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查补易混易错 04 阅读理解之主旨题
新高考卷 全国卷
2022 2021 2022 2021
卷I 卷II 卷I 卷II 乙卷 甲卷 乙卷 甲卷
细节理解
6 7 8 8 8 8 6 5
题
推理判断
7 5 5 5 5 3 6 8
题
词义猜测
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
题
主旨大意
1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
题
题型特点
主旨大意题要求高、难度大，是阅读理解中考生最容易失分的题目。此类试题不仅要求考生有略读文
章、领会大意的能力，还要求考生具有较强的判断、推理、归纳和分析问题的能力。主旨大意题一般包括：
文章标题、文章主旨和段落大意。
正确选项特征
1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.范围恰当，既不太宽泛，也不片面。
3.精确性强，不会改变原文表意的程度及感情色彩。
干扰选项特征
1.过于笼统，不知所云：所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分：所给选项只涵盖文章的部分内容，与原文只有部分交集，或以文中的细节信息或
个别词作为选项内容，或以次要内容充当主要内容。
3.移花接木，偷换概念：所给选项把A的内容放在B上。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套：所给选项的内容看似与原文相关，实则无关。技巧1 速读文章，明确主题
速读文章，抓住文章主题句或关键词。考生应抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫主题词。
(1)、主题句的特征
①、首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往体现文章主旨;
②、作者有意识地反复陈述的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词或短语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词;
③、段落中出现表转折的词或短语(如 however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该词或短语后的句子很可能是主
题句。
(2)、寻找主题句
①、主题句在段首
主题句在段首的文章结构是先点明主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析，用演绎法阐述观点。在议论文、科
技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种方式。
②、主题句在段中
当主题句被安排在段落中间时，通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引
申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、论证或展开。
③、主题句在段尾
主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后得出结论，即段落的主题。
【全国I 2020·D】The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that
greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive
when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants. B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
【解析】根据第一段中的 positive及所举的两个例子(绿化的区城犯罪率低以及绿植多的办公区城员工的工
效率更高)可如，未段主要介绍的是绿色植物给人们带的处。故选D项。
技巧2 瞻首顾尾，定位中心句
每一段的第一句、第二句和最后一句成为该段主题句的概率往往最大。将首段的中心句与各段第一句
串联在一起，常常可以得出文章的中心思想。此外，文章的逻辑结构也有助于定位中心句。常见的结构有
按时间顺序组织的结构或“分述------总说”结构。按时间先后顺序说明某一件事或某一理论的发展过程的
文章,主题句通常在首段或末段；采用“分述-----总说”结构的文章，前几段分述，末段总结，这类文章主
题句常在末段。【全国Ⅱ 2020·B】
Some parents will buy any high-- tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles
help children with math-related skills... .
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during every -day activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age... .
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method. B. A scientific study. C. A woman psychologist. D. A teaching program.
【解析】本文主要围绕一项研究展开说明，具体介绍了它的研究对象、研究方法及研究发现，最后还提到
其研究结论被发表在一本学术刊物上。故选B项。
技巧3 确定概括范围，关注题目特点
主旨大意题的答案设置分为两类。一类是文章有一个明确的主题句，正确选项往往是它的同义转述句。
做这类题时，首先要找出文章的主题句，这样就明确了文章要讲什么，再通读全文，就可以把握文章的中
心思想了。由于文章内容和体裁的不同，作者的写作手法也不尽相同，因而主题句在文章中出现的位置也
不固定。另一类是文章中没有可概括全文的中心句，主题句隐含在全文当中。阅读这样的文章时，考生应
根据文章的细节来分析、概括，从而推导出文章的主旨大意。
【例】Two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north
and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters
wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction.
In the upper part of the tunnel, two air conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the
quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will
also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers.
The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproof covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a
concrete lining. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.
What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The construction of two lanes. B. The function of a road.
C. The solution to cars' pollution. D. The design of two tunnels.
【解析】本段没有主题句，考生需要对文章进行整体概括。考生应多注意文章中反复出现的中心词 the
tunnel
再结合文章的内容，可以推断出本文主要讲述的是隧道的设计。故选D项。（一）
（2023年浙江1月份高考真题）According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar
panels installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals.
But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar
energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
1．What do solar developers often ignore?
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy. B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms. D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
2．What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A．Improve the productivity of local farms. B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly. D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
3．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To conserve pollinators. B．To restrict solar development.C．To diversify the economy. D．To ensure the supply of energy.
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture D．Solar Farms: A New Development
（二）
（2023年浙江1月份高考真题）Live with roommates? Have friends and family around you? Chances are
that if you’re looking to live a more sustainable lifestyle, not everyone around you will be ready to jump on that
bandwagon.
I experienced this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my
parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me. I’ve learned
a few things along the way though, which I hope you’ll find encouraging if you’re doing your best to figure out
how you can make the change in a not-always-supportive household.
Zero waste was a radical lifestyle movement a few years back. I remember showing my parents a video of Bea
Johnson, sharing how cool I thought it would be to buy groceries with jars, and have so little trash! A few days
later, I came back with my first jars of zero waste groceries, and my dad commented on how silly it was for me to
carry jars everywhere. It came off as a bit discouraging.
Yet as the months of reducing waste continued, I did what I could that was within my own reach. I had my
own bedroom, so I worked on removing things I didn’t need. Since I had my own toiletries (洗漱用品), I was able
to start personalising my routine to be more sustainable. I also offered to cook every so often, so I portioned out a
bit of the cupboard for my own zero waste groceries. Perhaps your household won’t entirely make the switch, but
you may have some control over your own personal spaces to make the changes you desire.
As you make your lifestyle changes, you may find yourself wanting to speak up for yourself if others comment
on what you’re doing, which can turn itself into a whole household debate. If you have individuals who are not on
board, your words probably won’t do much and can often leave you feeling more discouraged.
So here is my advice: Lead by action.
5．What do the underlined words “jump on that bandwagon” mean in the first paragraph?
A．Share an apartment with you. B．Join you in what you’re doing.
C．Transform your way of living. D．Help you to make the decision.
6．What was the attitude of the author’s father toward buying groceries with jars?
A．He disapproved of it. B．He was favorable to it.
C．He was tolerant of it. D．He didn’t care about it.7．What can we infer about the author?
A．She is quite good at cooking. B．She respects others’ privacy.
C．She enjoys being a housewife. D．She is a determined person.
8．What is the text mainly about?
A．How to get on well with other family members. B．How to have one’s own personal space at home.
C．How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household. D．How to control the budget when buying groceries.
（三）
（2022年全国高考甲卷真题）Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney,
Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just
sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the
city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole
morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went
our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not
fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are
increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,
Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she
said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that
we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a
thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.
“What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the
Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a
drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
9．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.C．The key to Sydney’s development. D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
10．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
11．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
12．Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
（四）
（浙江省杭州市地区重点中学2022-2023学年高三下学期3月月考英语试题）“Sunshine might be
healthier than most people think, outweighing the risk of skin cancer”, British doctors suggested last week. The
four researchers at Bristol University were accused of weakening years of campaigning to warn people of the
dangers of too much sun. Experts agree exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays increases the risk of skin cancer and
accelerates the signs of aging. But in the British Medical Journal the Bristol team led by Andrew Ness wrote,
“There is evidence that the potential benefits of exposure to sunlight may outweigh the widely publicized negative
effects on the incidence of skin cancer.”
Vitamin D, made in the body in reaction to sunlight, prevented rickets (软骨病) in children and was associated
with a protective effect against heart disease.
Sunshine was also useful for treating certain skin conditions and there was also the “feel good effect of lying
or sitting in the sun”. The researchers said it was too early to advise people to spend more time in the sun, but
suggested the basis of the current advice to cover up should be reviewed.
“Perhaps, while we await the conclusions of such formal analyses, those of us who enjoy spending time in the
sun can rest assured that the chance that we will be one of the people dying from the sun small.” they added.
Their article was strongly criticized by health campaigners who claimed it was unbalanced and not backed by
scientific evidence. Britain’s Health Education Authority said skin cancer was the most common form of cancer in
the country, with more than 50, 000 new cases diagnosed each year and more than 2, 000 people dying from the
disease. It said treatment almost always required surgery and almost 50 percent of cases were fatal. The authority’sskin cancer campaign manager Christopher New said, “We are very disappointed with this controversial article. It
doesn’t have enough supporting evidence and runs the risk undoing many years of “good health education””.
13．What can we learn about the four researchers in the first paragraph?
A．They were accused of warning people of the danger of too much sun.
B．They agreed exposure to the sun’s ultraviolet rays accelerated people’s aging.
C．They publicized the negative effect of the sun on the incidence of skin cancer.
D．They believed being exposed to sunlight might be beneficial to people’s health.
14．What will the Bristol team support?
A．Children should cover up in the sunlight. B．Sunshine helps to treat some skin conditions.
C．Those enjoying the sun are free of skin cancer. D．People should currently spend more time in the sun.
15．What does the “good health education” in the last paragraph refer to?
A．Warning people of the danger of too much sunlight.
B．Informing people of the benefits of exposure to sunlight.
C．Convincing people of the effect of sun on skin conditions.
D．Reminding people of the good feeling of lying or sitting in the sun.
16．What is the main idea of this passage?
A．More people are dying from skin cancer. B．Sunshine does more harm than good to skin.
C．Sunshine can prevent heart disease in children. D．A study found sunshine has lots of benefits.
（五）
（江苏省南京市2022-2023学年高三下学期1月份六校联合调研测试英语试题）The word listen, as is
shown in Longman Dictionary, means paying attention to what someone is saying or to a sound that you can hear.
Listening is definitely an important skill in communication. “When people talk, listen completely.” Those words of
Ernest Hemingway might be a pretty good guiding principle for many managers. After all, people like being
listened to.
Some firms use a technique known as a “listening circle”. In such a circle, only one person can talk about the
issues they face at a time and there is no interruption. A study cited in the Harvard Business Review found that
employees who had taken part in a listening circle subsequently suffered less social anxiety and had fewer worries
about work-related matters than those who did not.
Listening has been critical to the career of Richard Mullender, who was a hostage (人质) negotiator, dealing
with everything from suicide interventions to international kidnaps (绑架). He defines listening as “the
identification, selection and interpretation of the key words”. It is crucial to all effective communication.Plenty of people think that good listening is about nodding your head or keeping eye contact. But that is not
really listening, Mr Mullender argues. A good listener is always looking for facts, emotions and indications of the
other person’s values. Another important point to bear in mind is that, when you talk, you are not listening. The
listener’s focus should be on analysis.
Of course, a listener needs to speak occasionally. One approach is to make an assessment of what the other
person is telling you and then check it with them. For example, you can check with the other person by saying “It
seems to me that what you want is…”. That gives the other party a sense that they are being understood. The
fundamental aim is to build up a relationship so the other person likes you and trusts you, Mr Mullender says.
17．What can we learn about a “listening circle”?
A．A listening circle focuses on personal issues.
B．In a listening circle, a speaker won’t be interrupted.
C．A listening circle increases worries about work-related matters.
D．Employees get rid of social anxiety by taking part in a listening circle.
18．What’s Mr Mullender’s attitude to speaking occasionally when listening?
A．Critical. B．Opposed. C．Cautious. D．Favorable.
19．Why should we be good listeners?
A．To be liked and trusted by the other person.
B．To check our assessments with the other person.
C．To make assessments of what the other person is saying.
D．To have a sense of being understood by the other person.
20．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The Analysis of a Listening Circle B．The Tricks of Successful Listening
C．The Misunderstanding of Listening D．The Necessity of Effective Listening
（六）
（2023届广东省名校联盟高三2月份大联考英语试题）Children are naturally curious about the world
around them. When Chase Hansen was only 4 years old, he encountered homeless people for the first time while
shopping with his dad at an outdoor mall in Salt Lake City, Nevada. It’s no wonder that he had a lot of questions.
“Chase looked at me and said, ‘Dad, who are these people? Why don’t they have a place to stay?’” John
Hansen recalled. “After I explained that they had run into hard times and were homeless, I knew that we were
looking at an educational opportunity. My son wanted to help them.”
The father and son convinced a local Jamba Juice store to donate more than 100 smoothies(果汁)and the pairgave them out to homeless people in a park.
After that, they came up with an even better idea. “I wanted a way to get to know people better, “Chase said.
”So, my dad and I decided to start taking some of the homeless people we’d met out to lunch.
“A lot of people walk right past homeless people and don’t see the person,” he said. “I know now that they’re
people just like us. They want to make a connection and not feel so alone in the world.”
Hundreds of lunches later, they run a self-funded charity called Project Empathy(同情)to help inspire others to
meet and to create relationships with the homeless people in their neighborhoods. The organization provides a list
of resources that can help homeless people with food, housing and employment.
John said that what started as a way to spend quality time with his son has turned into a passion for both of
them. “Chase and I realized that the country needed an army of people to practice empathy, and that by doing
something as simple as taking a homeless person to lunch, we could maybe inspire others to do the same, ”he said.
“Any time you can help to give someone a voice, it’s empowering.
21．Which of the following can best describe Chase Hansen?
A．Curious and caring. B．Knowledgeable and kind.
C．Successful and talented. D．Generous and ambitious.
22．Why did John and his son take some homeless people out to lunch initially?
A．To help them to find the suitable shelter.
B．To make friends with the homeless people.
C．To do some research and prepare for a project.
D．To have a better understanding of the homeless people.
23．What’s the father and son super team’s goal?
A．To offer jobs to the homeless. B．To change the social-economic conditions.
C．To donate more smoothies to the homeless. D．To inspire more people to help the homeless.
24．What’s the best title of the text?
A．The Terrible Situation of Homeless People
B．The Relationship Between Father and Son
C．Father and Son Help Homeless People One Meal at a Time
D．Project Empathy Encourages People to Practice Empathy
（七）
（2023届渝琼辽（新高考II卷）高三下学期名校仿真模拟联考英语试题）Dear boss — You have
always tried to attract young consumers, and our consultants have always come up with new ways to label them.The trouble is that coming up with rules to define a group of humanity is more art than science. It is likely to
become an exercise in applying stereotypes; not every youngster is drinking kombucha in a Brooklyn storehouse.
Luckily you have me, and I’m here to tell you that much of what is written about marketing to today’s most prized
consumers is a myth.
Start with the idea that, glued to smartphones, youngsters barely notice the physical world and passively
follow the latest hit from Instagram or TikTok. It’s true that the days of marketing chiefly through television,
newspapers and magazines are long gone. However, social media has not just changed the ways people discover
brands; it has weakened the power of marketing as a whole. Online, talk is cheap and prices are readily Googled.
Digital natives, therefore, can easily fact-check our suspicious marketing claims and ads. Surveys suggest that
young Americans are among the most price-sensitive food shoppers, even though they have accumulated less
wealth than earlier generations had by the same age.
There is a similar urge to think that physical shops no longer matter. Young consumers love their Amazon
deliveries. It makes sense for our company to make sales via social media and ship directly to customers’ homes.
But what works best is the close integration of the digital and physical worlds. Remember those online-only beauty
brands like Glossier, which took the world by storm during the pandemic. It turns out that they struggle to get
repeat business and have had to pair up with physical shops. What really matters is avoiding insincerity. Dishonesty
is easily exposed online, where everyone loves a takedown. Remember the strong resistance to Boohoo, a fast-
fashion firm, when it appointed Kourtney Kardashian, a celebrity leading a luxurious life, as a “sustainability
ambassador”? And commit only to causes you can tangibly support and be frank when you are putting profits first.
Anyway, nobody is perfect. To pretend otherwise is so 2013.
25．Why is there trouble with finding rules to define a group of people?
A．Because fixed ideas may be inappropriately employed.
B．Because not everybody is into drinking tea at a storehouse.
C．Because art is more challenging to learn than science.
D．Because the consultants are not as expert as the author.
26．What is the purpose of mentioning the surveys about young Americans in Paragraph 2?
A．To reveal their incompetence in saving money.
B．To illustrate they are sensitive to the prices of food online.
C．To demonstrate marketing has a great impact on their spending habits.
D．To prove they are not passive receivers of online marketing tricks.
27．Which of the following statements may the author agree with?A．Celebrities work as reliable ambassadors. B．Young customers don’t visit physical shops.
C．Dishonesty in marketing was not rare in 2013. D．Traditional media still play a major role in marketing.
28．What is a suitable title for the text?
A．How to Expand Youth Market: From Ideas to Practice
B．How to Sell to the Young: From Myth to Truth
C．How to Attract Young Customers: Honesty and Profits
D．How to Increase Sales Online: Labeling and Marketing
（八）
（2023届云南省昆明市三诊一模高三复习教学质量检测英语试题）An Arizona aquarium is celebrating
the hatching of three endangered African penguin chicks, saying the tiny additions are genetically (从基因方面)
valuable as zoos and aquariums around the world work to ensure the species’ survival through breeding (培育)
programs and conservation efforts.
Officials at OdySea Aquarium made the announcement Friday, posting video of the cute birds on social media.
They hatched a few weeks ago and will remain behind the scenes with their parents until they’re ready for a public
appearance.
African penguins have suffered a massive population decline over the decades and are listed as endangered by
the International Union for Conservation of Nature. So any successful hatching is cause for celebration, said Jess
Peranteau, director of animal care and education at the aquarium.
“As the population of the African penguin continues to rapidly decline - down 23% in the past two years alone
-OdySea Aquarium remains committed to the survival of the species in partnership with other Association of Zoos
and Aquariums,” Peranteau said in a statement. The breeding program established by the association aims to build
up a gene bank for the species.
Officials say two of the three new chicks in Scottsdale were born to parents Mojo and Lemieux-a power
couple of sorts that was selected for pairing as part of the breeding program. The third chick was born to first-time
parents Bubbles and Weasley.
Aquarium workers will regularly conduct “chick checks”, brief exams to monitor their growth and
development and ensure they are hitting all necessary milestones. The three chicks have yet to be named, and their
sex hasn’t yet been determined. For now they’re known by their numbers, 42, 43 and 44. In all, OdySea Aquarium
now has 40 African penguins and has recorded 13 successful hatchings.
29．How did OdySea Aquarium celebrate the birth of the chicks?
A．By advertising its breeding program. B．By uploading a video of them online.C．By holding a contest to name them. D．By offering a free visit to the zoo.
30．What is special about OdySea Aquarium?
A．It works on its own to protect penguins. B．It aims to create new habitats for penguins.
C．It has hatched 40 African penguins so far. D．It focuses on the survival of the penguins.
31．What can we learn about the three penguin chicks?
A．They were born to the same parents. B．They were raised by a power couple.
C．Their gender has been identified. D．Their growth is monitored closely.
32．Which is the text mainly about?
A．Endangered penguin chicks hatch at OdySea Aquarium.
B．Penguin chicks make their first appearance in public.
C．African penguins suffer a sharp decline in populations.
D．Newly-born penguins are taken good care of in zoos.
