”(“我一直告诉
自己，我真的需要这样做，”布莱恩说。“这种疾病很难发现。这个软件不仅可以拯救视力，还可以拯救
生命。”)”可知，本文主要讲述了由于未能及时发现迹象，错失儿子的治疗时机后，父亲积极研发app帮
助他人的大爱故事。故选D项。
2.（24-25高三·湖南·开学考试）Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities.
While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-fully
realized.
New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused
on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station
density (密度) and bike-availability levels.
“Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly
four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are
almost 60% less likely to use a station.”
The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership
and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership.
Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates
the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user
must walk to reach stations, and bike availability.
There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have
bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share.
Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share
for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.
“Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in
bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.”
Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a
higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders.
Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest
and locations with lower bike availability.What does the text focus on?
A．How to use the bike-share systems. B．How to make full use of bike-share.
C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share. D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in
big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-
fully realized.(共享单车系统有潜力减少大城市的交通和污染。虽然它们受到了相当大的关注，但它们对城
市转型的承诺远未完全实现。)”、第六段“There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is
that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away
or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less
likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.(可用性
有两个影响：首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或
者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享
单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。)”以及最后一段“Where should those stations go? The
authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability.(
这些站点应该设在哪里？作者们建议设在有许多景点和自行车供应较少的地方)”可知，这篇文章主要关注
的是如何充分利用共享单车。故选B项。
3.（2024 高三·全国·专题练习）Guy Noble, one of Australia’s most famous conductors, who conducted the
touring concert “East Meets West”, said he’d like to learn more about Chinese music. “I’m impressed by the history
and the beauty Chinese music has,” he’s said in an interview recently.
“East Meets West” concert tour in Australia was resumed this year after being postponed twice due to the
pandemic. It was hosted in Canberra last Saturday, bringing audiences some well-known Chinese and Western
pieces such as Jasmine Flower, Carmen, Romeo and Juliet, and The Yellow River.
While it was called “East Meets West”, music from China and the West with the same themes was brought
together. Chinese singer Ya Fen and Australian singer Victoria Lambourn performed a duet (二重唱) Hope
Betrayed, which was inspired by the Chinese classic novel A Dream of Red Mansions. Noble said he loved the duet
as it showed completely different singing styles: traditional Chinese opera style and Western opera style. “They’re
not exactly the same, but they came together,” he said.
Having been a professional conductor for more than 20 years, Noble called music an international language.
He noted that most music at the concert was about love, which was also an international language. He also spoke
highly of some Chinese musicians, such as pianist Lang Lang who he thought has inspired many kids in China to
learn music.
Noble admitted his knowledge of Chinese culture was limited. He said that conducting the Canberra concert
was “an experience that I’ve enjoyed”, which made him more interested in discovering the background and history
of the music, as well as the stories behind it. Noble is ready to create more things that can involve dance or
calligraphy or some of the other aspects of Chinese culture, and put them together with music.
Which of the following could be the best title for the text?A．Guy Noble: A Famous Australian Conductor
B．An Australian’s Passion for Chinese Culture
C．Music: A Bridge to Understanding Each Other
D．The Cooperation Between Foreign Musicians
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Guy Noble, one of Australia’s most famous conductors, who
conducted the touring concert “East Meets West”, said he’d like to learn more about Chinese music. “I’m impressed
by the history and the beauty Chinese music has,” he’s said in an interview recently.”（Guy Noble是澳大利亚最
著名的指挥家之一，他指挥了“东方遇见西方”巡回音乐会，他说他想更多地了解中国音乐。“中国音乐
的历史和美给我留下了深刻的印象，”他在最近的一次采访中说。）可知，本文主要讲述澳大利亚著名指
挥家Guy Noble对中国音乐十分推崇，他指挥了名为“东方遇见西方”的巡回音乐会，并希望自己能更多
地了解中国文化。故文章最好的标题是“一个澳大利亚人对中国文化的热爱”。A、C、D三项均是文章的
细节内容，不能概括文章的主要内容。故选B。
题型二 段落大意题的考查
1.（2024·广东·模拟预测）
However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme.
Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills.
Virginia Berninger, professor of psychology at the University of Washington, is a longtime advocate of
handwriting. But she is not a purist; she says there are research tested benefits for “manuscript” print-style writing
but also for typing.
What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Difficulties faced by the disabled.
B．Unreasonableness of forbidding typing.
C．The research-tested benefits of typing.
D．The longtime advocacy for handwriting.
【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to
ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard.
Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. (然而，美国的一些学校甚至禁止使用笔记本电脑。这太极端了。
一些学生有残疾，使得书写特别困难。几乎所有人最终都需要打字技能。)”可知，本段讲述的是“禁止打
字是不合理的”。故选B。
2.（23-24高三·北京·期中）The Great Book Swap
......
There are many times I’d like to go buy new books, but I don’t have a lot of money to spend on them.Wouldn’t it be great to swap books right here in our community? Volunteers will organize the donated books. Then
the books will be displayed at the community center. Everyone will be able to read and hopefully find the perfect
book. Students will be allowed to choose up to two books during each day of the swap. Our plan is to have the book
swap the first Saturday of every month.
What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．How the book swap will work.
B．When books will be brought in.
C．What kinds of books are needed.
D．Why the book swap is necessary.
【答案】A
【解析】段落大意题。根据文章第四段“Volunteers will organize the donated books. Then the books will be
displayed at the community center. Everyone will be able to read and hopefully find the perfect book. Students will
be allowed to choose up to two books during each day of the swap. Our plan is to have the book swap the first
Saturday of every month.(志愿者将整理捐赠的图书。然后这些书将在社区中心展出。每个人都将能够阅
读，并希望找到完美的书。学生将被允许在每天的交换中选择最多两本书。我们的计划是在每个月的第一
个星期六进行图书交换。)”可知，第四段主要介绍了图书交换是如何进行的。故选A。
3.（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟试题）
......
In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be
quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on
experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers. Now libraries begin
offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These types of programs
certainly aren’t designed to be silent.
4What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The past and the present of libraries. B．The reason for the change of libraries.
C．The activities for young children in libraries. D．The connection between libraries and readers.
【答案】 B
【解析】由第三段“In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it
impossible for them to be quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens
learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers.
Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These
types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. (在过去，大多数图书馆都不太关注为孩子们提供的项
目，因为孩子们的年龄使他们无法按需保持安静。但是，人们越来越了解儿童和青少年通过亲身体验学习
的重要性，这导致图书馆与年轻读者的联系发生了翻天覆地的变化。现在，图书馆开始为孩子们提供互动
节目，包括手工艺品、棋盘游戏和故事时间。这些类型的程序当然不是为了静音而设计的。)”可知，本段
主要讲图书馆改变的原因。故选B项。4.（2024·湖南长沙·高三阶段练习）
Despite being connected online, no matter what state you’re from, each city still retains its own language and
slang. At my public high school in Los Angeles, we had our own secret language. A party was a “yart”. A beer was
a “brewsky”. If I tried to use these words in front of anyone that didn’t live in Los Angeles, they would have no
idea what was going on. When I came to college and used these words around my roommate from the East Coast,
she would look at me with a blank stare.
......
Whether the way we talk is regional or from online, the soul of communication lies in its power to connect
people, foster understanding, and facilitate interactions that shape our personal and social lives. I have often found
it’s the way we connect with the people we live around.
What is mainly talked about in the last paragraph?
A．The means of communication. B．The nature of communication.
C．The elements of communication. D．The process of communication.
【答案】 5B
【解析】 根据“Whether the way we talk is regional or from online, the soul of communication lies in its power
to connect people, foster understanding, and facilitate interactions that shape our personal and social lives. (无论我
们的谈话方式是地区性的还是网络性的，沟通的灵魂在于它能将人们联系起来，增进理解，促进互动，从
而塑造我们的个人和社会生活。)”可知，本段的关键词是“the soul of communication”。故本段主要讲了沟
通的本质。故选B。
5.（2024·全国高三模拟试题）
English started as a Germanic language. It is most closely connected to German and Dutch, especially in
grammar and basic vocabulary. During the Norman invasion in the 12th century, Old English was spoken but
French was used in government and legal documents. And Latin was used in religious and educational activities. As
a result, more French and Latin words entered the English language. The printing press invented in the late 1400s
helped to establish English spelling. The English of today is how the language was written at the time. However,
the spoken language started to change in the 1500s with the pronunciation of all long vowels (元音). For example,
“bite” was pronounced closer to “beet” in the 1400s, before changing through the years to its current sound. The
effect was that the English language had old spellings, but new sounds.
English has 26 letters in the alphabet, but over 44 individual sounds depending on the variation of spoken
English. There are several sounds represented by only one letter. For example, the letter “C” can sound like an “S”
as in “city”. And it also sounds like a “K” as in “cat”.
There are only 5 or 6 vowel letters in the English alphabet. They include A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y. But
there are 20 different ways to sound them. At the centre is the most common vowel sound of “uhhh”. It is the most
relaxed and natural sound. It takes almost no effort of the tongue or throat to create the sound. Since it takes little
effort, the sound “uhhh” often makes its way into pronunciations. For example, the word “please” often turns into
“PUH-lease” when someone is trying to call attention. This is another reason why spelling in English is so difficult!
What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A．The complex history of English.
B．The formation of modern English.
C．The influence of English on other languages.
D．Factors promoting the development of English.
【答案】 25．A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“English started as a Germanic language. (英语起源于日耳曼语)”和
“During the Norman invasion in the 12th century, Old English was spoken but French was used in government
and legal documents. (在12世纪诺曼人入侵期间，人们说古英语，但在政府和法律文件中使用法语)”以及
“The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped to establish English spelling. The English of today is how
the language was written at the time. However, the spoken language started to change in the 1500s with the
pronunciation of all long vowels. (15世纪后期发明的印刷机帮助确立了英语的拼写。今天的英语是当时的书
写方式。然而，口语在16世纪开始发生变化，所有长元音的发音都发生了变化)”可知，第二段按照时间年
份介绍了英语复杂的发展历史。故选A。
6.（2024年湖北武汉校考练习）
In habitats across the planet, animals periodically drop everything to walk, fly or swim to a new place.
Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their parents. Others, including small
songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic code. And some animals use a
combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.
What is the first paragraph mainly about? .
A．It describes animals’ habitats. B．It talks about migration models.
C．It compares different species. D．It introduces a tracking technology.
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Wildlife such as whales and geese learn migration paths by following their
parents. Others, including small songbirds, gain the distance and direction of their migration within their genetic
code. And some animals use a combination of genetics and culture to guide their migration.(像鲸鱼和大雁这样的
野生动物通过跟随父母学习迁徙路线。其他鸟类，包括小型鸣禽，在它们的遗传密码中获得了迁徙的距离
和方向。一些动物利用遗传和文化的结合来指导它们的迁移)”可知，本段主要讲述动物迁徙的模式。故选
B项。
题型三 标题归纳题的考查
1. （2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测）
There’s a site in Cornwall, in southern England, called Woodland Valley Farm. Here, farmer Chris Jones
allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have helped control
repeated flooding of the downstream village.
Centuries after beavers were hunted to extinction in Britain, efforts are now underway by environmentalists
to reintroduce the creature. “Sometimes they can really be annoying; they can mess everything up,” says ChristofAngst, an official consultant of be aver management. “But if you look at it on the whole, the positive impact of this
species is huge.” Some of the benefits of beavers’ work on a landscape include a boost to biodiversity, drought
resistance, and improvement of water quality by moving pollutants.
Yet, as the animals’ return becomes increasingly widespread, the debate is shifting from whether to bring
them back to a question of how to manage them once they start appearing in waterways. The consequences of
bringing beavers back are not all positive, the most common one being the flooding they can cause, rather than
reduce. In addition, critics point to the high costs of beaver-felled trees and be aver reintroduction programs.“Who’s
going to pick up the cost, who’s going to do the repairs, who’s going to cover crop loss?”asks Richard Bramley, a
farmer from the York area.“There’s no plan.”
To avoid conflicts, organizers have fenced in beaver-related projects. The beavers are not permitted to
wander freely beyond the fences. The government has also put together a beaver management strategy framework,
which advises communication and listening, in an effort to clear up misunderstandings and concerns. When
beavers do cause issues, available options will be provided, including modifying the dams, reducing water levels, or
relocating the animals.
“What we want to direct people towards is coexistence with wildlife and nature,” saysEva Bishop, head of
communications and education at the Beaver Trust. “We need to encourage people to give space for nature to
function.”
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Increasing Beavers Raise the Alarm
B．Conflicts with Beavers Keep Arising
C．Wildlife Conservation Sees a Policy Shift
D．Beaver Projects Offer Coexistence Lessons
【答案】D
【解析】本文是说明文。讲述了在英国重新引入河狸并探讨如何管理它们。
主旨大意题。根据第一段“There’s a site in Cornwall, in southern England, called Woodland Valley Farm. Here,
farmer Chris Jones allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have
helped control repeated flooding of the downstream village.(在英格兰南部的康沃尔郡有一个地方，叫做伍德兰
山谷农场。在这里，农民克里斯·琼斯允许河狸在一个封闭的五英亩土地上游荡。他们的天然水坝，他说，
帮助控制了下游村庄反复发生的洪水)”以及纵观全文可知，全文主要介绍了英国的河狸项目，包括项目带
来的好处以及应对风险的措施，所以D项“Beaver Projects Offer Coexistence Lessons(河狸项目提供了共存
经验)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。
2. （2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测）
Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms
control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they
learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of
misinformation.
On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustainsengagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence
suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向
的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information.
In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from
prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying
attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain
cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people
exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because
people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is
conflict rather than cooperation.
The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social
learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase
engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to
form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests
that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-
group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important
source of greater political conflict.
So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social
learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that
increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media
platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate.
What is the best title of the text?
A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions
B．Algorithms control the flow of social information
C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning
D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media
environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online
algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions,
conflict and the spread of misinformation.(如今，人们越来越多地在社交媒体环境中与他人互动，算法控制着
他们看到的社交信息流。人们与在线算法的互动可能会影响他们向他人学习的方式，带来负面后果，包括
社会误解、冲突和错误信息的传播)”结合文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用
算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。故C选项“社交媒体算法
扭曲了人类的社交学习”最符合文章标题。故选C。
3.（2024·天津实验中学·阶段练习）Before the end of the year, employees at Ubiquitous Energy, a company in
Redwood City, Calif, will gather in a window-lined conference room to stare toward the future. That’s because theirnew glass windows will offer more than an amazing view of the mountains and blue skies of the North California
landscape. They will also function as solar panels (太阳能电池板), able to power the company’s lights, computers
and air conditioners.
Several years in the making, Ubiquitous’ energy-producing glass is a great technological achievement whose
power lies in the layers of organic polymers (聚合物) between sheets of glass. As light enters the window, the flow
of electrons between the polymer layers creates an electric current, which is then collected by tiny wires in the
glass.
“It’s sort of like a transparent (透明的) computer display run backwards,” says Veeral Hardev, director of
business development at Ubiquitous Energy. “That is, instead of electricity being sent to different points in a
display to light them up, light is producing electricity to be sent out of different points in the window.”
Right now the windows produce about a third as much electricity from a given amount of sunlight as the
typical solar batteries used in roof panels (板), and these windows, about half as transparent as ordinary glass, don’t
work as well as transparent ones. But those standards are already enough to make the windows a promising
product, says Hardev, adding the company is likely to improve the transparency significantly. As for the lower
output of electricity, he notes that windows can cover a much greater surface area than a roof, so numerous
windows will produce a surprisingly larger amount of electricity than the production from a rooftop full of higher-
efficiency solar panels. “You could do both.” says Hardev. “But you’ll get more from the windows. The biggest
challenge, he adds, is to make the windows from less than two square feet currently to about 50 square feet.”
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A．Windows: A New Challenge of Technology
B．Windows: No Longer Just for Letting in the Light
C．Power: A Pressing Problem in the Near Future
D．Power: Not Enough from Rooftop Solar Panels
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，Ubiquitous Energy公司研发的新玻璃不仅可以让光线
进入屋内，它们还可以为公司的灯，电脑和空调供电。由此可知，B项符合文章内容。故选B项。
4.（2024·北京·三模）
Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever
since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why
should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time? Moreover, people like war, and
will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice.
Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present,
it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long,
offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never
be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon
international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most
skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to
change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe
this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at
worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of
them.
The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It
has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the
world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to
be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach
agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that
the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb.
Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．War or No War, That Is A Question
B．Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race
C．Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration
D．From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts
【答案】．C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon
international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most
skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law .”（要做到这
一点，我们需要说服人类以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是将其视为武力的较量，在这种较量中，胜
利属于最善于杀人的一方，而是通过根据商定的法律原则进行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人们以新的方式看
待国际问题，通过仲裁来解决问题，以此来废除战争，因此，C选项“Towards a Future Without War: A Call
for Global Arbitration”（走向无战争的未来：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文内容。故选C。
5.（2024·北京八中·模拟预测）Although it has been revealed in recent years that plants are capable of seeing,
hearing and smelling, they are still usually thought of as silent. But now, for the first time, they have been recorded
making ultrasonic cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture
where farmers listen for water-starved crops.
Itzhak Khait and his colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made
cries at frequencies humans cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem is cut.
Microphones placed 10 centimetres from the plants picked up sounds in the ultrasonic range of 20 to 100
kilohertz, which the team says insects and some mammals would be capable of hearing and responding to from as
far as 5 metres away. A moth may decide against laying eggs on a plant that sounds water-stressed, the researchers
suggest. Plants could even hear that other plants are short of water and react accordingly, they speculate.
......
What is the best title for the article?
A．Plants Get Stressed Just Like UsB．Plants Scream in Presence of Stress
C．Sounds of Plants Detected Far Away
D．Sounds of Plants Break Farmers’ Hearts
【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。由第一段中的“But now, for the first time, they have been recorded making ultrasonic
cries when stressed, which researchers say could open up a new field of precision agriculture where farmers listen
for water-starved crops.”（但现在，有人首次记录到它们在压力下会发出超声波叫声，研究人员说，这可能
会开辟一个精确农业的新领域，让农民们倾听缺水作物的声音。）和第二段“Itzhak Khait and his
colleagues at Tel Aviv University in Israel found that tomato and tobacco plants made cries at frequencies humans
cannot hear when stressed by a lack of water or when their stem is cut.”（以色列特拉维夫大学的伊扎克•哈伊特
和他的同事们发现，番茄和烟草植物在缺水或茎被割下时发出的叫声频率是人类听不到的。），可知文章
讲的是植物会在压力下发出人类听不到的超声波叫声，所以B选项“植物在压力下尖叫”，为短文最佳标
题。故选B项。
题型 阅读理解
A
（2024·福建厦门·模拟预测）When you try a new restaurant or book a hotel, do you consider the online reviews?
Do you submit online reviews yourself? Do you pay attention if they are filtered (过滤)? Does that impact your
own online review submissions?
In 2010, Yelp shared a video to help users understand how its review filter works and why it was necessary.
In recently published research, T. Ravichandran, Ph. D．from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and his team
compared reviews of over 1,000 restaurants on Yelp to those same restaurants on TripAdvisor, which did not openly
share its review filter policies. They found that the number of reviews submitted to Yelp decreased. Those
submissions were increasingly negative and shorter in length compared to TripAdvisor. Also, the more positive a
review, the shorter it was.
“Platforms are pressured to have content guidelines and take measures to prevent fraud (欺诈) and ensure
that reviews are reliable and helpful,” said Ravichandran. Platforms use advanced software to flag and filter
reviews. Once a review is flagged, it is filtered out and not displayed, and it is not factored into the overall rating
for a business. “However, most platforms do not openly disclose their policies, leading consumers to suspect that
reviews are controlled to increase profit by filtering so-called dishonest content,” Ravichandran added.
Whether or not to disclose review filters is a critical decision for platforms with many considerations. Users
may put less time and effort into their reviews if they suspect that they have a significant chance of being filtered,
or they may do the opposite to make their reviews less likely to be filtered. Since most false reviews are overlypositive, users may assume that positive reviews are most likely to be filtered and act accordingly.
“Review moderation(审核) openness comes at a cost,”said Ravichandran. “Although openness helps to
position a platform as fair toward advertisers, the resultant decrease in the number of reviews submitted impacts the
platform’s usefulness to consumers.” Online reviews pose great opportunity for firms, but also raise complex
questions. Platforms must earn the trust of users without sacrificing engagement.
1．What did Ravichandran’s research find?
A．Positive submissions to Yelp went up.
B．TripAdvisor adopted better filter policies.
C．Reviews on TripAdvisor dropped in number.
D．Yelp’s practice discouraged longer reviews.
2．Why do platforms use advanced software for reviews?
A．To increase net profit. B．To protect user privacy.
C．To guarantee review reliability. D．To improve business reputation.
3．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Users. B．Reviews. C．Considerations. D．Platforms.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Enhance User Trust Through Review Moderation
B．To Filter Online Reviews? Think Before You Start
C．How Review Moderation Openness Shapes User Conduct
D．Online Reviews: Filter the Fraud, But Don’t Tell Us How
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Yelp公开了其评论过滤，从而导致用户的评论熟练减少，且
提交的内容越来越负面，篇幅越来越短，并说明评论审核公开是需要代价的，因此平台需要在不牺牲用户
参与度的情况下来赢得用户的信任。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“In 2010, Yelp shared a video to help users understand how its review filter
works and why it was necessary. In recently published research, T. Ravichandran, Ph. D. from Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, and his team compared reviews of over 1,000 restaurants on Yelp to those same restaurants on
TripAdvisor, which did not openly share its review filter policies. They found that the number of reviews submitted
to Yelp decreased. Those submissions were increasingly negative and shorter in length compared to TripAdvisor.
Also, the more positive a review, the shorter it was.(2010年，Yelp分享了一段视频，帮助用户了解其评论过滤
器的工作原理以及为什么它是必要的。在最近发表的研究中，Rensselaer工学院的T. Ravichandran博士和
他的团队将Yelp上1000多家餐厅的评论与TripAdvisor上相同餐厅的评论进行了比较，TripAdvisor没有公
开分享其评论过滤政策。他们发现，提交给Yelp的评论数量有所减少，与TripAdvisor相比，这些提交的
内容越来越负面，篇幅也越来越短。此外，评论越积极，篇幅就越短。)”可知，Yelp在分享了其评论过滤
器的工作原理及它的重要性的视频后，提交给Yelp的评论数量有所减少，且提交的内容越来越负面，篇幅
越来越短，故可推知，Yelp的操作阻碍了较长评论的产生，故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Platforms use advanced software to flag and filter reviews. Once a review isflagged, it is filtered out and not displayed, and it is not factored into the overall rating for a business.(平台使用先
进的软件来标记和过滤评论。一旦评论被标记了，它就会被过滤而不显示，也就不会计入企业的整体评价
中去。)”可知，平台使用先进的软件是为了标记并过滤一些评论，从而不影响其整体评价，故最终目的是
为了提升企业名声，故选D。
3．词义猜测题。根据文章第四段“Users may put less time and effort into their reviews if they suspect that
they have a significant chance of being filtered, or they may do the opposite to make their reviews less likely to be
filtered.(如果用户怀疑自己的评论很有可能被过滤，他们可能会在评论中投入更少的时间和精力，或者他
们可能会采取相反的做法，使评论不太可能被过滤。)”可知，根据划线词they 前文的内容“their reviews”
后文的内容“or they may do the opposite to make their reviews less likely to be filtered.(或者他们可能会采取相
反的做法，使评论不太可能被过滤。)”可知，此处的they 指代前文的their reviews，指用户怀疑自己的评论
有可能被过滤，故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“In 2010, Yelp shared a video to help users understand how its review filter
works and why it was necessary. In recently published research, T. Ravichandran, Ph. D. from Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, and his team compared reviews of over 1,000 restaurants on Yelp to those same restaurants on
TripAdvisor, which did not openly share its review filter policies. They found that the number of review s
submitted to Yelp decreased. Those submissions were increasingly negative and shorter in length compared to
TripAdvisor. Also, the more positive a review, the shorter it was.(2010年，Yelp分享了一段视频，帮助用户了解
其评论过滤器的工作原理以及为什么它是必要的。在最近发表的研究中，Rensselaer工学院的T.
Ravichandran博士和他的团队将Yelp上1000多家餐厅的评论与TripAdvisor上相同餐厅的评论进行了比
较，TripAdvisor没有公开分享其评论过滤政策。他们发现，提交给Yelp的评论数量有所减少，与
TripAdvisor相比，这些提交的内容越来越负面，篇幅也越来越短。此外，评论越积极，篇幅就越短。)”可
知，文章主要介绍了Yelp公开了其评论过滤，从而导致用户的评论熟练减少，且提交的内容越来越负面，
篇幅越来越短，并说明评论审核公开是需要代价的，故C项“评论审核开放如何造就用户的行为”符合文
章标题，故选C。
B
（23-24高三·云南昆明·阶段练习）Kishiki Noriyo pulls up outside a house in Akashi, a city in western
Japan in a truck with a heart logo and the slogan: “Diaper delivery: we also deliver kindness.” She steps out with
two bags of diapers (尿布). Higuchi Miki, a young mother appears at the front door with a baby. Ms Kishiki is on
the front line of a ten-year push by Akashi to encourage its residents to have children. It includes delivering free
baby food and diapers, free medical care and school lunches. The effort seems to be paying off. Akashi's population
has increased for ten years in a row, to more than 300,000.
This makes the town exceptional. Japan's birth rate was below the replacement level of 2.1 children per
woman in the mid-1970s and has been steadily declining ever since. Many barriers to young Japanese forming
families, from high education costs to inflexible family laws can only be tackled with national policies. But Akashi
shows how local communities can make a difference. That starts with improving access to nurseries and day care,
and smaller projects such as Ms Kishiki's, also help.
Kato Hisakazu of Meiji University thinks Japan “needs to foster a culture that is generous to children”.
Efforts to build more child-care facilities are often blocked by locals who worry about increased noise. TanakaYumi, a mother of two, says young Japanese parents are used to receiving a “cold look” from their unsympathetic
neighbors. But the abundance of young families in the town and the supportive policies of its local administration
provide comfort.
Akashi's pro-child efforts are intended to drive the same cultural change. Morioka Kazumi of the town's
child-care department says the diaper deliveries are more about “reducing loneliness” than the goods themselves.
Ms Higuchi, the young mother, appreciates that. “It's nice when someone checks on me,” she says. “It makes me
feel I'm on the right track.”
5．What can be inferred about Kishiki Noriyo?
A．She delivers paid medical care.
B．She assists families with children.
C．She sees no prospect of her hard work.
D．She struggles with work as a young mother.
6．What do Akashi's efforts suggest?
A．Young couples are still hesitant about having babies.
B．National policies are inadequate in improving low birth rate.
C．The town becomes world-famous for the increasing population.
D．Local communities can contribute a lot in encouraging baby births.
7．What can we learn from paragraph 3?
A．Japanese parents suffer from loneliness.
B．Japanese are not tolerant enough of children.
C．Child-care facilities are in great need in Akashi.
D．More and more young families have moved to Akashi.
8．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Diaper Delivery Reduces Mums’ Stress
B．Japan Makes Plans to Increase Baby Births
C．Akashi Turns the Low Birth Rate for Higher
D．The Young Face Barriers in Forming Families
【答案】5．B 6．D 7．B 8．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了日本西部城市明石市为鼓励居民生育所采取的一系列措施，包括
提供免费的婴儿食品、尿布、医疗和学校午餐等，这些努力取得了一定成效，其人口连续十年增加。
5．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Kishiki Noriyo pulls up outside a house in Akashi, a city in western Japan in
a truck with a heart logo and the slogan: “Diaper delivery: we also deliver kindness.” She steps out with two bags
of diapers (尿布). Higuchi Miki, a young mother appears at the front door with a baby. Ms Kishiki is on the front
line of a ten-year push by Akashi to encourage its residents to have children.(Kishiki Noriyo开着一辆带有爱心标
志和标语“尿布配送：我们也传递善意”的卡车停在日本西部城市明石市的一所房子外面。她带着两袋尿
布走下车。年轻的母亲 Higuchi Miki 带着孩子出现在前门。Kishiki女士处于明石市鼓励居民生育的十年
努力的前线)”可知，Kishiki Noriyo协助有孩子的家庭。故选B项。6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Many barriers to young Japanese forming families, from high education
costs to inflexible family laws can only be tackled with national policies. But Akashi shows how local communities
can make a difference(从高昂的教育成本到不灵活的家庭法律，日本年轻人组建家庭面临诸多障碍，这些只
能通过国家政策来解决。但明石市表明，当地社区可以发挥作用)”可知，明石市的努力表明当地社区在鼓
励生育方面可以做出很大贡献。故选D项。
7．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Efforts to build more child-care facilities are often blocked by locals who
worry about increased noise. Tanaka Yumi, a mother of two, says young Japanese parents are used to receiving a
“cold look” from their unsympathetic neighbors.(建造更多托儿设施的努力经常受到当地人的阻挠，他们担心
噪音会增加。两个孩子的母亲Tanaka Yumi说，年轻的日本父母习惯了从无情的邻居那里得到“冷眼”)”可
知，日本人对孩子不够宽容。故选B项。
8．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Ms Kishiki is on the front line of a ten-year push by Akashi to encourage its
residents to have children. It includes delivering free baby food and diapers, free medical care and school lunches.
The effort seems to be paying off. Akashi's population has increased for ten years in a row, to more than 300,000
(吉喜女士是明石市鼓励居民生育的十年计划的前线人员。该计划包括免费发放婴儿食品和尿布、免费医疗
和学校午餐。这项努力似乎取得了成效。明石市的人口已经连续十年增长，超过30万。)”、第二段
“Many barriers to young Japanese forming families, from high education costs to inflexible family laws can only
be tackled with national policies. But Akashi shows how local communities can make a difference(从高昂的教育
成本到不灵活的家庭法律，日本年轻人组建家庭面临诸多障碍，这些只能通过国家政策来解决。但明石市
表明，当地社区可以发挥作用)”以及最后一段“Ms Higuchi, the young mother, appreciates that. “It's nice when
someone checks on me,” she says. “It makes me feel I'm on the right track.”(年轻的母亲樋口女士对此心存感
激。“有人关心我，这很好，”她说。“这让我感觉我走在正确的道路上。”)”可知，文章主要讲述了明
石市通过一系列举措成功提高了生育率。故选C项。
1.（2024年新高考I卷）
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am
ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally
laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing
number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western
treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became
interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing
drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that heimproved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So,
after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she
was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to
keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more
easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication,
he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from
30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal.
That’s my job.”
What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After
Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her
dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing
reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法
伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她
的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例
子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按
摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。
2.（2024年阅读理解C篇）
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon
Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场
（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also,
there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly
reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the
right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时
提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排
排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in
their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste
reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste,
carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。
大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减
少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介
绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统
节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
3.（2024年北京卷阅读理解D篇）
Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of
early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken
to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other
groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily
leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the
Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may
vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while
cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising
religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms
for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of
others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape
our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts
motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and
dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar
in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is
inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence
self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-
solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for
language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century
illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早
期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人
类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的
起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。
4.（2023年全国乙卷D篇）
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you
cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for
most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,
but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps
the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English
side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only
a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what
was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written
reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just
the texts, but the objects.
What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable.
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历
史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数
时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用
物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
5.（2022年新课标II卷C篇）
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried
a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately."
"Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone."
What is a suitable title for the text?
A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】B
【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来
说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving
more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是
为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否
使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变人们的
行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控
器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。6.（2022年全国乙卷C篇）
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time,
help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in
the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施)
worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of
railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely
future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks
and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可
靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确
保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力
线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员
安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述
了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合
作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
7.（2022年全国甲卷B篇）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-
recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have provedskilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut
inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently
shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been
shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”(戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋
洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)可知，文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。故
选D。
8.（2022年北京卷D篇）
Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on
how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had
exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone
who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies
have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum
machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is
the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep.
“What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the
public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises,
excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And
that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions aboutPyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful”
quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”
He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what
we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just
as I trust Johnson.
Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B．Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C．Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D．Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
【答案】D
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二自然段“Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as
have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even
take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction. This is the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys
Johnson.”（ 现在，大型科技公司和许多小型公司都在量子计算领域进行了投资。据《商业周刊》报道，
量子机器可以帮助我们“治愈癌症，甚至采取措施将气候变化转向相反的方向。这种炒作让约翰逊感到恼
火。”）”以及最后一段“Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor
claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers.
（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所说的那样“以巨大的优势”领先所有竞争对手吗？我不知道。我当然不会建
议我的朋友或其他人投资量子计算机。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任约翰逊一样。）”可知，本文主要论述
了“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”，计算机科学家克里斯·约翰逊和物理学家菲利普·泰勒分
别阐明了自己的观点。所以短文的最佳标题为“量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？”。故选D。
9.（2021年全国甲卷D篇）
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want
to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more
intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this
is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to
the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different
color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say
that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that
belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can ourplanet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the
answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes
of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender,
race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with
“intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【答案】 B
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”
和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and
simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创
造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以
是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
10.（2021年新高考I卷C篇）
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an
astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.
Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of
these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly
ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations,
greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their
survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal
Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from
Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
.
A The Federal Duck Stamp Story B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】 A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水
禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
11.（2021年新高考II卷C篇）
A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World's Best Teacher will use the cash
to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a classroom
revolution (变革). “We are going to make a change, ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the
arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort - whether an up-and-
coming local musician or a major movie star - into schools to work with and inspire children.
,
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School her place of work for the past twelve years. “I've
seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired by - their eyes are shining and
their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists . more than ever in our schools."
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said: “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact
with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools." It was a mistake to
see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in schools was not
just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the young.
What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our
visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength for centuries."
Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. Bring Artists to Schools B. When Historians Meet Artists
C. Arts Education in Britain D. The World's Best Arts Teacher
【答案】A
【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she
wanted to bring about a classroom revolution. “We are going to make a change,”she said.“I’ve started a project to
promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚·扎菲拉库(Andria Zafirakou)表
示，她想掀起一场课堂革命。“我们将做出改变，”她说。“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的
艺术教学。”）”可知，文章讲述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的奖金启动了一个项目，将艺术家带进学校，
促进艺术教学。故选A。
12.（2021年浙江卷6月B篇）
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where
neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any
screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a
day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to
counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three,
were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear withoutgetting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed
himself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to
be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World
Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature.
“Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting
evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will
be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into
the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.”
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let
us get them out and let them play.
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time
C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children
【答案】C
【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand
to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World
Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. (他把自己的旅行记
录下来，开始把自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。其结果是 Project Wild Thing，一部记录了World
Network (世界网络)诞生的电影，World Network (世界网络)是以让孩子们接触大自然为共同目标的团体)”可
推知，本文主要讲述了电影制作人David Bond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一
个品牌，推销给年轻人。由此可知，C项Market Nature to Children(把自然推销给年轻人)适合作本文标题。
故选C项。
