ARTICLE · 1170134
英语三级考证复习资料(5)
翻译技巧
翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。翻译的过程不仅是语言转换过程,而且是反映不同社会特征的文化转换过程,译者需要采用增词、减词、引申、并句、分句等技巧。
一、翻译总的原则
1.表达应建立在理解的基础上。
2.翻译时既要忠实于原文,又要符合汉语的习惯。
3.翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。
二、翻译技巧
1.词法翻译
1.1增词译法
为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与
原文一致起来,使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来,需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。
e.g.1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.
译文:他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。
2)After the football match, he’sgot an important meeting.
译文:在观看足球比赛之后,他有一个重要的会议要参加。(增加动词)
3)Suppose the preparatory workshould not be completed.
译文:准备工作完成不了,那可怎么办?
4)His diligence, earnestness,carefulness and brilliance make him praised by all.
译文:他勤勉、踏实、细心、才华过人,凡此种种都使他受到众人的夸奖。
5)Our rushing isunderstandable, but costly.
译文:人们的忙碌是可以理解的,但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。
6)We have made some achievements,and we must guard against complacency.
译文:我们取得了一些成就,但要防止自满情绪。
试比较:1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点,但用意是好的。
译文:He likes to point out other people’s shortcomings, but he means well.(增加主语)
2)屋里准有人,我听见有人声。
译文:There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)
3)阳光灿烂,晴空万里。
译文:The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.(增加连接词)
4)施恩勿记,受恩勿忘。
译文:If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one, rememberit always.
说明:增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分;在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如,主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等
1.2减词译法
就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略,以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。
e.g. 1) One must make painstakingeffort before one could succeed in masteringa foreign language.( 省略主语)
译文:要掌握一门外语,非下苦功不可。
2)Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.
译文:虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。(省略结构词)
3)In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of theproducts.
译文:他在讲话中特别强调了提高产品质量。(省略物主代词)
4)It is better to do well than to say well.
译文:说得好不如做得好。
5) I can finish the work so long as you give me time.(省略连词)
译文:给我时间,我就能完成这项工作。
试比较:1)这架电视机真是价廉物美。
译文:This TV set is really cheap( in price) and fine( inquality).
2)中国足球的落后状态必须改变。
译文:The (state of )backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.
1.3转性译法
在翻译过程中经常需要根据译文的习惯进行词性转换,如:把原文中的名词转换为动词,把原文中的副词转换为介词,等等。
e.g. 1) The government called for the establishment of more technicalschools.
译文:政府号召建立更多的技术学校。(名词转为动词)
2) Millions of the people inthe mountainous areas are finally offpoverty.
译文:千百万山区人终于摆脱了贫穷。(介词转为动词)
3)The student is not content with his progress.
译文:这位学生不满足于已取得的成绩。(形容词转为动词)
4)He objected that the plan is not practical.
译文:他反对的理由是:这个计划不现实。(动词转为名词)
5)Hospitals are getting moreefficient these days.
译文:近日来,医院的效率越来越高了。(形容词转为名词)
试比较:1)她用期待的目光看着我。
译文:She looked at me expectantly.(形容词转为副词)
2)他这个人最爱说话了。
译文:He is a greattalker.(动词转为名词)
3)我永远支持你。
译文:I am alwayswith you.((动词转为介词)
4)那人满意地点了点头。
译文:The man nodded with satisfaction.(副词转为名词)
说明:英译汉时,需要经常把英语中的名词和介词转换成汉语的动词;而汉译英时,往往把汉语中的动词转换成英语中的名词或介词。
1.4词与短语的重复(换形译法)
1)Youshould do whatever you are asked to .
译文:让你做什么,你就应该做什么。
2)Wethank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade group duringthis visit to your country and for the close cooperation in the businessdiscussions.
译文:我们非常感谢你们在我贸易小组访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待,感谢你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切合作。
3)Yousay he works hard; so he does.
译文:你说他很努力,对他确实很努力。
4)Herfather is a famous professor, but I can’t find any scholarly pretence in him.
译文:她父亲是一位有名望的教授,但我没有从她父亲的身上看到故作姿态的学者派头。
5)I hopethat the discussion will not last too long, for it will only waste time.
我希望讨论不要太久,太久了只会浪费时间。
试比较:1)我不喜欢抽烟,抽烟对身体没好处。
译文:I don’t like smoking; it is no good to health.
2) 昨天,我买了一本《钢铁是怎样炼成的》,这本书在中国相当受欢迎。
译文:Yesterday I bought a copy of How the Steel WasTempered. It is rather popular inChina.
3)大国有大国的问题,小国有小国的有利条件。
译文:A big nation has itsproblems; a small nation has its advantages.
4) 篇文章中可能有些错误,我希望你把错误指出来。
译文:There might be some mistakes in the article, and Ihope you point them out.
5)你要觉得合适就干,不合适就别干。你自个儿看着办吧。
译文:Go ahead if you think the job suits you and don’t if not. It’s all up to you todecide.
6)许多家用电器都是在中国制造的。这些家用电器性能可靠,操作方便。
译文:A lot of home appliances are made in China. They are reliable in performance and easyin operation.
1.5词义的引伸
1)They have their smilesand tears.
译文:他们有欢乐又有悲伤。
2)I was not one to let my heart rule my head.
译文:我不是那种让感情统治理智的人。
3)It is regrettable that our appealremains a dead letter.
译文:遗憾的是,我们的呼吁没有得到响应。
4)Such conduct is known inall languages as piracy.
译文:这种行为是各国公认的强盗行为。
1.6具体译法
在翻译中有时需要把原文中抽象或者比较抽象的单词、词组、成语或者句子用具体或者比较具体的单词、词组、成语或者句子来进行翻译。
e.g.1) All the people wereexasperated by his fault-finding.
译文:大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。
2)Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.
译文:她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。
3)John’slightheartedness, however, did notlast long.
译文:然而,约翰那种轻松愉快的心境没有持续多久。
4)Your dejection will do no good to yourhealth.
译文:你的沮丧情绪于你的身体不利。
试比较:1)他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。
译文:He has many hotpotatoes to handle every day.
2) 你不要过早乐观,真正的困难还在后头呢。
译文:Don’t count yourchickens before they are hatched.
1.7抽象译法
为了译文的忠实和通顺,我们往往把原文中带有具体意义或具体形象的单词、词组、成语和句子,进行抽象化处理。
e.g.1) I was practically on my knees but he still refused.
译文:我几乎是苦苦哀求,但他仍然拒绝。
2)The matter was finallysettled under the table.
译文:事情终于私下解决了。
3)He earns scarcely enoughto keep body and soul together.
译文:他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。
4)I have no head for music.
译文:我没有音乐天赋。
试比较:1)这消息让我出了一身冷汗。
译文:I was extremelyterrified by that news.
2) 他万万没有想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎!
译文:He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.
3)好朋友应该是雪中送炭。
译文:A real good friend should be one offering timely help.
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