英语三级考证复习资料(4)

七、强调句型

用“It is/was+被强调成分＋that/who…”句型表示强调，当被强调成分是人时，可以用that或who引导分句，当被强调成分是事物时，只能用that引导分句。

e.g.It was he who/that told me the news.

   It was because it rained heavily that they didn’t go to the mountain.

八、反义疑问句

1．情态动词为oughtto时，附加疑问句中用should.

e.g. I oughtto complain, shouldn’t I?

2．在陈述句部分如果出现seldom,hardly, scarcely, rarely等词时，附加问句部分要用肯定形式。

e.g. He was hardly able to understand it, was he?

  They seldom go to the cinema,dothey?

3．在前半部分含有祈使语气的反义疑问句中，附加问句的谓语中要用will,shall.

e.g. Let’s meet at the station, shallwe?

  Have a little more tea, will you?

4．当反义疑问句的陈述部分是带有宾语从句的复合句时，附加问句的谓语动词和主语与主句保持一致，不与从句保持一致。

e.g. They believed what we said, didn’tthey?

  You can hardly agree that this is the best way out, can you?

但是，如果主句的主语是I，谓语是believe,imagine, suppose等词，后面又有一个that引导的从句时，在附加问句中谓语动词及主语应和从句保持一致。

e.g. I don’t think that they will help us, willthey?

   Isuppose the meeting will be cancelled, won’t it?

5．含有感叹语气的反义疑问句中，附加问句的谓语一般用系动词be的一般现在时的否定形式。

e.g. What a lovely car, isn’t it?

  What a handsome young man, isn’t he?

6．当陈述句部分的主语是anyone,everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等表示人的不定代词时，附加问句中的主语用they;如果是anything, everything, nothing, something等表示物的不定代词时，附加问句中的主语用it.

e.g. Everyone wants to have a try, don’tthey?

  Something has gone wrong with his watch, hasn’t it?

九、形容词和副词

1.有几个形容词修饰一个名词时，一般的排列是：限定词(冠词、指示代词、所有格)→数字→描写性的词（表特征或性质的词）→大小、长度或形状的词→年龄或新旧的词→颜色的词→来源的词→质地的词→用途或类别的词→名词

e.g.She has a very valuablebig gold watch.

 theman’s first two interesting little red French oil paintings

2.被as,how/however, so, too修饰的形容词放在不定冠词前。但要注意such的用法为：1）such+ a(an) +adj +c.n(sing); 2) such + adj + u.n/c.n.(pl.)

e.g.He is not so big a fool asyou think.…

  She is as clever a girl asyou ‘re ever likely to meet.

   Heis too old a man for the job.

   However tiring a day she may have, shenever loses her good humor.

3.程度副词、频度副词一般放在情态动词、助动词或系动词之后，实义动词之前。如：almost,ever, frequently, nearly, never, just, often, usually, hardly, always等。

e.g.He is always ready to help others.

   He always comes late.

4. 几个副词在一起时的词序：程度→状态→地点→时间。

e.g. They playedfairly well there yesterday.

5. enough放在被修饰的名词之前或之后，形容词或副词之后.

e.g.I couldn’t find a large enough coat, and so I took this one.

   I wanted to buy a bike, but I didn’t have enough money./moneyenough.

6. 几个常见副词的意义和用法

fairly,quite和 rather,它们表示的程度：fairly最弱，quite较强，rather最强。不定冠词可以放在rather 之前或之后，但只能放在fairly之前，quite之后。

e.g.  Thefilm is fairly /quite / rather good.

This is rather a silly book/a rathersilly book.

This is a fairly interesting lecture.

I took quite a long walk this morning.

7.high, highly; late, lately; most, mostly, hardly, hard, near, nearly, just,justly等词的用法

e.g.  The plane flew high above.

This book is highly interesting.(=very)

He arrived late.

I haven’t seen him lately.(=recently)

Which one do you like most? (=in the greatest degree)

My friends are mostly engineers.(=mainly)

8.already, yet的用法

  already 一般用于肯定句，用于疑问句中，表达惊奇的含义。Yet用于否定句或疑问句中

e.g.I have already finished my work.

I haven’t finished my work yet

Have you finished yourcomposition yet? You have only a fewmore minutes.

Have you finished your composition already? You are very speedy..

9.形容词修饰不定代词后置

e.g.I have somethingimportant to tell you.

十、限定词

1.定冠词

下列情况下要用定冠词

1.1姓名的复数形式加定冠词表示“一家人”。

e.g.The Johnsons arrived at two o’clockthis afternoon.

1.2 江河海洋、山脉群岛、方向、雨、雪、风、乐器等名词前要加the.

e.g.I love the mountains but I hate the sea.

He practices playing the piano every day.

1.3 当same, only, sole作定语时，前面加the.

e.g.I am the sole child of my parents.

1.4 身体部位的名称作介词宾语时前面加the。

e.g.The old lady patted him on the shoulder.

1.5 形容词最高级前加the,但如果有物主代词，不加the.

e.g.It is our busiest day.

1.6 在 one of, most of, many of,some of, either of, none of 后面的名词前加the。

e.g. Most of the workers wanted to go on strikes.

1.7 by 与计量单之间加the。

e.g.Meat is sold by the pound

Youcan pay the rent by the month.

Youwill be paid by the hour.

常见的有：bythe gallon, by the dozen, by the yard, by the day, by the week, by the year等。

1.8. 用于指世上独一无二的东西，如：themoon, the sun, the earth 等。

1.9 当cinema,theatre, radio等名词用于表示“看电影、看戏、听无线电”时，一般要用the.

e.g.We went to the cinema last night.

I heard the news on the radio.

1.10特指某一对象，尤其是上文已提到，或有后置定语修饰的。

e.g.I took an exam last month. The exam was very difficult.

  Doyou know the man standing there?

1.11合成名词前要用定冠词

 e.g. the United States, the People’s Republicof China

2.不定代词

2.1that和those常用来代替前面提及的名词，以避免重复。

e.g. Thepopulation of China is four times as large as that of the United States.

These machines are better than thosewe turned out last year.

2.2every和each都是“每一个”的意思。Every只能作形容词，each可作形容词和代词。

e.g. Everyone of them was wrong.

Eachof them was wrong.

2.3.none和no 都表示“没有人或物”的意思。none的用法相当于名词，后接Of短语，它可以指代可数名词和不可数名词；no相当于形容词，在句中只作定语。

e.g. I like none of the books.

   None of them has got a bike.

   Thatis none of my business.

   No man is born wise.

2.4.other, another, else, rest的区别。other 用作名词时，有数和格的变化，可与定冠词连用；用作形容词时，修饰复数名词。而another只能替代和修饰单数可数名词，不可与定冠词连用。Other别的，另外的；theother是两者中的另一个；the others是两部分中的另外一部分；another一般指两者以外的另一个。

e.g. Oneof the criminals was killed. Theothers were sentenced to 18 years in prison.

I have two brothers. One is a teacher. The other is a worker.

Show me another, please.

There are many students inthe classroom. Some are doing theirexercises, others are reading theirbooks.

else用在不定代词或疑问代词之后

e.g.Do you want anything else?

What else do you want toknow?

rest有时可与others 通用，但在of前以及代替不可数名词时只能用rest

e.g.the rest of my life,         the rest ofthe day.

2.5one通常可用来替代已出现过的可数名词或以可数名词为中心的整个名词短语；当one不带任何前置修饰语时，其意义通常是类指的。

e.g.This coat is too small forme. Could you show me a bigger one?

I like red roses instead ofyellow ones.

2.6不定代词作代词使用时的三种形式：

(each, every, either,neither, no, none, all, both, some, any, one, other, another, little, few,many, much , some-, any-, every-的合成代词)

（1）单独作代词

（2）跟复数代词宾格作代词—＋of + 复数代词宾格

（3）跟名词作代词—＋of + 限定词（my/the 等）＋不可数名词／可数名词复数。

e.g. Every one was occupied.

   Every one of them was wrong.

   Everyone of the rooms was occupied.

   Eitherday is OK.

   Either of you could do it.

   Eitherof the children is quite capable for looking after the baby.

   Noneof my friends live near here.

2.7all 与 whole的用法区别

whole用于单数可数名词前，冠词／单数指示代词／所有格之后。All 用于不可数名词或可数名词复数前，定冠词／指示代词／所有格之后。

e.g.The whole class went to the lecture.

This whole week has passed quickly.

My counselor gave me all the advice I needed.

All thoseexamples were very interesting.

2.8amount与number的用法区别

 amount 用于不可数名词，number用于可数名词。

e.g.Your grades depend on the amount of work you put into your studies.

  The number of the college students is increasing quickly.

3.“-s属格”表示所属关系，可用于：

3.1表示人、人名、职称、集体、高等动物等名词之后。

e.g.our corporation’s business scope

   the elephant’s trunk

3.2 表示国家、城市、地区、天体等名词之后。

e.g.the sun’s rotation

3.3 表示时间、重量、价格、距离、长度的名词之后。

e.g.a moment’s rest

   the decade’s changes

4．“of-属格”

4.1 “of-属格”常用于修饰无生命的名词。

e.g.the contributions of science and technology

4.2 跟有后置定语的名词多用“of-属格”可表示其所有关系，

试比较：the people’s support

thesupport of the people across the world.

4.3 the + 形容词或分词表示一类人或物时，也应用“of-属格”表示其所有关系。

e.g.improve the livelihood of the poor.

4.4 在表示类别时，只能用“S-属格”

e.g.children’s books

   men’s suits

4.5 在表示同位关系时，在以the开头不用逗号分开表示同位关系的结构中通常用“of-属格”

e.g.the City of New York

   the five of us

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