文档内容
一、环保
本期的写作素材话题为 How to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions(如何降
低温室气体排放)，选取了几个最常见的观点。本期的素材均选自外刊。
蓝色标注的为相关话题词汇和表达。
1 Reduce the use of private transport 减少使用私人交通--individuals
Private transport is one of the major sources of greenhouse gases. The shift
away from private cars to cycling, walking, car-pooling and public
transport can help cut carbon emissions.私人交通是造成温室气体的主要源头
之一。从私家车转向自行车、步行、拼车和公共交通，会有助于减少碳使用量。
表示温室气体的来源，除了用最简单的source，还可以用producer/emitter(of)
或 contributor(to)。 这 几 个 词 均 是 由 相 关 的 动 词 变 形 而 来 的 ：
produce/emit/contributetogreenhouse gases：
Private transport is one of the major producers/emitters of greenhouse
gases.
Private transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gases.
2 Boost energy efficiency 提高能源效率--manufacturers
If emissions from cars are to be cut, engines will have to become
dramatically more efficient, or there will have to be a technological
breakthrough to replace petrol with a clean fuel.如果要使汽车排放得到减
少，发动机的效率就必须大大提高，或者必须有一项技术突破使得汽油能
被一种清洁能源替代。
3 Carbon pricing 碳定价--governments/policymakers
One way is to impose a price on carbon, either as a tax or a cap-and-trade
scheme. This would encourage firms and consumers to find the cheapest
ways to cut down their carbon footprint.一种(减排的)方法是对碳征收价格，要么以税收的形式，要么是总量管控与交易计划。这将促使企业和消费者找到降低
其碳排放的最廉价的方式。would常用来表示可能出现的情况的结果或影响，语
气要弱于will。一般用作尚未发生过的事，比如讨论一个新措施或政策的影响。
如果是已知的规律，比如使用公共交通会减少碳排放，则多用will或can。
4 Invest in green energy 投资绿色能源--governments
Carbon-free sources of energy such as wind and solar power are certainly
key solutions to global warming. We must keep on investing
in renewables, installing windmills and solar panels, but not just
by pouring in subsidies. Pricing greenhouse-gas emissions should be
given priority to avoid the negative side effects of green subsidies on the
energy mix.风能和太阳能等无碳能源无疑是解决全球变暖的关键方法。我
们必须继续投资可再生能源，安装风车和太阳能电池板，但不仅仅是通过
大量提供补贴。应优先考虑对温室气体排放的定价，以避免环保补贴对能
源结构的负面影响。
二、内卷与躺平
这篇文章从外刊中选取了一些关于内卷和躺平的描述。大家可以从中积累
一些话题词汇表达和观点。
1 Neijuan, or “involution”, is an academic term for the process when
extra input no longer yields more output. Young people use it to describe
the meaningless competition in which they take part, from the
educational rat-race to the fight for a white-collar job. “内卷(neijuan)”
是一个学术术语，指当额外的投入不再产生更多的产出的过程。年轻人用
这个词来形容他们参与的毫无意义的竞争，从教育竞争到白领工作的争夺。
【内卷的定义】
(the)rat race 表示疯狂的竞争，类似于 fierce competition。前面加上
educational 就是教育竞争。比如，“躺平(lie flat)”就可以意译为 quit/reject
the rat race。还有个词也经常用来表示激烈的竞争：arms race(an ever escalating
competition)。如：the educational arms race 日益加剧的教育竞争。
2 Economic growth in the past decades has led to the emergence of a
new middle class. Naturally, these new middle-class families want to
pass on their status to their children or help them move up the social
ladder. The resulting frenzy of trying to outcompete one another slowly
raises pressure on everyone. 过去几十年的经济增长滋生了新的中产阶级。
这些新中产阶级家庭自然希望将子女拥有和自己一样的地位，或帮助他们
在社会上取得更高的地位。由此产生的试图超越彼此的狂热慢慢增加了每
个人的压力。【内卷的原因】
3 In the field of work, the 996 culture(working from 9am to 9pm, six days
a week) has been adopted increasingly by Chinese companies and
becomes a “ new industry standard ” . For those working in these
companies, to exert oneself is no longer a way to stand out from the
crowd, it is the new minimum requirement.在职场，996 文化已经逐渐被各
大企业所采用，并成为了新的行业标准。对于这些企业来说， 努力已经不
再是脱颖而出的方式，而是新的最低要求。【内卷的原因】
4 The idea behind "tangping" - not overworking, being content with more
attainable achievements and allowing time to unwind - has been praised
by many and inspired numerous memes. It has been described as a
spiritual movement."躺平"背后的理念-不加班，满足于更多可获得的成就，
并允许有时间放松-受到许多人的赞扬并激发了无数的行为模仿。这被描述
为是一种精神运动。【躺平的定义】
5 Tangping describes a longing to escape the pressures of modern life in
China, where young people are expected to work long hours, buy property,
get married and have children. Many people in their 20s and 30s grumble
that hard work no longer rewards them with a better quality of life. Unlike
their parents, who enjoyed a booming economy, they feel that society isstagnating and inequality is growing.躺平描述的是一种逃避中国现代生活
压力的渴望。在中国，年轻人被期望长时间工作、买房、结婚生子。许多
20 多岁和 30 多岁的人抱怨说，努力工作不再能给他们带来更好的生活质
量。他们的父母享受了繁荣的经济，而他们则感觉当前社会发展缓慢，且
不平等在加剧。【躺平的表现和原因】
二十几岁的人除了用 people in their's 20s，还可以写成 20-something(s)。
同理，30 多岁的人就是 30-something(s)。
三、学历与工作经验
在本专栏中，我会从外刊中挑选一些常见话题下的素材，通常是可以直接在写作
中套用的观点。本期的素材话题是 Experience vs. education: which is more
important for work? (经验和学历哪个对工作更重要？)
The importance of a degree 学历的重要性
1 Educational attainment and income are closely linked, with higher
degrees typicallyleadingto higher salaries.教育程度和收入密切相关，高学历通
常会带来更高的薪水。
2 A degree can show that the degree holder has the specialized
knowledge or technical skills that an employer is looking for and that can be
transferred to the workplace with minimal on-the-job training.学位可以表明学
位所有者拥有雇主所需要的专业知识或技术技能，并且这些知识和技能可以通过
最少的在职培训被用到工作场所。
3 A degree is a secure way for bright youngsters from poor families to prove
their abilities.学 历 是 优 秀 的 寒 门 学 子 证 明 自 己 能 力 的 可 靠 方 式 。
4 Better-educated people are more likely to come up with
productivity-boosting innovations. As technological change makes new
demands of workers, it is imperative to be well-educated.受教育水平更高的人
更有可能想出提高生产力的创新性想法。随着科技变化对工人提出了新的要求，
受教育程度高非常重要。【better-educated 是 well-educated(受教育程度高的)
的比较级】5 Recruiters, who pay none of the cost of jobseekers' higher education, are
increasingly able to demand degrees in order to screen out the least
motivatedor competent.由于招聘人员不支付求职者接受高等教育的费用，因此
他们越来越可以要求申请者具有高等学历，以便筛选掉最没有干劲和没有能力的
人。
The importance of work experience 工作经验的重要性
1 The working environment can equip individuals with industry
knowledge and help build valuable transferable skills such as
commercial awareness, time management and teamwork.工作环境会使
个人具备行业知识，并有助于培养有价值的可转移技能，如商业意识、时
间管理和团队合作。
transferable skills 指可用于不同部分和行业的通用能力。比如 leadership 领导
能力、problem-solving问题解决能力。
2 Obtaining a higher degree only proves one can succeed in academia, not in
a real-world job situation. Success in actual work tells prospective
employers more about what someone has to offer.获得高等学历只能证明一个
人能在学术领域取得成绩，而不是在真实的工作环境中。实际工作中的成功更能
向潜在的雇主证明一个人具备的能力。【have something to offer 有所需的能力
/特征】
3 Sometimes it is hard, and even impossible, to apply for jobs that offer a high
salary if one has just graduated from college .如果刚从大学毕业，申请高薪的
工作是很难的，甚至是不可能的。
4 Work experience also offers a good route to smaller companies, which don't
have the budget for big recruitment drives and where poor hiring
decisions canbe costly.工作经验也为进入小公司提供了一条很好的途径。小公
司没有大的招聘预算，而且招聘决策不佳会带来较高成本。【drive 作名词，表
示在某方面的努力。】5 Not only can work experience help guide one's career choice, but
understanding what a job entails will significantly improve one's
confidence when applying for and starting another full-time job.工作经验
不仅有助于指导一个人的职业选择，而且了解一份工作需要什么将大大提
高在申请和开始另一份全职工作时的信心。
The importance of both
1 Work experience can make people a good match for a particular job today,
but without higher education they may lack the skills that are important
for advancement tomorrow.工作经验可以使人们适合如今的某项工作，但如果
没有高等教育，他们可能缺乏对日后晋升很重要的技能。
2.The ideal mix of education and experience can vary from industry to
industry. While a graduate degree is important for some jobs, it may be of
littlevalue inothers.教育和经验的理想组合因行业而异。虽然研究生学位对某些
工作很重要，但对其他工作可能没有多大价值。
补充：
In a high-tech field, education might trump experience, while
in vocational fields, experience tends to reign supreme.在高科技领域，教
育可能胜过经验，而在职业领域，经验通常最重要。【trump: 比...更重要
reign supreme: 最重要】
四、职业教育
在本专栏中，我会编写和总结一些常见话题的写作素材。本期的内容为今
年两会中的一个热门教育类话题：职业教育(vocational education)。以下
分为三个方面进行讨论：①推行职业教育的原因、②如何有效推行职业教育
以及③职业教育的影响，每个里面会给出几个观点供大家参考。
Why is it important to promote vocational education?
1 Lack of work experience 缺乏工作经验University education is designed to prepare students for entry into
society, but in practice, many graduates find it difficult to land a decent
job because employers tend to demand evidence of specific experience
from candidates.大学教育本应该是为学生进入社会做好准备，但实际上，
许多毕业生发现很难找到一份好工作，因为雇主通常要求求职者提供具体
经验的证明。
2 The shortage of skills 技能缺乏
The problem of skills shortages is increasingly acute in many
countries, with a great mismatch between what schools teach
and what employers expect from job applicants.技能短缺的问题在许多国
家日益严重，学校的教学内容与雇主期望求职者所具备的能力之间存在很
大的不匹配。skills shortage 表示多项技能的缺乏，包含复数的概念，因此
skills 使用复数。再比如 jobs market(就业市场)[job market 也是可以的]。
3 The need to constantly upgrade skills 不断更新技能的需求
In a world of rapid technological change and greater flexible employment,
people may need help with repeatedly moving from one type of job to
another.在一个科技快速发展和灵活就业不断增加的社会里，人们可能需要
帮助来不断换工作。
How to make vocational education more effective?
1 Companies--Change recruitment policy 改变招聘政策
Public institutions and companies, particularly state-owned enterprises,
can take the lead by recruiting those with vocational qualifications rather
than focusing narrowly on graduates from first-class universities, which
may enhance public recognition of vocational education.公共机构和各大
企业，尤其是国有企业，可以带头做起，招聘有职业资历的人，而不是只
关注一流大学的毕业生，这也许会增加大众对职业教育的认可程度。
2 The Government--Reduce barriers to entry 降低入职门槛
To make vocational training worthwhile, governments need to reduce
the licensing requirements and other barriers that make it hard fornewcomers to enter occupations.为了让职业培训真正有用，政府需要降低
执照要求和其他使新来者难以进入职业的障碍。
3 Tutoring agencies--Offer vocational courses 提供职业课程
Against the backdrop of a national crackdown
on after-school tutoring, tutoring agencies can help bridge the gap
between education and employment by providing vocation-oriented
courses to students and workers alike.在国家打击课外培训的大背景下，
培训机构可以通过向学生和工作者提供职业类课程，来帮助消除教育和就
业之间的差距。【仅针对我们国家】
The effects of vocational education
1 Address some social issues 解决一些社会问题
Promoting vocational education can lead to lower unemployment
rates and more professionals for society, thus boosting
productivity across all sectors.推广职业教育可以降低失业率，为社会输送
更多专业人才，从而提升各行业的生产力。
2 Alleviate the educational arms race 缓解教育内卷
The popularization of vocational education may limit the scope
of academic inflation. For better or worse, this will remove large numbers
of students from the race for higher educational attainment.职业教育的
普及可能会限制学术通胀。不管是好是坏，这将使大量学生退出激烈的教
育程度竞争。
五、教育
本期的素材话题是 Should students specialize in one subject or study a
wide range of different subjects?(学习的深度和广度哪个更重要)。最近几年
的考研、雅思等英语考试中，都有出现过这个话题或类似的话题。
The importance of broad knowledge “广度”的重要性1 Lead a better life 更好地生活
A well-rounded education can broaden students' horizons, enabling them
to take a more holistic approach to life. When confronted with problems
in daily life, those with broad knowledge are more likely to come up with
different, effective solutions.通才教育可以扩大学生们的视野，使他们以更
全面的方式对待生活。在日常生活中面临问题时，知识广泛的人更容易想
出不同的、有效的解决方法。
2 Improve communication skills 提高沟通能力
Being knowledgeable allows us to interact effectively with people from all
walks of life, a useful skill not only in life but also at work.知识渊博使我们
可以与各行各业的人士进行有效的交涉，这在生活和工作中都是一项有用
的技能。
3 Keep up with the times 跟上时代的步伐
Rapid technological change, which always renders some traditional
professions obsolete while creating new ones,
necessitates constantly acquiring new knowledge as well as upgrading skills.
Failure to do so may lead to detachment from society and, even worse,
unemployment.快速的科技变革总是会淘汰一些传统职业，同时创造出新职业，
这就需要人们不断获取新知识以及更新技能。如果没有这样做，可能会导致与社
会脱节，甚至是失业。
4 Identify future career 确认未来职业
It is easy for students equipped with a wide range of
knowledge to realize which area of study suits them best and therefore
to choose a ideal career path to embark on.具备大量知识储备的学生很容易意
识到最适合他们的学习领域，并因此选择理想的职业道路。
The importance of expertise “深度”的重要性1 For individuals 对个人而言
Extensive expertise is a prerequisite for many high-paying jobs. A major
reason why many graduates find it hard to secure a decent job is that they
lack the specialist knowledge required by recruiters.丰富的专业知识是做
很多高薪工作的前提。很多毕业生觉得找好工作难的一个主要原因就是，
他们缺少招聘者所要求的专业知识。
2 For a nation 对国家而言
For an economy to prosper, there must be professionals of all stripes,
including scientists, researchers and technicians. This is particularly the case
for developing countries, whose technologies — a significant contributor
to economic progress —lag behind those enjoyed by the developed world.如
果想要一国经济繁荣，就必须有各类专业人士，包括科学家、研究人员和技术人
员。这对于发展中国家来说尤为如此，因为发展中国家在技术(经济发展的一个
重要因素)方面落后于发达国家。
六、科技
本期的素材话题是The pros and cons of technology(科技的利弊)，也是各大英
语考试的高频话题。
The benefits of technology 科技的好处
1 Facilitate people's lives 便利人们的生活
Technology has made our lives easier, freeing our hands and allowing us to
have more time at our disposal. Many physically demanding chores that used
to be done by humans are now performed by machines, such as cleaners and
automatic washing-machines. A more recent example is driverless cars,
which promise to liberate human drivers from being chained to the driving
seat.科技让我们的生活变得更轻松，解放了我们的双手并使我们有更多的时间可以支配。许多过去由人类完成的费力活现在由机器来完成，如清洁器和自动洗
衣机。一个更近的例子就是无人驾驶汽车：无人汽车有望使驾驶者摆脱一直坐在
驾驶位上。
2 Drive economic growth 促进经济发展
Technological advances always go hand in hand with economic progress. The
last few decades have seen China rise to economic prosperity thanks largely
to its efforts to develop state-of-the-art technologies, with people's living
standards dramatically improved during the same period.科技进步与经济发展
密切相关。在过去的几十年里，很大程度上由于中国竭力发展最先进的技术，中
国实现了经济繁荣，同时人民的生活水平得到显著提高。
3 Improve health conditions 改善健康状况
Breakthroughs in medical technology have offered us deeper
insights into the human body. This makes us better equipped to prevent and
cure diseases that perplexed humanity decades ago. It also helps to extend
average life spans.医学技术的重大进展使我们更深入地了解人类的身体。这使
我们更有条件预防和治疗几十年前困惑人类的各类疾病。这也有助于延长平均寿
命。
The drawbacks of technology 科技的弊端
1 Environmental damage 环 境 问 题 Technology does simplify people's
lives and boost economic growth, but comes at a heavy environmental
cost. Traditional cars, mostly powered by fossil fuels, are considered a
major contributor to global warming. Although new-energy vehicles are
touted by many as a green substitute for their traditional counterparts, the
environmental damage resulting from the discarded batteries are
again arousing concerns.科技的确便利了人们的生活、促进了经济发展，但是
对环境造成了很大危害。传统的汽车主要以化石能源为燃料，这类汽车被视为是全球变暖的一大主要因素。尽管新能源汽车被很多人视为是传统汽车的环保替代
品，但是丢弃的新能源汽车电池造成的环境破坏再次引发了人们的担忧。
2 Unemployment 失业问题
With each round of technological revolution comes a new wave
of unemployment. The advent of e-commerce, for example,
has rendered many bricks-and-mortar merchants bankrupt, a
disruption aggravated by the pandemic in the past few years. Artificial
intelligence, which is reaching maturity, could jeopardise the livelihood of
manual workers like deliverymen and factory hands, and even of some mental
ones suchas entry-leveltranslators.每一轮技术革命都会伴随着新一轮的失业。
例如，电子商务的到来已经使很多实体商业倒闭，而近几年的疫情又加剧了这一
影响。目前正在接近成熟的人工智能可能会影响体力劳动者(例如快递员和工厂
员工等)甚至是一些脑力工作者(比如初级的笔译员)的饭碗。
Technology is a mixed blessing.科技有利有弊
Technology itself holds no authority: it is the choices people make about it
that shape the world. It can be a boon if employed to benefit humanity, but a
bane if exploited for illegal purposes.科技本身是中性的：影响世界发展的是人
们对科技做的选择。如果科技被用于造福人类，则是一种福报；但如果被用于非
法目的，则是一种祸害。
七、互联网
本期的素材话题是The benefits and drawbacks of the internet(互联网的利弊)。
相关的观点也可套用在智能手机、社交媒体等写作话题中。
Benefits of the Internet 网络的好处
1 Give vent to everyday pressure 发 泄 日 常 压 力 Social media provides a
temporary escape from the stresses and strains of modern life that plague
many people today. Online entertainments, such as live streaming, which has
been gaining in popularity in recent years, are injecting vigour into people's
lives.社交媒体提供了一个途径来短暂逃避困扰很多人的当代生活的压力。网络
上的娱乐事物，比如近些年流行起来的直播，正在给人们的生活注入活力。2 Spread information 传播信息
The intenet spreads information more quickly and efficiently than its
traditional counterparts like newspapers and television, enabling us to keep
abreast of what is happening around the globe and access a wealth of
knowledge at our fingertips.互联网与报纸、电视等传统媒介相比，传播信息的
速度更快、更高效，使我们能够及时知晓全球各地发生的事，并轻松获取大量知
识。
3 Be acquainted with new friends 结交新朋友
The internet serves as a convenient way of widening one's social circles. It
allows users to find those with the same interests and hobbies. However,
those addicted to the internet may feel alienated from their family and friends
in real life for lack of face-to-face communication.互联网可以作为扩大社交圈
子的便捷方式。互联网可以使用户发现有有着相同兴趣爱好的人。然而，沉迷互
联网的人可能会感觉与现实中的家人和朋友有所疏远，因为缺乏面对面交流。
4 Spur social progress 促进社会发展
The internet boom has spawned numerous new industries. This
has created abundant job opportunities and, more importantly, fuelled
economic growth.互联网的兴起滋生了很多新产业。 这帮助创造了大量工
作机会，而且更重要的是，刺激了经济增长。
Drawbacks of the Internet 网络的弊端
1 Health hazards 健康风险
Excessive use of the internet and social media makes children lonely and
depressed and poses serious risks to their physical and particularly their
mentalhealth, sometimes to the point of driving them to suicide.过度使用互联
网和社交媒体会使儿童感到孤独和抑郁，并对他们的身体健康，尤其是心理健康
带来巨大风险，有时到了导致他们自杀的程度。
2 Privacy infringement 隐私泄露With almost everything from phone location to payment records connected to
the internet, our personal privacy is prone to be invaded, disrupting our normal
life.随着手机定位、支付记录等几乎所有事物都与互联网连通，我们的个人隐私
有可能被侵犯，进而扰乱我们的正常生活。
3 Lack of purpose in life 缺乏生活目标
Compulsive surfing may lead to a lack of purpose in life. Some people
are heavily addicted to the virtual world to the extent that spending hours
without staring at the screen will plunge them into a sense of emptiness.上网
成瘾可能会导致在现实生活中缺乏目标。有些人非常沉迷于虚拟世界，以至于几
小时不盯着手机电脑看就会陷入内心的空虚。
4 Demise of the traditional 传统事物的衰退
As a result of rapid advances in the Internet economy,
many bricks-and-mortar businesses are in decline, a trend accelerated by
the pandemic. During the last two years when covid-19 spiralled out of
control, large numbers of physical stores have closed worldwide due to
financial difficulties.由于互联网经济的快速发展，很多实体行业都在不断
衰退，而此次疫情又加快了这一趋势。在 covid-19 失控的过去两年，全球
大批的实体店因为经济困难而关门。
八、城市
本期的素材话题是 Big cities vs small towns(大城市和小城市)。
Advantages of big cities 大城市的优势
1 Educational resources 教育资源
Large cities are blessed with abundant educational resources, with more
prestigious schools and highly qualified teachers for students to choose.
Children growing up there are therefore more likely to achieve academic
success thantheirsmall-citycounterparts.大城市享有丰富的教育资源，有更多
的知名学府和高资质老师供学生们选择。因此，在大城市长大的孩子相比于小城
市的孩子来说更容易取得学业上的成功。2 Job opportunities 工作机会
Many people, notably college graduates, flock to first- and second-tier cities,
where businesses abound and thrive, in the expectation/hope of landing
decent jobs and improving their career prospects.很多人，尤其是毕业生，纷纷
前往企业众多且繁荣的一二线城市，期望能够找到满意的工作，并提升其职业前
景。
3 Advanced transportation 发达的交通
Large cities boast varied and advanced modes of transport, from subways to
shared bikes to rental cars, that facilitate people's daily travel. However,
traffic congestion is a common sight in urban areas, and long commuting
hours are no rarity for urban workers.大城市拥有便利人们日常出行的多样且发
达的交通方式，比如地铁、共享单车和租车。然而，城区的交通堵塞是家常便饭，
且很长的通勤时间对于城市工作者来说并不少见。
Advantages of small towns 小城市的优势
1 Low cost of living 低生活成本
Whereas houses are eye-wateringly expensive in big cities, they are
comparatively affordable for most in small towns. With home
ownership often come a stabler life and thus a higher standard of living. This
may hold true for low- and middle-income families, but it makes no difference
to high achievers, who tend to have higher aspirations than a secure
residence.大城市的住房非常昂贵，而小城市的住房对大多数人来说则可以承受
的起。而有了房子通常则会有更稳定的生活，并因此有更高的生活质量。这也许
适用于中低收入的家庭，但是对于高成就者来说却没有影响，因为他们通常有比
稳定住所更高的追求。
2 Easier parenting 更低的育儿压力
For those with children to rear, living in close proximity
to parents, which for many young people means living in small cities, alleviate
s the parenting burden to a large extent, since their retired parents can help take care of their offspring while they are occupied with work.对于要养小孩的人
们来说，住在父母附近(对很多年轻人来说意味着住在小城市)可以很大程度上降
低育儿压力，因为他们退休的父母可以在他们忙于工作时帮助照看他们的孩子。
3 A comfortable lifestyle 舒适的生活方式
The slow-paced way of life commonly seen in small towns
is a magnet for those tired of the stresses and strains of urban living.小
镇中常见的慢节奏生活吸引着那些厌倦了城市生活压力的人们。
A small city is usually characterized by a life of ease, making it ideal
for people who pursue a less adventurous lifestyle.小城市通常以安逸的生活为
特征，这使其很适合那些追求不那么新奇刺激的生活方式的人们。
