高中英语虚拟语气:把时间往后推一格,就全通了

虚拟语气让不少高中生头疼，规则表背了一堆，一到填空还是靠猜。其实它只有一条主线：说的不是事实，动词就往过去推一格。

事实用真实语气，假设用虚拟语气。区分标志很清楚——由 if 引出的条件，如果真的可能发生，用普通时态；如果与事实相反，或者可能性很小，才用虚拟。

三条时间线

与现在事实相反：if + 过去式（be 一律用 were），主句 would ／ could ／ might + 动词原形。 If I were you, I would take the job.

与过去事实相反：if + had done，主句 would have done。 If you had told me earlier, I would have helped you.

与将来可能性很小：if + were to do 或 should do，主句 would do。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.

三条线记住一个动作：条件句比主句"再往后退一格"。现在退成过去，过去退成过去完成，将来退成过去式。这个"退一格"的手感，比死背表格好用。

混合虚拟

有时候条件和结果不在同一个时间点上，就要分开处理： If I had taken your advice then, I would be a doctor now.

条件说的是过去（had taken），结果说的是现在（would be）。看到 now、then 这类时间词，先判断它修饰的是哪一半。

省略 if 要倒装

if 省略时，把 were、had、should 提到主语前面： Were I you, I would say no. Had I known the truth, I would have told you. Should he come, please let me know.

这一条在阅读里常见，写作里偶尔用一次很出彩，但别通篇都用。

wish 后面的三档

对现在的遗憾：I wish I knew the answer.（可惜我不知道） 对过去的遗憾：I wish I had studied harder.（可惜当时没努力） 对将来的期待：I wish he would come tomorrow.

建议要求类从句

suggest、advise、demand、insist、require、order 后面的宾语从句，用 (should) + 动词原形，should 可以省： The teacher suggested that we (should) read the original text.

这里有个陷阱：suggest 表示"暗示、说明"时，用陈述语气。His pale face suggested that he was ill. 这句不是建议，是推断，所以不用虚拟。

三个常见错法

头一个，条件句里塞 would。If I would have money, I would help you. 条件句里不用 would，改成 If I had money。

第二个，主句用错形式。与过去相反时，主句必须是 would have done，写成 would do 就变成"现在会帮"，时间对不上。

第三个，把虚拟用到真实条件上。If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. 这句明天下雨是有可能的，用普通时态，不需要虚拟。

这三个错，本质上都是没先判断"这事发生了没有"。

随堂小练

1. If I ______ (know) her address, I would write to her.

2. If he had left earlier, he ______ (catch) the train.

3. ______ I you, I would apologize first.（补词）

4. I wish I ______ (not tell) him the news yesterday.

5. The doctor insisted that he ______ (stay) in bed.

答案：1. knew 2. would have caught 3. Were 4. had not told 5. (should) stay

怎么算学会了

判断虚拟语气，只问一句：这句话说的事，发生了没有？发生了，用真实语气；没发生、不可能发生，才用虚拟。把这个判断练成条件反射，表格自然就用得上。

奇速英语的导图教学里，虚拟语气会被画成一条时间轴，三条线并排，孩子一眼能看到自己站在哪一格上。

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