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小学英语语法 11 被动语态 一篇讲透

小学英语语法 11 被动语态 一篇讲透

主题合集

Hello 小朋友们和家长朋友们!小学英语语法系列,第十一篇来啦。  今天讲:被动语态。  先看两句意思一样、结构不同的话: Tom cleaned the window. 汤姆擦了窗户。 The window was cleaned. 窗户被擦了。  第二句里,「窗户」跑到句首当主语了,「擦」这个动作放到它后面 —— 这就是被动语态。 

01 · 被动语态是什么

被动语态,说的就是「主语承受动作,而不是执行动作」。 中文里的「被」字,我们几乎每天都在用: 窗户被擦了。作业被批改了。房间被打扫干净了。 英文也有对应的说法:

The window was cleaned. 窗户被擦了。

The homework was marked. 作业被批改了。

看这两句的区别:

主动:Tom cleaned the window.(汤姆擦窗户,汤姆是动作的发出者)

被动:The window was cleaned.(窗户被擦,窗户是动作的承受者) 关键在于:谁当主语。 主动句里,主语是做事的人(Tom)。 被动句里,主语是受影响的东西(the window)。 为什么会有被动语态?因为很多时候: 一、不知道是谁做的,或者不重要说。 二、主语是物,根本不是人。 三、想说得客观、礼貌。 四、动作执行者已经很明显了,再说一遍反而啰嗦。

比如你收到一条通知:Your application was received. 你的申请已收到。

谁收到的不重要,重点是「申请已经被收到了」这个结果。

02 · 核心公式:be + 过去分词

被动语态只有一个公式,记牢这一个就够了: 主语 + be + 过去分词 主语是单数就用 is/was,主语是复数就用 are/were。 过去分词就是动词的「过去分词」形式,规则动词加 ed,不规则动词要单独记。 看三种句型:

句型
结构
例句
肯定句
主语 + be + 过去分词
The window was cleaned yesterday.
否定句
主语 + be not + 过去分词
The window was not cleaned.
一般疑问句
Be + 主语 + 过去分词?
Was the window cleaned?

03 · 过去分词怎么变

这是被动语态最容易错的地方。分两类:规则动词和不规则动词。 规则动词的五种变化: 一、一般情况直接加 ed。clean → cleaned,play → played 二、以 e 结尾,去 e 加 d。like → liked,live → lived

三、辅音字母加 y,去 y 加 ied。study → studied,carry → carried

四、重读闭音节,双写末尾辅音字母加 ed。stop → stopped,plan → planned

五、以 o 结尾,加 ed。want → wanted,但 go → went(不规则)

第四种最容易错。判断重读闭音节有个小窍门: 如果这个动词末尾是一个「元音 + 一个辅音」结尾,而且这个元音重读,就要双写。 stop 是「重读的 o + p」,所以 stopped。

look 是「重读的 o + k」,所以 looked —— 但注意 look 的 o 重读,所以是 looked 不是 lookked。

visit 是「重读的 i + t」,所以 visited。 不规则动词只能背。下面这些是小学阶段最常用的:

动词
过去式
过去分词
make
made
made
take
took
taken
give
gave
given
write
wrote
written
read
read
read
do
did
done
go
went
gone
say
said
said
see
saw
seen

04 · 被动语态的五种时态

be 动词跟着时态变,过去分词不变。记住这个规律,五种时态就都会了。 注意:被动语态里的 be 动词,判断依据是主语,不是原句的主语。

The song was sung by her. 歌被她唱了。

The songs were sung by her. 歌被她唱了(复数)。

主语是 the song(单数)→ 用 was;主语是 the songs(复数)→ 用 were。

这张表是本篇最实用的部分,建议打印出来:

时态
被动语态结构
例句
一般现在时
am/is/are + 过去分词
English is spoken here.
一般过去时
was/were + 过去分词
The song was sung by her.
一般将来时
will be + 过去分词
The room will be cleaned tomorrow.
情态动词
can/must + be + 过去分词
It must be done today.
现在完成时
have/has been + 过去分词
The work has been finished.

05 · 什么时候用被动

这是判断题和写作的关键。四个最常见的场景: 

场景一:不知道是谁做的,或者不重要说。

Someone stole my bike. 有人偷了我的自行车。

My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。

场景二:主语是物,不是人。

English is spoken all over the world. 英语全世界都在说。

主语是 English(物),所以用被动。 

场景三:想说得客观、礼貌。

Your application was received. 您的申请已收到。

You are wrong. 你错了。 对比一下,第二句换成被动:You are mistaken. 更委婉。 

场景四:动作执行者很明显,再说是多余的。

The meeting was held in the hall. 会议在大厅举行了。

这里没必要说「被谁主持的」。 怎么快速判断:先看主语。 主语是人 → 多半用主动。 主语是物 → 多半用被动。 主语不确定 → 都可以,看你要强调什么。

06 · by 短语:加还是不加

被动句里,用 by 引出动作的执行者(谁做的)。

The window was cleaned by Tom. 窗户是汤姆擦的。

但实际使用中,大多数时候不加 by。

The window was cleaned. 窗户被擦了。

为什么?因为中文说「窗户被擦了」时,也不会每次都补上「被谁擦的」。 两种情况会加 by:

一、特意强调执行者。The teacher was praised by the parents. 老师被家长表扬了。

二、两个执行者必须区分。The book was written by Tom and read by Mary. 这本书是汤姆写的,玛丽读的。

还有一点:by 后面接人。

✓ The window was cleaned by Tom.

✗ The window was cleaned by the cleaning. (动作不是人)

07 · 主动句变被动句,怎么改

看到主动句想改成被动,按这三步走: 

第一步:把宾语(动作的承受者)提到句首当主语。 Tom cleaned the window. → the window 提到前面 

第二步:动词改成 be + 过去分词。 cleaned → was cleaned 

第三步:原来的主语(Tom)如果不重要就删掉;要强调就加 by 放后面。 → The window was cleaned. → The window was cleaned by Tom. 注意 be 动词用 was 还是 were,看的是新主语。

Tom cleaned two windows. → The two windows were cleaned by Tom.

新主语 two windows 是复数,所以用 were。 宾语是代词时,提到前面要变成宾格。 Tom cleaned it. → It was cleaned by Tom. me → me,him → him,them → them。

场景图

08 · 完整对话

场景:Leo 和 Mia 在讨论学校的活动安排。

Mia: Was the sports meeting finished yesterday?

运动会昨天结束了吗?

Leo: Yes, it was. It was held on the playground.

是的,结束了。是在操场上举行的。

Mia: Were the new posters put up?

新海报贴出来了吗?

Leo: They were. They were put up this morning.

贴出来了。今天早上贴的。

Mia: Was the meeting cancelled?

会议取消了吗?

Leo: No, it wasn't. It was put off to next week.

没有。是推迟到下周了。

Mia: Good. I think the plan was made by the head teacher.

太好了。我记得这个计划是校长定的。

Leo: You're right. He made it last week.

你说得对。他上周定的。 这段对话里,被动语态和主动语态交替出现 —— 这才是真实英语的样子。

09 · 常用被动句

这些句子在生活和考试里出现频率很高,背下来很实用。

常用句
中文
Your application was received.
您的申请已收到。
The room was cleaned yesterday.
房间昨天打扫过了。
English is spoken here.
这里讲英语。
The meeting was put off.
会议延期了。
The window was broken.
窗户破了。

10 · 易错点 Top 5

错误一:漏掉 be 动词。

✗ The window cleaned yesterday.

✓ The window was cleaned yesterday.

被动语态少了 be 就成了「被字残缺句」。

错误二:过去分词写成过去式。

✗ The window was clean.

✓ The window was cleaned.

clean 是原形,cleaned 才是过去分词。

错误三:be 动词用错(按原主语选)。

✗ The windows was cleaned.

✓ The windows were cleaned.

be 动词看的是新主语(the windows,复数 → were)。

错误四:不及物动词硬变被动。

✗ The accident was happened last night.(happen 是不及物动词,没有被动形式)

✓ The accident happened last night. 事故是昨晚发生的。

happen、take place、belong to、last 这些动词没有被动语态。

错误五:needn't / mayn't 后面用被动。

✗ The work needn't be done.

✓ The work doesn't need to be done.

need 和 may 后面接动词原形,没有被动形式。

11 · 选一选

1. The window ______ cleaned yesterday.

A. was  B. is  C. be

2. The room ______ cleaned every day.

A. is  B. was  C. are

3. The work must ______ finished today.

A. finish  B. be finished  C. finished

4. The story was written ______ a famous writer.

A. by  B. of  C. for

5. English ______ spoken all over the world.

A. is  B. was  C. are

场景图

12 · 答案

1. A — yesterday 是过去时间,被动语态用 was + 过去分词。

2. A — every day 表示习惯,用一般现在时;主语 the room 单数,用 is。

3. B — 情态动词 must 后面用 be + 过去分词。

4. A — by 后面接动作的执行者(人)。

5. A — 主语 English 是单数,一般现在时被动用 is + 过去分词。

错一两题很正常。如果第 1、2 题错了,把「be 动词看新主语」这条再看一遍;

13 · 一起聊聊

本篇重点: 核心公式:主语 + be + 过去分词 be 动词跟着时态变,过去分词不变 be 动词按新主语(单数 is/was,复数 are/were)选 过去分词:规则动词加 ed(注意 y 结尾和重读闭音节双写)

常用不规则:make-made-made, take-took-taken, give-gave-given...

一起聊聊

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