ARTICLE · 1158130
雅思阅读精读|考场真题Part3: Does Class Size Matter? 班级越小,学习效果就越好吗?
✍️ 上期打卡答案
上期我们留的表达是:
reflect badly on ... 使……显得不好;损害对……的评价
参考答案:
Ignoring parents’ concerns can reflect badly on a school’s management.
忽视家长的担忧可能损害人们对学校管理水平的评价。
常见错误:
❌ reflect badly to a school’s management
✅ reflect badly on a school’s management
📖 今日真题
Does Class Size Matter?|班级规模
Reading Passage 3|(考场真题)
Questions 27–31:段落匹配题
Questions 32–40:信息分类匹配题
建议:先限时20m完成整篇,再回来一起逐段精读。


逐段精读
Paragraph A|缩小班级:容易获得支持的教育改革
Of all the ideas for improving education, few are as simple or attractive as reducing the number of pupils per teacher. Unlike competing proposals for reform, class-size reductions rarely elicit huge outcries or involve structural change. The testing of educators, by contrast, generally arouses the anger of unions. Similarly, establishing special ‘charter’ schools involves privileging some schools over others, with the credits provided usually coming out of the budgets of struggling local schools. With its uncomplicated appeal, class-size reduction in the U.S. has lately gone from being a subject of primary academic interest to a policy juggernaut with over twenty states aiming at decreasing class sizes.
段落大意|缩小班级比其他教育改革更少引发反对,已从学术议题走向多个州的政策行动。
elicit huge outcries 引发强烈抗议;elicit 强调引出反应。
structural change 结构性变革。
arouse the anger of 激起……的愤怒。
privilege A over B 给A以优于B的待遇。
come out of the budgets of 从……的预算中支出。
uncomplicated appeal 简单直接的吸引力。
a policy juggernaut 势头强劲的政策力量;juggernaut 比喻难以阻挡的力量。
Of all the ideas for improving education, few are as simple or attractive as reducing the number of pupils per teacher.
主干是 few are as simple or attractive as…。few 指前面的 ideas,意思是“很少有想法像……这样简单或有吸引力”,反过来突出缩小班级的吸引力。as 后的 reducing…是动名词结构。
with the credits provided usually coming out of the budgets of struggling local schools
with + 名词 + doing 表示伴随情况。provided 修饰 credits;coming out of…说明这些拨款来自哪里。struggling 指办学处境艰难,不能直接等同于学生成绩差。
最后一句 has gone from being…to… 写议题地位的变化:从学术兴趣到大规模政策行动。作者此处说明它受欢迎,尚未证明它有效。
Q29|A
定位: class-size reduction in the U.S. has lately gone from being a subject of primary academic interest to a policy juggernaut with over twenty states aiming at decreasing class sizes.
题干问公众关注程度。原文从“主要受学术界关注”写到“二十多个州推动的政策行动”,显示关注已走出学术圈。前面的 rarely elicit huge outcries 还表明这项改革较少遭到强烈反对。这里并没有给出公众支持率,不要编造百分比。
在所有改善教育的想法中,很少有哪一种像减少每位教师所对应的学生人数那样简单或有吸引力。与其他改革提议不同,缩小班级规模很少引发强烈抗议,也很少涉及结构性变革。相比之下,对教育工作者进行考核通常会激怒工会。同样,设立特殊的“特许学校”意味着给予某些学校优于其他学校的待遇,而所提供的拨款通常来自那些处境艰难的本地学校的预算。凭借这种简单直接的吸引力,美国缩小班级规模的议题近来已从主要受学术界关注的话题,发展为势头强劲的政策行动,已有二十多个州计划缩小班级规模。
Paragraph B|上段 · 师生比下降,成绩却未显著提高
Do small classes improve school achievement? To answer this, investigators have attempted to analyse existing data, such as records at the U.S. Department of Education. These reveal that there were steep drops in pupil-teacher ratios between 1969 and 1997, but no significant gains in academic performance.
段落大意|已有统计数据出现了一个反差:师生比明显下降,学业表现却没有显著改善。
school achievement 学业成就。
analyse existing data 分析已有数据。
steep drops in ……的大幅下降。
pupil-teacher ratios 生师比,即学生人数与教师人数之比。
significant gains in ……的显著提高。
These reveal that there were steep drops in pupil-teacher ratios between 1969 and 1997, but no significant gains in academic performance.
These 指前句的已有记录和数据。that 引出 reveal 的宾语从句;but 后省略了与前面对应的 there were。
抓住对比:steep drops 对 no significant gains。这里记录的是两种现象同时发生,不能仅凭这个反差就断言“小班没有作用”。下文会解释数据为什么可能掩盖真实效果。
小班能提高学业成绩吗?为回答这个问题,研究者试图分析已有数据,例如美国教育部的记录。这些记录显示,1969年至1997年间,生师比大幅下降,但学业表现并没有显著提高。
Paragraph B|中段 · 留住低分学生,也会拉低平均分
But do these findings mean that class size makes no difference? Not necessarily. For instance, schools strive for more than just high test scores; they also usually try to keep their drop-out rates low. And, indeed, the drop-out rate for older students fell considerably over that period. Because drop-outs generally come from the low end of the achievement distribution, a reduction in the drop-out rate could be expected to pull down average test scores.
段落大意|辍学率下降会让更多原本成绩较低的学生留在样本中,因此平均分可能低估学校取得的进步。
make no difference 不产生影响。
Not necessarily. 未必如此。
strive for 努力争取。
drop-out rates 辍学率。
the low end of the achievement distribution 成绩分布的低端。
pull down average test scores 拉低平均考试分数。
Because drop-outs generally come from the low end of the achievement distribution, a reduction in the drop-out rate could be expected to pull down average test scores.
Because 从句解释原因;主句主语是 a reduction in the drop-out rate,谓语为 could be expected,to pull down…说明可能产生的结果。
逻辑要补完整:容易辍学的学生往往分数较低 → 辍学减少,这些学生继续在校 → 计算平均分时会包含更多低分者。因此“平均分没涨”可能与“学校留住了更多学生”同时成立。
could 保留可能性,不能把这段改成“作者已经证明平均分下降完全由辍学率造成”。
但这些发现是否意味着班级规模没有影响呢?未必。例如,学校追求的不仅是高分,通常还努力保持较低的辍学率。而且,在上述时期,年龄较大学生的辍学率确实大幅下降了。由于辍学者通常处于成绩分布的低端,辍学率下降可能会拉低平均考试分数。
Paragraph B|下段 · 家庭与教师差异,让比较不再公平
Another reason for discounting those data is the difficulty of ensuring a level playing field. In a perfect world, U.S. students would all come from well-off families, with two highly educated English-speaking parents who are involved in their children’s schooling. Teachers would all be creative and have complete mastery of the subject matter. The reality is very different.
段落大意|学生家庭背景和教师素质并不相同,不能把不同学校的成绩差异都归因于班级大小。
discount those data 对那些数据的证明力打折扣;不是“给数据打价格折扣”。
a level playing field 公平的竞争或比较环境。
well-off families 经济宽裕的家庭。
be involved in 参与。
have complete mastery of 完全掌握。
subject matter 学科内容。
Another reason for discounting those data is the difficulty of ensuring a level playing field.
主干:Another reason…is the difficulty…。for discounting…修饰 reason,of ensuring…修饰 difficulty。先找两个名词核心,就能避免被连续的介词结构带偏。
In a perfect world,…would… 描写理想条件,不是在陈述现实。家庭条件、家长参与和教师能力如果不同,就很难做到公平比较。末句 The reality is very different. 将理想与现实拉开,说明已有数据受到其他变量干扰。
对那些数据持保留态度的另一个原因,是很难确保公平的比较条件。在理想世界中,美国学生都会来自经济宽裕的家庭,拥有两位受过良好教育、说英语并参与孩子学校教育的家长。教师也都会富有创造力,并完全掌握所教的学科内容。现实却很不一样。
Paragraph C|上段 · STAR为什么受到重视
Over the past 35 years, some studies of existing data have produced evidence that smaller classes benefit students, but most of these studies were poorly designed. The exception was the Tennessee study called Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio). Frederick Mosteller of Harvard University has called it ‘one of the greatest experiments in education in United States history’.
段落大意|以往支持小班的研究多数设计欠佳,田纳西州的STAR项目被作为例外介绍。
produce evidence that… 提供表明……的证据。
poorly designed 设计不佳的。
The exception was… 例外是……。
Student Teacher Achievement Ratio 学生—教师成绩比;项目名称STAR的全称。
one of the greatest experiments 最出色的实验之一。
Over the past 35 years, some studies of existing data have produced evidence that smaller classes benefit students, but most of these studies were poorly designed.
that smaller classes benefit students 是解释 evidence 内容的同位语从句:证据具体支持什么。but 把重点转向研究质量,提醒读者“有结论”还不等于“研究可靠”。
The exception was… 引出STAR,说明它是前述设计质量问题的例外。Mosteller的评价属于对项目的赞誉,不能据此跳过后面实际方法和批评的检验。
过去35年间,一些基于已有数据的研究提供了小班有益于学生的证据,但这些研究大多设计不佳。例外是田纳西州名为STAR的研究项目,即“学生—教师成绩比”项目。哈佛大学的弗雷德里克·莫斯特勒称其为“美国历史上最出色的教育实验之一”。
Paragraph C|下段 · 三类班级与随机分配
Students entering kindergarten were randomly assigned to one of three kinds of classes: a small class of 13 to 17 students, a regular-size class of 22 to 26 or a regular-size class with both a teacher and a full-time teacher’s aide. The students remained in whatever category they had been assigned to throughout the third grade, after which they joined a regular classroom in the fourth. To ensure that teaching quality did not differ, teachers were randomly assigned to small and regular-size classrooms. Few teachers received any special training for working with small classes, and there were no new curricular materials.
段落大意|STAR把学生随机分入三类班级,并随机安排教师,以尽量排除师资等因素的干扰。
be randomly assigned to 被随机分配到。
a regular-size class 普通规模的班级。
a full-time teacher’s aide 全职助教。
whatever category 无论哪一类别。
throughout the third grade 在整个三年级期间;结合前文表示分组一直维持至三年级结束。
curricular materials 课程材料。
The students remained in whatever category they had been assigned to throughout the third grade, after which they joined a regular classroom in the fourth.
主干为 The students remained in…;whatever category…表示“原先被分到的任何类别”。after which 中 which 指前面的三年级阶段;the fourth 省略 grade,意为四年级。
实验安排依次是:入园时随机分组 → 维持原类别至三年级结束 → 四年级进入普通班。
To ensure that teaching quality did not differ, teachers were randomly assigned…
句首不定式说明目的:尽量避免师资质量差异影响比较。随机分配是一项研究设计措施;后文对执行是否足够随机提出质疑,两者不能混为一谈。
三组是13—17人的小班、22—26人的普通班、配有教师和全职助教的普通班。不是所有小班都有助教。
Q30|C
定位: To ensure that teaching quality did not differ, teachers were randomly assigned to small and regular-size classrooms.
题干的 protect the validity 指维护研究的有效性。学生随机分组、教师随机安排,加上没有引入新教材、少有专门培训,都是尽量减少额外因素干扰的安排。核心证据是 To ensure…与 randomly assigned。这里只问采取了什么措施,不要求研究执行完全无瑕疵。
Q32|A
定位: Students entering kindergarten were randomly assigned to one of three kinds of classes:
left to chance 对应 randomly assigned:学生所属班级由随机分配决定。因此填项目选项A,即Project STAR,不是原文C。
Q36|A
定位: a small class of 13 to 17 students, a regular-size class of 22 to 26 or a regular-size class with both a teacher and a full-time teacher’s aide.
三种明确列出的班级类型对应 several different class types。数字帮助定位,但作答要填项目字母A。SAGE也缩班,却没有在这里列出三种实验班型。
Q38|A
定位: a regular-size class with both a teacher and a full-time teacher’s aide.
Classroom assistants 对应 teacher’s aide;原文说的是带助教的普通班。与其余两组并列,说明助教是STAR实验设计的一部分。
刚进入幼儿园的学生被随机分入三种班级之一:13至17人的小班、22至26人的普通班,或由一名教师和一名全职助教共同负责的普通班。学生一直留在最初分配的班级类别中,直至三年级结束,随后在四年级进入普通班。为确保教学质量没有差异,教师也被随机安排到小班和普通班。几乎没有教师接受过专门针对小班教学的培训,也没有引入新的课程材料。
Paragraph D|上段 · 小班优势能否延续
At the end of STAR, researchers analysed the data. Jeremy Finn of New York University and Charles Achilles of Eastern Michigan University found evidence for ‘an array of benefits of small classes’. They calculated that students in smaller classes were outperforming their counterparts in regular-sized classes by the first grade and that this advantage persisted even after students returned to larger classes. They also found that the effect was stronger for black and Hispanic minority groups – a significant finding for policy-makers.
段落大意|STAR研究者报告小班优势出现较早、回到大班后仍持续,且部分少数族裔受益更大。
an array of benefits 一系列益处。
outperform their counterparts 表现优于对应群体。
persist 持续存在。
minority groups 少数群体;此处指少数族裔。
a significant finding 一项重要发现。
policy-makers 政策制定者。
They calculated that students in smaller classes were outperforming their counterparts in regular-sized classes by the first grade and that this advantage persisted even after students returned to larger classes.
calculated 后接两个由 and 连接的 that 从句:①到一年级时,小班学生表现已更好;②回到大班后,这种优势仍持续。their counterparts 指普通班中与之对应的学生。
by the first grade 强调“到一年级时已经”,不是“一年级之后才”。even after 突出持续性:离开小班后仍有优势。
末句 stronger for… 是不同群体间的效果比较,不能弱化为“只有这些群体受益”。
Q33|A
定位: this advantage persisted even after students returned to larger classes.
persisted even after 对应 long-term improvement。题干用了 was claimed,只问哪个项目有人提出长期收益的主张;后面Hanushek提出反对,不会改变这一主张属于STAR的事实。
Q40|A
定位: the effect was stronger for black and Hispanic minority groups
题干的 Certain groups 对应 black and Hispanic minority groups。受益更强的具体群体出现在STAR结果中,因此填A。不要与加州的“不同背景效果相近”混淆。
STAR项目结束后,研究者分析了数据。纽约大学的杰里米·芬恩和东密歇根大学的查尔斯·阿基利斯找到了小班带来“一系列益处”的证据。他们计算发现,到一年级时,小班学生的表现已经优于普通班的对应学生,而且这种优势在学生回到较大班级后仍然持续。他们还发现,对黑人和西班牙裔少数群体而言,这种效果更强——这是对政策制定者而言十分重要的一项发现。
Paragraph D|中段 · 持续进步,真的是小班造成的吗
Eric Hanushek of Stanford, however, criticises some of STAR’s key conclusions. He argues that STAR does not prove that gains persist long after students return to regular classes. It was debatable how much later improvement stemmed from other factors, such as a supportive home. Nor does he accept that the benefits accumulate, with participants widening the gap with their peers in larger classes year by year.
段落大意|Hanushek质疑持续和累积收益的解释,指出家庭支持等因素也可能造成后续进步。
key conclusions 关键结论。
It was debatable… ……存在争议。
stem from 源自。
a supportive home 提供支持的家庭环境。
accumulate 累积。
widen the gap with 拉大与……的差距。
peers 同龄人;同辈。
It was debatable how much later improvement stemmed from other factors, such as a supportive home.
It 是形式主语,真正讨论的是 how much…引出的从句:后来的进步有多少来自其他因素。作者报告的是因果归属上的争议,并非断言家庭支持解释了全部进步。
Nor does he accept that the benefits accumulate, with participants widening the gap with their peers in larger classes year by year.
否定词 Nor 置于句首,引起助动词 does 提前;正常语序是 he does not accept…。with + participants + widening 说明所谓收益累积的具体表现:与大班同龄人的差距逐年拉大。
注意区分人物观点:前段研究者主张优势持续,本段Hanushek不接受其证明力度。
然而,斯坦福大学的埃里克·哈努谢克批评了STAR的一些关键结论。他认为,STAR并未证明学生回到普通班很久以后,收益仍会持续。学生后续的进步究竟有多少源于其他因素,例如支持性的家庭环境,仍有争议。他也不接受收益会不断累积的说法,即参与者与大班同龄学生之间的差距会逐年拉大。
Paragraph D|下段 · 家长压力改变了实验分组
Hanushek and others have also shown that during the study too many children moved from regular to small classes, probably because school personnel caved in to parent demands. And Hanushek also asserts that STAR failed to ensure good randomisation of teacher and student assignments. However, these points do not undermine STAR’s basic findings.
段落大意|家长要求可能促使学校让学生转入小班;研究的随机分配也受到批评,但作者仍保留其基本发现。
school personnel 学校工作人员。
cave in to 向……屈服、让步。
parent demands 家长的要求。
assert 断言;主张。
randomisation 随机化。
undermine the basic findings 削弱基本发现的可信度。
Hanushek and others have also shown that during the study too many children moved from regular to small classes, probably because school personnel caved in to parent demands.
that 从句是 have shown 的宾语;probably because…解释转班的可能原因。probably 必须保留:屈从家长要求是文中提出的可能解释,不是已经被完全证实的唯一原因。
段末 However, these points do not undermine STAR’s basic findings. 是作者对批评力度的判断。研究存在方法问题,不等于全部结论都被推翻。做段落匹配时仍可用前面的详细批评定位,不要被这个转折带走。
Q27|D
定位: STAR failed to ensure good randomisation of teacher and student assignments.
methodology 指研究方法。D节不仅质疑长期和累积效果的解释,还具体提出学生转班及随机分配不足的问题,属于 detailed criticism。C节介绍研究设计,D节批评研究设计与执行,两者功能不同。
Q31|D
定位: too many children moved from regular to small classes, probably because school personnel caved in to parent demands.
class composition changed 对应学生从普通班转入小班。reasons 对应 because 后的原因:学校可能向家长要求让步。不要只看 moved 就作答,还要把因果证据读完。
哈努谢克及其他人还指出,研究期间有过多儿童从普通班转入小班,这很可能是因为学校工作人员向家长的要求作出了让步。哈努谢克还声称,STAR未能确保教师和学生分配具有良好的随机性。不过,这些问题并未动摇STAR的基本发现。
Paragraph E|上段 · 加州推广小班,先遇到师资短缺
The largest public class size reduction programme so far, California’s, stands more as a warning than as worthy of emulation. That state is trying to reduce classes in kindergarten through grade three despite a shortage of teachers that is most acute in low-income areas.
段落大意|加州大规模缩班受到教师短缺的制约,低收入地区的问题尤其严重。
stand more as a warning than… 与其说是……,不如说更像一种警示。
worthy of emulation 值得效仿。
a shortage of teachers 教师短缺。
acute 严重的;急迫的。
low-income areas 低收入地区。
The largest public class size reduction programme so far, California’s, stands more as a warning than as worthy of emulation.
California’s 是同位说明,补全可理解为 California’s programme。主干是 The programme stands more as a warning…。more…than…比较两种评价,表达“更应作为警示,而非效仿对象”。
下一句 despite a shortage of teachers 表明:教师已经短缺,却仍试图推广缩班。that is most acute…修饰 shortage,说明短缺在低收入地区最严重。
迄今规模最大的公共缩班项目——加州的项目——与其说值得效仿,不如说更像一种警示。尽管教师短缺,而且低收入地区的短缺最为严重,加州仍在尝试缩小从幼儿园到三年级的班级规模。
Paragraph E|下段 · 成绩有收益,资源差距也在扩大
This is exacerbating the disparity in resources available to rich and poor schools in California, because more affluent areas can attract the best teachers. Indeed, some of the extra teachers needed are being recruited from the poorer schools. Researchers found a statistically significant achievement advantage in reading, writing and mathematics for students in classes that had been reduced to 20. What is more, the effect did not vary for students of different backgrounds.
段落大意|加州项目有一定成绩收益,但富裕地区吸走教师,进一步加剧了贫富学校间的资源不平等。
exacerbate the disparity 加剧差距。
affluent areas 富裕地区。
be recruited from 从……招聘而来。
statistically significant 在统计上显著的。
What is more 此外;而且。
vary for students of different backgrounds 因学生背景不同而存在差异。
This is exacerbating the disparity in resources available to rich and poor schools in California, because more affluent areas can attract the best teachers.
This 指前文在师资短缺情况下推进缩班的做法。available to…后置修饰 resources;because 解释为什么差距会扩大。下一句举出更具体的机制:额外需要的教师中,有些直接来自较贫困的学校。
the effect did not vary for students of different backgrounds
did not vary 对应“不同背景学生获得相近效果”。这里的相近指成绩效果,不意味着各类学校的师资资源相同。
statistically significant 说的是统计检验意义上的显著,不能自动推成“提升幅度巨大”;这也解释了末段为什么还能说收益很小。
Q34|B
定位: the effect did not vary for students of different backgrounds.
did not vary 对应 Similar results;different backgrounds 对应 all social groups。这里定位加州项目,填选项B。STAR则强调黑人与西班牙裔群体效果更强,是重要干扰项。
Q39|B
定位: This is exacerbating the disparity in resources available to rich and poor schools in California
aggravating existing problems 对应 exacerbating the disparity:缩班增加教师需求,而富裕地区更能吸引教师,甚至从贫困学校招人,使原有资源差距进一步扩大。填加州项目B。
这正在加剧加州富校与穷校之间可用资源的差距,因为更富裕的地区能够吸引最优秀的教师。事实上,额外所需的一些教师就是从较贫困的学校招来的。研究者发现,对于班级人数已减至20人的学生,阅读、写作和数学成绩具有统计上显著的优势。此外,这种效果并未因学生背景不同而有所差异。
Paragraph F|上段 · SAGE先试点,并把资源投向贫困学校
Wisconsin’s Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE) was a five-year pilot study to do some of the groundwork for a major project. Class sizes were reduced in only 14 schools, but it was noteworthy for targeting schools at which 30% of the students were below poverty level, compared with California’s across-the-board approach. SAGE lowered the average pupil-teacher ratio in kindergarten through third grade to 12–15:1 from 21–25:1. Analysts have studied the results of first-grade students in these schools and similar first-grade students elsewhere and found the results accord with those from STAR.
段落大意|SAGE通过小规模试点,为大型项目做准备,重点选择贫困学生达到特定比例的学校,其结果与STAR一致。
a five-year pilot study 为期五年的试点研究。
do some of the groundwork for 为……做一些基础准备。
be noteworthy for 因……而值得关注。
below poverty level 低于贫困线。
across-the-board approach 全面推行、不作重点区分的做法。
accord with 与……一致。
Class sizes were reduced in only 14 schools, but it was noteworthy for targeting schools at which 30% of the students were below poverty level, compared with California’s across-the-board approach.
but 后转向项目的特点:规模虽小,却有明确针对性。at which 引导定语从句,修饰 schools,相当于“在这些学校中”。30%修饰学生比例,不是说只选了全州30%的学校。
found the results accord with those from STAR
those 替代 results;from STAR 限定另一项研究的结果。因此这句话确实在比较不同缩班项目,而不是只比较SAGE内部两组学生。
SAGE把生师比由21—25:1降至12—15:1。注意比值方向,不能把两个区间颠倒。
Q28|F
定位: found the results accord with those from STAR.
those 指 results。SAGE的结果与STAR结果一致,是对不同缩班项目数据的比较。前面“本地学生与其他地方类似学生”的比较还不够,最后的 from STAR 才明确引出另一项目。
Q35|C
定位: a five-year pilot study to do some of the groundwork for a major project.
pilot study 和 groundwork 表示试点与基础准备,对应 a preliminary;major project 对应 a more comprehensive study。因此填SAGE的选项C,不是原文段落F。
Q37|C
定位: targeting schools at which 30% of the students were below poverty level
a special group of schools 指按贫困学生比例选择的特定学校。SAGE并非像加州一样全面推行,而是有针对性地选择学校,因此填C。30%是每所目标学校中的学生比例,不能改成30%的学校。
威斯康星州的“学生教育成就保障”(SAGE)项目是一项为期五年的试点研究,旨在为一个大型项目做一些基础准备。只有14所学校缩小了班级规模,但与加州全面推行的做法相比,SAGE因针对那些30%的学生处于贫困线以下的学校而值得关注。SAGE把幼儿园至三年级的平均生师比从21—25:1降至12—15:1。分析人员研究了这些学校一年级学生的成绩,以及其他地方情况相近的一年级学生的成绩,发现结果与STAR项目一致。
Paragraph F|下段 · 支持小班,也要追问如何实施
STAR and SAGE have made it hard to argue against reducing class sizes. But the California initiative shows that reductions made with too little forethought can yield minuscule gains. Administrators need solid information before they can make sensible policy decisions.
段落大意|研究支持缩小班级,但缺乏周密考虑的推广可能收效甚微,决策需要可靠信息。
argue against 提出反对……的理由。
initiative 倡议;新措施。
forethought 事先的周密考虑。
yield minuscule gains 带来极小的收益。
solid information 可靠的信息。
make sensible policy decisions 作出明智的政策决定。
STAR and SAGE have made it hard to argue against reducing class sizes.
结构为 make + it + 形容词 + to do。it是形式宾语,真正的内容是 to argue against…。意思是这些研究使反对缩班变得缺乏说服力,不是说任何反对意见都不允许存在。
reductions made with too little forethought can yield minuscule gains
made…为过去分词短语,修饰 reductions。can 保留可能性。作者的落点是实施条件:即便支持缩班,也不能跳过教师供给、资源分配和事前规划。
STAR和SAGE使反对缩小班级规模的主张变得难以成立。但加州的举措表明,事先考虑不足的缩班措施可能只带来微乎其微的收益。管理者需要掌握可靠信息,才能作出明智的政策决定。
答案汇总
段落匹配题27 D 28 F 29 A 30 C 31 D
分类匹配题32 A 33 A 34 B35 C 36 A 37 C38 A 39 B 40 A
同义替换
Q27 criticism of the methodology↔ failed to ensure good randomisation
Q28 a comparison of the data↔ the results accord with those from STAR
Q31 class composition changed↔ children moved from regular to small classes
Q32 left to chance↔ randomly assigned
Q33 long-term improvement↔ this advantage persisted even after
Q34 Similar results↔ the effect did not vary
Q35 a preliminary↔ a five-year pilot study
Q35 a more comprehensive study↔ a major project
Q37 A special group of schools↔ schools at which 30% of the students were below poverty level
Q38 Classroom assistants↔ a full-time teacher’s aide
Q39 aggravating existing problems↔ exacerbating the disparity
Q40 Certain groups of pupils↔ black and Hispanic minority groups
10 个值得带走的词 / 短语
01 arouse the anger of 激起……的愤怒
02 a level playing field 公平的竞争或比较环境
03 have complete mastery of 完全掌握
04 an array of benefits 一系列益处
05 stem from 源自
06 widen the gap with 拉大与……的差距
07 cave in to 向……屈服、让步
08 worthy of emulation 值得效仿
09 do the groundwork for 为……做基础准备
10 yield minuscule gains 带来极小的收益
✍️ 今日打卡
今天用下面这个表达造一句:
cave in to ...向……屈服、让步
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