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第三讲 高中英语被动语态
被动语态的构成形式和基本时态变化
被动语态通常为八种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。
以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 2） has /have been done 现在完成时
3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 4） was/were done 一般过去时
5） had been done 过去完成时 6） was/were being done 过去进行时
7） shall/will be done 一般将来时 8） should/would be done 过去将来时
一. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一
宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作
宾
语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the
building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结
构，
但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
二、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当
它
们被用作不及物动词来描述主语的属性特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物，动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。
例 This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come
about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等+形容词/
名词构成主系表结构，常以主动形式表示被动意义。
例Your reason sounds reasonable.
4. 不能用于被动语态的及物动词和动词短语有：have（有），wish(希望)，cost（花费)，
date back to(追
溯到)，agree with(同意), arrive at/in (到达), shake hands with( 握手), succeed in(成功),
suffer from( 受苦)take part in( 参加), walk into/enter(走进)，belong to(属于)等。
例：This key just fits the lock，这把钥匙正好开这把锁
三、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1． 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于
动词不定式的被动形式。
例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面
跟动词不定式的被动形式。
例The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下
列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?
四、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形
式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, undertreatment
（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工
中）。
例The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。
常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s
control（无法控制），beyond our hope． 我们的成功始料不及。
例The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。
例His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4．“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5．“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in
sight(在视
野范围内)，等。
例The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事……中”。常见有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial
（受审）。
例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out
of sight
（超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。
例 The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
例He took two days off within the teacher's permission．
【强化训练】
1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
A． are not kept；will have to B． are not kept；have
C． do not keep；will have to D． do not keep；have to
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____and perfected now.
A. are developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed
3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off． --- Yes，it all depends on the weather．A． I've been told B． I've told C． I'm told D． I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed
5. Rain forests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed
7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken
8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.
A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up
C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up
9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction. --- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building
11.--- Do you like the material? --- Yes, it ___ very soft.
A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt
12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．
A． write B．to write C． to be written D． written
13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you．
A． to type B． typing C． to be typed D． typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.
A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out
16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith.
A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book? ---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time.
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
19. This page needed ___ again.A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises
A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. Taught D. Teaching
key ：1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA 11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
