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2002 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题
Section I Listening Comprehension
（略）
Section II Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D
on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
①Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and
the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. ②Yet much had happened 21 . ③As
was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the
dominant pre-electronic 23 , following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the
24 of the periodical. ④It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25
up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the
telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th-century world of the motor car and the
airplane. ⑤Not everyone sees that process in 28 . ⑥It is important to do so.
①It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th
century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the
process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . ②As time went by,
computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became "personal" too, as well as 33
, with display becoming sharper and storage 34 increasing. ③They were thought of, like
people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 .
①It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to
describe the 37 within which we now live. ②The communications revolution has 3 8
both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been
39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. ③"Benefits" have been
weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes. ④And generalizations have proved difficult. （303
words）
21. [ A ] between [ B ] before [ C ] since [ D ] later
22. [ A ] after [ B ] by [ C ] during [ D ] until
23. [ A ] means [ B ] method [ C ] medium [ D ] measure
24. [ A ] process [ B ] company [ C ] light [ D ] form
25. [ A ] gathered [ B ] speeded [ C ] worked [ D ] picked
26. [ A ] on [ B ] out [ C ] over [ D ] off
27. [ A ] of [ B ] for [ C ] beyond [ D ] into
28. [ A ] concept [ B ] dimension [ C ] effect [ D ] perspective
29. [ A ] indeed [ B ] hence [ C ] however [ D ] therefore
1/1030. [ A ] brought [ B ] followed [ C ] stimulated [ D ] characterized
31. [ A ] unless [ B ] since [ C ] lest [ D ] although
32. [ A ] apparent [ B ] desirable [ C ] negative [ D ] plausible
33. [ A ] institutional [ B ] universal [ C ] fundamental [ D ] instrumental
34. [ A ] ability [ B ] capability [ C ] capacity [ D ] faculty
35. [ A ] by means of [ B ] in terms of [ C ] with regard to [ D ] in line with
36. [ A ] deeper [ B ] fewer [ C ] nearer [ D ] smaller
37. [ A ] context [ B ] range [ C ] scope [ D ] territory
38. [ A ] regarded [ B ] impressed [ C ] influenced [ D ] effected
39. [ A ] competitive [ B ] controversial [ C ] distracting [ D ] irrational
40. [ A ] above [ B ] upon [ C ] against [ D ] with
Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.
Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
① If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to
identify shared experiences and problems. ② Your humor must be relevant to the audience and
should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in
sympathy with their point of view. ③Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will
be different. ④ If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized
methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to
comment on their disorganized bosses.
①Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because
the audience all shared the same view of doctors. ②A man arrives in heaven and is being shown
around by St. Peter. ③ He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather,
and so on. ④Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the
new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line,
grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. ⑤“Who is that?” the new arrival asked St.
Peter. ⑥“Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”
① If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the
experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make
a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.
②With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider
making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. ③You will be on safer ground
if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.
① If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural.
2/10② Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed
and unforced manner. ③ Often it’s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak
slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are
making a light-hearted remark.
①Look for the humor. ②It often comes from the unexpected. ③A twist on a familiar quote “If
at first you don’t succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. ④ Search for
exaggeration and understatements. ⑤ Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences
which you can turn about and inject with humor. （447 words）
41.To make your humor work, you should_______.
[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience
[B] make fun of the disorganized people
[C] address different problems to different people
[D] show sympathy for your listeners
42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are_______.
[A] impolite to new arrivals [B] very conscious of their godlike role
[C] entitled to some privileges [D] very busy even during lunch hours
43.It can be inferred from the text that public services_______.
[A] have benefited many people [B] are the focus of public attention
[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor [D] have often been the laughing stock
44.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered_______.
[A] in well-worded language [B] as awkwardly as possible
[C] in exaggerated statements [D] as casually as possible
45.The best title for the text may be_______.
[A] Use Humor Effectively [B] Various Kinds of Humor
[C] Add Humor to Speech [D] Different Humor Strategies
Text 2
①Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope
with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. ② That compulsion has
resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. ③And if
scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come
close.
①As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence
we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. ②Our factories
hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. ③Our banking is done at automated teller terminals
that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. ④Our subway trains are controlled
by tireless robot-drivers. ⑤And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-
mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery
with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve
with their hands alone.
① But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with
3/10less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that
pose a real challenge. ②“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says
Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can’t yet give a robot enough
‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”
①Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. ②Despite a
spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and
microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers
lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
① What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one
hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated
—than previously imagined. ②They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine
panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. ③ But the human mind
can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,
instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single
suspicious face in a big crowd. ④The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach
that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it. (419 words)
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in_______.
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47. The word “gizmos” (line1, paragraph2) most probably means_______.
[A] programs [B] experts [C] devices [D] creatures
48. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can_______.
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also_______.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are_______.
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment
Text 3
①Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? ②Since OPEC agreed to supply-
4/10cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last
December. ③ This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when
prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. ④Both previous shocks resulted in
double-digit inflation and global economic decline. ⑤So where are the headlines warning of gloom
and doom this time?
① The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.
② Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could
push the price higher still in the short term.
①Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the
1970s. ②In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol
than it did in the 1970s. ③In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even
quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
①Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the
oil price. ② Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,
energy-intensive industries, has reduced oil consumption. ③ Software, consultancy and mobile
telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. ④For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices)
rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. ⑤ The OECD estimates in its latest
Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998,
this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. ⑥That is less
than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. ⑦ On the other hand, oil-importing emerging
economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could
be more seriously squeezed.
①One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it
has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess
demand. ② A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. ③ The
Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. ④ In 1973 commodity
prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.（427 words）
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is________.
[A] global inflation [B] reduction in supply
[C] fast growth in economy [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if________.
[A] price of crude rises [B] commodity prices rise
[C] consumption rises [D] oil taxes rise
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries________.
[A] heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive
[B] income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
[C] manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
[D] oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that________.
[A] oil-price shocks are less shocking now
[B] inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
[C] energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
[D] the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
5/1055. From the text we can see that the writer seems________.
[A] optimistic [B] sensitive [C] gloomy [D] scared
Text 4
The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for
how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in
effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding
that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen
—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to
control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the
patient.
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield
doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients
sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.”
①George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as
long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing
illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. ②“It’s like surgery,” he says. ③“We
don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although
they risked their death. ④If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you
don’t intend their suicide.”
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate
has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the
physical agony of dying.
① Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National
Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at
the End of Life. ②It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual
and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the
twin problems of end-of-life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge
of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based
care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
① Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical
initiatives translate into better care. ②“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the
pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,” to the extent that it constitutes
“systematic patient abuse.” ③ He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear... that
painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license
suspension.”（443 words）
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that________.
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’ pain
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide
6/10[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’ death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is________.
[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain
[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive” ( line 4, paragraph 7 )?
[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they________.
[A] manage their patients incompetently
[B] give patients more medicine than needed
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by
physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have
been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. (61) One
difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to
states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once
followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. (62) The behavioral
sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly
observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment
is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and
this function is difficult to discover and analyze. (63) The role of natural selection in evolution
was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the
environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be
recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be
understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to
be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.
It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these
are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. (64) They are the
possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they're essential to
practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his
achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the
7/10environment. It also raises questions concerning "values". Who will use a technology and to what
ends? (65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,
and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
Section IV Writing
66. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures—National and
International”. In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）
8/10答案速查表
Section ** 错误的表达式 **Listening Comprehension (20 points)
（略）
Section Ⅱ Use of English (10 points)
21.A 22.D 23.C 24. B 25.B 26. A 27. D 28.D 29. C 30. B
31. D 32. A 33.A 34. C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.C
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part A (40 points)
41.C 42.B 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.C 48.D 49.B 50.C
51.B 52.D 53.D 54.A 55.A 56.B 57.C 58.B 59.A 60.D
Part B (10 points)
61.难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都仍从心态、情感、性格特征和人性等方面
寻找行为的根源。
62. 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观
察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
63.我们仅在一百多年前才阐明自然选择在进化中的作用，而认识和研究环境在塑造
和保持个体行为方面的选择性作用则刚刚开始。
64.自由和尊严是传统理论中的独立自主的人所拥有的，是认定一个人对自己的行为
负责并因其成就而得到肯定的必不可少的前提。
65.在这些问题得到解决之前，行为技术会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能
也会随之继续受到排斥。
9/10
