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专题突破卷 05 阅读理解之议论文
最新高考真题
1.（2024年全国甲卷D篇阅读理解）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor.
It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just
finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with
all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the
difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings
that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred
a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I
wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t
guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction.
Choosing what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.
You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits
what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for
whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can
try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to
see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but
it might provide what you need to get there.
1．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?
A．To discuss a novel. B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer. D．To ask for a reading list.
2．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by character.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
3．What is expected of a good ending?A．It satisfies readers’ taste. B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive. D．It is open for imagination.
4．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?
A．To give examples of great novelists. B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章首先通过作者与教授关于小说结局的讨论引发了对结局的思考，接着
阐述了不同类型的文学作品结局的特点，最后提出了写作好的结局的重要性并介绍了《Writer’s Digest》
杂志如何帮助作家写出更好的结尾。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段““I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my
junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished
reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his
patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not.( “我不喜欢这个结局，”我对我最喜欢的
大学教授说。那是我大三的时候，我正在做一项关于维多利亚文学的独立研究。我刚刚读完乔治·艾略特
的《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》，读到结尾我很伤心。格雷西教授耐心地让我考虑一下，不要只看我喜不喜欢)”
可知，作者去找格雷西教授是为了讨论小说。故选A项。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same
way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I
wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going
to happen, historical fiction. Choosing what to read became easier.( 这对我来说是一个顿悟的时刻，我再也没
有想过同样的结局。从那时起，如果我想读一个保证幸福的结局，我就会选一部爱情小说。如果我想要
一个我猜不到的结局，我会选一本神秘小说。一种是我知道会发生什么，历史小说。选择读什么变得更
容易了)”可知，见过格雷西教授后，作者意识到了每种类型的文学都有其独特的结局。故选C项。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“But writing the end—that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so
much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that’s unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come
from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.(但是写出结局——那很难。对作家来说很难，因为
结局对读者来说意义重大。你必须平衡创造一个不可预测的结局，但这个结局又不能显得凭空而来，要
适合角色的设定)”可知，人们对一个好结局的期望是结局又不能显得凭空而来，要适合角色的设定，也就
答案第2页，共2页是符合故事的发展。故选B项。
4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out
how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford
breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the
final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.(
这就是为什么这期《Writer’s Digest》旨在帮助你找出如何为你正在写的任何类型的作品写出最好的结局。
如果是短篇小说，彼得·蒙特福德分解了六种技巧，你可以尝试看看哪一种能帮助你完美着陆。伊丽莎白·
西姆斯分析了五部伟大小说的最后几章，看看它们包含了哪些关键点，以及你如何将它们应用到你的作
品中)”可知，作者提到彼得·蒙福德和伊丽莎白·西姆斯是为了强调这期《Writer’s Digest》的主题，即帮助
读者写出更好的结尾。故选B项。
2.（2024 年新高考 I 卷 C 篇阅读理解） Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text
onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when
covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of
factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while
consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on
paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly
shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading
passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties.
With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often
link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing
hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,
which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to
these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However,
psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if
they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available
in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’tassume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
5．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice.
6．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
7．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?
A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text.
8．What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【答案】5．D 6．A 7．A 8．C
【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。
5．词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more
successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或
更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习
更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a
reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员
从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处
应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，
所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
6．推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a
theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a
mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are
答案第4页，共2页reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。
根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时
相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的
心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
7．细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university
teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same
person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座
而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用
这些技术。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when
providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection
are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文
本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集
中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单
词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，
教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的
作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
3.（2023年全国乙卷D篇阅读理解）If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does
not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever
had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements,
and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just
that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is
perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From
the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side,
we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to
reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and
strictly as the written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side oftenhave only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we
consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are
necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to
read not just the texts, but the objects.
9．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about.
C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable.
10．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people.
C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided.
11．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society.
12．Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A． How Maps Tell Stories of the World B． A Short History of Australia
C． A History of the World in 100 Objects D． How Art Works Tell Stories
【答案】9．A 10．D 11．B 12．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品
纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。
9．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and
until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲
述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人
类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的
事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
答案第6页，共2页10．推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some
chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本
和物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作
者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文
“From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the
Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of
gunshot. (在英国方面，我们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有
一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明
船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
11．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we
consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are
necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及
印加人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强
大的成就：通过物品讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之
间的接触时，我们所有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find
the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另
一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我
们了解的历史，如果我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation指
的是“历史”。故选B。
12．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某
一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，
而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要
读文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历
史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
2024 年高考模拟真题
（2024·四川达州·二模）“I spilled soup all over the table, but it wasn’t my fault”. “I got into trouble atschool, but it wasn’t my fault.” Such statements are often heard. “It’s not my fault” is actually a common response
for so many people and especially teenagers. Parents complain that they’re tired of the “excuses”.
The reason why variations of “it’s not my fault” are so popular is that they get us out of guilt, blame and
anger. Those emotions may come from others’ reactions or our own self-talks. In the case of adolescents, they are
often trying to escape responsibility and punishment for mistakes.
Some teens would benefit from decreasing their self-blame. Those who blame themselves for things that
they can’t control tend to be highly self-critical and are more likely to be anxious.
Many teens overly rely on “it’s not my fault”. However, overuse of the phrase can result in feelings of
helplessness to control their own lives. Besides, “it’s not my fault” focuses a teen’s attention on what is done as
opposed to what needs to be done. In trying to get them to assume responsibility, many parents attempt to
convince their children that something is their fault, but the approach tends to be ineffective. A more effective
approach is to face up to drawbacks to find solutions to the drawbacks actively.
People may not have caused all their problems, but they have to solve them anyway. Getting stuck in
sharing blame often keeps people from moving forward effectively. What does one do if he is pushed into a deep
lake? One could certainly stay in water, yelling, “It’s not my fault.” However, that is not going to get him out of
water. At some point, he needs to swim to shore, regardless of the fault.
Like most things in life, freeing ourselves from blame has its advantages and disadvantages. The question
isn’t what is “right”, but what is most effective in moving forward.
13．Who is likely to rely on “it’s not my fault”?
A．A highly self-critical teenager.
B．A teenager unwilling to admit a fault.
C．A teenager facing up to his responsibilities.
D．A teenager anxious about uncontrollable things.
14．What is the author’s advice on getting teens to assume responsibility?
A．Letting them focus on what is done.
B．Persuading them to admit their fault.
C．Making them correct the mistake actively.
D．Helping them analyze the reason for the mistake.
15．Why does the author raise such a question in Paragraph 5?
A．To put forward a new solution to drawbacks.
答案第8页，共2页B．To show handling problems should come first.
C．To explain why teenagers get stuck in sharing blame.
D．To analyze what kind of problem is caused by others.
16．What is the author’s purpose in writing this text?
A．To help teenagers out of self-blame.
B．To tell parents how to educate children.
C．To help teenagers face mistakes properly.
D．To tell children to do self-talks consciously.
【答案】13．B 14．C 15．B 16．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是许多家长对孩子“这不是我的过失”的陈述感到无奈，作者
认为这种陈述有坏的一面也有好的一面，但重要的是让孩子正确面对错误，不断进步。
13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The reason why variations of “it’s not my fault” are so popular is that they
get us out of guilt, blame and anger.(各种各样的“这不是我的错”之所以如此流行，是因为它们能让我们摆
脱内疚、责备和愤怒。)”可知，“这不是我的错”能使我们摆脱内疚、责备和愤怒，所以才会如此流行，
结合下文中的“In the case of adolescents, they are often trying to escape responsibility and punishment for
mistakes.(就青少年而言，他们常常试图逃避责任和对错误的惩罚。)”可知，青少年这样做就是为了逃避责
任和对错误的惩罚，由此可知，那些不愿意承认错误的人很可能依赖“这不是我的错”。故选B项。
14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In trying to get them to assume responsibility, many parents attempt to
convince their children that something is their fault, but the approach tends to be ineffective. A more effective
approach is to face up to drawbacks to find solutions to the drawbacks actively.(为了让孩子承担责任，许多父
母试图让孩子相信有些事情是他们的错，但这种方法往往是无效的。更有效的方法是正视缺点，积极寻
找解决办法。)”可知，很多家长用各种方法让孩子相信有些事情是他们的错，但这些经常是无效的，更有
效的方法是让孩子正视缺点，主动寻找解决的方法，由此可知，作者建议让他们主动改正错误。故选C
项。
15．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“People may not have caused all their problems, but they have to solve
them anyway. Getting stuck in sharing blame often keeps people from moving forward effectively.(人们可能不是
所有问题的始作俑者，但无论如何他们必须解决问题。陷入互相指责的困境往往会阻碍人们有效地向前
发展。)”可知，作者认为不论错误是谁的，都必须先要解决为题，否则会阻碍人们有效向前发展，进而在
下文中提出问题“What does one do if he is pushed into a deep lake?(如果一个人被推入深湖中，他会怎么
做?)”并进行分析，结合下文中的“At some point, he needs to swim to shore, regardless of the fault.(在某个时刻，他需要游到岸边，不管是谁的错误。)”可知，不管谁的错都应先游到岸边，综合以上信息可知，作者
提及这个问题是为了表明首先要解决问题，而不是追究谁的责任。故选B项。
16．推理判断题。根据尾段“Like most things in life, freeing ourselves from blame has its advantages and
disadvantages. The question isn’t what is “right”, but what is most effective in moving forward.(就像生活中的大
多数事情一样，把自己从责备中解脱出来既有好处也有坏处。问题不在于什么是“正确的”，而在于什
么是最有效的前进方式。)”可知，把自己从责备中解脱出来有好处也有坏处，但问题的根本不在于什么是
正确的，而是什么是最有效的前进方式，结合上文中对“不是我的错”这一流行陈述的好处和坏处的分
析，并用提问的方式表明无论谁的错，都应该先要解决问题，不断前进，所以本文的写作目的是帮助青
少年如何正确地面对错误。故选C项。
（2024·山东潍坊·二模）I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation. It is going to sell
well , because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children’s development many parents are led to
believe. However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children’s brains and
causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science. Worse , the rude proposal that social
media is to blame might distract (分心) us from effectively responding to the real causes of the current mental-
health crisis in young people.
Researchers have searched for the effects suggested by Haidt. Our efforts have produced a mix of no, small
and mixed associations. Most data are correlative. When associations over time are found, they suggest not that
social-media use predicts or causes depression, but that young people who already have mental-health problems
use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers.
We are not alone here. Several analyses and systematic reviews centralize on the same message. An
analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent or measurable associations between well-being and social
media globally. Moreover, studies from some authorities finds no evidence of intense changes associated with
digital-technology use.
As a psychologist studying children’s and adolescents’ mental health, I appreciate parents’ frustration (沮
丧) and desire for simple answers. As a parent of adolescents, I would also like to identify a simple source for the
pain this generation is reporting. There are, however, no simple answers. The beginning and development of
mental disorders are driven by a complex set of genetic and environmental factors.
More young people are talking openly about their mental-health struggles than ever before. But insufficient
services are available to address their needs. In the United States, there is, on average, one school psychologist for
答案第10页，共2页every 1,119 students. We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what science and
evidence-based solutions can offer. Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are unsupported by
research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more.
17．What is presented in The Anxious Generation?
A．Scary stories affect children’s brains.
B．Parents are responsible for children’s health.
C．Teen’s mental illness results from screen time.
D．The epidemic of mental illness is unavoidable.
18．What does “the same message ” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Many countries do research in mental health.
B．Well-being and social media are closely related.
C．The young are trapped in the mental-health crisis,
D．Social media don’t necessarily cause mental illness.
19．What is implied in the last paragraph?
A．Effective actions need to be taken. B．Positive stories should be shared.
C．Financial support needs to be provided. D．Broader research should be done.
20．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A．To suggest ways to help those in need.
B．To encourage parents to brave the crisis.
C．To recommend a newly-published book.
D．To give a voice to children’s mental issues.
【答案】17．C 18．D 19．A 20．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。本文是对《焦虑的一代》一书的评论，作者认为该书提出的数字技术导致
儿童大脑重构和精神健康危机的观点缺乏科学依据。作者强调，精神障碍的成因复杂，需要基于科学和
证据的解决方案，而不是简单归咎于社交媒体。
17．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are
rewiring our children’s brains and causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science. (然
而，这本书一再暗示数字技术正在重构我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神健康问题的流行，这一观点并没有
得到科学的支持。)”可知，该书重复暗示数字技术正在重构我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神健康问题的流行。
C选项“Teen’s mental illness results from screen time.(青少年的精神疾病与看屏幕时间有关。)”与该描述相一致。故选C。
18．词义猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“When associations over time are found, they suggest not that
social-media use predicts or causes depression, but that young people who already have mental-health problems
use such platforms more often or in different ways from their healthy peers.( 随着时间的推移，他们发现社交
媒体的使用并不是预测或导致抑郁症，而是已经有心理健康问题的年轻人比健康的同龄人更频繁地或以
不同的方式使用这些平台。)”以及划线词后面的内容“An analysis done in 72 countries shows no consistent
or measurable associations between well-being and social media globally. (在72个国家进行的一项分析显示，
在全球范围内，幸福感和社交媒体之间没有一致的或可衡量的联系。)”可知，“同样的信息”指的是社交
媒体并不一定导致心理健康问题。通过在72个国家进行的一项分析显示，在全球范围内，幸福感和社交
媒体之间没有一致的或可衡量的联系。故划线词指代的是没有一致或可测量的证据表明社交媒体与幸福
感之间有密切关系。故选D。
19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“We have a generation in crisis and in desperate need of the best of what
science and evidence-based solutions can offer. Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are
unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more.(我们这一代人
正处于危机之中，迫切需要科学和基于证据的解决方案所能提供的最好的东西。不幸的是，我们的时间
花在讲述没有研究支持的故事上，这些故事对那些需要、也应该得到更多支持的年轻人几乎没有帮助。)”
可知，针对于年轻人的心理健康问题，我们正在浪费时间讲述没有研究支持的故事，而这些故事对需要
帮助的年轻人并没有帮助，这暗示我们需要采取有效的行动来解决这个问题。故选A。
20．推理判断题。根据第一段中“I had to say something after reading The Anxious Generation. It is going to
sell well , because Jonathan Haidt is telling a scary story about children’s development many parents are led to
believe. However, the book’s repeated suggestion that digital technologies are rewiring our children’s brains and
causing the epidemic (流行病) of mental illness is unsupported by science.(读完《焦虑的一代》后，我不得不
说些什么。这本书将会畅销，因为乔纳森·海特特讲述了一个许多父母都倾向于相信的关于儿童发展可怕
的故事。然而，书中反复暗示数字技术正在重新连接我们孩子的大脑，并导致精神疾病的流行，这一观
点并没有科学支持。)”以及最后一段中“Unfortunately, our time is being spent telling stories that are
unsupported by research and that do little to support young people who need, and deserve, more.(不幸的是，我
们的时间花在讲述没有研究支持的故事上，这些故事对那些需要、也应该得到更多支持的年轻人几乎没
有帮助。)”以及通读全文可知，整篇文章都在批评一本书的观点，并强调需要科学和证据支持的解决方案，
而不应该把时间浪费在没有科学研究支持的结论中，由此表明作者的目的是引起人们对儿童心理健康问
答案第12页，共2页题以及真正引发其该问题的原因进行关注和理解。D选项“To give a voice to children’s mental issues.(为孩
子们的心理问题发声。)”符合作者的目的。故选D。
（2024·甘肃张掖·三模）How the economics profession should fix its gender problem
At the heart of economics is a belief in the virtues (好处) of open competition as a way of using the
resources you have in the most efficient way you can. Thanks to the power of that insight, economists routinely
tell politicians how to run public policy and business people how to run their firms. Yet when it comes to its own
house, academic economics could have done more to observe the standards it applies to the rest of the world.
In particular, it recruits (招聘) too few women. Also, many of those who do work in the profession say they
are treated unfairly and that their talents are not fully realised. As a result, economics has fewer good ideas than it
should and suffers from a skewed (歪曲的) viewpoint. It is time for the dismal science to improve its dismal
record on gender.
For decades relatively few women have participated in STEM subjects: science, technology, engineering
and maths. Economics belongs in this list. And a survey by the American Economics Association (AEA) this week
shows that many women who do become academic economists are treated badly.
To deal with its gender shortfall (缺口), economics needs two tools that it often uses to analyse and solve
problems elsewhere: its ability to crunch data and its capacity to experiment. Take data first. The AEA study is
commendable, but only a fifth of its 45,000 present and past members replied to its poll. Better data are needed to
capture how work by female economists is discriminated against. The more comprehensive (全面的) the picture
that emerges, the sooner and more easily action can be taken to change recruitment and to reform professional life.
The other priority is for economists to experiment with new ideas, as the AEA is recommending. For a
discipline that values dynamism, academic economics is often conservative, sticking with teaching methods,
hiring procedures and social conventions that have been around for decades. The AEA survey reveals (显示) that
46% of women have not asked a question or presented an idea at conferences for fear of being treated unfairly,
compared with 18% of men. Seminars could be organised to ensure that all speakers get a fair chance. The way
that authors’ names are presented on papers could ensure that it is clear who has done the intellectual heavy
lifting.
Instead of moving cautiously, the economics profession should do what it is best at: recognise there is a
problem, measure it objectively and find solutions. If the result is more women in economics who are treated
better, there will be more competition for ideas and a more efficient use of a scarce (稀缺的) resource. What
economist could possibly object to that?
21．Why does economics have fewer excellent ideas than it should?
A．Economical environment isn’t good enough.B．Professionals in this field are treated unjustly and their gifts are not fully recognized.
C．Too many women are employed.
D．Women do worse in economics than men.
22．What does economics need to handle its gender gap?
A．Data to capture how work by female economists is discriminated against.
B．Its ability to process data quickly and its capacity to experiment.
C．Action to change recruitment and professional life of female economists.
D．Seminars organised to ensure that all speakers get a fair chance.
23．What can we know from the last paragraph?
A．The result of the AEA survey is that there is better treatment to women.
B．More women in economics will bring more competition of scarce resource.
C．A balanced sex ratio will do good to the development of economics.
D．Men in economics can’t make this discipline better.
24．What can we infer about the author’s attitude towards the economics and its recruitment now?
A．Opposed. B．Positive. C．Objective. D．Indifferent.
【答案】21．B 22．B 23．C 24．A
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要说明了经济学专业存在不公平招募现象，指出了解决方案。
21．细节理解题。根据第二段“Also, many of those who do work in the profession say they are treated
unfairly and that their talents are not fully realised. (此外，许多在这个行业工作的人表示，他们受到了不公平
的对待，他们的才能没有得到充分发挥。)”可知，经济学的优秀思想少是因为这个领域的专业人士受到不
公正的对待，他们的才能没有得到充分承认。故选B。
22．细节理解题。根据第四段“To deal with its gender shortfall (缺口), economics needs two tools that it often
uses to analyse and solve problems elsewhere: its ability to crunch data and its capacity to experiment. (为了解决
性别不足的问题，经济学需要两种经常用于分析和解决其他领域问题的工具：处理数据的能力和实验的
能力。)”可知，经济学快速处理数据的能力和实验能力来处理性别差距。故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Instead of moving cautiously, the economics profession should do what it is
best at: recognise there is a problem, measure it objectively and find solutions. If the result is more women in
economics who are treated better, there will be more competition for ideas and a more efficient use of a scarce (稀
答案第14页，共2页缺的) resource. What economist could possibly object to that? (经济学专业人士不应谨慎行事，而应做自己最
擅长的事情：认识到存在问题，客观地衡量问题，并找到解决方案。如果结果是更多的女性在经济学领
域得到更好的待遇，那么将会有更多的思想竞争，并更有效地利用稀缺资源。哪个经济学家会反对这一
点呢？)”可知，均衡的性别比例将有利于经济的发展。故选C。
24．推理判断题。根据第二段“In particular, it recruits (招聘) too few women. Also, many of those who do
work in the profession say they are treated unfairly and that their talents are not fully realised. (特别是，它招募
的女性太少。此外，许多在这个行业工作的人表示，他们受到了不公平的对待，他们的才能没有得到充
分发挥。)”以及第三段“And a survey by the American Economics Association (AEA) this week shows that
many women who do become academic economists are treated badly. (美国经济学协会（AEA）本周的一项调
查显示，许多成为学院派经济学家的女性受到了不公正的对待。)”可知，作者现在对经济学及其招聘的态
度是反对。故选A。
（2024·广东广州·三模）“Sating from now on, to be healthy, I will NOT eat any snacks besides granola
bars (燕麦棒),” is what I told myself yesterday, and yet here I am today chewing a Chocopie. I’m aware that I’m
breaking my own promise to myself. Instead of eating this, I should be working out or something. But the thing is,
chocolate is too good at this moment for me to refuse it!
As I type this, I’m experiencing what’s called instant gratification — the desire to experience pleasure or
fulfillment without delaying it for a future benefit. Essentially, when you want it, you get it.
Instant gratification is also the exact opposite of what we’re taught to do-delayed gratification: deciding to
put off satisfying our current want to gain something better in the future. We’ve all encountered instant
gratification before. Should I sleep in or wake up early to work out? When I get home, should I rest and watch TV
first or get started on my homework?
All humans have the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain, which is a basic but fundamental concept
known as the pleasure principle. Originally coined by Sigmund Freud, it clearly states that all humans are driven,
to some extent, by pleasure.
Constantly seeking quick pleasure may bring subsequent troubles. However pleasant not doing your
homework may seem pleasant right now, it only results in pleasure plagued by guilt and last-minute panicking
late at night. An inability to resist instant gratification may result in underachieving in the long term and failure to
meet certain goals.
Instant gratification, however, is not necessarily a bad thing. You don’t always have to say no to things you
want at that moment, and it’s good to treat yourself when you need it. In other words, times where you “treat
yourself” are only valuable in combination with delayed gratification. While my Chocopie may taste good now,it’ll taste even better if I only eat it after I’ve worked out or done something healthy.
25．How does the author introduce the topic?
A．By making a contrast. B．By giving a definition.
C．By citing a personal case. D．By listing detailed problems.
26．Which of the following is an example of instant gratification?
A．Purchasing items regardless of budgets. B．Exercising regularly for long-term health.
C．Limiting time on social media platforms.D．Finishing homework before watching TV.
27．What does the underlined word “plagued” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Reminded. B．Highlighted. C．Introduced. D．Bothered.
28．What may the author agree with?
A．Delayed gratification is pointless.
B．Instant gratification should be prioritized.
C．Enjoying the moment brings in endless pleasure.
D．Instant treats paired with delayed gratification are sweeter.
【答案】25．C 26．A 27．D 28．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章通过个人违背健康饮食计划的例子引入即时满足的概念，对比了即时满
足与延迟满足，指出即时满足虽带来短期快乐，但可能有负面后果，而与延迟满足结合则更为可取。
25．推理判断题。由文章第一段““Sating from now on, to be healthy, I will NOT eat any snacks besides
granola bars (燕麦棒),” is what I told myself yesterday, and yet here I am today chewing a Chocopie. I’m aware
that I’m breaking my own promise to myself. Instead of eating this, I should be working out or something. But the
thing is, chocolate is too good at this moment for me to refuse it! (“从现在开始，为了健康，除了格兰诺拉燕
麦棒，我不会吃任何零食。”这是我昨天告诉自己的，而今天我却在这里嚼着一块Chocopie。我意识到
我违背了对自己的承诺。与其吃这个，我还不如去健身什么的。但问题是，巧克力在这个时刻太好了，
我无法拒绝它！)”和第二段“As I type this, I’m experiencing what’s called instant gratification — the desire to
experience pleasure or fulfillment without delaying it for a future benefit. Essentially, when you want it, you get
it. (当我写这篇文章的时候，我正在体验所谓的即时满足——渴望体验快乐或满足，而不是为了未来的利
益而拖延。基本上，当你想要的时候，你就会得到。)”可推知，作者通过讲述自己决定只吃燕麦棒来保持
健康，但第二天却违背了这个决定而吃了Chocopie的个人经历来引入关于即时满足的话题。故选C。
答案第16页，共2页26．推理判断题。由文章第二段“As I type this, I’m experiencing what’s called instant gratification — the
desire to experience pleasure or fulfillment without delaying it for a future benefit. Essentially, when you want it,
you get it. (当我写这篇文章的时候，我正在体验所谓的即时满足——渴望体验快乐或满足，而不是为了未
来的利益而拖延。基本上，当你想要的时候，你就会得到)”可推知，即时满足的一个例子是不顾预算购买
物品，因为它体现了立即追求快乐或满足而不考虑未来后果的行为。故选A。
27．词句猜测题。由文划线词上文“Constantly seeking quick pleasure may bring subsequent troubles.
However pleasant not doing your homework may seem pleasant right now, it only results in pleasure (不断地寻求
快速的快乐可能会带来随之而来的麻烦。不管现在不做作业看起来多么愉快，它只会带来快乐)”及下文
“guilt and last-minute panicking late at night (内疚和深夜最后一刻的恐慌)”可知，因内疚和最后一刻的慌乱
而烦恼，因此plagued的意思为“困扰，折磨”。A. Reminded提醒；B. Highlighted突出显示；C.
Introduced介绍；D. Bothered使（某人）烦恼（或担忧、不安），给（某人）造成麻烦（或痛苦）。故选
D。
28．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Instant gratification, however, is not necessarily a bad thing. You don’t
always have to say no to things you want at that moment, and it’s good to treat yourself when you need it. In other
words, times where you “treat yourself” are only valuable in combination with delayed gratification. While my
Chocopie may taste good now, it’ll taste even better if I only eat it after I’ve worked out or done something
healthy. (然而，即时满足并不一定是一件坏事。在那一刻，你不必总是对你想要的东西说不，在你需要的
时候善待自己是件好事。换句话说，你“善待自己”的时间只有在延迟满足的情况下才有价值。虽然我
的巧克力现在可能很好吃，但如果我只在锻炼或做一些健康的事情后吃它，味道会更好)”可知，作者认为
虽然即时满足不是坏事，但最好与延迟满足结合使用，例如在完成锻炼或做了有益健康的事情之后再享
受Chocopie会感觉更好。由此推知，作者可能同意即时享受与延迟满足相结合会更甜美。故选D。
（2024·河北秦皇岛·三模）The recent spread of “fake news” may make it seem like misinformation is a
relatively modern invention. But falsehoods (假话) and wild claims have been part of human culture for about as
long as it’s existed. This is because misinformation originates with, and is spread by, fellow humans.
When you’ve ever had to communicate an important, but complex, issue to a general audience, you may
have a sea of the most reliable data, the most elegant PowerPoint slides and the full backing of every famous
expert in the relevant field. And yet, you can still be less persuasive than someone whose entire argument is: “A
guy I met down the pub told me something different.”
In a perfectly sensible, logical world, someone who is loosely connected with a certain field or industry
wouldn’t have the same influence as actual data, or the leading experts in the field. But humans aren’t perfectly
sensible, logical creatures and neither is the world we live in.The ability to think rationally and analytically is a relatively recent addition to our mental abilities (in the
evolutionary sense). And it costs our brains a lot of energy and effort, The more established, fundamental systems
in our brain, which shape memory and learning, are heavily reliant on emotion. The more emotionally stimulating
something is, the easier it is to remember. That’s why we can spend months revising the material for a crucial
school exam, but struggle to remember any of it once we’ve passed. Meanwhile, the embarrassing tine we slipped
and landed on our backside in the school canteen. that memory will last until our dying day.
The most determined sceptics (无神论者) will often say, “Facts don’t care about your feelings,” which is
correct. But feelings don’t necessarily care about facts either. And ultimately, feelings have more of a say in what
we think and do. And that’s why your mate down the pub can seem more believable than a pile of published
research.
29．What contributes to the spread of “fake news”?
A．People factor. B．Human culture.
C．Modern invention. D．Information accuracy.
30．Why did the general audiences think actual data less persuasive?
A．They prefer making sensible analyses. B．They ae more likely to be emotional.
C．They have more trust in authority. D．They overestimate themselves.
31．How does the author illustrate his idea in paragraph 4?
A．By listing figures. B．By giving examples.
C．By explaining a concept. D．By citing experts’ words.
32．What is the author’s purpose of writing the passage?
A．To reveal secrets. B．To share emotions.
C．To criticize a decision. D．To describe a phenomenon.
【答案】29．A 30．B 31．B 32．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了假新闻社会现象背后的原因主要是人的传播，普通观众认为
实际数据不那么有说服力因为他们更容易情绪化。
29．细节理解题。根据第一段“This is because misinformation originates with, and is spread by, fellow
humans.(这是因为错误信息起源于人类同胞，并由人类同胞传播)”可知，人的因素促成了“假新闻”的传
播。故选A。
答案第18页，共2页30．细节理解题。根据第三段“In a perfectly sensible, logical world, someone who is loosely connected with a
certain field or industry wouldn’t have the same influence as actual data, or the leading experts in the field. But
humans aren’t perfectly sensible, logical creatures and neither is the world we live in.(在一个完全理性、合乎逻
辑的世界里，与某个领域或行业联系不紧密的人，不会像实际数据或该领域的顶尖专家那样具有同样的
影响力。但人类并不是完全明智、合乎逻辑的生物，我们生活的世界也不是)”可知，普通观众认为实际数
据不那么有说服力因为他们更容易情绪化。故选B。
31．推理判断题。根据第四段“The ability to think rationally and analytically is a relatively recent addition to
our mental abilities (in the evolutionary sense). And it costs our brains a lot of energy and effort, The more
established, fundamental systems in our brain, which shape memory and learning, are heavily reliant on emotion.
The more emotionally stimulating something is, the easier it is to remember. That’s why we can spend months
revising the material for a crucial school exam, but struggle to remember any of it once we’ve passed. Meanwhile,
the embarrassing tine we slipped and landed on our backside in the school canteen. that memory will last until our
dying day.(理性思考和分析的能力是相对较新的心智能力（在进化的意义上）。我们大脑中形成记忆和学
习的更成熟、更基本的系统严重依赖于情感。越是能激发情感的东西，就越容易被记住。这就是为什么
我们可以花几个月的时间复习一场重要的学校考试的材料，但一旦我们通过了，就很难记住任何内容。
与此同时，我们尴尬地滑倒在学校食堂里。这种记忆将持续到我们死去的那一天)”可推知，作者在第4段
通过举例阐述他的观点。故选B。
32．推理判断题。根据第一段“The recent spread of “fake news” may make it seem like misinformation is a
relatively modern invention. But falsehoods (假话) and wild claims have been part of human culture for about as
long as it’s existed. This is because misinformation originates with, and is spread by, fellow humans.(最近“假新
闻”的传播可能会让人觉得错误信息是一种相对现代的发明。但是，只要人类文化存在，谎言和疯狂的
主张就已经成为人类文化的一部分。这是因为错误信息起源于人类同胞，并由人类同胞传播)”可知，文章
主要说明了假新闻社会现象背后的原因主要是人的传播，普通观众认为实际数据不那么有说服力因为他
们更容易情绪化。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是描述一种现象。故选D。
（2024·浙江杭州·二模）Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask
a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly
different views of humanity.
The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll
(1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those
who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their
well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we
are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer
love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even
common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For
example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and
psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown
through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the
cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and
forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect
people.
As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between
potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to
learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with
practice.
33．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness?
A．People should offer mercy to others.
B．Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
34．What does the example in Paragraph 3 illustrate?
A．To fight is to grow. B．To give is to receive.
C．To forgive is to abuse. D．To dominate is to harm.
35．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness?
A．Favorable. B．Reserved. C．Objective. D．Skeptical.
36．What message does the last paragraph convey?
A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time.
C．It takes practice to forgive. D．Actuality is based on potentiality.
【答案】33．D 34．D 35．A 36．C
答案第20页，共2页【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证，通
过对比不同的人类本性观点，分析了原谅在个体和社区中的作用和意义。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his
opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take
advantage of them.(那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向
他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背
了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸
福。故选D。
34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our
lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for
harmonious interactions.(没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控
制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)”可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并
不会促成和谐的互动；结合下文“For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?(例
如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用？)”可知，奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制
的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦，此处通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配
和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with
the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.(我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有
潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长)”可知，作者对于宽恕持支持的态度。故选A。
36．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical
perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the
capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The
actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice.(值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度来看，
我们看到了潜能和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并
在宽恕的能力中成长。在现实生活中，宽恕的现实是随着实践而发展的)”可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅
需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原
谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，
而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选C。
（2024·陕西榆林·三模）People have speculated (思索) for centuries about a future without work. Some
imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by inequality: A few wealthy people will own all thewealth, and the masses will struggle in a wasteland. A different prediction holds that without jobs to give their
lives meaning, future people will simply become lazy and depressed.
But it doesn’t necessarily follow from these findings that a world without work would be filled with
dissatisfaction. Such visions are based on the downsides of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of
employment. In the absence of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could provide strikingly different
circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.
These days, spare time is relatively rare for most workers. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I
often feel tired,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland, adding, “In a world in which I
don’t have to work, I might feel rather different—perhaps different enough to throw myself into a hobby with the
enthusiasm usually reserved for professional matters.”
Daniel Everett, an anthropologist (人类学家) at Bentley University studied a group of hunter-gatherers in
the Amazon called the Piraha for years. According to Everett, while some might consider hunting and gathering as
work, hunter-gatherers don’t. “They think of it as fun,” he says. “They don’t have a concept of work the way we
do.”
Everett described a typical day for the Piraha: A man might get up, spend a few hours fishing, have a
barbecue, and play until the evening. Does this relaxing life lead to the depression and purposelessness seen
among so many of today’s unemployed? “I’ve never seen anything like depression there, except people who are
physically ill,” Everett says. While many may consider work necessary for human life, work as it exists today is a
relatively new invention in the course of human culture. “We don’t think it’s desirable to just sit around with
nothing to do,” says Everett. “For the Piraha, it’s quite a pleasant state.”
37．What does the author think of a redesigned work-free society?
A．It may offer distinct leisure and labor situations.
B．It may widen the gap between rich and poor.
C．It will certainly lead to social dissatisfaction.
D．It will allow laborers enough leisure time.
38．Why are the hunter-gatherers mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To inspire us to learn from them.
B．To show a work-free life in the future.
C．To justify the previous views on work.
D．To show a different viewpoint on work.
答案第22页，共2页39．What’s the author’s attitude towards the coming work-free world?
A．Objective. B．Optimistic. C．Negative. D．Concerned.
40．What can we conclude from the text?
A．Daniel Everett prefers to sit around doing nothing.
B．The work-free life makes the Piraha purposeless.
C．Physical sickness is seldom seen among the Piraha.
D．A work-free life may contribute to depression.
【答案】37．A 38．D 39．A 40．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了人们对于没有工作的未来生活可能出现的态度。
37．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In the absence of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could
provide strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.”（在没有工作的情况下，一个考
虑到其他目标的社会可能会为未来的劳动和休闲提供截然不同的环境。）可知，一个重新设计的、没有
工作的社会可能会提供与当前完全不同的劳动和休闲情境。故选A。
38．推理判断题。根据第四段中“According to Everett, while some might consider hunting and gathering as
work, hunter-gatherers don’t. ‘They think of it as fun,’ he says. ‘They don’t have a concept of work the way we
do.’”（根据埃弗雷特的说法，虽然有些人可能认为狩猎和采集是工作，但狩猎采集者并不这样认为。
“他们认为这很有趣，”他说。“他们不像我们那样有工作的概念。”）可知，猎人采集者的生活方式
为我们提供了一个不同于现代工作模式的视角，让我们重新审视工作的意义和价值。由此可推知，第四
段提到了狩猎采集者是为了展示一种不同的工作观点。故选D。
39．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在文中既提到了work-free world的好处，即在第三段中“In a
world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different—perhaps different enough to throw myself into
a hobby with the enthusiasm usually reserved for professional matters.””（“在一个我不必工作的世界里，我
可能会感觉很不一样——也许这种不一样足以让我带着通常为专业事务保留的热情投入到一项爱好中
去。”），也指出了它可能存在的问题，即在最后一段中“While many may consider work necessary for
human life, work as it exists today is a relatively new invention in the course of human culture. “We don’t think
it’s desirable to just sit around with nothing to do,” says Everett.”（虽然许多人可能认为工作是人类生活的必
要条件，但今天存在的工作在人类文化进程中是一项相对较新的发明。埃弗雷特说:“我们认为无所事事是
不可取的。”）。由此可推知，作者对work-free world持客观态度。故选A。
40．推理判断题。根据第一段中“A different prediction holds that without jobs to give their lives meaning,
future people will simply become lazy and depressed.”（另一种预测认为，如果没有工作赋予生活意义，未来的人只会变得懒惰和沮丧。）可知，无工作可能使人们感到生活无意义和情绪低落。由此可推知，无
工作的生活可能会导致抑郁。故选D。
（2024·江西·三模）If you’re a white-collar worker working at an office, it’s unlikely that anyone can
guess exactly what you do from your clothes. That’s not true for lots of the people you interact with. The bus
driver who gets you to your destination, and the people on reception as you enter the building — they’re likely to
be wearing some kind of corporate uniform. A poll of American workers conducted last summer by Gallup found
that although most employees wear casual clothes, almost a quarter wear a uniform.
Some employers require uniforms, since they help ensure a level of professionalism in appearance, project
a brand identity with useful job-specific features, and send a clear signal to customers about whom they should
approach with questions.
Those customers draw different conclusions if staff are in uniform. A study by Robert Smith of Tilburg
University and his colleagues asked people to imagine being on the receiving end of poor service when picking up
a pizza. They were then shown pictures of uniformed or non-uniformed employees. Participants were more likely
to blame the company than the individual for a bad experience when a uniform was involved. If corporate clothing
makes each worker seem more representative of their employers, the authors suggest that it may be a good idea
not to give it to inexperienced workers.
Uniforms can also affect the psychology of employees. In 2012, Hajo Adam and Adam Galinsky coined the
term “unclothed cognition” to describe the effect that specific clothes have on the way people think and feel. In
one study, Emilie Caspar of Ghent University gave participants the option to apply minor electric shocks to other
people in return for money; those dressed in Red Cross uniforms showed more empathy than those in normal
outfits.
The effects uniforms have on workers will obviously vary. The obvious objection to uniforms is that they
lack individuality. But employees who don’t have to wear a formal uniform tend to have their own pattern of
dressing, thus forming another informal uniform.
41．What do we know about white-collar office workers?
A．They must follow strict rules about uniforms.
B．Their way of dressing reveals their job duties.
C．Their clothes may not be relevant to their work.
D．They wear uniforms to inspire customers’ interest.
42．What did the participants do in the study in Para. 3?
答案第24页，共2页A．They imagined being served in a shop.
B．They dressed up in employees’ uniform.
C．They were asked to work in a pizza shop.
D．They ordered pizza from uniformed employees.
43．Why are workplace uniforms disliked by some people?
A．They block customers’ en-clothed cognition.
B．They re an expression of being inexperienced.
C．They are inferior to their own pattern of dressing.
D．They lack an express on of wearers’ individuality.
44．Where is the text most probably taken from?
A．An essay on fashion trend.
B．A review of workplace culture
C．A guidebook about making clothes.
D．An introduction about social customs.
【答案】41．C 42．A 43．D 44．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了制服对员工的影响，包括帮助公司树立形象、影响顾客的看
法以及对员工心理的影响等。
41．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“If you’re a white-collar worker working at an office, it’s unlikely that
anyone can guess exactly what you do from your clothes.(如果你是在办公室工作的白领，不太可能有人能从
你的衣着猜出你的确切工作。)”可知，白领的穿着可能与其工作没有关联。故选C。
42．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“A study by Robert Smith of Tilburg University and his colleagues asked
people to imagine being on the receiving end of poor service when picking up a pizza.(蒂尔堡大学的罗伯特·史
密斯和他的同事们进行的一项研究要求人们想象在取披萨时遭遇糟糕服务的情况。)”可知，参与者在研究
中被要求想象在商店接受服务的情景。故选A。
43．细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“The obvious objection to uniforms is that they lack individuality.(对
制服的明显反对意见是它们缺乏个性。)”可知，有些人不喜欢工作场所的制服，是因为它们缺乏个性。故
选D。
44．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Some employers require uniforms, since they help ensure a level of
professionalism in appearance, project a brand identity with useful job-specific features, and send a clear signal to
customers about whom they should approach with questions.(一些雇主要求穿制服，因为这有助于确保外表的专业水平，用有用的特定工作特征来展示品牌形象，并向客户明确示意他们应该向谁提出问题。)”和第三
段“Those customers draw different conclusions if staff are in uniform.(如果员工穿制服，这些顾客会得出不
同的结论。)”可知，本文主要讨论了制服对员工的影响，包括帮助公司树立形象、影响顾客的看法以及对
员工心理的影响等。因此，这篇文章最有可能出自一篇关于职场文化的评论。故选B。
（2024·湖北襄阳·三模）Studies have shown the mere exposure effect, also referred to as the familiarity
principle: inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism that helps us sustain our energy and
focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be exhausting. So unless we
have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we’ve got used to. That is why companies spend
so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge existing customers
more than new ones.
It’s not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies suggest when invited to share
our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar options as more desirable. But when acting on that preference, we
fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we want and the things we do don’t
quite batch on. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the past or stay in bad relationships.
It’s easy to paint the familiarity principle as an enemy or something to battle as if it is something that holds
us back from living our dreams. But this attitude might be overwhelming because it tends to encourage us toward
big-picture thinking, where we imagine that change requires a substantial dramatic swing that we don’t feel ready
for. Some articles suggest the solution to familiarity frustration is complete exposure to novelty. While this can
appear effective in the short run, we may only end up replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm
and burnout.
So what if we can work with the familiarity principle instead? Familiarity is something we can learn to play
with and enjoy. It is a setting for creativity and a pathway to expansion. We can push back the zone of familiarity
bit by bit. If we think of familiarity as something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and
around our lives to make more space for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to
make decisions, drawing from an ever-deepening pool at valuable options.
45．What allows insurance companies to charge old customers more?
A．The improved service. B．The advertising cost.
C．The familiarity principle. D．The law of the market.
46．What can be learned from paragraph 2?
A．Our preferences affect our decisions.
答案第26页，共2页B．Familiarity tends to generate disrespect.
C．The familiarity principle is a double-edged sword.
D．There can be an inconsistency between desires and actions
47．What is the author’s attitude towards the solution in some arises?
A．Disapproving. B．Tolerant. C．Objective. D．Reserved.
48．How should we perceive familiarity principle according to the passage?
A．To treat it as an enemy.
B．To give top priority to it.
C．To replace it with exposure to novelty.
D．To gently use it to broaden familiarity zone.
【答案】45．C 46．D 47．A 48．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了熟悉性原则对我们决策的影响，并提出了一种平衡的观点
来看待这个原则，而不是将其视为阻碍，作者建议我们可以通过逐步扩展熟悉区域来利用这一原则来促
进创造性和成长。
45．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Studies have shown the me re exposure effect, also referred to as the
familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism that helps us sustain our
energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be exhausting. So
unless we have a terrible experience, we are likely to buy from companies we’ve got used to. That is why
companies spend so much money on advertising and marketing and why insurance companies openly charge
existing customers more than new ones.（研究表明，单纯的暴露效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的
决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可以帮助我们保持精力充沛，并将注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新
事物需要努力，而且可能会让人筋疲力尽。因此，除非我们有糟糕的经历，否则我们很可能会从我们已
经习惯的公司购买股票。这就是为什么公司在广告和营销上花那么多钱，为什么保险公司公开向现有客
户收取比新客户更高的费用。）”可知，熟悉原则让保险公司向老客户收取更多费用。故选C。
46．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“It’s not the case that we only desire things we already know. Some studies
suggest when invited to share our preferences, we sometimes see less familiar options as more desirable. But
when acting on that preference, we fall back to what we know. This might explain why sometimes the things we
want and the things we do don’t quite match up. We might even return to companies that treated us poorly in the
past or stay in bad relationships.（这并不是说我们只想要已知的东西。一些研究表明,当被邀请分享我们的
偏好时，我们有时会认为不太熟悉的选择更可取。但当我们按照这种偏好行事时，我们又回到了我们所知道的。这也许可以解释为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并不完全匹配。我们甚至可能回到过去对
我们不好的公司，或者保持糟糕的关系。）”可知，本段解释了为什么有时候我们想要的和我们做的并
不完全匹配，也就是说有时候我们的欲望和行动可能不匹配。故选D。
47．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“While this can appear effective in the short run, we may only end up
replacing one problem with another. It also risks overwhelm and burnout.（虽然这在短期内看起来是有效的,
但我们最终可能只是用一个问题代替另一个问题。它也有让人不堪重负和精疲力竭的风险。）”可知，
这段话表明作者对文章中提出的解决方案持反对态度，认为这种解决方案可能只是暂时有效，而且可能
带来新的问题和风险。因此，作者的态度是反对的。故选A。
48．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Studies have shown the mere exposure effect, also referred to as the
familiarity principle, inspires our decisions. It is a helpful psychological mechanism that helps us sustain our
energy and focus our attention on other things. Getting used to new things takes effort and it can be exhausting.
（研究表明，单纯的暴露效应，也被称为熟悉原则，会激发我们的决定。这是一种有益的心理机制，可
以帮助我们保持精力充沛，并将注意力集中在其他事情上。习惯新事物需要努力，而且可能会让人筋疲
力尽。）”以及最后一段“We can broaden the zone of familiarity bit by bit. If we think of familiarity as
something that can expand, we can consider changing the conditions in and around our lives to make more space
for our preferences to take root and grow gently. From here, we will start to make decisions, drawing from an
ever-deepening pool of valuable options.（我们可以一点一点地扩大熟悉的范围。如果我们认为熟悉是一种
可以扩展的东西，我们可以考虑改变我们生活中的环境，为我们的喜好提供更多的空间，让它生根发芽。
从这里开始，我们将从越来越多的有价值的选择中做出决定。）”可知，文章主要讨论了熟悉性原则对
我们决策的影响，以及如何利用这一原则进行创新和拓展。文章强调了我们可以逐步扩大熟悉的范围，
通过改变生活中的条件，为我们的偏好提供更多的空间，使其能够生根并温和地成长。因此，选项D“To
gently use it to broaden familiarity zone”是对familiarity principle 的最好诠释。鼓励读者在保持熟悉感的同
时，逐渐扩展自己的舒适区。故选D。
答案第28页，共2页
