六级2015-12-1_四六级真题+资料包_六级真题_2015真题+解析

机密 启用前 ★ 大 学 英 语 六 级 考 试 COLLEGEENGLISHTEST BandSix — — 2015-12-1 ( ) 试 题 册 ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ 敬 告 考 生 一、 在答题前,请认真完成以下内容: 请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条 答题卡的印刷质量 如有问题及时向监考员反应 确认无 1. 、 , , 误后完成以下两点要求 。 请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡 的条形码粘贴框内 并将姓名和准考 2. 1 , 证号填写在试题册背面相应位置 。 请在答题卡 和答题卡 指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号 姓名和学校名称 并用 3. 1 2 、 , HB-2B 铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑 。 二、 在考试过程中,请注意以下内容: 所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答 在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一律无效 1. , 。 请在规定时间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文 听力 阅读 翻译各部分考试 作答作文期 2. 、 、 、 , 间不得翻阅该试题册 听力录音播放完毕后 请立即停止作答 监考员将立即收回答题卡 得 。 , , 1, 到监考员指令后方可继续作答 。 作文题内容印在试题册背面 作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内 3. , 作答 。 选择题均为单选题 错选 不选或多选将不得分 作答时必须使用 铅笔在答题卡上相 4. , 、 , HB-2B 应位置填涂 修改时须用橡皮擦净 , 。 三、 以下情况按违规处理: 不正确填写 涂 个人信息 错贴 不贴 毁损条形码粘贴条 1. ( ) , 、 、 。 未按规定翻阅试题册 提前阅读试题 提前或在收答题卡期间作答 2. 、 、 。 未用所规定的笔作答 折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷 3. 、 。 考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机 4. 。 全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2015年12月大学英语六级考试(第1套) PartI Writing 30minutes ( ) DirectionForthispart youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicture : , below.Youshouldfocusonthedifficultyinacquiringusefulinformationinspiteof advancedinformationtechnology.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutno morethan200words. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答 : 。 PartII ListeningComprehension 30minutes ( ) SectionA DirectionsInthissection youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Atthe : , endofeachconversation oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid. , Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestion therewillbeapause.Duringthepause youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked , A B C andD anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthe ), ), ) ), correspondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答 : 。 1.A)Therestaurantofferssomespecialseachday. B)Therestaurantisknownforitsfoodvarieties. C)Thedressingmakesthemixedsaladveryinviting. D)Thewomanshouldmixtheingredientsthoroughly. 2.A)Hetookoverthefirmfrom Mary. C)Hefailedtoforeseemajorproblems. B)Heisrunningasuccessfulbusiness. D)Heisopeninganewconsultingfirm. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 223.A)Someoneshouldbeputinchargeofofficesupplies. B)Themancanleavethediscsintheofficecabinet. C)Hemanmayfindthesuppliesinthecabinet. D)Theprinterintheofficehasrunoutofpaper. 4.A)Hehastouseamagnifyingglasstoseeclearly. B)Thewomancanusehisglassestoread. C)Hehasthedictionarythewomanwants. D)Thedictionaryisnotofmuchhelptohim. 5.A)Redecoratingheroffice. C)Seekingprofessionaladvice. B)Majoringininteriordesign. D)Addingsomeofficefurniture. 6.A)Problemsinportmanagement. C)Delayedshipmentofgoods. B)Improvementofportfacilities. D)shortageofcontainerships. 7.A)Theirboss. C)Theirworkload. B)Acolleague. D)Acoffeemachine. 8.A)Callthehotelmanagerforhelp. C)Holdthebanquetatadifferentplace. B)Postponetheeventuntilalaterdate. D)Getanexperttocorrecttheerror. Questions9to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 9.A)Hesharessomeofthehouseholdduties. B)Heoftengoesbackhomelatefordinner. C)Hecooksdinnerforthefamilyoccasionally. D)Hedinesoutfromtimetotimewithfriends. 10.A)Totakehimtodinner. C)Todiscussanurgentproblem B)Totalkaboutabudgetplan. D)Topassonanimportantmessage. 11.A)ForeigninvestorsarelosingconfidenceinIndia􀆳seconomy. B)ManymultinationalenterprisesarewithdrawingfromIndia. C)Therearewildfluctuationsintheinternationalmoneymarket. D)ThereisasharpincreaseinIndia􀆳sbalanceofpaymentdeficit. Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 12.A)Theyhaveunrealisticexpectationsabouttheotherhalf. B)Theymaynotbepreparedforalifelongrelationship. C)Theyformamorerealisticpictureoflife. D)Theytrytoadapttotheirchangingroles. 13.A)Heisluckytohavevisitedmanyexoticplaces. B)Heisabletoforgetallthetroublesinhislife. C)Heisabletomeetmanyinterestingpeople. D)Heisluckytobeabletodowhatheloves. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 2 2214.A)Itisstressful. B)Itisfulloffun. C)Itisallglamour. D)itischallenging. 15.A)Bothered. B)Amazed. C)Puzzled. D)Excited. SectionB DirectionsInthissection youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage you : , , willhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonly once.Afteryouhearaquestion youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefour , choicesmarkedA B C andD .Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteron ), ), ) ) AnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答 : 。 PassageOne Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 16.A)Maintainthetraditionalorganizationalculture. B)Learnnewwaysofrelatingandworkingtogether. C)Followcloselythefastdevelopmentoftechnology. D)Learntoberespectfulinahierarchicalorganization. 17.A)Howtheteamintegrateswithwhatitissupposedtoserve. B)Howtheteamisbuilttokeepimprovingitsperformance. C)Whattypeofpersonneltheteamshouldbecomposedof. D)Whatqualificationsteam membersshouldbeequippedwith. 18.A)Ateam managermustsetveryclearandhighobjectives. B)Teamsmustconsistofmembersfromdifferentcultures. C)Team membersshouldbeknowledgeableandcreative. D)Ateam managershoulddevelopacertainsetofskills. PassageTwo Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 19.A)ItisaplatformforsharingideasonteachingattheUniversityofIllinois. B)Itwasmainlyusedbyscientistsandtechnicalpeopletoexchangetext. C)Itstartedoffasasuccessfulprogrambutwasunabletolastlong. D)ItisaprogramallowingpeopletoshareinformationontheWeb. 20.A)Hevisitedanumberoffamouscomputerscientists. B)HemetwithanentrepreneurnamedJimClark. C)Hesoldaprogramdevelopedbyhisfriends. D)Heinvestedinaleadingcomputerbusiness. 21.A)Theyhadconfidenceinhisnewideas. C)Theywereverykeenonnewtechnology. B)Theytrustedhiscomputerexpertise. D)Theybelievedinhisbusinessconnections. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 3 22PassageThree Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 22.A)Prestigeadvertising. C)Word-of-mouthadvertising. B)Institutionaladvertising D)Distributingfreetrialproducts. 23.A)Tosellaparticularproduct. C)Topromoteaspecificservice. B)Tobuilduptheirreputation. D)Toattracthigh-endcustomers. 24.A)Byusingtheservicesoflargeadvertisingagencies. B)Byhiringtheirownprofessionaladvertisingstaff. C)Bybuyingmediaspaceinleadingnewspapers. D)Bycreatingtheirownadsandcommercials. 25.A)Decideonwhatspecificmeansofcommunicationtoemploy. B)Conductalarge-scalesurveyoncustomerneeds. C)Specifytheobjectivesofthecampaignindetail. D)Pre-testalternativeadsorcommercialsincertainregions. SectionC DirectionsInthissection youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadfor : , thefirsttime youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageis , readforthesecondtime youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwords , youhavejustheard.Finally whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime you , , shouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答 : 。 Extinctionisadifficultconcepttograsp.Itisan(26) concept.It􀆳snotatalllike thekillingofindividualslifeformsthatcanberenewedthroughnormalprocessesofreproduc- tion.Norisitsimply(27) numbers.Norisitdamagethatcansomehowberemedied orforwhichsomesubstitutecanbefound.Norisitsomethingthatsimplyaffectsourowngen- eration.Norisitsomethingthatcouldberemediedbysomesupernaturalpower.Itisratheran (28) andfinalactforwhichthereisnoremedyonearthorinheaven.Aspeciesonce extinctisgoneforever.Howevermanygenerations(29) usincomingcenturies,none ofthemwilleverseethisspeciesthatweextinguish. Notonlyarewebringingabouttheextinctionoflife(30) ,wearealsomakingtheland andtheairandtheseasotoxicthattheveryconditionsoflifearebeingdestroyed.(31) basic frenzy(疯狂) naturalresources,notonlyarethenonrenewableresourcesbeing(32) ina of processing,consuming,and(33) butwearealsoruiningmuchofourrenewableresources, terrestrial(地球上的) suchastheverysoilitselfonwhich lifedepends. Thechangethatistakingplaceontheearthandinourmindsisoneofthegreatestchangeseverto takeplaceinhumanaffairs,perhapsthegreatest,sincewhatwearetalkingaboutisnotsimplyanother historicalchangeorcultural(34) ,butachangeofgeologicalandbiologicalaswellaspsycho- logicalorderof(35) . 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 4 22PartIII ReadingComprehension 40minutes ( ) SectionA DirectionsInthissection thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectone : , wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthe passage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Each choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor eachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce. Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Asitis,sleepissoundervaluedthatgettingbyonfewerhourshasbecomeabadgeofhon- or.Plus,weliveinaculturethat 36 tothelate-nighter,from24-hourgrocerystorestoon- lineshoppingsitesthatneverclose.It􀆳snosurprise,then,thatmorethanhalfofAmericana- dultsdon􀆳tgetthe7to9hoursofshut-eyeeverynightas 37 bysleepexperts. Whetherornotwecancatchuponsleep—ontheweekend,say—isahotly 38 topica- mongsleepresearchers.Thelatestevidencesuggeststhatwhileitisn􀆳t 39 ,itmighthelp. WhenLiu,theUCLAsleepresearcherandprofessorofmedicine,brought 40 sleep-re- strictedpeopleintothelabforaweekendofsleepduringwhichtheyloggedabout10hoursper insulin(胰岛素) night,theyshowed 41 intheabilityof toprocessbloodsugar.Thatsug- geststhatcatch-upsleepmayundosomebutnotallofthedamagethatsleep 42 causes, whichisencouraging,givenhow manyadultsdon􀆳tgetthehourstheyneedeachnight.Still, Liuisn􀆳t 43 toendorsethehabitofsleepinglessandmakingupforitlater. Sleepingpills,whilehelpfulforsome,arenot 44 aneffectiveremedyeither.“Asleep- ingpillwill 45 oneareaofthebrain,butthere􀆳snevergoingtobeaperfectsleepingpill, replicate(复制) becauseyoucouldn􀆳treally thedifferentchemicalsmovinginandoutofdifferent partsofthebraintogothroughthedifferentstagesofsleep,”saysDr.NancyCollop,directorof theEmoryUniversitySleepCenter. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 : 。 A)alternatively B)caters C)chronically D)debated E)deprivation F)ideal G)improvements H)necessarily I)negotiated J)pierce K)presumption L)ready M)recommended N)surpasses O)target SectionB DirectionsInthissection youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit. : , Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifythe paragraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraph 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 5 22morethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsby markingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2. Climatechangemaybereal butit􀆳sstillnoteasybeinggreen. , Howdoweconvinceourinnercavemantobegreener Weasksomeoutstandingsocialscientists. ? A)Theroadtoclimatehellispavedwithourgoodintentions.Politiciansmaytacklepolluters whilescientistsdobattlewithcarbonemissions.Butthemostpervasiveproblemislessob- vious:ourownbehaviour.Wegetdistractedbeforewecanturndowntheheating.Webreak ourpromisenottoflyafterhearingaboutaneighbour􀆳striptoIndia.Ultimately,wecan􀆳t bebotheredtochangeourattitude.Fortunatelyfortheplanet,socialscienceandbehaviour- aleconomicsmaybeabletodothatforus. B)Despitemournfulpolarbearsandchartsshowingcarbonemissionssoaring,mostpeoplefind ithardtobelievethatglobalwarmingwillaffectthempersonally.RecentpollsbythePew ResearchCentrein Washington,DC,foundthat75-80percentofparticipantsregardedcli- matechangeasanimportantissue.Butrespondentsrankeditlastonalistofpriorities. C)Thisinconsistencylargelystemsfromafeelingofpowerlessness.“Whenwecan􀆳tactually removethesourceofourfear,wetendtoadaptpsychologicallybyadoptingarangeofde- fencemechanisms,”saysTomCrompton,changestrategistfortheenvironmentalorganisa- tionWordWideFundforNature. D)Partofthefaultlieswithourinnercaveman.Evolutionhasprogrammedhumanstopay mostattentiontoissuesthatwillhaveanimmediateimpact.“Weworrymostaboutnowbe- causeifwedon􀆳tsurviveforthenext minute,we􀆳renotgoingtobearoundinten years􀆳time,”saysProfessorElkeWeberoftheCentreforResearchonEnvironmentalDeci- sionsatColumbiaUniversityinNew York.IftheThameswerelappingaroundBigBen, Londonerswouldfaceuptotheproblemofemissionsprettyquickly.Butinpractice,ourbraindis- countstherisks—andbenefits—associatedwithissuesthatliesomewayahead. E)MatthewRushworth,oftheDepartmentofExperimentalPsychologyattheUniversityof Oxford,seesthisinhislabeveryday.“Oneofthewaysinwhichallagentsseemtomake decisionsisthattheyassignalowerweightingtooutcomesthataregoingtobefurtheraway inthefuture,”hesays.“Thisisaverysensiblewayforananimaltomakedecisionsinthe wildandwouldhavebeenveryhelpfulforhumansforthousandsofyears.” F)Notanylonger.Bythetimewewakeuptothethreatposedbyclimatechange,itcouldwell betoolate.Andifwe􀆳renotgoingtomakerationaldecisionsaboutthefuture,othersmay havetohelpustodoso. Nudge ImprovingDecisionsAboutHealth G)Fewpoliticallibrariesarewithoutacopyof : , WealthandHappiness ,byRichardThalerandCassSunstein.Theyarguethatgovern- mentsshouldpersuadeusintomakingbetterdecisions—suchassavingmoreinourpension 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 6 22plans—bychangingthedefaultoptions.ProfessorWeberbelievesthatenvironmentalpolicy canmakeuseofsimilartactics.If,forexample,buildingcodesincludedgreenconstruction guidelines,mostdeveloperswouldbetoolazytochallengethem. H)Defaultsarecertainlypartofthesolution.Butsocialscientistsaremostconcernedabout mentality(心态) craftingmessagesthatexploitourgroup .“Weneedtounderstandwhat motivatespeople,whatitisthatallowsthemtomakechange,”saysProfessorNeilAdger, oftheTyndallCentreforClimateChangeResearchinNorwich.“Itisactuallyaboutwhat theirpeersthinkofthem,whattheirsocialnormsare,whatisseenasdesirableinsociety.” Inotherwords,ourinnercavemaniscontinuallylookingoverhisshouldertoseewhatthe restofthetribeareupto. I)Thepassiveattitudewehavetoclimatechangeasindividualscanbealteredbycountingus in—andmeasuringusagainst—ourpeergroup.“Socialnormsareprimitiveandelemental,” Influence ThePsychologyofPersuasion saysDr.RobertCialdini,authorof : .“Birdsflock together,fishschooltogether,cattleherdtogether…justperceivingnormsisenoughto causepeopletoadjusttheirbehaviourinthedirectionofthecrowd.” J)Thesenormscantakeusbeyondgoodintentions.CialdiniconductedastudyinSanDiego inwhichcoathangersbearingmessagesaboutsavingenergywerehungonpeople􀆳sdoors. Someofthemessagesmentionedtheenvironment,somefinancialsavings,otherssocial responsibility.Butitwastheonesthatmentionedtheactionsofneighboursthatdrove downpoweruse. K)Otherstudiesshowthatsimplyprovidingthefacilityforpeopletocomparetheirenergyuse withthelocalaverageisenoughtocausethemtomodifytheirbehaviour.TheConservatives plantoadoptthisstrategybymakingutilitycompaniesprinttheaveragelocalelectricity andgasusageonpeople􀆳sbills. L)Socialsciencecanalsoteachpoliticianshowtoavoidourcollectivecapacityforself-destruc- unwit- tivebehaviour.Environmentalcampaignsthattellushow manypeopledriveSUVs tingly(不经意地) implythatthisbehaviouriswidespreadandthuspermissible.Cialdinirec- ommendssomecarefulframingofthemessage.“Insteadofnormalisingtheundesirablebe- haviour,themessageneedstomarginaliseit,forexample,bystatingthatifevenoneper- sonbuysyetanotherSUV,itreducesourabilitytobeenergy-independent.” M)Tappingintohow wealreadyseeourselvesiscrucial.Themostsuccessfulenvironmental strategywillmarrythegreenmessagetoourownsenseofidentity.Takeyouraveragetrade unionmember,chancesaretheywillbepoliticallymotivatedandbeusedtocollectiveac- tion—muchlikeEricaGregory.AretiredmemberofthePublicandCommercialServices Union,sheissettinguponeof1,100actiongroupswiththesupportofClimateSolidarity, atwo-yearenvironmentalcampaignaimedattradeunionists. N)Ericaisproofthatagreat-grandmothercanhelptoleadtherevolutionifyougetthepsychology 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 7 22right—inthiscase,bymatchingherenthusiasmfortheenvironmentwithafondnessfororganis- inggroups.“Ithinkit􀆳saterrificidea,”shesaysofthecampaign.“Theunionbackingitmakes membersthinktheremustbesomethinginit.”Sheisexpectingupto20peopleatthefirstmeet- ingshehascalled,atherlocalpubintheCornishvillageofPolperro. O)NickPerks,projectdirectorforClimateSolidarity,believesthissortofactivityiswherethe futureofenvironmentalactionlies.“Usingexistingcivilsocietystructuresornetworksisa moreeffectivewayofcreatingchange…andobviouslytradeunionsareoneofthebiggest civilsocietynetworksintheUK,”hesays.The“LoveFood,HateWaste”campaignentered intoacollaborationlastyearwithanothersuchnetwork—theWomen􀆳sInstitute.Londoner RachelTaylorjoinedthecampaignwiththeaimofmakingnewfriends.Ayearon,the meetingshavemadelastingchangestowhatshethrowsawayinherkitchen.“It􀆳salways moreofanincentiveifyou􀆳redoingitwithotherpeople,”shesays.“Itmotivatesyoumore ifyouknowthatyou􀆳vegottoprovidefeedbacktoagroup.” P)Thepowerofsuchsimplepsychologyinfightingclimatechangeisattractingattention acrossthepoliticalestablishment.IntheUS,theHouseofRepresentativesScienceCom- mitteehasapprovedabillallocating$10millionayeartostudyingenergy-relatedbehav- iour.IntheUK,newstudiesareindevelopmentandsocialscientistsareregularlyspotted inBritishgovernmentoffices.Withthehelpofpsychologists,thereisfreshhopethatwe mightgogreenafterall. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 : 。 46.Whenpeoplefindtheyarepowerlesstochangeasituation,theytendtolivewithit. 47.Tobeeffective,environmentalmessagesshouldbecarefullyframed. 48.Itisthegovernment􀆳sresponsibilitytopersuadepeopleintomakingenvironment-friendlydecisions. 49.Politiciansarebeginningtorealisetheimportanceofenlistingpsychologists􀆳helpinfighting climatechange. 50.Tofindeffectivesolutionstoclimatechange,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmotivates peopletomakechange. 51.Intheirevolution,humanshavelearnedtopayattentiontothemosturgentissuesinstead oflong-termconcerns. 52.Onestudyshowsthatourneighbours􀆳actionsareinfluentialinchangingourbehaviour. 53.Despiteclearsignsofglobalwarming,itisnoteasyformostpeopletobelieveclimate changewillaffecttheirownlives. 54.Weshouldtakeourfutureintoconsiderationinmakingdecisionsconcerningclimatechange beforeitistoolate. 55.Existingsocialnetworkscanbemoreeffectiveincreatingchangeinpeople􀆳sbehaviour. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 8 22SectionC Directions Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor : unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA B ), ), C andD .Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletter ) ) onAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre. PassageOne Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Morethanadecadeago,cognitivescientistsJohnBransfordandDanielSchwartz,both thenatVanderbiltUniversity,foundthatwhatdistinguishedyoungadultsfromchildrenwas nottheabilitytoretainfactsorapplypriorknowledgetoanewsituationbutaqualitythey called“preparationforfuturelearning.”Theresearchersaskedfifthgradersandcollegestudents tocreatearecoveryplantoprotectbaldeaglesfromextinction.Shockingly,thetwogroups cameupwithplansofsimilarquality(althoughthecollegestudentshadbetterspellingskills). Fromthestandpointofatraditionaleducator,thisoutcomeindicatedthatschoolinghadfailed tohelpstudentsthinkaboutecosystemsandextinction,majorscientificideas. Theresearchersdecidedtogodeeper,however.Theyaskedbothgroupstogenerateques- tionsaboutimportantissuesneededtocreaterecoveryplans.Onthistask,theyfoundlarge differences.Collegestudentsfocusedoncriticalissuesofinterdependencebetweeneaglesand habitats(栖息地) their .Fifthgraderstendedtofocusonfeaturesofindividualeagles(“Howbig arethey?”and“Whatdotheyeat?”).Thecollegestudentshadcultivatedtheabilitytoask questions,thecornerstoneofcriticalthinking.Theyhadlearnedhowtolearn. Museumsandotherinstitutionsofinformallearningmaybebettersuitedtoteachthisskill thanelementaryandsecondaryschools.AttheExploratoriuminSanFrancisco,werecently studiedhowlearningtoaskgoodquestionscanaffectthequalityofpeople􀆳sscientificinquiry. Wefoundthatwhenwetaughtparticipantstoask“Whatif?”and“Howcan?”questionsthat nobodypresentwouldknowtheanswertoandthatwouldsparkexploration,theyengagedin betterinquiryatthenextexhibit—askingmorequestions,performingmoreexperimentsand makingbetterinterpretationsoftheirresults.Specifically,theirquestionsbecamemorecom- prehensiveatthenewexhibit.Ratherthanmerelyaskingaboutsomethingtheywantedtotry, theytendedtoincludebothcauseandeffectintheirquestion.Askingjuicyquestionsappearstobe atransferableskillfordeepeningcollaborativeinquiryintothesciencecontentfoundinexhibits. Thistypeoflearningisnotconfinedtomuseumsorinstitutionalsettings.Informallearn- ingenvironmentstoleratefailurebetterthanschools.Perhapsmanyteachershavetoolittletime toallowstudentstoformandpursuetheirownquestionsandtoomuchgroundtocoverinthe curriculum.Butpeoplemustacquirethisskillsomewhere.Oursocietydependsonthembeing abletomakecriticaldecisionsabouttheirownmedicaltreatment,says,orwhatwemustdoa- boutglobalenergyneedsanddemands.Forthat,wehavearobustinformallearningsystem thatgivesnogrades,takesallcomers,andisavailableevenonholidaysandweekends. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 9 22注意 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 : 。 56.Whatistraditionaleducators􀆳interpretationoftheresearchoutcomementionedinthefirst paragraph? A)Studentsarenotabletoapplypriorknowledgetonewproblems. B)Collegestudentsarenobetterthanfifthgradersinmemorizingfacts. C)Educationhasnotpaidenoughattentiontomajorenvironmentalissues. D)Educationhasfailedtoleadstudentstothinkaboutmajorscientificideas. 57.Inwhatwayarecollegestudentsdifferentfromchildren? A)Theyhavelearnedtothinkcritically. B)Theyareconcernedaboutsocialissues. C)Theyarecuriousaboutspecificfeatures. D)Theyhavelearnedtoworkindependently. 58.Whatisthebenefitofaskingquestionswithnoreadyanswers? A)Itarousesstudents􀆳interestinthingsaroundthem. B)Itcultivatesstudents􀆳abilitytomakescientificinquiries. C)Ittrainsstudents􀆳abilitytodesignscientificexperiments. D)Ithelpsstudentsrealizenoteveryquestionhasananswer. 59.Whatissaidtobetheadvantageofinformallearning? A)Itallowsforfailures C)Itchargesnotuition B)Itisentertaining D)Itmeetspracticalneeds. 60.Whatdoestheauthorseemtoencourageeducatorstodoattheendofthepassage? A)Trainstudentstothinkaboutglobalissues. B)Designmoreinteractiveclassroomactivities. C)Makefulluseofinformallearningresources. D)Includecollaborativeinquiryinthecurriculum. PassageTwo Questions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage. “There􀆳sanoldsayinginthespaceworld:amateurstalkabouttechnology,professionals TheEconomist talkaboutinsurance.”Inaninterviewlastyearwith ,GeorgeWhitesides,chief executiveofspace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic,wasplacinghiscompanyinthelattercategory. ButinsurancewillbecoldcomfortfollowingthefailureonOctober31stofVSSEnterprise,re- sultinginthedeathofonepilotandthesevereinjurytoanother. Ontopofthetragiclossoflife,theaccidentinCaliforniawillcastalongshadowoverthe futureofspacetourism,evenbeforeithasproperlybegun. Thenotionofspacetourismtookholdin2001witha$20millionflightaboardaRussian spacecraftbyDennisTito,amillionaireengineerwithanadventurousstreak.Justhalfadozen holiday-makershavereachedorbitsincethen,forsimilarlyastronomicalpricetags.Butmore 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 0 22recently,companieshavebeguntoplanmoreaffordable“suborbital”flights—brieferventures justtotheedgeofspace􀆳svastdarkness.VirginGalactichad,priortothisweek􀆳saccident, seemedclosesttostartingregularflights.Thecompanyhasalreadytakendepositsfromaround 800would-bespacetourists,includingStephenHawking. Afterbeingdoggedbytechnicaldelaysforyears,SirRichardBranson,VirginGalactic􀆳s SpaceShipTwo founder,hadrecentlysuggestedthata craftwouldcarryitsfirstpayingcus- tomersassoonasFebruary2015.Thatnowseemsanimpossibletimeline.InJuly,asistercraft ofthecrashedspaceplanewasreportedtobeabouthalf-finished.Theotherhalfwillhaveto wait,asauthoritiesofAmerica􀆳sFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)andNationalTrans- portationSafetyBoardworkoutwhatwentwrong. tenterhooks(坐立不安) Inthemeantime,theentirespacetourismindustrywillbeon .The 2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct,intendedtoencourageprivatespacevehicles andservices,prohibitsthetransportationsecretary(andtherebytheFAA)fromregulatingthe designoroperationofprivatespacecraft,unlesstheyhaveresultedinaseriousorfatalinjuryto creworpassengers.ThatmeansthattheFAAcouldsuspendVirginGalactic􀆳slicencetofly.It couldalsoinsistoncheckingprivatemannedspacecraftasthoroughlyasitdoescommercialair- craft.Whilethatmaymakesuborbitaltravelsafer,itwouldaddsignificantcostandcomplexity toanemergingindustrythathasuntilnowoperatedlargelyastheplaygroundofbillionairesand dreamyengineers. How VirginGalactic,regulatorsandthepublicrespondtothismostrecenttragedywill determinewhetherandhowsoonprivatespacetravelcantranscendthatplayground.Thereis nodoubtthatspaceflightentailsrisks,andtopioneeranew modeoftravelistofacethose risks,andtoreducethemwiththebenefitofhard-wonexperience. 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 : 。 61.WhatissaidaboutthefailureofVSSEnterprise? A)ItmayleadtothebankruptcyofVirginGalactic. B)Ithasastrongnegativeimpactonspacetourism. C)Itmaydiscouragerichpeoplefromspacetravel. D)Ithasarousedpublicattentiontosafetyissues. 62.Whatdowelearnaboutthespace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic? A)Ithasjustbuiltacraftforcommercialflights. B)Ithassenthalfadozenpassengersintospace. C)Itwasaboutreadytostartregularbusiness. D)Itisthefirsttolaunch“suborbital”flights. 63.Whatisthepurposeofthe2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct? A)Toensurespacetravelsafety. C)Tolegalizeprivatespaceexplorations. B)TolimittheFAA􀆳sfunctions. D)Topromotethespacetourismindustry. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 1 2264.WhatmighttheFAAdoaftertherecentaccidentinCalifornia? A)Imposemorerigidsafetystandards. B)Stopcertifyingnewspace-touristagencies. C)Amendits2004CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct. D)SuspendVirginGalactic􀆳slicencetotakepassengersintospace. 65.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofprivatespacetravel? A)Itisworthpromotingdespitetherisksinvolved. B)Itshouldnotbeconfinedtotherichonly. C)Itshouldbestrictlyregulated. D)Itistooriskytocarryon. PartIV Translation 30minutes ( ) Directions Forthispart youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseinto : , English.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2. 在中国 父母总是竭力帮助孩子 甚至为孩子做重要的决定 而不管孩子要什么 因为他们相 , , , , 信这样做是为了孩子好 结果 孩子的成长和教育往往屈从于父母的意愿 。 , 。 如果父母决定为孩子报名参加一个课外班 以增加其被重点学校录取的机会 他们会坚持自 , , 己的决定 即使孩子根本不感兴趣 , 。 然而在美国 父母很可能会尊重孩子的意见 并在决策时更注重孩子的意见 , , 。 中国父母十分注重教育或许值得称赞 然而 他们应向美国父母学习涉及教育时如何平衡 。 , 孩子和父母间的关系 。 注意 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答 : 。 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 2 222015年12月大学英语六级考试答案与解析(第1套) PartI Writing 【范文】 Asthepicturegivendepicts,severalstaffarehavingameetingwhileoneofthemcom- plained,“Wehavelotsofinformationtechnology.Wejustdon􀆳thavemuchusefulinforma- tion.”Whatthepicturepresentsisthateventhoughequippedwithadvanceddevicesandinfor- mationtechnology,wecanhardlyobtainhelpfulinformationthatweneed. Amultitudeofreasonscanaccountforthephenomenon.Firstofall,asweareincreasingly dependentonvariousadvanceddevices,theyhavebroughtusmuchinformation.However, facedwithsomuchinformation,we􀆳reactuallynotcompetentenoughtotelltheusefulinfor- mationfromtheuselessone.What􀆳smore,thefactthatthenetworkmanagementregulations arenotperfectcannotbeignored,whichmakesitdifficulttopreventourlifebeinglumbered withuselessbitsofinformation. From mypointofview,aswearenowinagreatneweraofinformation,wecannotsayno tothebenefitsthatinformationtechnologyhasbroughtus.However,it􀆳shightimewetrans- ferredourfocusfromobtaininginformationmerelytodiscriminatinginformation.Onlyinthis waycanweacquiretheexactinformationthatweneed. PartⅡ ListeningComprehension 1~5:CBCAA 6~10:DBCBD 11~15:DADCB 16~20:BADDB 21~25:ACBAD 1.W:Wow,whatavarietyofsaladsyou􀆳vegotonyourmenu! Couldyourecommendsomethingspecial? M:Well,Ithinkyoucantrythismixedsalad.Wemakethedressingwithfreshberries. Q:Whatdoesthemanmean? 2.W:IwastalkingtoMarytheotherday,andshementionedthatyournewconsultingfirmis doingreallywell. M:Yes,businesspickedupmuchfasterthanweanticipated.Wenowhaveover200clients. Q:Whatdowelearnaboutthemanfromtheconversation? 3.W:Doyouknowwherewekeepflashdisksandprintingpaper? M:Theyshouldbeinthecabinetifthereareany.That􀆳swherewekeepallofourofficesupplies. Q:whatdoesthewomanmean? 4.W:Theprintingofthisdictionaryissosmall.Ican􀆳treadtheexplanationsatall. M:Letmegetmymagnifyglass.IknowIjustcan􀆳tdowithoutit. Q:Whatdoesthemanmean? 5.W:I􀆳mconsideringhavingmyofficeredecorated,thefurnitureisoldandthepaintischipping. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 3 22M:I􀆳llgiveyoumysister-in-law􀆳snumber.Shejustgraduatedfromaninteriordesigninga- cademy,andwillgiveafreeestimate. Q:Whatisthewomanconsidering? 6.W:Wehaveafullloadofgoodsthatneedstobedelivered.Butwecan􀆳tgetacontainershipanyway. M:That􀆳salwaysbeingaprobleminthisport.Thefacilitieshereareneverabletomeetourneeds. Q:Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout? 7.W:Whydidn􀆳tRodgetapayraise? M:Thebossjustisn􀆳tconvincedthathisworkattitudewarrantedit.Shesaidshesawhimby thecoffeemachinemoreoftenthanathisdesk. Q:Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout? 8.W:Thehotelcalled,sayingthatbecauseoftheschedulingerror,theywon􀆳tbeareableto caterforourbanquet. M:IknowanIndianrestaurantonthehighstreetthatoffersaspecialdinerforgroups.The foodisexcellent,andtheroomislargeenoughtoaccommodateus. Q:Whatdoesthemansuggesttheydo? Nowyou􀆳llhearthetwolongconversations. ConversationOne M:HelloJane. W:HelloPaul. M:Pleasecoming.(9)I􀆳mjustgettingreadytogohome.Susanisexpectingmefordinner.I wantedtobeontimeforachange. W:Look,(10)I􀆳mterriblysorrytodropinthistimeonFriday,Paul,butitisratherimportant. M:That􀆳sOK.What􀆳stheproblem? W:Well,Paul,Iwon􀆳tkeepyoulong.Youseethereisaproblemwiththeexchangerates.The IndianRupeehastakenafallontheforeignexchangemarket.(11)Youseethereisbeinga sharpincreaseinIndian􀆳sbalanceofpaymentdeficit. M:Isee.That􀆳sserious,isn􀆳tit? W:Well,asyouknow,therehavebeenreportsofunrestIndia,andtheprospectsfortheRu- peelookprettygloomy. M:Andthat􀆳sgoingtoaffectus,asifwedidn􀆳thaveenoughproblemsonourhands. W:SoIthoughtitwouldbewisetotakeoutforwardexchangecovertoprotectourpositionon theoutstandingcontract. M:Justaminute.Forwardexchangecover,nowwhatdoesthatmeanexactly? W:Well,itmeansthatJOMotorsentersintoacommitmenttosellIndianRupeesatthepresentrate. M:Isee.Andhowwillthatbenefitus? W:Well,JO Motorswouldn􀆳tloseoutifIndianRupeefallsfurther. M:Whatwillitcost,Jane? W:Asmallpercentage,about1%andthatcanbebuiltintothepriceofthebike. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 4 22M:Well,Idon􀆳tsupposethereismuchchoice.AllrightJane,let􀆳sputitintoaction. 9.Whatdowelearnabouttheman􀆳sdailylife? 10.Whydidthewomancometoseetheman? 11.WhatmakesthewomanworryabouttheIndianRupee? ConversationTwo W:Charles,amongotherthings,youregardedasoneoftheAmerica􀆳sgreatmastersofthe blues.A musicalidiomdoesessentiallyaboutloss,particularlythelossofromanticlove. Whydoeslovedie? M:(12)Peopleoftengetintoloveaffairsbecausetheyhaveunrealisticexpectationsaboutsome- body.Thenwhenthepersondoesn􀆳tturnouttobewhotheythoughtheorshewas,they startthinkingmaybeIcanchangehimorher.Thatkindofthinkingisamistake.Because whenthedustsettles,peoplearegoingtobeprettymuchwhattheyare.It􀆳sararethingfor anybodytobeabletochangewhotheyreallyare.Andthiscreatesalotofproblems. W:At62,youcontinuetospendalargepercentageofyourlifetouring.Whatappealstoyoua- boutlifeontheroad? M:(13)Music,Idon􀆳tespeciallylovelifeontheroad,butIfigureifyouareluckyenoughtobe abletodowhatyoutrulylovedoing,you􀆳vegottheultimateoflife. W:What􀆳sthemostwidely-heldmisconceptionaboutthelifeofafamousmusician? M:(14)Peoplethinkit􀆳sallglamour.Actuallywehavethesametroublestheydo.Playingmu- sicdoesn􀆳tmeanlifetreatsyouanybetter. W:Howdoyoufeelaboutbeingrecognizedeverywhereyougo? M:YouthinkIbeusedtoitbynow.(15)ButIstillfinditfascinating.Yougotoalittletownin Japan,wherenobodyspeaksEnglish,yettheyknowyouonsideandknowallyourmusic. I􀆳mstillamazedbythelovepeopleexpressformeandbymusic. 12.Whatdoesthemansayaboutmostpeoplewhentheygetintoloveaffairs? 13.Whatdoesthemansayabouthimselfasasingerontheroadmostofhislife? 14.Whatdomostpeoplethinkofthelifeofafamousmusician? 15:Howdoesthemanfeelwheneverhewasrecognizedbyhisfans? SectionB PassageOne Changingtechnologyandmarketshavestimulatedtheteamapproachtomanagement.In- flation,resourcescarcity,reducedpersonnellevelsandbudgetcutshaveallunderscorethe needforbettercoordinationinorganizations.Team managementprovidesforthiscoordination. Team managementcallsfornewskillsifpersonnelpotentialistobefullyrealized.(16)Al- thoughateam maybecomposedofknowledgeablepeople,theymustlearnnewwaysofrela- tingandworkingtogethertosolvecross-functionalproblems.Whenteamsconsisttobeexperi- encedemployeesfromhierarchicalorganizations,whohavebeenconditiontotraditionalorgan- izationalculture.Cooperationmaynotoccurnaturally,itmainlytobecreated.Furthermore, 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 5 22theissueisnotjusthowtheteamcanfunctionmoreeffectively,(17)buthowitintegrateswith theoverallorganization,allsocietythatitsupposesitserves.Agroupofindividualsisnotau- tomaticallyateam.Therefore,teambuildingmaybenecessaryinordertoimprovethegroup􀆳s performance.Casey,anexpertinthisfield,suggeststhatthecooperationprocesswithinteams mustbeorganized,promotedand managed.Hebelievestheteamcorporationresultswhen membersgobeyondtheirindividualcapabilities,beyondwhateachisusedtobeinganddoing. Together,theteam maythenproducesomethingnew,uniqueandsuperiortothatofanyone member.Forthistohappen,hesuggeststhemulti-culturalmanagersexhibitunderstandingof theirownandothers􀆳culturalinfluencesandlimitations.Theyshouldalsocultivatesuchskills astolerationofambiguity,persistenceandpatience,aswellasassertedness.(18)Ifateam managerexemplifiessuchqualities,thentheteamasawholewouldbebetterabletorealize theirpotentialandachievetheirobjectives. 16.Whatshouldteam membersdotofullyrealizetheirpotential? 17.Whatneedstobeconsideredforeffectiveteam management? 18.WhatconclusioncanwedrawfromwhatCaseysays? PassageTwo Inearly1994,whenMarkAndreessenwasjust23yearsold,hearrivedinSiliconValley withanideathatwouldchangetheworld.(19)AsastudentattheUniversityofIllinois,heand hisfriendshaddevelopedaprogramcalledMosaic,whichallowedpeopletoshareinformation ontheworldwideweb.BeforeMosaic,thewebhadbeenusedmainlybyscientistsandother technicalpeople,whowerehappyjusttosendandreceivetext.ButwithMosaic,Andreessen andhisfriendshaddevelopedaprogram,whichcouldsendimagesoverthewebaswell.Mosaic wasanovernightsuccess.Itwasputontheuniversity􀆳snetworkatthebeginningof1993.And bytheendoftheyear,ithadoveramillionusers.Soonafter,Andreessenwenttoseekhisfor- tuneinSiliconValley.(20)Oncehegotthere,hestartedtohavemeetingswithamancalled JimClark,whowasoneoftheValley􀆳smostfamousentrepreneurs.In1994,nobodywasmak- inganyrealmoneyfromtheInternet,whichwasstillveryslowandhardtouse.ButAndrees- senhadseenanopportunitythatwouldmakehimandClarkrichwithintwoyears.Hesugges- tedtheyshouldcreateanewcomputerprogramthatwoulddothesamejobasMosaicbut wouldbemucheasiertouse.ClarklistenedcarefullytoAndreessen,whoseideasandenthusi- asmimpressedhimgreatly.(21)Eventually,Clarkagreedtoinvestthreemilliondollarsofhis ownmoneyintheproject,andtoraiseanextrafifteenmillionfromventurecapitalists,who werealwayskeentolistentoClark􀆳snewideas. 19.WhatdowelearnaboutMosaic? 20.WhatdidAndreessendouponarrivinginSiliconValley? 21.WhywereventurecapitalistswillingtojoininClark􀆳sinvestment? PassageThree Advertisinginformsconsumersabouttheexistenceandbenefitsofproductsandservices 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 6 22andattemptstopersuadethemtobuythem.(22)Thebestformofadvertisingisprobablyword ofmouthadvertisingwhichoccurswhenpeopletelltheirfriendsaboutthebenefitsofproducts orservicesthattheyhavepurchased.Yetvirtuallynoprovidersofgoodsorservicesrelayon thisalone,whichusingpaidadvertisinginstead.(23)Indeedmanyorganizationsalsouseinsti- tutionalorprestigeadvertisingwhichisdesignedtobuilduptheirreputationratherthantosell particularproducts.(24)Althoughlargecompaniescouldeasilysetuptheirownadvertisingde- partments,writetheirownadvertisementsandbymediaspacethemselves.Theytendtousethe servicesoflargeadvertisingagencies.Thesearelikelytohavemoreresourcesandmoreknowl- edgeaboutallaspectsofadvertisingandadvertisingmediathansinglecompany.Itisalsoeasier foradissatisfycompanytogiveitsaccounttoanotheragency.Anditwouldbetofiretheirown advertisingstaff.Thecompanygenerallygivetheadvertisingagencyandagreedbudget.A statementoftheobjectiveoftheadvertisingcampaignknowasbriefandoveralladvertising strategyconcerningthemessagetobecommunicatedtothetargetcustomers.Theagencycre- atesadvertisementsanddevelopsamediaprime,specifyingwhichmediawillbeusedandin whichproportions.(25)Agenciesoftenproducealternativeadsorcommercialsthatpretestedin newspapers,televisionstationsetc.indifferentpartsofthecountry.Beforeafinalchoiceswas madepriortoanationalcampaign. 22.Whatisprobablythebestformofadvertisingaccordingtothespeaker? 23.Whatdoesthespeakersayistheproposesofmanyorganizationusingprestigeadvertising? 24.Howdolargecompaniesgenerallyhandletheiradvertising? 25.Whatwouldadvertisingagenciesoftendobeforeanationalcampaign? SectionC 26.eternal 27.diminishing 28.absolute 29.succeed 30.onavastscale 31.Asregards 32.usedup 33.disposing 34.modification 35.magnitude PartIII ReadingComprehension 36~40:BMDFC 41~45:GELHO 46~50:CLGPH 51~55:DJBFO 56~60:DABAC 61~65:BCDDA SectionA 事实上,睡眠的重要性被低估了,睡更短的时间成了值得骄傲的事。另外,我们生活在一个迎合着晚睡者的 文化中,从 小时营业的杂货店到从不关闭的购物网站都说明了这一点。那么,超过半数的美国成年人做不到睡 24 眠专家所建议的每天 到 个小时的睡眠,也就不足为奇了。 7 9 我们是否可以补充睡眠———比如,通过周末补觉———成了睡眠研究人员激烈争论的话题。最新证证据显 示,尽管补觉不是理想的方法,但也会有所帮助。刘是加州大学洛杉矶分校的睡眠研究员及医学教授。刘将一 些长期睡眠不足的人带到验室,让这些人在周末保持每晚约 小时的睡眠,之后发现这些人的胰岛素处理血糖 10 的能力有所改善。这意味着补觉能弥补一些而非全部由睡眠不足引起的伤害。考虑到很多成年人每晚睡觉时 间都不够长,这一研究结果确实鼓舞人心。但是,刘尚未准备好去认可这个少睡一会过后再补觉的习惯。 尽管安眠药对于一些人有用,但并不一定是有效的治疗方法。“一片安眠药只针对大脑中的一个区域,不存 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 7 22在完美的安眠药,因为人们无法通过复制大脑中不同区域化学药品的运动来检查睡眠的不同阶段,”艾莫利大学 睡眠研究中心主任南希·科勒普博士说。 空格位于 引导的定语从句中 并且 指代的是前面的 空格内应该动词的第三人称单数 36.B) that , that aculture, 且与介词 组成固定搭配 结合语义 此处应填 表示 迎合 满足 to 。 , caters。caterto “ , ”。 空格位于 之后 之前 推测空格内应填动词的过去分词形式 结合语义 到 小时的 37.M) as ,bysleepexperts , , ,7 9 睡眠应该是专家的 故应填 建议 xx。” “ ”。 空格位于副词 之后 名词 之前 空格内可填形容词或动词的过去分词作定语 理解为 热烈地 38.D) hotly , topic , , “ 的话题 结合语义 故选 被讨论的 xx ”, , “ 。” 空格位于 之后 共同构成主系表结构 一般选择形容词或带冠词的名词 结合 39.F) itisn􀆳t , , , …while…mighthelp. 理解为 尽管它是 的 但也会有所帮助 故选 理想的 符合语境 “ xx , 。” “ ”, 。 空格位于 之后 复合形容词 之前 应填副词修饰复合形容词 结合语义 选 长期 40.C) brought , sleep-restricted , 。 , “ 地 来修饰 睡眠不足的人 ” “ ”。 空格位于动词 之后 介词短语之前 应填名词 结合语义 只有 改善 提高 符合原意 41.G) show , , , , “improvements , ” 。 空格位于 引导一个定语从句中 从句起定语作用修饰 翻译成 睡眠 引起的伤害 所 42.E) that , thedamage, “ xx ”, 以 后面应接名词 选 组成固定词组 睡眠不足 符合语境 sleep , E “ ” 。 根据 表示 不 去做某事 推测出应填形容词 表示 愿意 尚未准备好做某 43.L) “isn􀆳txxxtodosth.” “ …… ”, ,ready “ / 事 符合原意 ” 。 空格处于主系表结构中 不缺主要成分 且该句的前后半句有转折关系 所以空格内应填副词修饰 动 44.H) , , , be 词 结合语义 选 必须地 符合语境 , , “ ” 。 空格位于情态动词 之后 一定是动词原形 只有 符合 表示 一片安眠药会针对大脑的一个区域 45.O) will , , target , “ ……” SectionB 气候变化或许是真的 但绿色发展仍非易事 , 我们如何说服“内心野人”去做一个 “绿色”主义者? 我们请教了一些著名社会科学家。 )通往气候地狱的路上都是人们的各种良好意愿。政治家们可能会处理污染者,而科学家们则与碳排放做斗 A 争。但最普遍的问题却为人们所忽视,即我们自己的行为。我们总是不情愿去调低暖气。听到邻居的印度 之旅经历后,我们就打破不乘坐飞机的承诺。最终,我们懒得去改变态度。不过对地球来说,幸运的是社会 科学和行为经济学或许可以为我们做到这些。 )( )尽管北极熊的悲鸣以及一些表格显示碳排放量不断急剧增加,大多数人却很难相信全球变暖会对他们 B 53 本身造成什么影响。华盛顿特区皮尤研究中心近期的民意调査发现, 的参与者认为气候变化是重 75%-80% 要问题。但受访者却将其放到需优先处理问题清单的最后一行。 )( )这一矛盾很大程度上源于一种无力感。“当我们不能真正消除我们的恐惧根源,我们就会采取一系列防 C 46 御机制,从心理上适应这种情况,”环境组织世界自然基金会的变化战略家师汤姆·克朗普顿说道。 )部分原因是我们的“内心野人”在作怪。( )人类的进化让我们更多地关注会带来直接影响的问题。纽约哥 D 51 伦比亚大学环境决策研究中心的尔克·韦伯教授说:“我们最担心的是当下,因为如果我们活不到下一分钟, 十年后也不会存在了。”假如泰晤士河的河环绕着大本钟,伦敦市民就会马上面对排放问题。但实际上,我们 会忽略长远问题带来的风险和利益。 )牛津大学实验心理学系的马修·鲁什沃斯每天都能在实验室看到这一幕里上演。“似乎所有代理商在决策 E 时采取的一个方式就是低估远期问题的后果,”他说,“这种决策方式对于野生动物来说非常明智,几千年后 对人类也是有帮助的。” )但今时不同往日。( )到我们意识到气候变化带来的威胁时,可能为时已晚。而且,如果我们不能为未来做 F 54 出理智的决策,其他人就不得不帮助我们这么做。 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 8 22)几乎每所政治图书馆都会有一本理查德·塞勒和卡斯·桑斯坦合著的《助推:健康、财富和幸福的最佳决 G 策》。( )他们认为政府应改变默认选择,说服我们做出更好的决策—比如存更多的养老金。韦伯教授认为环 48 境政策也可以采用类似的策略。例如:如果建筑条例包含绿色施工原则,很多开发商就会懒得去挑战它们。 )默认当然不失为一种解决方法。但社会科学家最关注的是设计可利用我们群体心态信息。( )“我们要弄 H 50 清楚什么能激励人们,什么能让他们做出改变,”诺威奇丁铎尔气候变化研究中心的尼尔·艾格教授说。“这 实际上就是同龄人对他们的看法,他们自身的社会准则,在社会中什么被视作是值得争取的东西。”换句话 说,我们的“内心野人”会一直密切关注部落里其他人在忙什么。 )就个人而言,我们对气候变化的消极态度可以通过把自己纳入群体中,(或以群体为参照来衡量自己)得到改 I 变。“社会准则是原始的、基本的,”《影响力:说服心理学》的作者罗伯特·西奥迪尼博士说。“鸟成群而栖、鱼 成群而游、牛成群而牧……仅仅感知准则足以让人们在群体指导下调整自己的行为。” )这些准则比良好意图更有效。( )西奥迪尼在圣地亚哥做过一项研究,在研究中把有关节约能源的信息用挂 J 52 衣钩挂在人们的门上。这些信息中有些提到了环境问题,有些提到了节省资金问题,还有一些提到了社会责 任心问题。但是只有提到邻居行为的那些信息才真正降低了人们的用电量。 )其他的研究表明,只要给人们提供设备,让他们能比较自己的能源使用量和当地的平均能源使用量,就足以 K 促使人们自觉调整自己的行为。保守党计划采取这一战略,让公用事业公司在人们的账单上印上当地平均 用电量和燃气使用量。 )社会科学也能让政治家学会怎样避免自我毁灭性的集体能力。一些环境运动告诉我们,很多人选择开 , L SUV 这会不经意地表明这种行为非常普遍,因此是被允许的。( )西奥迪尼建议,在编辑这种信息的时候应特别 47 注意。“不能让这种不良行为正常化,而是要使之边缘化。例如:可以告诉人们,哪怕即使有一个人再买一辆 ,就会降低我们实现能源独立的能力。” SUV )探究我们的自我认识非常关键。最成功的环境策略将把绿色信息和我们自身的认同感紧密结合在一起。例 M 如:普通的工会成员可能会受政治因素驱使进行一些集体行动,正如艾丽卡·格里高利那样。艾丽卡·格里 高利是一名公共及商业服务工会的退休成员,在一个成立两年、面向工会成员的环境运动气候团结会的支持 下,她正在筹建 个行动小组中的一组。 1100 )艾丽卡证明了只要能正确地抓住人们的心理———在这里是将她对环境的一腔热血与组建团体的爱好结合起 N 来———一位曾祖母也能帮助引领变革。“我觉得这个很棒的主意,”她谈到该运动时说,“工会的支持让成员 觉得这肯定有道理。”她首次召集的会议将在康沃尔地区的波尔派罗村当地的小酒馆举行,她希望最多能有 人到场。 20 )气候团结会的项目总监尼克·帕克斯认为这类活动正是环境行动的未来。( )“使用现有的民间社会机构 O 55 或网络能够更有效地创造变化……显然工会是英国最大的民间社会网络之一,”他说。去年,“爱惜食物,拒 绝浪费”运动与另一个类似网络“妇女协会”进行了合作。伦敦市民雷切尔·泰勒带着想多交新朋友的想法 参加了这次运动。一年之后,这些会议对她在厨房里决定什么东西不应丢掉产生了持久的影响。“如果你和 别人一起做一件事,就会更加有动力,”她说,“如果你知道你要回馈团体的话,这更加会激励你。” )( )这种对抗气候变化的简单的心理能量引起了政治界的关注。在美国,众议院科学委员会通过了一项议 P 49 案,每年拨出 万美元研究节约能源相关行为。在英国,新的研究正在进行当中,社会科学家也经常出 1000 入英国政府办公室。在心理学家的协助之下,我们对于绿色前景燃起了新的希望。 根据题干关键词 定位到 段 该段首句提到 这种矛盾很大程度上来源于无力感 然后引用 46.C) powerless C) 。 , 。 的话 当我们不能真正消除恐惧之源时 我们往往就会采取一系列防御机制 从心理上去适 TomCromption : , , 应这种状况 题干中的 对应原文中的 对应原文中的 。 powerless afeelingofpowerlessness,tolivewithit a- 故答案为 daptpsychologically, C)。 根据题干关键词 和 定位到 段 题干是对 47.L) messages carefullyframed L) 。 “Cialdinirecommendssomecareful 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 1 9 22的同义改 故答案为 framingofthemessage.” 。 L)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 段 48.G) government􀆳sresponsibility,makingenvironment-friendlydecisions. G) 。G 第二句 他们认为政府应改变默认选择 说服我们做出更好的决策 接着第三句 韦伯教授认为环境政 “ , ……”, “ 策也可以采用类似的策略 题干是对原文的同义改写 故答案为 。” , G)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 第一句 49.P) Politicians,enlistingpsychologists􀆳help,fightingclimatechange P) 。 这种对抗气候变化的简单的心理能量引起了政治界的关注 段首的 和段末的 “ 。” fightclimatechange with 对应题干 故答案为 thehelpofpsychologists , P)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 题干中的 50.H) effectivesolutions,whatmotivatespeopletomakechange H) 。 what 对应 段的第三句 我们要弄清楚什么能激励人们 什么能让他们做出改 motivatespeopletomakechange H “ , 变 故答案为 。” H)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 第二句 人类的进 51.D) theirevolution,mosturgentissues,long-termconcerns D) 。 “ 化让我们更多地关注会带来直接影响的问题 题干中的 对应原文中 ”。 urgentissues issuesthatwillhavean 故答案为 immediteimpact, D)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 段最后一句 52.J) ourneighbour􀆳sactions,influential,changingourbehaviour J) 。J 但是只有提到邻居行为的那些信息才真正降低了人们的用电量 题干中的 与原文 “ 。” neidhbour􀆳sactions the 故答案为 actionsofneighbours, J)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 段首句 尽管北极熊的悲鸣以及一些表格 53.B) globalwarming,affecttheirownlives B) 。B “ 显示碳排放量不断急剧增加 大多数人却很难相信全球变暖会对他们本身造成什么影响 题干中 对应原 , 。” noteasy 文中的 对应 故答案为 hard,personally ownlives, B)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 段 54.F) takeourfutureintoconsideration,makingdecisions,beforeitistoolate F) 。 段第二句 到我们意识到气候变化带来的威胁时 可能为时已晚 题干中的 对应原文中 F “ , 。” beforeitistoolate 的 故答案为 itcouldwellbetoolate, F)。 根据题干关键词 定位至 55.O) Existingsocialnetworks,moreeffective,creatingchangeinpeople􀆳sbehaviour O) 段 段中第二句 使用现有的民间社会机构或网络能够更有效地创造变化 题干中的 。O “ ……” creatingchange 对应原文中的 故答案为 wayofcreatingchange, O)。 PassageOne 十多年前,任教于范德堡大学的认知科学家约翰·布朗斯福特和丹尼尔·施瓦茨发现,年轻人与儿童的区别并不 在于记住事情或将之前学到的知识应用于新情况的能力,而是在于他们称为“为未来学习作准备”的品质。研究人员要 求五年级学生和大学生制订一个防止秃鹰灭绝的复苏计划。令人惊讶的是,这两组想出的计划水平相当(虽然大学生 的书写表达能力更出色)。( )在传统教育工作者的看来,这一结果表明,学校教育未能帮助学生思考生态系统和物种 56 灭绝这两个重要的科学概念。 但的,研究人员决定进行更深人的研究。他们要求两个小组提出与制订复苏计划所需的重要事项相关的问题。 ( )在这项任务中,他们发现了巨大的差异。大学生们关注的是老鹰与其栖息地之间相互依存的关键问题。五年级的 57 学生们则倾向于关注老鹰的个体特征(“它们的体型有多大?”和“它们以什么为食?”)。大学生已培养出了提问的能力, 这是批判性思维的基石。他们已学会了如何学习。 博物馆和其他非正式学习机构可能比中小学更适合教授这项技能。( )在旧金山的探索馆里,我们最近研究了学 58 习提出好问题会对人们科学探索的质量产生怎样的影响。我们发现,当我们教参与者使用“如果?”和“如何?”来问这些 现场没有人知道答案但又会激发探索的问题时,他们在下次展览时会更好地进行探究———提出更多的问题,进行更多 的实验并对其研究结果作出更好的解释。确切地说,在新展览上,他们的问题变得更加全面。他们往往会在问题中涵 盖因果关系,而不仅仅是询问他们想尝试问的问题。提出生动的的问题看起来是一种可用于多种工作的技能,用于深 化协作以探究展览中所发现的科学内容。 这种学习并不局限于博物馆或机构组织。( )非正式学习的环境比学校更能容忍失败。或许很多教师只有很少 59 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 2 0 22的时间让学生形成并探究他们自己的问题,而在课程中又有太多的东西要教。( )但是,人们必须从某个地方获得这 60 项技能。我们的社会依赖能对自己的医疗作出关键决定的人,或者对关于全球能源需求我们所必须做的事情作出关键 决定的人。为此,我们拥有一个健全的非正式学习系统,不会打分,来者皆收,甚至在节假日和周末皆可用。 根据题干关键词 定位至文章 56.D) traditionaleducators􀆳interpretationoftheresearchoutcome,firstparagraph 首段末句 该句指出 在传统教育者来看来 这个结果表明 学校教育并没有让学生去思考生态系统和生物灭 , : , , 绝这样的重要的科学概念 故答案为 , D)。 根据题干关键词 定位至文章第二段第二句 57.A) collegestudents,different,children “Onthistask,theyfound 接下来找到两者的不同 大学生关注的是白头鹰和他们的栖息地之间的互相依赖的关键问 largedifferences.” , 题 而五年级的学生关注的是白头鹰的特征 它们有多大 它们以什么为食 大学生培养了问问题的能 , ( ? ?)。 力 这是批判性思考的基础 大学生学会了如何学习 故答案为 , 。 , A)。 根据题干关键词 定位到第三段问没有已知答案的问题让这些参与 58.B) benefit,questions,noreadyanswers 者进行探索 他们会在下次进行了更好的调查 他们的问题变得更加全面 故答案为 , 。 。 B)。 根据题干关键词 定位到最后一段 非正式学习比学校教学更能容忍失 59.A) advantage,informallearning 。“ 败 故答案为 ”, A)。 根据题干关键词 定位到段落的最后 但是 人们必须 60.C) encourageeducatorstodo,attheendofthepassage 。 , 从某个地方获得这项技能 我们的社会依赖能对自己的医疗作出关键决定的人 或者对关于全球能源需求 。 , 我们所必须做的事情作出关键决定的人 为此 我们拥有一个健全的非正式学习系统 不会打分 来者皆收 。 , , , , 甚至在节假日和周末都可用 所以教育者应该充分利用非正式的教育资源 故答案为 。 , C)。 PassageTwo “太空界有句老话:外行说技术,内行谈保险。”在去年《经济学家》的一次采访中,太空旅游公司维珍银河的首席执 行官乔治·怀特塞兹将其公司归为后者。( )然而,在 月 日维珍太空进取号的坠毁导致两名飞行员一死一重伤 61 10 31 之后,保险也难以起到安慰作用。 ( )除了造成人员的惨重的伤亡外,发生在加州的这一惨剧不仅造成了人员伤亡,更将给太空旅行———甚至在它 61 刚刚起步之前———的前景长期笼罩在阴影之下。 随着爱冒险的富豪工程师丹尼斯·蒂托花费了 , 万美元搭乘俄罗斯的宇宙飞船游览了太空,太空旅行的概 2000 念于 年开始盛行。自那以后,只有六名度假者花费同样的天价抵达太空轨道。但最近,一些公司开始计划推出价 2001 格更为实惠的“亚轨道”飞行———只在太空茫茫黑暗的边缘作短暂的探险。( )在本周事故之前,维珍银河公司几乎就 62 要启动常规太空航行了。该公司已收取了包括史蒂芬·霍金在内的约 名准太空旅客的订金。 800 数年来一直受困于技术延误的维珍银河公司创始人理查德·布兰森爵士,近来表明“太空船 号”飞行器最快将于 2 年 月搭载第一批付费的乘客。这一日程目前看起来不大可能完成了。据报道,失事航天飞行器的姊妹飞行器 2015 2 在七月份已大约完工一半。而另一半则需等到美国联邦航空管理局和国家运输安全委员会的权威人士找到问题所在 之后才能开工。 与此同时,整个太空旅游业都将人心惶惶。( ) 版《商业太空发射修正法》旨在鼓励私人太空航天器和服务的 632004 发展,禁止交通部长(以及联邦航空局)管理私人航天器的设计或操作,除非它们对机组人员或乘客造成了严重或致命 的伤害。( )这意味着联邦航空局可能会吊销维珍银河公司的飞行执照。联邦航空局还可能坚持要求对私人的载人 64 航天器进行彻底的检查,就像其对商用飞机所做的那样。虽然这可能会使亚轨道旅行更加安全,但也会令这一新兴行 业的成本和复杂性显著增加,到目前为止,这一新兴行业主要是亿万富翁和那些爱幻想的工程师的游乐场。 维珍银河公司、监管机构以及公众对这起最新悲剧事件的反应将决定私人太空旅行是否以及多久才能超越 “游乐场”的地位。( )毫无疑问,太空旅行有风险,而且开拓一种新的旅行模式不仅要面对这些风险,还要通过 65 汲取来之不易的经验来降低此类风险。 根据题干关键词 定位到第一段最后一句 进取号的坠毁导致了一个飞行员 61.B) thefailureofVSSEnterprise “ 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 2 1 22丧生以及另一名飞行员重伤 接着又说 发生在加州的这一惨剧不仅造成了人员伤亡 更将给太空旅 。” ,“ , 行 甚至在它刚刚起步之前 的前景长期笼罩在阴影之下 故答案为 ——— ——— 。” B)。 根据题干关键词 定位到第三段 在这周的事故发生前 似乎已 62.C) thespace-tourismfirmVirginGalactic “ ,VG 经准备开始常规的太空飞行 该公司已从包括史蒂芬 霍金在内的约 名准太空旅客收取了订金 故 。 · 800 。”, 答案为 C)。 根据题干关键词 定位到第五段 版 63.D) purpose,2004,CommercialSpaceLaunchAmendmentsAct 。2004 商业太空发射修正法 旨在鼓励私人太空航天器和服务的 发展 对应于 所以答案为 《 》 ,intendto purpose。 D)。 根据题干关键词 定位到第五段的中间 这意味着此次事故之 64.D) FAA,aftertherecentaccidentinCalifornia “ 后 联邦航空管理局可以吊销维珍银河的飞行执证 故答案为 , 。” D)。 根据题干关键词 定位最后一段 要开拓一种新的旅行模式 比如太空旅行 不仅要 65.A) privatespacetravel 。“ ( ) 面对这些风险 还要通过汲取来之不易的经验来降低此类风险 故答案为 , ,” A)。 PartIV Translation 【参考译文】 InChina,theparentsendeavortohelptheirchildren,andevenmakeimportantdecisions forthemregardlessofwhatthechildrenactuallyneed,becausetheybelievewhattheydoisgood totheirchildren.Asaresult,Children􀆳sgrowthandeducationareusuallysubjecttotheir parents􀆳will.Iftheparentsdecidetoregisterforanextra-curricularclassfortheirchildrentoin- creasethechanceofbeingadmittedtoaneliteschool,theywillholdtheirdecisionfirmly,even iftheirchildrenarenotinterestedatall.WhileinAmerica,theparentsarelikelytorespecttheir children􀆳sopinions,andpayattentiontotheirviewswhenmakingdecisions.Itmaybeworthy ofpraiseforChineseparentstoattachgreatimportancetoeducation.Whenitcomestoeduca- tion,however,theyshouldlearnfrom Americanparentshowtobalancetherelationshipbe- tweenthemandthierchildren. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2015-12 1 2 2 22