文档内容
►第 08 讲 句子成分+基本句型+句子种
类 + 解密长难句
（讲义）
【复习目标】
掌握八大句子成分
掌握五大基本句型
掌握句子结构
掌握长难句解题要领
【考情分析】
英语句子结构和成分是高中英语教学的重要内容，是理解文章的基础，广泛运用于阅读
理解，完形填空，语法填空和写作中。分析近年高考可知，长难句的比重日益增加，掌握
词类、句子成分和结构，可以读懂文意，并理解长难句之间的逻辑关系，同时也有助于句
型的记忆。
【网络构建】
学科网（北京）股份有限公司知识点 一 句子成分
英语句子由多个部分构成，各部分在句子中起着不同的作用，这些构成句子的不同部分被
称为句子成分。正确分析句子成分是英语成绩得高分的至关要素。
主要句子成分：主语(subject)---s； 谓语(predicate)---v
次要句子成分：宾语(object)---o； 定语(attribute)---attr； 状语(adverbial)---
adv；
补语(complement)-c; 表语(predicative)---p； 同位语(Appositive)等。
No. 1 主语
概念和位置：句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，通常位于句首。
充当：通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等充
当。
语序：正常：主语+谓语; 全部倒装：谓语+主语; 部分倒装：情态动词/助动词+主语
+实义动词。
学科网（北京）股份有限公司1. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
2. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
3. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
4. What benefits most to their study is reading English books. (主语从句)（2022 全国
乙卷满分作文 ）
5. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner.
（名词）（2022年新高考I卷阅读）
6. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（代词+倒装）（2022年新高考I卷读后续
写）
7. Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. （动名词短语）(2022新课标全国
II卷七选五)
8. It ’s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline（it作形式主语，真正的
主语为后面的不定式）(2022年乙卷书面表达）
No. 2 谓语
概念和位置： 表示主语的动作或状态、谓语由动词充当，由简单谓语动词和复合谓语
动词之分。
一般位于主语之后。
充当：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充
当，谓语有时态与语态的变化，同时受到句子主语的单复数和人称的制约，如果
主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数第三人称形式。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces
celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes
to London. （实义动词）（2022 全国甲卷 ） 复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services
for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety
problems.（情态动词+实义动词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)（2022
年新高考I卷）
No. 3 宾语
概念：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短
语；有的动词后可以跟两个宾语，其中表示人的宾语称为间接宾语，把表示物的宾语称为
直接宾语。
位置: 位于及物动词或介词之后。
充当：通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当。
1. Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to ...”（名词）（2022年新
学科网（北京）股份有限公司高考I卷）
2. I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it作形式宾语，if引导
真正的宾语从句）（2022年新高考I卷）
3. ...，drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短
语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
4. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of
agriculture in the Neolithic period. （宾语从句）（2022年新高考I卷）
5. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
6. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
7. He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
No. 4 表语
概念: 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
位置：位于系动词之后。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、
分词或从句等充当。
1. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great
importance . （介词短语）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Food became easier to chew at this point. （形容词）(2022年新高考I卷)
3. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning....（方位副词）(2022年新高考I卷)
4. Needless to say, they were deeply moved.（分词）（2020年新课标I ）
5. The machine is out of order.(不定式)
6. His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
7. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
No. 5 定语
概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语；
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于
被修饰词之前，但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等
时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定
语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
充当：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短
语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句充当。
1. Frui t juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
（名词，非谓语, 形容词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
2. Road accidents, which had fallen for years , are now rising sharply.
（定语从句）（2022 新高考全国卷II ）
3. Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer , she toured in the UK.
学科网（北京）股份有限公司（介词短语作后置定语）（2020全国甲卷 ）
4. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don't need to be flying overhead.
（代词，介词）（2022 全国乙卷 ）
5. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving
trains would be able to react in time.（非谓语，代词，非谓语分词作定语）（2022 全国
乙卷 ）
No. 6 状语
概念：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方
式、比较、伴随、条件、程度、让步等。状语位置灵活。
位置: 修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状
语时常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作
状语常放于be 动词、情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
充当：通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、形容词和从句等充当。
1. A dditional ly from time to time I will assign group work to be completed ..
（副词）（2022年新高考I卷）
2. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what
research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more
beneficial than harmful.（从句）（2021年新高考I卷）
3.
No. 7 补语
概念和位置：有些及物动词的宾语后需要添加部分内容对宾语进行补充说明，补语有
两种，分别是主语补足语、宾语补足语，用来对主语或宾语进行补充说明。
充当：常由形容词、名词、不定式、分词、副词等充当。高考英语试题主要考查非谓
语动词作补足语的语法。
1. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more meaningf u l.（形容词做宾补）
（2022 高考全国甲卷）
2. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China .（名词短语作宾
补）（2020浙江卷 ）
3. Lijiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.
（过去分词短语作宾补）（2019江苏卷 ）
No. 8 同位语
概念和位置：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法
上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。
充当：同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
1. ...we human s are.（2021 年新高考全国I 卷）
2. This exhibition of some sixty masterpieces celebrating the life and work of Scotland's best
loved painter, Sir Henry Raeburn, comes to London. (名词)（2022 年高考全国乙卷）
学科网（北京）股份有限公司My friend, Mary, bought a beautiful dress in the department last weekend.
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
↓
主语 同位语 谓语 定语 宾语 地点状语
时间状语
知识点 二 基本句型
No. 1 主+谓：S+V
谓语动词为不及物动词。
1. The sun rises. （rise-rose-risen 是vi，不能带O.）
2. My brother works in a bank.
3. The car stopped.
4. The man died peacefully.
5. The first impression counts/matters.
6. Class activities will vary from day to day.(2022年新高考I卷)
7. Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.
No. 2 主语+谓语+宾语（S.+V. + O. ）
谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组；宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。
She broke the vase.
I like swimming.
I want to buy a house.
They have carried out the plan successfully.
易混点 1 ：只带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：
suggest， advise， stop， resist， enjoy， imagine，finish， admit， excuse， delay，
practise, consider， keep， mind， understand， avoid， miss， risk ，succeed in， be
busy，be worth， be used to， give up， look
forward to
易混点 2 ：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：
offer, learn, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help，prepare，decide, determine，refuse，
dare，manage，wish, hope, want, expect， fail，pretend，choose, seem,agree, etc.
No. 3 主语+谓语+双宾（S. + V. + O.+O. ）
此句型中常见的谓语动词：give buy bring tell send leave pass write take show
get teach pay hand 等。
学科网（北京）股份有限公司可借助to的: bring, give, lend, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
可借助for的：buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save等。
1. He brings me cookies every day.
2. Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
3. Grandma told us an interesting story last night.
4. Pass me the book,please
5. He showed the ticket to the conductor.
No. 4 ：主+系+表
类别 系动词
状态类 be
感官类 look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性 seem ，appear
变化类 get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性 stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性 prove , turn out
1. The car is in good condition
2. He looked tired.
3. The football match is on.
4. My work is teaching French.
5. The question is who can really repair the machines.
6. The flower smells pleasant.
7. A pair of sunglasses proves useful.
No. 5 主谓宾宾补: S+Vt.+O+O.C
The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
You must get your hair cut.
They made Tom monitor.
注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是
英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：find/think/consider it
+宾补+to do..
I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
Both sides consider it desirable to further the understanding between the two peoples.
知识点 三 句子种类
学科网（北京）股份有限公司按用途： 陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句
按结构：简单句，并列句，复合句
No. 1 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
注意：句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加上副词修饰，给名
词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等。
He worked hard all his life. (划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)
He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词student)
No. 2 并列句: 用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简
单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。
句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句
用分号：
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等并列连词）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all.
并列句的分类
类别 系动词
并列 and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then
选择 or, either…or…, otherwise
转折 but, still, yet, while, when
因果 so, for,
1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend.
2. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
3. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
4. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
5. He was tired, so he went to bed.
6. He made a promise, but He didn’t keep it.
7. Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to
complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or
notes from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful
notes during class. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 )
学科网（北京）股份有限公司No. 3复合句
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。
主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句
连用，不能独立存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that引导的同位语从句）
2. 定语从句
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830米。（which引导的定语从句）
3. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.
当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（when引导的时间状语从句）
复合句详细复习参考本专辑从句专题。
解密长难句
诀窍：找谓语，定主语，定主干，去枝叶；找连词，定逻辑。
依托前面所讲的句子成分和句子种类，按照上述方法，即可抽丝剥茧，简化复杂的句式为
简单句，然后依据词义和词性进行理解即可。
1. ( 2022 新课标全国 I 卷 ) Class activities will vary from day to day, but
students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly
from assigned readings or notes from the previous class, lecture/discussion, so it is
important to take careful notes during class.
2. ( 2022 新课标全国I卷 ) A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-
related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half
the world’s languages.
3. ( 新课标I卷 ) It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,
there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons –a number equal to 24 to 40 percent
学科网（北京）股份有限公司of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant
birds in the world.
考点 长难句理解
1.（湖南省湖南师范大学附属中学2023年试题 语法填空）When Lichun arrives, we surely
know it’s time to sow the seeds of crops ________ the seeds of hope.
2.(2023年江苏省苏北四市联考试题 阅读理解) However, research in the rapid-developed field
of human-robot interaction is showing astonishing results on engagement with robots that can
imitate lifelike behaviour.
3.（2023届河北省名校联考高三摸底阅读理解）While demonstrating best safety practices,
campers are involved in activities that arouse their interest in science along with their sense of
adventure.
所给词的适当形式填空
1.( 2022新课标全国I卷 ) It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown
away -from“ugly”(but quite eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts
of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
2.(2021新课标全国I卷) Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far
ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have
been more beneficial than harmful.
学科网（北京）股份有限公司
