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专题 31 语法填空
《考点•题型 •技巧》
考向分析
综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现
的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。
因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。
考点导航
语法填空题的命题方式是在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的
后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所
提供的单词的正确形式。
语法填空题着重从句子和语篇两个层级，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法、语
用与语篇知识，对语言的形式、意义与功能的综合运用能力，对考生理解语篇语用、分析
句子结构、把握语篇话题以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力要求比较高。语法填空题的
测试点包括英语的词法、句子关系、以及在具体情景中如何确保语义连贯的篇章知识等。
在试题设置上，语法填空题在形式上主要分两类：（1）有提示词填空题：通常考查动
词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、形容词与副词的等级变化、以及词类转换等；
（2）无提示词填空题：通常考查冠词、代词、名词、介词与连词的正确选用等。无论是哪
一类的填空题，其核心目的在于考查考生如何通过语言的、语法的、语用的以及语篇的知
识，去实现语篇意义的连贯性。
复习的重点是要掌握句子的基本结构。首先，我们必须熟练掌握简单句的基本句型结
构：（1）主语+谓语（+宾语+宾补）（2）主语+系动词+表语。其次，我们要充分了解充
当各个句子成分的典型词类：（1）充当主语或宾语的典型词类是名词或代词。此外，还有
动名词、不定式短语等。（2）充当谓语的一定是动词。（3）充当补语或表语的典型词类
是形容词。（4）在名词前作定语的典型词类是形容词或形容词性物主代词。（5）作状语
的典型词类是副词。
1
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司再次，我们还要掌握句子的扩展结构：两个或几个简单句之间若不用句号或分号，就
必须要用连词，否则，句子的结构就不完整。连词主要有以下四类：
（1）用and,but,or,while(而，却)，when（就在这个时候）等构成并列句。
(2) 用if,unless,before,after,until,although,though,as,since,because,so,so that等构成含状语
从句的复合句（这里要注意区分一下复杂句和复合句，复合句是包含在复杂句这个概念里
面的,在下文的基础写作部分有提到）。
（3）用who,which,that,when,where,why等构成含定语从句的复合句。（这里要提醒考
生的是往往不给任何提示的空就是填连词或关系词的，但也须结合句子结构来分析。）
（4）用that,if/whether(是否)，wh-等构成含名词性从句的复合句。
解语法填空，要从＂词、句、篇＂三个层面去思考。
1. 词汇层面
方法1：作主语或宾语的名词或＂形容词+名词＂前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词
等限定词时，根据上下文填冠词。
方法2：句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。
方法3：空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。
方法4：句中已有谓语动词且又无并列连词与括号内提示的动词并列，说明空格需填
非谓语动词形式。
方法5：当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，
很可能填比较级和最高级。
方法6：当＂…（+限定词）+名词＂或＂…+代词/doing/从句＂在句中不作主语或宾
语时，通常填介词。2. 句子层面
方法1：连接两个功能对等的单词、短语或句子时，应填并列连词 and，or，but，
while, when等。
方法2：若判断连词所引导的从句起名词的作用（作主语/宾语/表语/同位语），则为
名词性从句，根据引导名词性从句的连接词在从句中的成分和意义确定连词。
方法3：若判断连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用（作定语），则为定语从句，根据
引导定语从句的先行词和关系词在从句中的成分确定关系代词或者关系副词。关系代
2
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司词在从句作主语和宾语，作状语用关系副词（可转换为介词+关系代词）。
方法4：若判断连词所引导的从句起副词的作用（作状语），则为状语从句，再根据
两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或者从属连词在从句中的作用和意义，来确定合适的连
词。
3. 篇章意义层面
方法：了解文章/对话大意，运用上下文语境线索、前后呼应、词语搭配等逻辑关系
来解题，填入既符合上下文情景，又符合句义、词义的正确单词。
【题型分析】
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get
direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 1 six months out of the year.
"Of course, we 2 it when the sun is shining," says Karin Ro, who works for the
town's tourism office. "We see the sky is 3 , but down in the valley it's darker — it's like on
a 4 day.”
But that 5 when a system of high-tech 6 was introduced to reflect sunlight
from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below. Wednesday, residents（居民）of Rjukan
7 their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountainside
were put to 8 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 9 them to turn along
with the sun throughout the 10 and to close during windy weather. They reflect a
concentrated beam（束）of light onto the town's central 11 , creating an area of sunlight
roughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 , Rjukan residents gathered together.
"People have been 13 there and standing there and taking 14 of each other," Ro
says. "The town square was totally 15 . I think almost all the people in the town were there.
"The 3,500 residents cannot all 16 the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light
feels like more than enough for the town's 18 residents.
"It's not very 19 ,” she says, "but it is enough when we are 20 .”
1. A. only B. obviously C. nearly D. precisely
2. A. fear B. believe C. hear D. notice
3. A. empty B. blue C. high D. wide
4. A. cloudy B. normal C. different D. warm
3
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司5. A. helped B. changed C. happened D. mattered
6. A. computers B. telescopes C. mirrors D. cameras
7. A. remembered B. forecasted C. received D. imagined
8. A. repair B. risk C. rest D. use
9. A. forbids B. directs C. predicts D. follows
10. A. day B. night C. month D. year
11. A. library B. hall C. square D. street
12. A. appeared B. returned C. faded D. stopped
13. A. driving B. hiding C. camping D. siting
14. A. pictures B. notes C. care D. hold
15. A. new B. full C. flat D. silent
16. A. block B. avoid C. enjoy D. store
17. A. Instead B. However C. Gradually D. Similarly
B. energy-
18. A. nature-loving C. weather-beatenD. sun-starved
saving
19. A. big B. clear C. cold D. easy
20. A. trying B. waiting C. watching D. sharing
检测训练
1、A scientist 1 several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a
glass bottle, 2 its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the
bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook it
3 for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they 4 fell out. The scientist
then put some peanuts into the bottle again 5 he had done before and showed the monkey
that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. 6 the
monkey always ignored his 7 . Each time it just shook the bottle frantically, with great 8
but without necessarily achieving 9 result.
Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand 10 the scientist
instructs. 11 because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its
eyes off the peanuts and quickly 12 its attention to the 13 movement of the
4
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and
not be 14 by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to
understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkey’s some psychology is just like
15 of human beings.
1. A. kept B. rose C. fed D. caught
2. A. moving B. removed C. discovered D. covered
3. A. happily B. anxiously C. hurriedly D. instantly
4. A. suddenly B. accidentally C. occasionally D. quickly
5. A. as B. that C. what D. until
6. A. But B. When C. Therefore D. Thus
7. A. directions B. explanations C. performances D. instructions
8. A. effort B. strength C. power D. force
9. A. expecting B. interesting C. satisfying D. desired
10. A. what B. how C. why D. which
11. A. Probably B. Likely C. Simply D. Nearly
12. A. put B. send C. pay D. shift
13. A. gesture B. mouth C. hand D. eye
14. A. taken away B. taken off C. taken over D. taken on
15. A. that B. the C. those D. this
2、I was on a train in Switzerland. The train came to a stop and the conductor’s voice over
the loudspeaker 1. (deliver) a message in German, Italian, and French. I’d made the mistake of
not learning any of those languages before my vacation.
Everyone started getting off the train and an old woman saw that I was 2. (confuse). She
could speak some English and told me that an accident had happened on the 3. (track). She
asked me where I was trying to get to, then went and talked to some workers, and came back to
tell me that we’d have to get on trains three or four times to get there.
I was really glad she was heading 4. same way because it would have been impossible for
me to figure it 5. on my own. So we went from one train station to the next, getting to know
each other along the way.
She was really the 6. (sweet) woman. It was a 2.5-hour journey in total, and 7. we made
5
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司it to the final destination, we got off and said our goodbyes. I had made it just in time to catch my
train to Rome. She told me she had a train to catch as well. I asked her how much farther she had
to go and 8. turned out that her home was two hours back the other way.
She had jumped from train to train and traveled the whole way just 9. (make) sure that I
made it. I was in shock. A woman spent her whole day sitting on trains and taking her hours away
from her home just to help out a confused tourist 10. (visit) her country.
3、In ancient China lived an artist. ___61___ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s
reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he
called all great artists to come and present their ___62___ (fine) work, so that he could choose the
best. The artist was sure he would. ___63___(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to
the emperor’s chief minister, the old nan laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li
River～perhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world.
Filled with ___64___ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. ___65___ he asked the
villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled
and ___66___ (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out ___67___
(find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved, ___68___ (gentle) along the river he was
left speechless by the mountains being silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white
waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue. And when he saw the mists rising from the river
and the soft clouds. ___69___ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist
was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ____70____ earth, Mother Nature.
4、Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In
the 18th and 19th centuries, ___36___ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical
objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big ___37___ until
they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane,
for example, ___38___ (form) the core collection of the British Museum ___39___ opened in
1759.
The parts of a museum open to the public ___40___ (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a
small part of a museum’s collection ___41___ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used
for research.
6
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at
exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ___42___ (they) living
at a different time in history or ___43___(walk)through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York,
the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of
the old town. Historical ___44___ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must
compete ____45____people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also
welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.
5、Any bird that crossed his path would be eaten by Rex, a German shepherd. Rex1.
(rescue) from his previous shelter, where he was going to be put down after a biting incident. Last
year, he2. (eventual) arrived at Puriton Horse and Animal Rescue.
Geraldine was a goose abandoned by owners who could no longer put up 3. her. She wasn’t
exactly the picture of 4. (warm), either, when she arrived at the same shelter three months ago.
The dog and the goose were individually given labels like cruel and dangerous. Neither seemed
particularly harmonious with humans or even members of their own species.
But when the two 5. (annoy) creatures were offered a chance to hang out together,
something magical happened. They chased each other when first 6. (introduce), but Geraldine
stood up for herself and that was that. They just fell in love with each other.
“I’ve been doing rescue work since 1997 and seen all 7. (kind) of strange animal behavior,
but I’ve never seen anything like this,” said Sheila Brislin, 8. is the founder of the shelter. “It’s so
amusing to see them because they love each other to bits. They are very affectionate. She just9.
(run) around alongside him all day long and whenever we take him for 10. walk in the woods she
has to come, too.”
6、As our Earth’s temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected
effects on our world’s forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skins to 1 the loss
of water, and this, in turn, slows down the 2 of photosynthesis(光合作用). As a result,
these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a 3 death rate.
Climate change also increases the 4 of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes
a while for the forest systems to 5 , and in some cases, the forests are 6
permanently. Trees that are stressed are also 7 to attacks by bacteria(细菌). In tropical
7
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司forests, vines that use the trees as 8 can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients.
Finally, humans have 9 the forest landscape through logging. When trees are replanted on
the soil, they will never grow as large as the 10 trees that were cut down.
As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change, 11
the variety of those systems. 12 , some endangered species are unable to 13 and
die. Old-growth forests are disappearing in all regions of our world. When forests die, younger
forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller 14 poor
vegetation. With trees dying increasingly and continuously, will future generations 15 out
on the wonders of forests?
1. A. protect B. prevent C. save D. free
2. A. movement B. situation C. process D. operation
3. A. higher B. firmer C. lighter D. smaller
4. A. choice B. measure C. qualification D. chance
5. A. grow B. rescue C. recover D. decline
6. A. ignored B. lost C. hurt D. left
7. A. accessible B. enjoyable C. acceptable D. favorable
8. A. attention B. command C. trust D. support
9. A. frightened B. paid C. ruined D. wasted
10. A. common B. original C. distant D. strong
11. A. affecting B. improving C. forgetting D. reflecting
12. A. Besides B. Surprisingly C. Otherwise D. Unfortunately
13. A. devote B. keep C. adapt D. lead
14. A. due to B. in addition to C. instead of D. in spite of
15. A. pass B. miss C. break D. bring
7、Astronomy is the oldest science 41. （know）to man. Thousands of years ago man
looked at the stars and wondered about the heavens. But man was 42. （limit）by the six planets
that he could see only 43. his eyes alone. The Greeks studied astronomy over 2,000 years ago.
They could see the size colour, and 44. （bright）of a star. They could see its place in the sky.
They watched the stars 45. （move ）as the seasons changed. But the Greeks had no tools to
help themselves study the heavens. Each new tool added to the field of astronomy helped man
8
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司reach out into space. Man knew a little about the moon 46. there were telescopes.
He did not know that the planet called Saturn had 47. （ring）around it. His sight was 48.
limited that he could not see all the planets. In the early 1700s, people thought there were only six
planets. Before the spectroscope, man did not know what kind of gases 49. （be）around the sun
or other stars. Without the radio-telescope, we did not know that radio noises came from far in
space. Today, astronomy is a 50. （grow）science. We have learned more in the last fifty years
than in the whole history of astronomy.
8、It is reported that at present a city in Japan has a problem with graffiti(涂鸦). However, it
is not the usual type of graffiti with paint from spray cans 21. (use) to write on walls. It is graffiti
in sand.
Officials in the city of Tottori are asking tourists to give up 22. (write) messages and
drawing pictures in the sand of its giant sand dunes (沙丘). The officials say the graffiti causes
damage to the dunes, 23. destroys the pleasure others get in looking at the sand.
More than 3,300 cases of "sand graffiti" 24. (occur) at the tourist spot in the past decade. In
January, two overseas tourists were ordered 25. (erase) a 25-meter-long message that read
"Happy Birthday Natalie".
The Tottori Sand Dunes are famous throughout Japan 26. their natural beauty. They are the
largest and longest sand dunes in the country and form part of 27. scenic coastal park on the sea
of Japan coast. The biggest dune is 50 meters high.
The local government wants to improve tourists' understanding of the 28. (important) of the
dunes. It will set up much 29. (many) signs in English, Chinese and Korean asking people to
respect the dunes. A spokesman said, "We are concerned about whether the rules are 30.
(complete) understood, and we want to continue to protect views of the beautiful sand dunes."
9、What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word “culture”？ Do you
think of different groups of people across the world with various 1 and clothing? What
about animals?
Sam Williams,executive director of the Macaw(金刚鹦鹉）Recovery Network in Costa
Rica, helps to 2 the impact of the decline of macaw populations by taking birds that were
born 3 and releasing them into the wild. But this process is very 4
9
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司＂In a cage,you can't 5 them to know where,when and how to find that food, or about
trees with good nest sites," Williams told ecologist and writer Carl Safina for the Guardian. In the
wild, the parents would be the ones to teach them this important 6
This type of knowledge is known as cultural knowledge. Cultural knowledge can be 7
from the older generation to the newer one. For many species,cultural knowledge is necessary for
8
Culture helps animals to 9 different habitats.For example,some crows(乌鸦）have
learned to put nuts in the middle of the road for cars to drive over. And in other areas, they have
learned to do this at intersections so they can 10 get the food when the cars stop at red
lights.
Other important parts of cultural knowledge include things like group identity, using different
tools,taking different 11 routes and using different socializing methods.
These traditions can especially be seen in chimpanzee communities. Cat Hobaiter,who
studies chimpanzees in Uganda,said:"It's not just the 12 of populations of chimps that
worries me.I find 13 the possibility of losing each population's unique culture. That's
permanent.”
Culture isn't just for 14 .Culture is also an important part of life in the wild from using
tools to 15 .
1. A. communities B. zones C. traditions D. divisions
2. A. squeeze B. reduce C. wrestle D. delete
3. A. encaged B. enlarged C. encouraged D. ensured
4. A. tentative B. slow C. lame D. abrupt
5. A. elect B. swap C. assess D. train
6. A. brochure B. seminar C. framework D. information
7. A. passed down B. taken up C. followed up D. put together
8. A. management B. survival C. currency D. cooperation
9. A. cater to B. push for C. adapt to D. dive in
10. A. safely B. desperately C. surprisingly D. hopefully
11. A. irrigation B. migration C. suspension D. collision
12. A. loss B. dilemma C. adjustment D. prevention
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学科网（北京）股份有限公司13. A. enterprising B. flexible C. artificial D. terrifying
14. A. animals B. plants C. humans D. nails
15. A. refreshing B. weeping C. negotiating D. socializing
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