听考研真题|2021年英二阅读4:直觉,有时候比深思熟虑更准确

We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.

【生词】glimpse n.一瞥，扫视, 短暂的感受; v.瞥见, 开始领悟

deliberation n.慎重考虑, 审议，商议, 审慎

extraneous adj.外部的, 外来的, 无关的, 不相干的

intrusive adj.闯入的，打扰的, 侵入的

【翻译】我们通常善于根据第一印象、零散的体验（从瞥见一张照片到仅五分钟的互动）来判断他人；而深思熟虑不仅可能显得多余，甚至会带来干扰。

In one study of the ability she called “thin slicing,”the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness.

【翻译】在一项名为“薄切片法”（thin slicing）的研究中，已故心理学家纳利尼·安巴迪（Nalini Ambady）要求参与者观看时长为 10 秒、画面静止的教授视频片段，并对这些教师的整体教学效能进行评分。

Their ratings correlated strongly with students’end-of-semester ratings. 

Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory.

【翻译】另一组受试者在观看视频片段时，需从1,000开始到9进行倒数计数，从而占用其意识工作记忆。

Their ratings were just as accurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.

【生词】accurate adj.正确的，精确的, 精准的

intuitive adj.直觉的, 凭直觉获知的, 直观的

【翻译】他们的评分同样准确，这体现了社会信息处理过程所具有的直观性。

Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating.

【翻译】至关重要的是，另一组受试者被要求先花一分钟写下其判断理由，随后再进行评分。

Accuracy dropped dramatically. 

【翻译】准确率大幅下降。

Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.

【生词】holistic adj.全盘的，整体的, 功能整体性的

【翻译】安巴迪推测，这种认知干扰源于受试者过度关注那些生动但具有误导性的线索（如特定手势或言语），而非允许微妙信号间的复杂交互共同构建整体印象。

She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.

【翻译】当受试者观看由两人组成的15秒短视频，并判断他们是否为陌生人、朋友或约会伴侣时，她也观察到了类似的干扰效应。

Other research shows we’re better at detecting deception from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection. 

【生词】deception n.欺骗, 骗局

【翻译】其他研究表明，当人们依赖直觉而非深思熟虑时，我们能更有效地从细微线索中识破欺骗行为。

“It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,”says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing. But if you go on automatic pilot,you’re fine.Much of our social life is like that.”

【翻译】“这就像你正在驾驶一辆手动挡汽车一样，”东北大学心理学家朱迪斯·霍尔说道，“如果你对此想得太多，就可能记不清自己当时在做什么；但如果你让车辆进入自动驾驶模式，一切便都顺利了。我们的许多社交活动也都是如此。”

Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.

College students’ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale

【生词】rationale n.理论的说明, 基本原理，基础理论, 根据

And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex--when they had a lot of information to process.

【翻译】当人们被要求关注自身感受而非具体细节时，其购车决策在客观上更为合理，且在个人层面也更为满意；但这一现象仅适用于决策较为复杂的情况——即当人们需要处理大量信息时。

Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study,participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules, comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech).

【生词】unleash v.把（感情、力量等）释放出来，发泄

discern v.察觉出，了解, 分辨出

【翻译】直觉的特殊能力仅在特定情境下才会被激活。在一项研究中，参与者完成了一系列共八项任务，其中四项任务侧重于反思性思维（如识别规则、理解词汇），而另外四项任务则侧重于直觉与创造力（如构思新产品或新颖的修辞手法）。

Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,”“hunches,”“my heart”).

【生词】gut n.勇气, 内脏, 直觉, 肠; adj.本能的，直觉的

hunch n.预感，直觉, 肉峰; v.隆起, 向前移动

【翻译】随后，他们对自身运用直觉的程度进行了评分（包括“直觉感受”、“预感”、“内心直觉”等）。

Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.

【翻译】正如预期，肠道因素影响了他们在前四项任务中的表现，但在其余任务中则对其有所帮助；有时，心脏比大脑更“聪明

1.Nalini Ambady’ s study deals with