六级2017-12-1_四六级真题+资料包_六级真题_2017真题+解析

机密 启用前 ★ 大 学 英 语 六 级 考 试 COLLEGEENGLISHTEST BandSix — — 2017-12-1 ( ) 试 题 册 ☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ 敬 告 考 生 一、 在答题前,请认真完成以下内容: 请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条 答题卡的印刷质量 如有问题及时向监考员反应 确认无 1. 、 , , 误后完成以下两点要求 。 请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡 的条形码粘贴框内 并将姓名和准考 2. 1 , 证号填写在试题册背面相应位置 。 请在答题卡 和答题卡 指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号 姓名和学校名称 并用 3. 1 2 、 , HB-2B 铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑 。 二、 在考试过程中,请注意以下内容: 所有题目必须在答题卡上规定位置作答 在试题册上或答题卡上非规定位置的作答一律无效 1. , 。 请在规定时间内在答题卡指定位置依次完成作文 听力 阅读 翻译各部分考试 作答作文期 2. 、 、 、 , 间不得翻阅该试题册 听力录音播放完毕后 请立即停止作答 监考员将立即收回答题卡 得 。 , , 1, 到监考员指令后方可继续作答 。 作文题内容印在试题册背面 作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内 3. , 作答 。 选择题均为单选题 错选 不选或多选将不得分 作答时必须使用 铅笔在答题卡上相 4. , 、 , HB-2B 应位置填涂 修改时须用橡皮擦净 , 。 三、 以下情况按违规处理: 不正确填写 涂 个人信息 错贴 不贴 毁损条形码粘贴条 1. ( ) , 、 、 。 未按规定翻阅试题册 提前阅读试题 提前或在收答题卡期间作答 2. 、 、 。 未用所规定的笔作答 折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷 3. 、 。 考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机 4. 。 全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2017年12月大学英语六级考试(第1套) PartI Writing 30minutes ( ) Directions Forthispart youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthe : , saying Respectothers andyouwillberespected.Youcanciteexamplesto “ , ” illustrateyourviews.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200 words. PartII ListeningComprehension 30minutes ( ) SectionA DirectionsInthissection youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendof : , eachconversation youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversation , andthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion , youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA B ), ), C andD .ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1with ) ) asinglelinethroughthecentre. Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 1.A)Theyforbidbusinessestoproducemorefoodsthanneeded. B)Theyfacilitatethedonationofunsoldfoodstotheneedy. C)Theyprohibitthesaleoffoodsthathavegonestale. D)Theyrewardbusinessesthateliminatefoodwaste. 2.A)Itpassedalawaimingtostopoverproduction. B)Itprohibitedthepromotionofbulkfoodsales. C)ItvotedagainstfoodimportfromoutsideEurope. D)Itimposedpenaltiesonbusinessesthatwastefood. 3.A)Ithaspenalizedbusinessesthatkeepoverproducingfoods. B)Ithasstartedanationwidecampaignagainstfoodwaste. C)Ithaswarneditspeopleagainstpossiblefoodshortages. D)Ithasbannedsupermarketsfromdumpingediblefoods. 4.A)Americans􀆳habitofbuyingfoodinbulk. B)Alackofregulationonfoodconsumption. C)Theconfusionoverfoodexpirationlabels. D)Thesurplusresultingfromoverproduction. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 22Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard. 5.A)Itspecializesinthesaleofladies􀆳designerdresses. B)Itoffersregularweekendsalesalltheyearround. C)Ithasjustlauncheditsannualanniversarysales. D)Ithasstartedaweek-longpromotioncampaign. 6.A)Priceadjustmentswithinsevendaysofpurchase. B)Freedeliveryofpurchasesforseniorcustomers. C)Couponsforcustomerswithbulkpurchases. D)Pricereductionsforitsfrequentcustomers. 7.A)Givehersomecoupons. C)Allowhertobuyoncredit. B)Creditittoheraccount. D)Mailagiftcardtoher. 8.A)Complimentarytailoring. C)Freeinstallingofappliances. B)Prolongedgoodswarranty. D)Refundingforgoodsreturned. SectionB DirectionsInthissection youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage youwill : , , hearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonly once.Afteryouhearaquestion youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefour , choicesmarkedA B C andD .ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswer ), ), ) ) Sheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre. Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 9.A)Theyrepresentpeoplefromvirtuallyallwalksoflife. B)Theyhavetwenty-fourdifferentbodyshapesintotal. C)Theyhavemorethantwentydifferenthairtextures. D)Theyarethin,tall,andunlikerealhumanbeings. 10.A)Theydonotreflectyounggirls􀆳aspirations. B)Theyarenotsoldtogetherwiththeoriginal. C)Theirbodyshapeshavenotchangedmuch. D)Theirflatfeetdonotappealtoadolescents. 11.A)Intoystores. C)Inshoppingmalls. B)OntheInternet. D)AtBarbieshops. Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard. 12.A)MetaltypewasimportedfromKorea. B)Theearliestknownbookwaspublished. C)Chineseprintingtechnologywasfirstintroduced. D)Moveablemetaltypebegantobeusedinprinting. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 2 2213.A)Itproducedsome20millionvolumesintotal. B)IthelpedtheGermanpeoplebecomeliterate. C)Itwasthebiggestprinterinthe16thcentury. D)Ithadmorethanahundredprintingpresses. 14.A)Itboostedthecirculationofpopularworks. B)Itprovidedreaderswithmorechoices. C)Itmadewritingaveryprofitablecareer. D)Itpushedhandwrittenbooksoutofcirculation. 15.A)ItacceleratedtheextinctionoftheLatinlanguage. B)Itpromotedthegrowthofnationallanguages. C)Itturnedtranslationintoawelcomeprofession. D)Itstandardizedthepublicationofgrammarbooks. SectionC DirectionsInthissection youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythree : , orfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouheara question youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA B C , ), ), ) andD .ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasingleline ) throughthecentre. Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 16.A)Theychooseajobwithoutthinkingitthrough. B)Theybecomestuckinthesamejobfordecades. C)Theyspendanaverageofoneyearfindingajob. D)Theygetboredafterworkingforaperiodoftime. 17.A)Decidewhichjobismostattractivetoyou. C)Watchafilmaboutwaysofjobhunting. B)Seeiftherewillbechancesforpromotion. D)Findoutwhatjobchoicesareavailable. 18.A)Thepayyouaregoingtoget. C)Thecultureofyourtargetcompany. B)Thequalificationsyouhave. D)Theworkenvironmentyouwillbein. Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 19.A)ItisareligiousfestivalcelebratedbyAfrican-Americans. B)ItisanancientfestivalcelebratedbyAfrican-Americans. C)ItisaculturalfestivalfoundedforAfrican-Americans. D)ItisasimportantasChristmasforAfrican-Americans. 20.A)TocallonAfrican-Americanstoworshiptheirgods. B)TourgeAfrican-Americanstodomoreforsociety. C)ToremindAfrican-Americansoftheirsufferings. D)TohelpAfrican-Americanstorealizetheirgoals. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 3 2221.A)Faithinself-determination. C)Creativeworkandachievement. B)Thefirstfruitsoftheharvest. D)Unityandcooperativeeconomics. 22.A)Theytakeasolemnoath. C)Theyreciteaprinciple. B)Theydrinkwinefromtheunitycup. D)Theycallouttheirancestors􀆳names. Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard. 23.A)Itconsistsmainlyofvariouskindsofseafood. B)Itbegantoimpacttheworldinrecentyears. C)Itcontainslargeamountsofdairyproducts. D)Itisoneoftheworld􀆳smosthealthydiets. 24.A)Itisregardedasoneofthegreatestresearchesofitskind. B)Ithasdrawntheattentionofmedicaldoctorstheworldover. C)ItwasconductedinsevenMid-Easterncountriesinthe1950s. D)Itinvolved13,000researchersfromAsia,EuropeandAmerica. 25.A)Theyeatfoodswithlittlefat. C)Theyuselittleoilincooking. B)Theyhavelowermortalityrates. D)Theycaremuchabouttheirhealth. PartIII ReadingComprehension 40minutes ( ) SectionA DirectionsInthissection thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectone : , wordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthe passage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Each choiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor eachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuse anyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce. Inthepast12months,Nigeriahassufferedfromashrinkingeconomy,aslidingcurrency, andaprolongedfuelshortage.Now,Africa􀆳slargesteconomyisfacingafoodcrisisasmajor tomatofieldshavebeendestroyedbyaninsect,leadingtoanationwideshortageandescalating prices. Theinsect,Tutaabsoluta,hasdestroyed80% offarmsin Kaduna,Nigeria􀆳slargest tomato-producingstate,leadingthegovernmenttheretodeclareastateof 26 .Theinsect, alsoknownasthetomatoleafminer,devastatescropsby 27 onfruitsanddiggingintoand movingthroughstalks.It 28 incrediblyquickly,breedingupto12generationsperyearif conditionsarefavorable.Itisbelievedtohave 29 inSouthAmericaintheearly1900s,and laterspreadtoEuropebeforecrossingovertosub-SaharanAfrica. InNigeria,wheretomatoesareastapleoflocaldiets,theinsect􀆳seffectsaredevastating. Retailpricesfora 30 oftomatoesatlocalmarketshaverisenfrom $0.50to $2.50. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 4 22Farmersarereportingsteeplossesandanew $20milliontomato-pastefactoryhas 31 productionduetotheshortages. Giventhe moth􀆳sabilityalsotoattackcropslikepepperandpotatoes,Audu Ogbeh, Nigeria􀆳sministerofagriculture,haswarnedthatthepestmay“createseriousproblemsfor food 32 ”inthecountry.Ogbehsaysexpertsareinvestigatinghowtocontrolthepest􀆳s damageandpreventitsspread,whichhasgonelargely 33 untilnow. Despitebeingthecontinent􀆳ssecond-largestproduceroftomatoes,Nigeriais 34 on $1billionworthoftomato-pasteimportseveryyear,asaround75%ofthelocalharvestgoes towastethankstoalackofproperstoragefacilities.Afurther 35 inlocalsuppliesisyet anotherunwelcomesetbacktotheindustry. A)dependent B)embarking C)emergency D)feeding E)grazes F)halted G)handful H)multitude I)originated J)reduction K)reproduces L)security M)terror N)unchecked O)untouched SectionB DirectionsInthissection youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit. : , Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifythe paragraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraph morethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsby markingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2. Datasharing Anopenmindonopendata : A)Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomakeresearchdata,softwarecode andexperimentalmethodspubliclyavailableandtransparent.Aspiritofopennessisgaining acceptanceinthesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddressa ‘crisis’insciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.Furthermore,they say,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessary tospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends. B)Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.Ontheonehand,the drivetoshareisgatheringofficialsteam.Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebegunto backpoliciesthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.Ontheotherhand,scientists disagreeabouthow muchand whentheyshouldsharedata,andtheydebate whether sharingitismorelikelytoacceleratescienceand makeitmorerobust,ortointroduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscallfor moreopenness,junior researchersmustfindtheirplacebetweenadoptersandthosewhocontinuetoholdout,even astheystrivetolaunchtheirowncareers. C)Onekeychallengefacingyoungscientistsishowtobeopenwithoutbecomingscientifically 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 5 22vulnerable.They mustdeterminetheriskofjeopardizingajobofferoracollaboration proposalfromthosewhoarewaryof—orunfamiliarwith—openscience.Andtheymust learnhowtocapitalizeonthemovement􀆳sbenefits,suchasopportunitiesformorecitations anda waytobuildareputation withouttheneedforconventional metrics,suchas publicationinhigh-impactjournals. D)Somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.Researchersinpsychology,afield rockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityinthepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocal supportersofthedrivefor more-openscience.Afew psychologyjournalshavecreated incentivestoincreaseinterestinreproduciblescience—forexample,byaffixingan‘open- data’badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataareavailable.Accordingtosocial psychologistBrianNosek,executivedirectoroftheCenterforOpenScience,theaverage PsychologicalScience data-sharingrateforthejournal ,whichusesthebadges,increased tenfoldto38%from2013to2015. E)Funders,too,areincreasinglyadoptinganopen-datapolicy.Severalstronglyencourage,and somerequire,adata-managementplanthatmakesdataavailable.TheUSNationalScience philanthropic(慈善的) Foundationisamongthese.Some funders,includingtheBill& Melinda GatesFoundationinSeattle,Washington,andtheWellcomeTrustinLondon,alsomandate opendatafromtheirgrantrecipients. F)Butmanyyoungresearchers,especiallythosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience, areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.Graduatestudentsandpostdocs, whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead􀆳sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisoror anotherseniorcolleagueopposessharing. G)Somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,especiallyattheearlystagesofa gettingscooped(被抢先) career.“Everybodyhasascarystoryaboutsomeone ,”saysNew YorkUniversityastronomerDavid Hogg.Thosefears maybeafactorinalingering hesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandateit. H)Researchersatsmalllabsoratinstitutionsfocusedonteachingarguablyhavethemostto losewhensharinghard-wondata.“With myinstitutionandteachingload,Idon􀆳thave postdocsandgradstudents,”saysTerryMcGlynn,atropicalbiologistatCaliforniaState University,DominguezHills.“Thestakesarehigherformetosharedatabecauseit􀆳sa biggerfractionofwhat􀆳shappeninginmylab.” I)Researchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedinpreparingdataforotherstoview. repository(存储库) Oncethedataandassociatedmaterialsappearina ,answeringquestions andhandlingcomplaintscantakemanyhours. J)Thetimeinvestmentcanpresentotherproblems.Insomecases,saysdatascientistKarthikRam, itmaybedifficultforjuniorresearcherstoembraceopennesswhenseniorcolleagues — manyofwhomheadselectionandpromotioncommittees— mightridiculewhattheymay 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 6 22viewasmisplacedenergies.“I􀆳veheardthisrecently—thatembracingtheideaofopendata andcodemakestraditionalacademicsuncomfortable,”saysRam.“Theconcernseemstobe thatopenadvocatesdon􀆳tspendtheirtimebeingasproductiveaspossible.” K)Anopen-sciencestancecanalsoaddcomplexitytoacollaboration.KateRatliff,whostudiessocial attitudesattheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,saysthatitcanseemasiftherearetwocamps inafield — thosewhocareaboutopenscienceandthosewhodon􀆳t.“There􀆳sanewareato navigate— ‘AreyoucoolwiththefactthatI􀆳llwanttomakethedataopen?’— when talkingwithsomebodyaboutaninterestingresearchidea,”shesays. L)Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignificant.Forexample, wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)isassigned. ScientistscanuseaDOItopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinal paper.Insodoing,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitations— oneeachforthedataand software,inadditiontothepaperitself.Andalthoughsomesaythatcitationsforsoftware ordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits. M)Manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswithadateandtimestampwill protectscientistsfrombeingscooped.“Thisisthesweetspotbetweensharingandgetting plagiarism (剽 窃) creditforit,while discouraging ,”saysIvo Grigorov,a project coordinatoratthe NationalInstitute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariatin Charlottenlund,Denmark.Hoggsaysthatscoopingislessofaproblemthanmanythink. “ThetwocasesI􀆳mfamiliarwithdidn􀆳tinvolveopendataorcode,”hesays. N)Opensciencealsooffersjuniorresearchersthechancetoleveltheplayingfieldbygaining betteraccesstocrucialdata.RossMounce,apostdocstudyingevolutionarybiologyatthe UniversityofCambridge,UK,isavocalchampionofopenscience,partlybecausehis fossil-basedresearchdependsonaccesstoothers􀆳data.Hesaysthatmoreopennessin sciencecouldhelptodiscouragewhatsomeperceiveasacommonpracticeofshuttingout early-careerscientists􀆳requestsfordata. O)Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays. Concernsaboutopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.“Wheneveryou startaprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsfor whoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandowhatwiththem,”hesays. P)Intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleaguescanhelpanearly-career researchertogainrecognition — acrucialcomponentofsuccess.“Thethingyouare genomics(基因组学) searchingforisreputation,”saysTitusBrown,a researcheratthe UniversityofCalifornia,Davis.“Togetgrantsandjobs,youhavetoberelevantand achievesomelevelofpublicrecognition.Anythingyoudothatadvancesyourpresence— especiallyinalargersphere,outsidethecommunitiesyouknow —isanetwin.” 36.AstronomerDavid Hoggdoesn􀆳tthinkscoopingisasseriousaproblem asgenerally 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 7 22thought. 37.Someresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfearthatothersmightpublish somethingsimilarbeforethem. 38.Somepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheirdata. 39.Thereisagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythatresearchdatabeopentothe public. 40.Sharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofreputation. 41.Datasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingto morecitations. 42.Scientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdatasharing. 43.Potentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyall participantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject. 44.Sharingdataandhandlingdata-relatedissuescanbetime-consuming. 45.Juniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharingdata. SectionC Directions Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsor : unfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA B C ), ), ) andD .Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteron ) AnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre. PassageOne Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage. I Robot Inthebeginningofthemovie , ,arobothastodecidewhomtosaveaftertwocars plungeintothewater— DelSpoonerorachild.EventhoughSpoonerscreams“Saveher!Save her!”therobotrescueshimbecauseitcalculatesthathehasa45percentchanceofsurvival comparedtoSarah􀆳s11percent.Therobot􀆳sdecisionanditscalculatedapproachraisean importantquestion:wouldhumansmakethesamechoice? Andwhichchoicewouldwewant ourroboticcounterpartstomake? IsaacAsimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghisthreelawsofrobotics, whichholdthat1.Robotscannotharmhumansorallowhumanstocometoharm;2.Robots mustobeyhumans,exceptwheretheorderwouldconflictwithlaw1;and3.Robotsmustact inself-preservation,unlessdoingsoconflictswithlaws1or2.Theselawsareprogrammedinto Asimov􀆳srobots—theydon􀆳thavetothink,judge,orvalue.Theydon􀆳thavetolikehumans orbelievethathurtingthemiswrongorbad.Theysimplydon􀆳tdoit. I Robot th TherobotwhorescuesSpooner􀆳slifein , followsAsimov􀆳szero law:robotscannot harmhumanity (asopposedtoindividualhumans)orallow humanitytocometoharm — an 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 8 22expansionofthefirstlawthatallowsrobotstodeterminewhat􀆳sinthegreatergood.Underthefirst th law,arobotcouldnotharmadangerousgunman,butunderthezero law,arobotcouldkillthe gunmantosaveothers. Whetherit􀆳spossibletoprogram arobotwithsafeguardssuchas Asimov􀆳slawsis debatable.Awordsuchas“harm”isvague(whataboutemotionalharm?Isreplacingahuman employeeharm?),andabstractconceptspresentcodingproblems.Therobotsin Asimov􀆳s fictionexposecomplicationsandloopholesinthethreelaws,andevenwhenthelawswork, robotsstillhavetoassesssituations. Assessingsituationscanbecomplicated.Arobothastoidentifytheplayers,conditions,and possibleoutcomesforvariousscenarios.It􀆳sdoubtfulthatacomputerprogramcandothat— at least,notwithoutsomeundesirableresults.A roboticistattheBristolRoboticsLaboratory proxies(替身) programmedarobottosavehuman called“H-bots”fromdanger.WhenoneH- botheadedfordanger,therobotsuccessfullypusheditoutoftheway.ButwhentwoH-bots becameimperiled,therobotchoked42percentofthetime,unabletodecidewhichtosaveand lettingthemboth “die.”Theexperimenthighlightstheimportanceofmorality:withoutit, howcanarobotdecidewhomtosaveorwhat􀆳sbestforhumanity,especiallyifitcan􀆳tcalculate survivalodds? 46.Whatquestiondoestheexampleinthemovieraise? A)Whetherrobotscanreachbetterdecisions. th B)WhetherrobotsfollowAsimov􀆳szero law. C)Howrobotsmaymakebadjudgments. D)Howrobotsshouldbeprogrammed. 47.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAsimov􀆳sthreelawsofrobotics? A)Theyareapparentlydivorcedfromreality. B)Theydidnotfollowthecodingsystemofrobotics. C)Theylaidasolidfoundationforrobotics. D)Theydidnottakemoralissuesintoconsideration. 48.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAsimov􀆳srobots? A)Theyknowwhatisgoodorbadforhumanbeings. B)Theyareprogrammednottohurthumanbeings. C)Theyperformdutiesintheirowners􀆳bestinterest. D)Theystopworkingwhenamoralissueisinvolved. 49.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheword“harm”inAsimov􀆳slaws? A)Abstractconceptsarehardtoprogram. B)Itishardforrobotstomakedecisions. C)Robotsmaydoharmincertainsituations. D)Asimov􀆳slawsusetoomanyvagueterms. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 9 2250.WhathastheroboticistattheBristolRoboticsLaboratoryfoundinhisexperiment? A)Robotscanbemadeasintelligentashumanbeingssomeday. B)Robotscanhavemoralissuesencodedintotheirprograms. C)Robotscanhavetroublemakingdecisionsincomplexscenarios. D)Robotscanbeprogrammedtoperceivepotentialperils. PassageTwo Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Ourworldnowmovessofastthatweseldomstoptoseejusthowfarwehavecomeinjust afewyears.ThelatestiPhone6s,forexample,hasadual-coreprocessorandfitsnicelyinto yourpocket.Bycomparison,youwouldexpecttofindatechnologicalspecificationlikethison yourstandardlaptopinanofficeanywhereintheworld. It􀆳snowonderthatnewapplicationsfortheInternetofThingsaremovingaheadfastwhen almosteverynewdevicewebuyhasaplugontheendofitorawirelessconnectiontothe internet.Soon,ourcurrentsmartphonelifestylewillexpandtocreateourownsmarthome lifestyletoo. Allresearchesagreethatcloseto25billiondevices,thingsandsensorswillbeconnected Millennials(千禧一代) by2020whichincidentallyisalsothemomentthat areexpectedtomake up75percentofouroverallworkforce,andthefullyconnectedhomewillbecomearealityfor largenumbersofpeopleworldwide. However,thisisjustthetipoftheproverbialicebergassmartbuildingsandevencities increasinglybecomethenormasleadersandbusinessownersbegintowakeuptothemassive savingsthattechnologycandeliverthroughconnectedsensorsandnewformsofautomation coupledwithintelligentenergyandfacilitiesmanagement. Onlinesecuritycameras,intelligentlightingandawealthofsensorsthatcontrolboth temperatureandairqualityareofferinganunprecedentedlevelofcontrol,efficiency,and improvementstowhatwereonceclassednecessarycostswhenrunningabusinessormanaging alargebuilding. Wecanexpectthattheever-growinglistofdevices,systemsandenvironmentsremain connected,alwaysonlineandtalkingtoeachother.Thebigbenefitwillnotonlybeinthe housingofthisenormousandrapidlygrowingamountofdata,butwillalsobeintheabilityto runrealtimedataanalyticstoextractactionableandongoingknowledge. Thebiggestandmostexcitingchallengeofthistechnologyishowtocreativelyleverage thisever-growingamountofdatatodelivercostsavings,improvementsandtangiblebenefitsto bothbusinessesandcitizensofthesesmartcities. Thegoodnewsisthatmostofthistechnologyisalreadyinvented.Let􀆳sfaceit,itwasn􀆳t toolongagothattheideaofworkingfromanywhereandatanytimewassomeformofadistant utopian(乌托邦式的) dream,andyetnowwecanperformalmostanyoffice-basedtaskfromany locationintheworldaslongaswehaveaccesstotheinternet. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 0 22It􀆳stimeto wakeuptothefactthat makingsmartbuildings,citiesandhomeswill dramaticallyimproveourqualityoflifeintheyearsahead. 51.WhatdoestheexampleofiPhone6sservetoshow? A)Thehugecapacityofthesmartphonespeoplenowuse. B)Thewidespreaduseofsmartphonesallovertheworld. C)Thehugeimpactofnewtechnologyonpeople􀆳severydaylife. D)Therapidtechnologicalprogressinaveryshortperiodoftime. 52.Whatcanweexpecttoseebytheyear2020? A)AppsfortheInternetofThings. C)TheemergenceofMillennials. B)Thepopularizationofsmarthomes. D)Totalglobalizationoftheworld. 53.WhatwillbusinessownersdowhentheybecomeawareofthebenefitsoftheInternetofThings? A)Employfewerworkersintheiroperations. B)Gainautomaticcontroloftheirbusinesses. C)Investinmoresmartbuildingsandcities. D)Embracewhatevernewtechnologythereis. 54.Whatisthemostexcitingchallengewhenwepossessmoreandmoredata? A)Howtoturnittoprofitableuse. C)Howtolinktheactionablesystems. B)Howtodorealtimedataanalysis. D)Howtodevisenewwaystostoreit. 55.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaboutworkingfromanywhereandatanytime? A)Itisfeasiblewithaconnectiontotheinternet. B)Itwillthriveinsmartbuildings,citiesandhomes. C)Itisstilladistantutopiandreamforordinaryworkers. D)Itwilldelivertangiblebenefitstobothbossandworker. PartIV Translation 30minutes ( ) Directions Forthispart youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseinto : , English.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2. 洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部 面积很大 但湖水很浅 洞庭湖是长江的蓄洪池 湖的大小很大程 , , 。 , 度上取决于季节变化 湖北和湖南两省因其与湖的相对位置而得名 湖北意为 湖的北边 而湖南 。 : “ ”, 则为 湖的南边 洞庭湖作为龙舟赛的发源地 在中国文化中享有盛名 据说龙舟赛始于洞庭湖 “ ”。 , 。 东岸 为的是搜寻楚国爱国诗人屈原的遗体 龙舟赛与洞庭湖及周边的美景 每年都吸引着成千上 , 。 , 万来自全国和世界各地的游客 。 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 1 222017年12月大学英语六级考试答案与解析(第1套) PartI Writing 【范文】 TheImportanceofMutualRespect? Inmodernsociety,moreand moreconflictsappearinourdailylifeowingtolackof respect.Inmyopinion,thesolutiontothemoriginatesfromafamoussaying“Respectothers, andyouwillberespected”.Consequently,itisquitesignificanttodemonstratemutualrespect toeachotherinroutinelife. Inthefirstplace,mutualrespectisinconsiderableneedamonguniversityroommates.If wehavetheawarenessofrespecting others􀆳foibles or peculiarities,the occurrence of argumentsorconflictsshalldropsubstantially.Moreover,weareoftenshockedbythesuicide newsofemployeesinsomecompanies,wheretheyaremaltreatedforaquitelongwhile.These tragediesillustratearuthlessfactthatthesecompanieseventuallywillpayoffthedebtsatthe expenseofdisreputeandshortofemployees,providedtheystillattach moreimportanceto profit-makingratherthangivingenoughrespecttotheirdiligentemployees. Astheresult,with mutualrespect,bothcangainenormousbenefitsfromit;while withoutit,allwillsufferirretrievableloss.Itishightimeweshouldperceivethefascinating glamourof mutualrespectwhichisrelativelyvitalto maintainourdelicateinterpersonal relationshipandevenpromotethemutualhealthydevelopment. PartII ListeningComprehension 1~5:BADCC 6~10:ABADC 11~15:BDCAB 16~20:ADBCD 21~25:BCDAB SectionA ConversationOne 􀆳 M:Andnow,forthelightersideofthenews,Europeissettinganexamplefortherestofthe worldwhenitcomestofoodwaste. W:That􀆳sright,John.Thisweek,theItaliangovernmentpassedlegislationthataimsto dramaticallyreducetheamountoffoodwastedinthecountry.(1)Newlawshavebeenput intoplacethatwouldmakeiteasierforfarmsandsupermarketstodonateunsoldfoodsto thosewhoareinneed. M:Yes.Andinadditiontothis,businesseswillnowberewardedforsuccessfuleffortstocut foodwaste. W:Italyisnottheonlycountrytofocusonreducingfoodwaste.(2)Justearlierthisyear,the EuropeanParliamentvotedinfavoroflegislationthatwouldstopgrocerygiantsfrom 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 2 22unfairtradingpracticesthatresultinoverproduction,thuscreatingwaste. M:(3)InFrance,thegovernmenthasbannedsupermarketsfromthrowingawayediblefoods andimposedharshpenaltiesonbusinessesthatfailtocomplywiththeregulations. W:Whilethereisstillmuchprogresstobemade,othercountriescouldlearnathingortwo fromtheexamplesetbyFranceandItaly.IntheUnitedSates,upto40%ofallfoodgoes uneaten,despitethefactthatoneinsevenAmericanhouseholdslacksregularaccessto goodfood.(4)Onemajorcauseofthisproblemistheconfusionoverfoodexpirationlabels, whicharecurrentlynotregulatedbythegovernment. M:Allthiscouldchangesoon.ThiswaveofnewlawsinEuropewilldefinitelyputmore pressureonlawmakerstoreducefoodwastehere.Weturnnowtoaspokespersonfrom HarvardUniversity􀆳sFoodLawandPolicyClinicformoreonthestory.Andnow,let􀆳s welcomeProfessorEdwardBakertospeaktous. 1.WhatdoesthewomansayaboutthenewlawsinItaly? 2.WhatdidtheEuropeanParliamentdotoreducefoodwaste? 3.WhathastheFrenchgovernmentdonerecently? 4.WhatisthemajorcauseoffoodwasteintheUnitedStates? ConversationTwo M:ThankyouforcallingSaksFifthAvenueDepartmentStore.HowcanIbeofassistanceto youtoday? W:Hello.Iwasinyourstorethispastweekendandboughtafewitems.(5-1)Yesterday,my friendtoldmethattheannualanniversarysaleshadbegun.Itturnedoutsheboughtthe samesweaterasIdidbutforamuchlowerprice. M:(5-2)Yes.Ouranniversarysalesstartedon Monday.(6)Wedoofferpriceadjustments withinsevendaysofpurchasetoensureourcustomersatisfaction.Yousaidyoudidthe purchaseherethispastweekend? W:Yes.IwasshoppinginyourstorelastSundayafternoon. M:Thatwoulddefinitelyfallwithinthepriceadjustmentwindow.Doyouhaveanaccountwith us? (7-1)Wecancredityouraccountdirectlywiththedifferenceifyouwish.Otherwisewe cansendagiftcardbymailifyouprefer. W:(7-2)Creditingmyaccountwouldbewonderful.Thankyou.Nowthatyoumentionthere􀆳sasale goingon,IdorememberadressIquitelikedwhenIwasintheshoponSunday.Isitonofferas well? M:Yes,ma􀆳am.Allthenewarrivalsarefifteentotwentypercentoff.(8)Inadditiontothe sale,we􀆳rerunningapromotionforcomplimentarytailoringifyouneedit. W:That􀆳sgoodnews.ThedressreallycaughtmyeyebutIdidhavesomeconcernsaboutthe length.Howlongwillthealterationstake? M:Ourtailoringdepartmentguaranteesalterationstobecompletedwithinfiveworkingdays. Ifyou􀆳dlikeIcansetoneasideforyou.Ifyou􀆳reabletocomethisafternoon,youcangive yournametothesalesmanagerandtheywillbeabletoassistyou. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 3 225.WhatdowelearnaboutSaksDepartmentStore? 6.WhatdoesthemansaySaksDepartmentStoreoffers? 7.Whatdoesthewomanwantthestoretodotoaddressthepricedifference? 8.WhatistheserviceSaksDepartmentStoreoffersinadditiontothepromotionsale? SectionB PassageOne (9)Barbiedollshaveaparticularlooktothem.They􀆳rethin,tall,long-legged…and virtuallyunlikeanyrealhumanbeing.AlthoughovertheyearsBarbiehashadmorethan180 differentcareers—includingfootballcoach,signlanguageteacher,ambassador,presidentand astronaut—herbodyshapehasn􀆳tchangedmuch.LastyearMattel,thecompanythatmakes Barbiedolls,addedsomeBarbiestoitslinethathavedifferentskintonesandhairtextures. TherearenowBarbieswithoneofsevenskintones,22eyecoloursand24hairstylestochoose from.LastyearMattelalsogaveBarbieaflatfoot,ratherthanforcinghertobe“inheels”all thetimeliketheoriginalBarbieis.NowtheyareintroducingnewBarbieswiththreeslightly differentbodyshapes,whiletheoriginal,tallandthinBarbieswillcontinuetobesold.Ina statementonitswebsite,thecompanysaysitwantsBarbiestolookmorelikerealpeople,and togive“girlseverywhere…infinitelymorewaystosparktheirimaginationandplayouttheir stories.”(10)AlthoughmanypeoplesaythenewBarbiesareastepintherightdirection,some peoplesaytheydon􀆳tgofarenough.Theysaythatthenewbodyshapescouldbeevenmore differentfromtheoriginal,tall,thinBarbies.SalesofBarbiedollshavebeenfalling“everyyear since2012”,accordingtoCBCNews.(11)Thetoysaren􀆳tinstoresyetbuttheywillbesold onlineattheBarbiewebsite,startingthisweek,for$9.99. 9.WhatdoweknowabouttheoriginalBarbiedolls? 10.WhydosomepeoplefeelunsatisfiedwiththenewBarbiedolls? 11.WherewillthenewBarbiedollsbesoldfirst? PassageTwo TheearliestprintedbookweknowtodayoppearedinChinaintheyear868,andmetaltype wasinuseinKoreaatthebeginningofthefifteenthcentury,(12)butitwasinGermany aroundtheyear1450thataprintingpressusingmoveablemetaltypewasinvented.Capitalism turnedprintingfromaninventionintoanindustry.Rightfromthestart,bookprintingand publishingwereorganizedoncapitalistlines.(13)Thebiggestsixteenth-centuryprinter, PlantinofAntwerp,had24printingpressesandemployedmorethanahundredworkers.Only asmallfractionofthepopulation wasliterate,buttheproductionofbooksgrew atan extraordinaryspeed.By1500some20 millionvolumeshadalreadybeenprinted.(14)The immediateeffectofprintingwastoincreasethecirculationofworksthatwerealreadypopular inahandwrittenform,whilelesspopularworkswentoutofcirculation.Publisherswere interestedonlyinbooksthatwouldsellfairlyquicklyinsufficientnumberstocoverthecostsof productionandmakeaprofit.Thus,whileprintingenormouslyincreasedaccesstobooksby makingcheap,high-volumeproductionpossible,italsoreducedchoice. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 4 22(15)Thegreatculturalimpactofprintingwasthatitfacilitatedthegrowthofnational languages.MostearlybookswereprintedinLatin,butthemarketforLatinwaslimited,and initspursuitoflargermarketsthebooktradesoonproducedtranslationsintothenational languagesemergingatthetime.Printingindeed playedakeyroleinstandardizingand stabilizingtheselanguagesbyfixingtheminprint,andproducingdictionariesandgrammar books. 12.WhathappenedinGermanyaroundtheyear1450? 13.WhatdoesthespeakersayabouttheprinterPlantinofAntwerp? 14.Whatwastheimmediateeffectofprinting? 15.Whatwasthegreatculturalimpactofprinting? SectionC RecordingOne Youdreamaboutbeingamoviestar.You􀆳llliveinabighouseinHollywood,gotothe Oscarseveryyear—andwin! You􀆳llberichandfamous.Waitaminute,youalsohatehaving yourphototaken,andyou􀆳reveryshy,sohowcouldyoueverbecomeamoviestar? Choosingtherightcareercanbehard.(16)Manypeoplegraduatefromschoolorcollege notknowingwhattodowiththeirlives,andgetajobwithoutreallythinkingaboutit.For some,thingsworkoutfine,butothersoftenfindthemselvesstuckinajobtheyhate.Your workinglifelastsanaverageoffortyyears,soit􀆳simportanttofindajobyoulikeandfeel enthusiasticabout.Luckily,therearemanywaysyoucangethelptodothis. TheAustralianwebsite,www.careersonline.com,compareschoosingacareerwithgoing tothemovies.Beforeyouseeamovie,youfindoutwhatfilmsareshowing.(17)Thesite suggestsyoushoulddothesamewithyourcareer—findoutwhatjobsareavailableandwhat youroptionsare.Next,decidewhichmovieyoulikebest.Ifyou􀆳renotaromanticperson,you won􀆳twanttoseealovestory.Inotherwords,withyourcareer,youshoulddecidewhichjob willsuityourpersonality.Finally,decidehowtogetmovietickets,andfindoutwherethe theaterisbeforeyougo.Withyourcareer,youneedtofindinformationaboutwhereyoucan work,andhowtogetajobinthatprofession. (18)Sohowdoyoustart?Beginbyaskingyourselfsomequestions.Somejobsrequireyoutohave certainlifeexperiences:Haveyoutraveledoverseas? Doyouhaveanyextracertificatesbesides yourdegree,suchasafirstaidlicenseforexample? Yourphysicalstateandbuildcanalso affectwhichjobsyoucando.Aperson,forexample,whoisallergictocats,wouldprobably neverbecomeananimaldoctor.Flightattendants,firefightersandpoliceofficershavetobe overacertainheight,andbephysicallyfit.Yourpersonalitymatters,too.Areyououtgoingor shy?Ifyoulikeworkingalone,ajobthatrequireslotsofteamworkmightnotsuityou. Choosingacareercantaketimeandalotofthought.However,whenyouknowyoucan lookforwardtoworkinginyourdreamjob,you􀆳llbegladyouthoughtitthrough. 16.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutmanycollegegraduates? 17.WhatdoestheAustralianwebsitesuggestyoudofirsttofindasuitablejob? 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 5 2218.WhatshouldyouthinkaboutwhenyoulookfortherightjobaccordingtotheAustralian website? RecordingTwo (19)KwanzaaisaculturalfestivalduringwhichAfrican-Americanscelebrateandreflect upontheirrichheritageastheproductsoftwoworlds.ItbeginsDecember26thandlastsfor sevendays. (20)Kwanzaawasfoundedin1966byDr.Karenga,acollegeprofessorand African- Americanleader,whobelievedthataspecialholidaycouldhelpAfrican-Americansmeettheir goalsofbuildingstrongfamilies,learningabouttheirhistoryandcreatingasenseofunity. Afterconductingextensiveresearchin whichhestudiedthefestivalsofmany African groupsofpeople,hedecidedthatthenew holidayshouldbeaharvestor “firstfruits” celebration,incorporatingideasfrom manydifferentharvesttraditions.(21)Kwanzaaisa Kiswahiliwordmeaning“thefirstfruitsoftheharvest.” TheEastAfricanlanguageofKiswahiliwaschosenasanofficiallanguageofKwanzaa becauseitisanon-triballanguagespokenbyalargeportionoftheAfricanpopulation.Also,its pronunciationis easy.Kwanzaa is based on seven principles which are unity,self- determination,collectiveworkandresponsibility,cooperativeeconomics,purpose,creativity andfaith.Oneprincipleishighlightedeachdayoftheholiday. Inpreparationforthecelebration,astrawmatisplacedonthetable,alongwithacandle holderwithsevencandles,oneblack,threered,andthreegreen.Theblackcandlerepresents theAfrican-Americanpeople,theredisfortheirstruggles,andthegreenrepresentstheir hopesforthefuture. Otheritemsplacedonthetableareavarietyoffruit,earsofcorns,giftsandacommunal unitycupforpouringandsharingdrinks. EachdayofKwanzaa,usuallybeforetheeveningmeal,familyandfriendsgatheraround thetableandsomeonelightsthecandle,beginningwiththeblack.Afterthat,candlesarelit alternatelyfromlefttoright.(22)Whilethecandleisbeinglit,aprincipleisrecited;theneach personpresenttakesaturntospeakabouttheimportancethatprinciplehastohimselfor herself. Next,theceremonyfocusesonrememberingthosewhohavedied.Aselectedpersonpours waterorjuicefromtheunitycupintoabowl.Thatpersonthendrinksfromthecupandraises ithighsaying“Harambee”whichmeans“Let􀆳sallpulltogether.”Allrepeat“Harambee”seven timesandeachpersondrinksfromthecup.ThennamesofAfrican-Americanleadersandheroes arecalledout,andeveryonereflectsuponthegreatthingsthesepeopledid.Theceremonyis followedbyameal,andthensingingandperhapslisteningtoAfricanmusic. 19.WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutKwanzaa? 20.ForwhatpurposedidDr.Karengacreatethespecialholiday? 21.Whatdoestheword“Kwanzaa”mean? 22.WhatdopeopledowhileeachcandleisbeinglitattheKwanzaacelebration? 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 6 22RecordingThree TheMediterraneandietisbasedupontheeatingpatternsoftraditionalculturesinthe Mediterraneanregion. (23)Severalnotednutritionistsandresearchprojectshaveconcludedthatthisdietisoneof themosthealthfulintheworldintermsofpreventingsuchillnessesasheartdiseaseand cancer,andincreasinglifeexpectancy. ThecountriesthathaveinspiredtheMediterraneandietallsurroundtheMediterranean Sea.Thesecultureshaveeatinghabitsthatdevelopedoverthousandsofyears.InEurope,parts ofItaly, Greece,Portugal,Spain,and southern France adhere to principles ofthe Mediterraneandiet,asdoMoroccoandTunisiainNorthAfrica.PartsoftheBalkanregionand Turkeyfollowthediet,aswellas MiddleEasterncountrieslikeLebanonandSyria.The Mediterraneanregioniswarm andsunny,andproduceslargesuppliesoffreshfruitsand vegetablesalmostyearroundthatpeopleeatmanytimesaday.Wine,bread,oliveoilandnuts areotherstaplesoftheregion,andtheMediterraneanSeahashistoricallyyieldedabundant quantitiesoffish. InternationalinterestinthetherapeuticqualitiesoftheMediterraneandietbeganbackin thelate1950s,whenmedicalresearchersstartedtolinktheoccurrenceofheartdiseasewith diet.Dr.AncelKeysperformedanepidemiologicalanalysisofdietsaroundtheworld.(24)Entitledthe SevenCountriesStudy,itisconsideredoneofthegreateststudiesofitskindeverperformed.In it,Keysgathereddataonheartdiseaseanditspotentialcausesfromnearly13,000 menin Greece,Italy,Croatia,Serbia,Japan,Finland,theNetherlands,andtheUnitedStates.The studywasconductedoveraperiodofdecades.ItconcludedthattheMediterraneanpeopleinthe studyenjoyedsomesignificanthealthadvantages.(25)TheMediterraneangroupshadlower mortalityratesinallagebracketsandfromallcauses,particularlyfromheartdisease.The studyalsoshowedthattheMediterraneandietisashighorhigherinfatthanotherdiets, obtainingupto40% ofallitscaloriesfromfat.Ithas,however,differentpatternsoffat intake.Mediterraneancookingusessmalleramountsofsaturatedfatandhigheramountsof unsaturatedfat,mostlyintheformofoliveoil.Saturatedfatsarefatsthatarefoundprincipally inmeatanddairyproducts,althoughsomenutsandvegetableoilsalsocontainthem.Saturated fatsareusedbythebodytomakecholesterol,andhighlevelsofcholesterolhavesincebeen directlyrelatedtoheartdisease. 23.WhathasresearchconcludedabouttheMediterraneandiet? 24.WhatdowelearnabouttheSevenCountriesStudy? 25.WhatdowelearnabouttheMediterraneanpeoplefromtheSevenCountriesStudy? PartIII ReadingComprehension 26~30:CDKIG 31~35:FLNAJ 36~40:MGDAP 41~45:LBOIF 46~50:DDBAC 51~55:DBCAA 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 7 22SectionA 在过去的一年里,尼日利亚经历了经济衰退、货币缩水以及长期的燃料短缺。目前,由于一种昆虫摧毁了大 部分的番茄种植区,非洲最大的经济体正面临着一场危机:全国范围内食品短缺,食物价格不断飙升。 这种名为番茄斑潜蝇的昆虫已吃掉卡杜纳州田地里 的番茄,而且这是尼日利亚最大的番茄种植州。因 80% 此,当地政府宣布进入( )紧急状态。这种被称为“番茄叶虫”的昆虫通过( )吃掉果实、钻进番茄杆内并移动 26 27 来摧毁作物。它们( )繁殖很快,简直难以置信;如果环境适宜,每年可繁殖 代。据说其( )源于 世纪初 28 12 29 20 的南美洲,后到达欧洲,最后传播到撒哈拉以南的非洲。 这种昆虫对尼日利亚造成了毁灭性的影响,因为番茄正是当地的主食。当地市场( )少量番茄的零售价从 30 美元飙升到 美元。据报道农民们遭受了巨大损失,一个市值两千万美元的番茄酱工厂由于番茄短缺已 0.5 2.5 ( )停产。 31 尼日利亚的农业部长奥杜·欧贝警告道,如果这种昆虫也以这样的破坏力去攻击其他作物(如胡椒和马铃 薯),那么国家可能引发严重的食品( )安全问题。欧贝说,专家们正努力研究如何控制害虫的危害及传播,直 32 到现在,该问题( )还没得到遏制。 33 尽管作为非洲的番茄第二大生产国,但由于缺乏良好的储存设施,当地收获的大约 的番茄都会浪费掉,因 75% 此尼日利亚所需的番茄酱要( )依靠进口,每年要花费 亿美元。当地番茄供应的进一步( )减少将成为行业发 34 10 35 展的另一个阻碍。 空格位于 之后 应填入名词 备选项有 联系上文 26.C) of , , emergency,multitude,reduction,security,terror。 , 可知尼日利亚受到害虫的威胁 而混淆答案 惊恐 程度太重不合语境 因此应是 危机 , “ ”terror , “ ”emergency。 空格位于介词 之后 可判断填入动名词 形式 备选项有 联系下文的 以 27.D) by , -ing , embarking,feeding, fruits 及固定搭配 以 为食 可确定答案为 为 着手 开始 feedingon“ …… ” D),embarkon “ , ”。 空格位于主语 之后 根据该句中的关键词 每年 可知 此处应填入动词作谓语 备选项有 28.K) it , peryear“ ” , , 因主语 指害虫 且后文有一组同义词 繁殖 和 代 可知答案为 grazes,reproduces; it , breed“ ” 12generations“12 ” 此处的难点为单词 意为 放牧 吃草 reproduces, grazes “ , ”。 空格位于现在完成时的标志 之后 应填入动词的过去分词 备选项有 29.I) have , , halted,originated,unchecked, 因句子的主语仍是 害虫 再根据句中的时间和地点 可知答案是 起源于 untouched; it , , “ ”originated。 空格位于 和 之间 整体修饰 可判断此处应为可表示量词含义的名词 备选项有 少 30.G) a of , tomatoes, , handful( 量 许多 但是根据语境 番茄应是供不应求 因此应是少量的番茄却价格很高 答案为 ),multitude( ), , , , handful。 空格位于现在完成时的标志 之后 应填入动词的过去分词 备选项有 31.F) has , , halted,unchecked,untouched; 根据语境 农民遭受损失 说明番茄很少 因此番茄酱的生产不得不停止 此处答案为 , , , , F)。 空格位于 之后并与 一同作介词 的宾语 因此应填入名词 备选项有 32.L) food food for , , multitude,reduction, 根据引号当中的句义 对食品 造成严重的问题 可知空格应填入一个褒义词 与 security,terror; “ …… ”, , 相对 因此答案应为 安全 problem , security“ ”。 空格位于动词 之后 而 在此处为系动词 可判断此处应填形容词 备选项为 33.N) gone , go , , dependent, 此处动词的过去分词用作形容词 而 指代前面的 意为目前为止 害 unchecked,untouched, 。 which itsspread, , 虫的传播已无法控制 故答案选 。 N)。 空格位于 之后 判断可填形容词或者动词 形式构成进行时 备选项有 34.A) is , -ing , dependent,embarking, 根据语境和后面的 可知应填入 untouched, on dependent。 空格为形容词 所修饰 可知填写名词 备选项有 联系上下文可知 本 35.J) further , , multitude,reduction,terror; , 来由于储存设施的缺乏导致大部分番茄酱要进口 而今年更加雪上加霜的是害虫摧毁了很多的番茄田 因此 , , 可用来加工的番茄量会进一步减少 因此答案为 减少 , reduction“ ”。 SectionB 数据共享:开放的思想 )( )这是一个制造稳定势头的倡议:号召使研究数据、软件编码以及实验方法公开透明并容易获得。开放精 A 39 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 8 22神正被科学界所接受,支持者称其是解决科学‘危机’的唯一途径,在这个危机中,很少有发现能被成功复制。 此外,他们还认为这是研究人员收集了一系列观察结果的最佳方式,而这些观察结果对加快发现速度和识别 大趋势是必要的。 )这种开放的转变抛给初级研究者一个令人困惑的问题。一方面,共享的趋势正得到官方支持。自 年以 B 2013 来,全球的科学机构开始支持赞成公众可以接触到研究的政策。另一方面,( )对于共享数据的程度以及时 42 机存在分歧,他们就共享数据是更可能加速科学的进步并使其发展壮大,还是给科学带来问题并使其衰退展 开了争论。当更多的期刊和投资者接受数据分享的要求,当越来越多的科学爱好者呼吁更加公开,甚至当初 级研究者努力开展自己的事业时,他们也必须在支持者和抵制者之间找到自己的位置。 )青年科学家们面临的一个关键挑战就是如何使得科学在不受损害的情况下变得共享。那些对共享科学持有 C 谨慎态度或者完全不熟悉的人会给青年科学家们提供工作或者发出合作提议,他们必须判断共享是否存在 会对此产生危害的风险。而且他们必须学会如何利用这个倡议的福利,如有机会获取更多的引用文献以及 无需通过常规的指标(如论文发表在影响力大的期刊上)来建立自己的声誉。 )一些领域已经有了更多的共享数据,如心理学便被过去几年不可复制的发现所撼动了,特别是心理学家们已 D 经成为共享科学倡议的发声者。比如,( )有几个心理学期刊通过给那些明确支持共享数据的文章贴上“共 38 享数据”的标记来创造激励机制从而提高研究者对可复制科学的兴趣。根据心理学家兼共享科学中心的执 行董事布莱恩·诺塞克所说,《心理科学》这个使用了标记的期刊的平均数据共享率从 到 年翻了 2013 2015 十倍,增长到了 。 38% )同时,越来越多的赞助商也采取着数据共享政策。有几个强烈鼓励,还有一些人要求出台一个数据管理规划 E 来实现数据共享,其中就包括美国国家科学基金会。一些慈善赞助机构,包括西雅图和华盛顿的比尔及梅琳 达·盖茨基金会,伦敦的政府和威康基金会也要求他们的赠款接受人开放数据。 )但是众多的青年研究者,尤其是那些没有在共享科学领域接受过指导的人还不确定是否支持共享。( )研 F 45 究生和博士后们经常依靠实验室主管赞助来开展研究,因此如果他们的主管或者另外一位资深同事反对共 享,他们也别无选择。 )某些人担心共享的潜在影响太大,尤其是在职业生涯的起步阶段。纽约大学的天文学家大卫·霍格说道, G “( )每个人都害怕会被别人抢先发表”。因此,即使期刊发表已经要求共享数据了,( )这些担忧也许仍会 37 37 成为数据共享犹豫不决的一个因素。 )小型实验室或研究所专注于教学的研究人员在共享来之不易的数据时损失最大。加拿大州立大学的一位热 H 带生物学家泰利·麦格林说,“凭借我的机构和工作教学量,我不带博士后和研究生了。对我来说共享数据 的成本太高了,因为数据占我实验的很大一部分。” )研究人员也指出了共享数据也涉及到了时间陷阱,( )一旦数据以及相关资料出现在存储库,回答问题以及 I 44 处理投诉会耗费许多时间。 )时间投资上还有其他问题。数据科学家卡西克·拉姆说道,在某些情况下,一些资深同事(某些是选拔和晋升 J 委员会的带头人)嘲笑他们所认为浪费精力的事情时,初级研究者就会很难接触到共享。拉姆还说,“我最近 听说共享数据和编码的想法冒犯到了传统学者,他们认为共享的支持者不会高效的利用时间。” )开放科学的态度也会使得合作变得复杂。在盖恩斯维尔的佛罗里达大学的研究社会态度的凯特·拉特里夫 K 说这个领域大概可以分成两大派———关心派和无所谓派。她又说道,“一个新的领域可以探寻,当和某人谈 论一个有趣的研究想法时,他们会问 ‘如果我想公开数据,你介意吗?’”。 )尽管存在复杂和担忧的情况,共享的优点也很显著。比如,当信息上传到存储库,会得到一个数据对象识别 L 符。( )科学家们会用一个数据对象识别符来公开研究周期的每一个步骤,而不是最终的论文。这时,( ) 41 41 他们就可能获得三种引用:论文本身,数据和软件。虽然一些人说对数据或软件的引用在学术界无法运用, 但它们仍然有其他的益处。 )许多支持者认为带有日期和时间印戳的透明数据程序可以保护科学家免遭抢先发表。伊沃·格力高罗夫, M 一位丹麦夏洛滕隆的国家水产资源研究所秘书处的项目统筹人说,“这便是在打击剽窃的同时,分享和得到 认证之间的平衡点”。( )霍格说抢先发表的问题并非大家想的那么严重。她说,“我所熟悉的两个案例并 36 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 1 9 22不涉及共享数据或者密码”。 )共享科学也会给初级研究者带来机会,通过获得关键数据来创造公平竞争的机会。罗斯·蒙斯,一位在英国 N 剑桥大学研究进化生物学的博士后,是共享科学的拥护者,这也许是因为他基于化石的研究需要参考别人的 数据。一些人已经习惯于对拒绝青年科学家使用数据的请求,而共享科学有利于帮助打击这样的风气。 )他说对于那些担心共享会危及到合作的人,交流也是有用的。( )人们应该在一项研究开始时就讨论对共 O 43 享科学的担忧。他说道,“无论你何时开始和别人合作一个项目,你应该清晰地明白自己期望谁拥有这些数 据,公开的程度如何以及谁来负责公开”。 )( )总之,和同事们分享数据、软件和资料可以帮助一位初级研究员获得认可,这是成功的关键因素。提图 P 40 斯·布朗是位于戴维斯的加利福尼亚大学的一位基因组学研究员,他说,“你追求的是名誉,而且为了资金和 工作,( )你必须有相关经验,并且在某种程度上获得公众的认可,你所做的一切能促进你的存在感的便是 40 净赢,尤其是在你所在领域之外的更大范围里”。 由题干关键词 和 可定位至 和 段 但根据题意可知大卫 霍格认为抢先发表 36.M) DavidHogg scooping G) M) , · 的问题不像大家想的那么严重 可排除提到霍格认为抢先发表的担忧是延迟数据共享的一个因素的 段 , G) , 因此正确答案为 段 M) 。 由题干关键词 以及题意 一些研究员对于共享数据犹豫不决是因为担心别人抢先发表类似的论 37.G) hesitant “ 文 可定位至 段 该段最后一句为题干内容的同义替换 可知正确答案为 段 ” G) 。 , G) 。 由题干关键词 可定位至 段 再由此段第二句制定激励政策来提高大家的兴趣可知 38.D) psychologyjournal D) , , 正确答案为 D)。 由题干关键词 以及 可定位至 段 此段第一 二句便提到呼吁数 39.A) agrowingdemand sciencecommunity A) , 、 据公开的势头以及这种开放精神在科学界获得认可等可判断正确答案为 A)。 由题干关键词 以及 可定位至 段 根据此段第一句以 40.P) early-careerresearchers acertainlevelofreputation P) , 及布朗所说的倒数第二句可知 正确答案为 , P)。 由题干关键词 和 可定位至 段 此段第三句提到研究周期的每 41.L) eachstepoftheirresearchwork citation L) , 一步以及第四句他们可能得到三种引用等 可知正确答案为 , L)。 由题干关键词 以及 可定位至 段 此段第四句提高科学家们对于共享数据的程度和时 42.B) theextent timing B) , 间意见不一致 可知正确答案为 。 B)。 由题干关键词 和 可定位至 段 此段第二句和题意 43.O) discussed atthebeginningofajointresearchproject O) , 基本一致 为 开始 的意思 因此正确答案为 ,outset “ ” , O)。 由题干关键词 和 可定位至 段 从此段最后一句可知回答问题以及处理投诉会 44.I) handling time-consuming I) , 花费好长时间 而下一段 可能会造成混淆 但该段主要阐释时间会导致许多问题的发生 并非题意 因此 ; K) , , , 正确答案为 I)。 由题干关键词 以及 可定位至 段 此段首句的 对应 最后一 45.F) juniorresearchers havenosay F) , young junior, 句的 对应 整段意思为 有导师的青年研究人员迫于导师反对的压力也别无选 havenochoice havenosay, “ 择 因此正确答案为 ”, F)。 SectionC PassageOne 在电影《我是机器人》的开头,两辆车沉入水里,一个机器人不得不决定要救谁:戴尔·斯普纳还是一个孩 子。即使斯普纳大喊,“救她! 救她!”但是机器人还是救了斯普纳,因为他算出与萨拉 的生存机会相比,斯 11% 普纳有 。( )这个机器人的决定以及它的计算方法引发一个重要的问题:人会做出同样的选择吗? 而且 45% 46-1 我们想让机器人做出哪种选择呢? ( 、 )艾萨克·阿西莫夫在设计制造机器人的三条法则时逃避了道德观:( )、机器人不能伤害人或允 46-247 481 许人遭受伤害;、机器人服从人类,除非指令和法则 冲突;、机器人必须自我保护,除非所做和法则 和 冲 2 1 3 1 2 突。这些法则被编入阿西莫夫的机器人中———它们不必思考、判断或者评价,也不必喜欢人类或相信伤害人是 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 2 0 22对或错。它们只是不这样做而已。 在电影中救斯普纳的机器人遵循了阿西莫夫的第零条法则:机器人无法伤害人类(而不是单独的人类个体) 也不允许人遭受伤害———而允许机器人来决定利益的更大化。就是法则 的延伸。根据法则 ,机器人不能伤 1 1 害一个危险的持枪歹徒;但根据第零条法则,机器人可以为救其他人而杀害持枪歹徒。 是否有可能将这些保障措施比如阿西莫夫的法则编入机器人当中是值得讨论的。( )像“伤害”这个词的 49 意思是模糊的(如果是情感上的伤害呢? 取代人类员工算不算伤害呢),另外,抽象的概念会引发编码问题。阿 西莫夫小说中的机器人便暴露出复杂性以及这三条法则的漏洞,而且即使法则起作用,机器人仍旧要对发生的 情况作出评价。 评价情况是很复杂的。机器人必须识别各种情况中的参与者,条件和可能发生的后果。电脑程序能否做到 或者至少难以避免不好的结果,这是值得商榷的。( )英国布里斯托机器人实验室的一位机器人专家给机器人 50 编码将叫做“人机者”的人类替身从危险中解救出来。当一个替身赴险时,机器人将他成功推出去。但是当两个 替身遇到危险时,机器人用了 的时间来苦苦思考,无法决定救谁,结果两个人都死了。这个实验凸显了道德 42% 的重要性;没有道德标准,一个机器人如何决定要救谁,或者对人最好的结果,尤其是当他无法计算出他们的生 存几率时。 由题干关键词 和 可定位至第一段最后一句 该段前半部分一直在描述 46.D) question theexampleinthemovie , 电影的例子 因此解题的关键应放在最后问题的内容 联系上下文 文章第二段开头就介绍机器人编程的法 , , , 则 因此 最后的问题和选项 最相符 最容易混淆的答案为 机器人是否能做出更好的决定 但这只是 , , D 。 A)“ ”, 对问题的重复 而非通过这个问题能够揭露什么 因此排除 , , A)。 由题干关键词 可定位至第二段 根据题意可知是回答作者的看法 由该段第一句中的 47.D) threelaws , , evade 可知 答案应为 道德问题未被考虑在内 thewholenotionofmorality , D)“ ”。 由题干关键词 可定位至文章第二段 解题关键可以通过排除法 它们知道对人类而 48.B) Asimov􀆳srobots , 。A)“ 言什么是好 什么是坏 根据文章第二段第二 三句提到机器人不必思考 判断或评估 它们不需要喜欢人类 , ” 、 、 , 或者相信伤害人类是错误的或恶劣的 因此机器人无需知道什么是好是坏 故排除 它们按照对其主人最 , , ;C)“ 有利的方式来履行职责 在文中并未提及 故排除 它们一涉及道德问题就会停止工作 是对第五段中所 ” , ;D)“ ” 举例子的曲解 该例证虽然提到机器人在遇到复杂情况时会出现卡壳 但并没有说每次遇到道德问题机器人 , , 都会停止工作 故排除 它们被植入的程序是不可伤害人类 根据第二段首句提到的 阿西莫夫设计的机 , 。B)“ ” , 器人应遵守的第一条法则就是机器人不能伤害人类或允许人类受到伤害 可知 其被植入的程序是不可伤害 , , 人类 故答案选 , B)。 根据题干关键词 可定位至文章第四段 根据该段第三句提到的 49.A) theword“harm” , andabstractconcepts 可知 抽象概念很难从程序设置中体现 是正确答案 而其他选项都曲解了作者 presentcodingproblems, A)“ ” , 的本意 表述有误 因此排除 , , 。 根据题干关键词 可定位至文章最后一段 根据提到的替身实验可知 机器人在遇 50.C) BristolRoboticsLaboratory , , 到复杂情况时会卡壳 花时间去思考 难以判断和选择 因此 为正确选项 和 无中生有 文中并未提及 , , , C) ,A) D) , ; 而 项曲解了作者的意思 强调道德很重要 但并未提到是否要编入进去 因此排除 正确答案为 B) , , , , C)。 PassageTwo ( )我们的世界发展地如此之快以至于我们很少停下来观察仅仅几年时间我们已经走了多远。比如,最近 51 的苹果 有了双核处理器而且大小正好可以装到口袋里面。通过对比,你将期望在世界各地某个办公室里的 6s 标准笔记本电脑上找到类似的技术规范。 当几乎我们买的每个新设备在一端有个插头或者无线连接网络时,物联网的应用发展如此之快就不足为奇 了。很快,我们目前智能手机的生活方式也将扩大到创造出我们自己智能家庭的生活方式上。 ( )所有的研究人员一致认为到 年接近 亿的装置、物品和感应器将会互联,而正是在这一年千禧 52 2020 250 一代有望占据我们劳动力的 ,而充分互联的家庭对世界上的大部分人来说也会成为现实。 75% ( )然而,这只是众所周知的冰山一角,随着领导人和企业所有者开始意识到大笔的成本竟然可以被科技 53 通过连接感应器、新型的自动化、智能能源和设施管理相结合的方式所节省下来,智能建筑甚至智能城市会逐渐 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 2 1 22变成常态。 当运营一个企业或者管理一座大楼时,在线安保摄像头、智能照明和众多控制气温和空气质量的感应器正 提供前所未有的控制、效率和改进,从而降低了原来必须的成本。 我们可以预期,越来越多的设备、系统和环境互联并时刻保持连接与交流。这不仅会对巨大而且不断增长 的数据管理带来益处,还有利于提高实时分析数据的能力,来提取不断发展的知识能力。 ( )这种科技最大、最令人激动的挑战就在于如何创造性的利用这种巨大的数据为这些智能城市的企业和 54 居民节约成本、使其变得完善以及为其带来可观的利益。 好消息就是这种科技的大部分已经发明出来了。( )我们将承认,何时何地都可以工作的想法被当成是遥远 55 的乌托邦式梦想就像刚刚发生。然而,现在我们只要上网就可以从世界任何地方完成几乎任何的办公任务。 已经是时候意识到这个事实了:智能建筑、城市和家庭的创造将在若干年之后极大地提高我们的生活质量。 根据题干关键词 可定位至第一段 再分析该段的整体意思以及作为关键句的首句可知 科技的 51.D) iPhone6s , , 快速进步是发生在很短的时间内 正是作者为阐明这一观点所举的例子 因此正确答案为 ,iPhone6s , D)。 根据题干关键词 可定位至第三段 在根据段意以及该段最符合文意的最后一句话可知 到 年 52.B) 2020 , , 2020 智能家庭会大众化 而造成混淆的 项可根据 出现 排除 因此正确答案为 。 C) emergence“ ” 。 B)。 根据题干关键词 可定位至文章第四段 该段指出 技术通过连接的传感器以及与智能能 53.C) businessowners 。 , 源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式实现了大量节省 由大量节省可知 这是指物联网的优点 说明 随着 。 , ; , 领导者和企业主开始意识到物联网的优点 智能建筑和智能城市会越来越成为常态 即会出现越来越多的智 , , 能建筑和智能城市 故答案选 , C)。 根据题干关键词 可定位至文章倒数第三段 根据句中的 利用以及段 54.A) themostexcitingchallenge , leverage 意可知 最大以及最令人兴奋的挑战便是如何利用数据来产生利益等 因此正确选项为 如何将这些日益 , , A)“ 增长的数据变得有利可图 ”。 该句是将过去与现在进行了对比 该句提到不久前 随时随地工作的想法还是某种遥远的乌托邦式梦 55.A) 。 , 想 然而现在只要可以上网 我们就能在全世界任何地方完成几乎所有办公室的工作 可知 利用互联网 随 , , 。 , , 时随地工作是可行的 项中的 与该句中的 相对应 ,A) aconnectiontotheinternet haveaccesstotheinternet , 故答案选 它将在智能建筑 城市和家庭中繁荣发展 根据文章末句提到的 建造智能建筑 城市和 A)。B)“ 、 ”, , 、 家庭将大大提高我们未来的生活质量 但并未提及它们会令随时随地工作得到发展 故排除 对普通员工 , , ;C)“ 而言 它仍是一个遥远的乌托邦式梦想 定位句指出 现在只要可以上网 就能实现随时随地工作 因此不管 , ”, , , , 是否是普通员工 随时随地工作的想法都不再是一个遥远的乌托邦式梦想 故排除 它将给老板和员工带 , , ;D)“ 来切实利益 第七段提到了切实利益 但这是指数据转变的用途 与随时随地工作无关 故排除 ”, , , , 。 PartIV Translation 【参考译文】 Locatedinnortheastern Hunanprovince,China,DongtingLakeisvastinarea,while shallowindepth.ItisthefloodbasinoftheYangtzeRiver,thusitssizedependsonthe seasons.TheprovincesofHubeiandHunanarenamedfortheirlocationsrelativetotheLake: Hubeimeans“NorthoftheLake”,whileHunan “SouthoftheLake”.Asthebirthplaceof dragonboatracing,DongtingLakeenjoysahighreputationinChineseculture.Itissaidthat theoriginalintentionofholdingdragonboatracingontheeasternshoresoftheLakewasto searchfortheremainsofQuYuan,apatrioticpoetduringChu(340-328BC).Coupledwith DongtingLakeanditspicturesquescenery,dragonboatracingattractstensofthousandsof touristsfromhomeandabroad. 六级试题(第 套) 第 页(共 页) 2017-12 1 2 2 22