12.【阅读理解和七选五变式练】
2025 届山东省济南市高三下学期一模英语试题
变式练：文本不变，重设试题
第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50 分）
第一节（共15 小题；每小题2. 5 分，满分37. 5 分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C 和D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Journal of Cultural Heritage, a journal of science and technology, combines diverse academic disciplines for
studying problems about the awareness and conservation of cultural heritage in a wide range. The main purpose of
the journal is to present innovative approaches concerning all scientific aspects related to heritage science.
SPECIFIC TOPICS
·Analysis and conservation of heritage assets (资产): novel methods for studying the composition, dating,
origin and new materials for the preservation of objects.
·Conservation of built heritage: analysis of historical materials and construction techniques; novel
inspection, testing and monitoring techniques.
·Interaction between heritage items and the environment: the impact of climate change and risk
assessment of cultural heritage.
·Digital technologies for knowledge, conservation and restoration: data analysis and modelling, long-term
preservation of heritage assets.
·Museum conservation: technologies for the management and improvement of museum collections.
REQUIREMENTS
The articles must be of great interest for a wide audience. Thus, it is announced that the number of articles
dealing with case studies will be reduced in order to favor original articles. Reports on restoration activities should
present a specific technical or scientific innovation.
BENEFITS TO AUTHORS
We provide several author benefits after acceptance, such as free PDFs, a broad copyright policy and special
earnings as follows.
Details
Information
Deadline
the 15th of every month
Payment
$60 per thousand words
Early submission bonus
a $15 bonus if submitted before the 10th of every month
Please see our Guide for Authors for information on article submission. If you require further information or
help, please visit our Support Center.
21. What is the core mission of Journal of Cultural Heritage?
A. To integrate different cultural heritages worldwide.
B. To introduce innovative research methods in heritage science.
C. To publish case studies about museum management.
D. To promote international cooperation in heritage protection.
22. Which article would most probably be rejected by the journal?
A. A study on the application of 3D scanning in ancient building restoration.
B. A report on the traditional techniques of pottery making in a local village.
C. An analysis of how climate change impacts the color fading of mural paintings.
D. A proposal for using blockchain technology to manage museum collections.
23. If an author submits a 3,500 - word article on the 8th of the month and it is accepted, how much will the author
earn in total?
A. $210 B. $225 C. $235 D. $245
答案：21. B 22. B 23. C
解析：
21.
“
根据第一段
The main purpose of the journal is to present innovative approaches concerning all scientific
aspects related to heritage science.” 可知，该期刊核心使命是介绍遗产科学领域的创新研究方法，B 正确；
A
“
”
项
整合世界文化遗产、C
“
”
项
发布博物馆管理案例研究（文中提到会减少案例研究类文章）、D 项
“
”
促进国际合作
均未提及。
22.
“
由
SPECIFIC TOPICS” 部分可知，期刊关注遗产资产分析保护、建筑遗产保护等与文化遗产科学相
关领域。B
“
”
选项
关于当地村庄陶器制作传统技艺的报告，未涉及科学创新及文化遗产科学方面，最可
能被拒；A
项3D 扫描应用、C 项气候变化对壁画影响、D 项区块链技术管理馆藏均符合主题。
23.
文章规定每千字60 美元，3500 字应得3500÷1000×60=210
美元，早于每月10
日提交有15 美元奖
金，所以共得210+15=225 美元，C 正确。
B
Wildlife photographer Ingo Arndt discovered his first enormous ant mound (蚁丘) as a child exploring the
forest with his father near their home almost 50 years ago. They were bird-watching and came around a bend in a
thickly wooded area when there it was: a five-foot-tall mound, standing upward like a large stalagmite (石笋).
Arndt wanted to investigate more closely, but a very particular smell suggested he rethink that. The air felt thick
and sharp, discomforting his nose. “All my life,” he says, “I could remember the smell.”
Several years later, Arndt moved to the countryside. He continued his fascination with the mounds and their
armies of tiny engineers. Outfitted with a high-resolution camera, he began photographing the mounds and sharing
his imagery with researchers for a scientific perspective. It turned out the mound makers were indeed special. They
were red wood ants — one of the smallest of all so-called keystone species. Keystone species such as elephants and
sharks are watched closely because their behaviors affect so many aspects of the ecosystem that if they disappeared,
it would struggle to adapt. Researchers also explained the smell from the mound. As the insects build a nest, they
generate formic acid (蚁酸), the origin of the smell, which helps to fight against enemies.
But in recent decades, the population of ants has been declining as the forests have fallen victim to logging,
urbanization, and wildfires, as well as drought and higher temperatures that have become more frequent with
climate change. This has led several countries across the ants’ range, including Germany, to enlist them as a
protected species by law.
Today Arndt’s photos put on display that as social insects, these small ants not only form complex societies,
but they also cohabitate with a wide variety of species, creating a mass of coexisting relationships across a variety
of plant and animal species. They are also a reminder that by protecting these unnoticed creatures, we are actually
protecting ourselves.
24. What can be inferred from Arndt’s first encounter with the ant mound?
A. He was frightened by the ants’ attack.
B. He realized the ecological importance of ants.
C. The unique smell left a deep impression on him.
D. It was the beginning of his career as a wildlife photographer.
25. What does “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The ecosystem B. The disappearance of keystone species
C. The behavior of red wood ants D. The adaptation ability of the ecosystem
26. Which of the following is the main cause of the decline in ant population?
A. The increase in natural enemies.
B. The destruction of their living environment.
C. The change of their formic acid production.
D. The competition with other keystone species.
27. What is the author’s main purpose in writing this text?
A. To introduce the life habits of red wood ants.
B. To show the influence of wildlife photography on science.
C. To call on people to protect small but important species.
D. To explain the relationship between ants and the ecosystem.
答案：24. C 25. B 26. B 27. C
解析：
24.
“‘
从第一段
All my life,’ he says, ‘I could remember the smell.’” 可知，第一次与蚁丘相遇时，独特气味给
他留下深刻印象，C 正确；文中未提及他被蚂蚁攻击，A 错误；当时他还未意识到蚂蚁生态重要性，B
错误；这不是他成为摄影师的开端，D 错误。
25.
“
结合前文
Keystone species such as elephants and sharks are watched closely because their behaviors affect
so many aspects of the ecosystem that if they disappeared” 可知，it 指关键物种消失后生态系统难以适应，B
正确。
26.
“
由第三段
But in recent decades, the population of ants has been declining as the forests have fallen victim to
logging, urbanization, and wildfires, as well as drought and higher temperatures that have become more frequent
with climate change.” 可知，蚂蚁数量下降主因是栖息地被破坏，B 正确；A 项天敌增加、C 项蚁酸变化、
D 项与其他关键物种竞争文中未提及。
27.
“
文章介绍红褐山蚁，强调其虽小但对生态系统重要，结合最后一段
They are also a reminder that by
protecting these unnoticed creatures, we are actually protecting ourselves.” 可知，目的是呼吁保护这些小而重
要的物种，C 正确；A、B、D 项是文章部分内容，非主要目的。
C
It’s a classic complaint in relationships, especially romantic ones: “She said she was okay with me forgetting
her birthday! Then why is she throwing dishes in the kitchen? Are the two things related? ”
The answer is YES. Communication is more than words. It’s how those words are said, the tone, the order,
even the choice of a particular word. It’s multi-dimensional, as explored by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber in
Meaning and Relevance. Consider the following example: Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got
angry. Though identical in words, their meanings differ completely. The first one may have us thinking: Wow, Peter
must get angry often if Mary leaves. The second sentence suggests that Peter wants more from Mary. Same words
— a totally different context.
Human language is not a code (编码). True codes have a one-to-one relationship with meaning. One sound,
one definition. This is what we see with animals. Wilson and Sperber explain that “coded communication works
best when emitter (发出者) and receiver share exactly the same code. ” Not so for humans. We communicate more
than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential communication, and it means that we
understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are spoken. .
Irony (反语) is a great example of how powerfully we can communicate context with a few simple words. It is
more than just stating the opposite. For example, when Mary says, after a boring party, “That was fun”, she is
neither saying literally that the party was fun nor saying “ironically” that the party was boring. Rather, she is
expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s efficiency.
Wilson and Sperber concluded that human language developed and became so powerful because of two
unique abilities of humans: language and the power to try to interpret mental states of others. We look for context
for the words we hear. And we should be very good at absorbing this context to infer meaning.
28. What does the example of Peter and Mary in Paragraph 2 illustrate?
A. The order of words can change the meaning of a sentence.
B. People often misunderstand each other’s words.
C. The same words can have different definitions.
D. Tone is an important part of communication.
29. How is human language different from animal communication according to the text?
A. Human language has a one - to - one relationship with meaning.
B. Human language requires understanding the context of words.
C. Animal communication is more efficient than human language.
D. Animal communication involves more non - verbal elements.
30. What does Mary’s statement “That was fun” after a boring party show about irony?
A. It shows that irony is the opposite of the literal meaning.
B. It proves that irony can express complex emotions concisely.
C. It indicates that irony is difficult for people to understand.
D. It suggests that irony should be used carefully in communication.
31. What is the main idea of the text?
A. Irony plays an important role in human communication.
B. Human language is more complex than we think.
C. Context matters a lot in understanding human communication.
D. People should improve their communication skills.
答案：28. A 29. B 30. B 31. C
解析：
28.
“
第二段
Peter got angry and Mary left; Mary left and Peter got angry. Though identical in words, their
meanings differ completely.”
，通过此例说明词语顺序不同会改变句子意思，A 正确；B
“
”
项
误解、C 项
“
”
同一词语不同定义、D
“
”
项
语调重要性
均不符合例子意图。
29.
“
由第三段
We communicate more than the definitions of our words would suggest. This is inferential
communication, and it means that we understand not only the words spoken, but the context in which they are
spoken.” 可知，人类语言需理解话语语境，这与动物交流不同，B 正确；A 项是动物交流特点；C 项文
中未比较效率；D 项文中未提及动物交流非语言元素。
30.
“
第四段
Rather, she is expressing an emotion. Three words replace paragraphs, showcasing language’s
efficiency.” 表明，玛丽的话证明反语能简洁表达复杂情感，B 正确；A
“
”
项
反语是字面意思相反
表述片
面；C
“
”
项
难以理解、D
“
”
项
谨慎使用
文中未提及。
31. 文章通过多个例子说明理解人类交流时语境很重要，C 正确；A 项反语只是例子；B 项语言复杂未突
出语境；D 项提高交流技巧非主旨。
D
Imagine waking up one morning to find your smartphone missing. You can no longer get guided to work,
order your coffee, or connect with friends. For most of us, it is a nightmare（噩梦）. But it should not be exactly
far-fetched.
Despite being more digitally connected than ever, we are lonelier and more anxious. Anxiety rates increased
by 25% globally. Depression now affects over 280 million people worldwide. All of this is due to our growing
dependence on social media and smart technologies designed to offer quick relief but often at the expense of deep,
meaningful engagement, which may further cause our loss of something easy to be ignored.
While these conveniences offer short-term relief they may weaken our thinking skills. For example, GPS has
undeniably transformed how we travel. But a 2020 study found that frequent GPS users struggle more with self-
guided navigation. Over time, those who depended more on GPS showed a sharp decline in spacial memory and
problem-solving skills. However, reducing dependence on these conveniences can lead to discomfort. In seeking
comfort today, we might be trading away some discomfort.
That is the problem: the very discomfort we avoid is often what strengthens us. Viewing stress, a kind of
discomfort, as a challenge rather than a threat leads to better outcomes. Research shows that mild stress can
enhance adaptability. Neuroscience（神经科学
）reveals that neuroplasticity—the brain's ability to form new
connections—is enhanced through challenging experiences. This adaptability is crucial for developing resilience,
（抗逆力）, a process fueled by both mental challenges and active effort.
But this doesn't mean we should reject comfort entirely; it's to balance it with intentional discomfort. Think of
it as “microdosing hardship”—a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental and emotional
muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand. These small acts are enough to reawaken the
resilience we've buried under layers of ease. So, the next time you feel the pull of ease, pause. Ask yourself: Is this
momentary comfort helping me grow or is it keeping me stuck? Choosing discomfort isn't easy, but sometimes, it's
worth it.
32. What does the underlined word “far-fetched” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A. Unlikely B. Unforgettable C. Unreasonable D. Unbelievable
33. What is the main problem caused by digital conveniences according to the text?
A. They increase people’s dependence on technology.
B. They reduce people’s ability to deal with real - life problems.
C. They weaken people’s thinking and problem - solving skills.
D. They make people more lonely and anxious in social life.
34. Which of the following belongs to “microdosing hardship”?
A. Buying food online instead of going to the supermarket.
B. Listening to music on the phone while doing housework.
C. Choosing to walk for 30 minutes every day instead of driving.
D. Using a calculator to do simple arithmetic problems.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. The Dark Side of Digital Conveniences
B. The Importance of Resilience in Modern Life
C. How to Balance Comfort and Discomfort
D. Discomfort: a Path to Strengthen Mental Resilience
答案：32. A 33. C 34. C 35. D
解析：
32.
“
第一段描述智能手机丢失的情况，结合前文
For most of us, it is a nightmare”
及转折词But 可知，
“far-fetched” 意为不太可能发生的，A 正确；B 难忘的、C 不合理的、D 难以置信的均不符。
33.
“
由第三段
While these conveniences offer short-term relief they may weaken our thinking skills.”
及后面
GPS 的例子可知，数字便利主要问题是削弱人们思维和解决问题能力，C 正确；A 项依赖技术、B 项处
理现实问题能力、D 项社交孤独焦虑均非主要问题。
34.
“
第五段
Think of it as ‘microdosing hardship’—a series of small, manageable difficulties that keep our mental
and emotional muscles strong, such as writing with a pen, or washing dishes by hand.”，C
项每天步行30 分钟
“
代替开车属于小而可管理的困难，符合
microdosing hardship”；A 项网购、B 项做家务听音乐、D 项用
计算器均未体现克服困难。
35. 文章阐述数字便利的弊端，强调适度不适能增强抗逆力，D
“
”
项
不适：增强心理抗逆力的途径
符合
主旨；A 项数字便利消极面不全面；B 项未突出不适作用；C 项平衡舒适与不适未强调不适意义。
第二节（共5 小题；每小题2. 5 分，满分12. 5 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
We all know that first impressions are important and that they are lasting. That’s why we work hard to make
great first impressions. ___36___
First impressions might overshadow your abilities. When you are hired in an organization, a set of inferences
are made about you. Making inferences is human nature. If you become known for your attention to details, you
may never be seen as someone who can see the big picture. If you are the person who organizes all of the birthday
celebrations, you may never be seen as management material. ___37___
First impressions can stamp you forever, often pre-determining the path of your career and how far you will be
able to advance your career. These perceptions paint a picture of who people think you are. ___38___ This, in
large part, is why your careers are held back, why you become frustrated, dissatisfied and even want to leave the
present position.
But it doesn’t have to come to that if you can unlock hidden aspects of your value. Talk about what you are
reading or a project you are working on at home with coworkers and your manager when appropriate. This can
demonstrate other skills you possess. Embrace (接受) new things and become knowledgeable about your company
and industry. ___39___ Volunteer in your company. It is a good way to give yourself the opportunity for others to
see you in a way that is outside of your defined role.
___40___ As people get to know you better, they will recognize your diverse interests and capabilities,
potentially opening new doors for career advancement.
A. This can help you stand out from your colleagues.
B. However, first impressions can sometimes limit your career development.
C. Therefore, you should always be careful with your words and behaviors.
D. In other words, they create labels that are hard to change.
E. By doing so, you can show different aspects of your value to others.
F. You can also participate in industry-related seminars and workshops.
G. Thus, you should focus on building good relationships with your colleagues.
答案
36. B 37. D 38. E 39. F 40. A
解析
36. 前文强调第一印象重要，后文指出第一印象可能掩盖能力，B
“
项
然而，第一印象有时会限制你的职业发
”
展
承上启下，引出下文内容，正确。
37. 上文列举不同第一印象导致的结果，D
“
”
项
换句话说，它们会产生难以改变的标签
总结上文，说明第一
印象带来的标签效应，正确。
38. 前文说第一印象影响职业，后文说这是职业受限原因，E
“
项
通过这样做，你可以向他人展示你价值的不
”
“
同方面，与前文
unlock hidden aspects of your value” 对应，说明展示自身价值可改变局面，正确。
39. 前文鼓励接受新事物、了解公司和行业，F
“
”
项
你也可以参加与行业相关的研讨会和工作坊
进一步提出提
升自我、展示价值的方式，正确。
40. 后文说人们更好了解你后会认识到你的能力，A
“
”
“
项
这可以帮助你从同事中脱颖而出，与后文
opening
new doors for career advancement” 呼应，说明展示自身价值的结果，正确。
