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句法建构力
第一部分 长难句的理解与建构
英语长难句有“三多”, 即: 修饰成分多, 并列成分多, 结构层次多。例如:
China has accepted western fashion and technology as it has developed these years, but a lot of
young people are turning to the past for their clothes choices and putting on traditional “hanfu”.
【句子解析】
1.结构分析
这是由but连接的并列句。分析句子成分如下:
2.深度剖析
3.揭示句意
译文: 中国在这些年的发展过程中接受了西方的时尚和技术, 但很多年轻人在选择衣服时却转
向了过去, 穿上了传统的“汉服”。
【结构类型】
【分析策略】
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【翻译误区】
悉究 在面对大多数的语篇或句子时, 通过扫读就能够获取所需信息, 没有必
本末 要进行过分解读
字字 英文语句的语序和中文语句的语序有所不同, 如果我们直译成中文, 句
对译 意会很不通顺, 更不能反映原句的意义
遇到长句子时, 不要逐词地翻译, 要在对长难句进行结构分析的基础
望文
上, 结合上下文语境和文化背景等, 从整体上理解句子的真正含义, 切
生义
不可望文生义
【真题分析】
(2019·河南中招)Thousands of years ago, Britain was covered by thick forests, home to many
animals which no longer live in the United Kingdom. There were wolves and bears, many different kinds
of deer and large wild cows. There were less than four million people. They lived in small villages
protected by wooden walls from the animals outside.
All this has changed, of course. Now the population of the United Kingdom has increased to sixty-
five million. Three-quarters of Britain is covered with fields, towns or cities. Although 25 percent of
land is countryside, new methods of farming mean that there are fewer birds and small animals living in
fields than ever before. The United Kingdom is one of the few countries in the world that does not have a
large wild animal that eats meat. In Scotland there are only 400 wildcats, but these are much smaller than
wolves. Some people would like to change things, however! Some organizations and writers say that
Britain needs to become more natural again. They suggest that trees and plants that grew in the UK
before towns and cities were built should be allowed to grow again. They even say that large wild
animals which have not lived in the UK should be helped to return and live wild. They call this
“rewilding”.
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【语篇大意】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国现在野生动物与之前相比少了很多, 一些人认为英国需要
变得更贴近自然一些, 他们想让大型野生动物重回英国并在野外生活。
【句子分析】
第一步: 找主干 They suggest
第二步: 理逻辑
第三步: 明句意
他们建议, 在英国建造城镇和城市之前生长的树木和植物应该被允许重新生长。
【策略演练】
1
Alex is reading a book about AI, artificial intelligence. He finds the book a little difficult but very
interesting. Though the word AI is very popular now, he enjoys reading it very much. He has learned a
new idea about AI from the book.
When people ask AI a question, it answers the question in a very short time. So, people may feel
that AI can think and answer questions as human beings do. Before Alex read this book, he believed this,
too. However, this book says it will never happen. Actually, AI only uses a lot of information to get the
best answer. So, when it has more information, the answer will be much closer to the perfect one. AI
technologies will be cleverer tools for human beings to use. This book also says almost half of our jobs
will be done by AI technologies in the near future. People will soon find more AI technologies in our lives,
such as checking the tickets, the price, people’s faces and fingers.
So, we believe that we will have much happier lives with these AI technologies around us.
( )1. What is the short form for “artificial intelligence”?
A. PC. B. AI. C. NBA. D. UFO.
( )2. What does Alex think of the book?
A. Difficult but interesting. B. Easy but important.
C. Popular and interesting. D. Difficult and important.
( )3. What new idea does Alex get from the book?
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A. AI can think by itself.
B. AI can’t answer questions immediately.
C. AI can have ideas of its own.
D. AI will never think by itself.
( )4. What is the meaning of the underlined part “almost half of our jobs will be done by AI
technologies” in the article?
A. Some of the jobs can be done by AI.
B. All the jobs can be done by AI.
C. None of the jobs can be done by AI.
D. AI will take the place of human beings.
( )5. Which of the following is true?
A. AI is used everywhere in the world now.
B. AI will have its own opinions in the future.
C. AI finds the best answer by using information.
D. AI thinks and answers questions as people do.
2
When we are born, we are given names that stay with us for our whole lives. Some names include
good wishes and hopes from parents, while others may be special and easy to remember. But do you
know how the new coronavirus got its name?
The task of naming a virus is no less important than naming a person. When a disease breaks out,
the official naming of a new virus is often late and may lead to many problems. Over the past ten years,
some improper names have caused problems. In 2009, the “swine flu” was widely used before the official
name, H1N1 virus, was announced. This led Egypt to kill all of its pigs even though it didn’t spread
among people who hadn’t been near pigs. In 2015, the name MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)
made people of this region angry.
So in 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the names of viruses should
be easy to remember but avoid being named after places, people, animals and foods. Following these
rules, the new coronavirus we are suffering from was named “COVID -19” by the WHO on Feb. 11,
2020. In this name, “CO” means “corona”, “VI” stands for “virus” and “D” means “disease”.
( )1. When our parents name us, they ______.
A. often put their hopes on us
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B. try to make the names special
C. can easily remember our names
D. let the names stay with us longer
( )2. What does the underlined sentence mean?
A. Naming a virus is not very important.
B. Naming a person or a virus is a difficult task.
C. Naming a virus is as important as naming a person.
D. Naming a person is more important than naming a virus.
( )3. Which is true according to the second paragraph?
A. MERS killed many pigs in Egypt.
B. H1N1 virus could spread among people.
C. A new virus isn’t often named officially in time.
D. Improper names caused viruses to spread widely.
( )4. What do we know about MERS virus?
A. It broke out in 2009. B. It was named after places.
C. It got its name from WHO. D. It made local people angry.
3
As we all know, China is the Kingdom of Bamboo, because it has the most bamboo in the world.
1. There are about 1, 200 kinds of bamboo in the world and about 400 kinds are in China.
People in ancient China used bamboo a lot in their daily life. They used bamboo to make many things.
As early as the Shang Dynasty, Chinese people began to use it to make beds, chairs, chopsticks,
spoons, baskets and so on. 2. 在纸被发明之前 , 人们在竹子上写字。 People also used bamboo to make
weapons for hunting or fighting. Besides, bamboo shoots were a popular dish, because they were crisp
and delicious. 3. It was also easy to find bamboo in Chinese medicine.
Today we can still find bamboo and bamboo products all over China.
Bamboo is tall with thick leaves. People like bamboo very much. They often plant it in the yards and
in the parks. It can stand the heat of the summer and the cold of the winter. 4. It is a plant that can grow on
poor land.
Through the centuries, bamboo has always been a subject of many poems and paintings. People
admire it for its purity(纯洁) and elegance(优雅). They compare the qualities(品质) of bamboo to those of
man. 5. 确实 , 竹子使中国文化丰富多彩。
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阅读短文, 将文中画线部分译成汉语或英语。
1.___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________
第二部分 否定意义的识别与建构
【要点分析】
【分析示例】
1. I can’t help feeling sorry for the poor man. 我情不自禁地为这个可怜的男人感到难过。
2. I can’t but agree to your decision. 我不得不同意你的决定。
3. She didn’t stop working until 12 o’clock last night. 昨晚直到12点, 她都在工作。
4. Not only Jim but also his wife saw her. 吉姆和他妻子都见到了她。
5. What he said was nothing less than a lie. 他说的纯属谎言。
6. We could see nothing but water. 我们只能看见水。
7. He is anything but a scholar. (=He is not a scholar at all. )他绝对不是一个学者。
8. Your work is far from(is not at all) satisfactory. 你的工作一点儿也不令人满意。
9. They are too young to understand what is going on. 他们还太小, 不明白发生了什么事。
10. Am I your servant? (=I am not your servant. )难道我是你的仆人吗? (我不是你的仆人。)
11. Why do you think so? (You don’t think so at all. )你为什么这样想? (你用不着这样想。)
【例句分析】
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【突破策略】
1. 在搭配中理解词意
仅仅记住词义是不够的, 要学会在搭配中引申词义, 这样才能理解词意。
2. 利用语法切分复杂句子
读结构复杂的长句子, 如果不能读完之后自然理解句意, 就需要分析句子结构。
3. 抓重点词, 把握句子的命脉
题有题眼, 文有文眼, 句子也有句眼。句子的句眼就是重点词, 抓住了重点词就抓住了一个句
子的命脉。
4. 联系上下文理解句子
任何一篇文章的内容都是前后密切联系的, 这就需要在具体的语境中分析句子的含义和作用,
体会句子的言外之意。
5. 联系文章的中心思想理解句子
由篇章理解语句, 由语句理解篇章, 即字不离句, 句不离段, 段不离篇, 这是理解文章意义的有
效方法。
【真题示例】
(2020·滨州中考)In 1972, Richard Sears, a young American began learning Chinese because of his
interest in traditional Chinese culture. Drawn to the ancient language, he went to China to study Chinese
in the 1990s.
In 1994, Richard Sears decided to put the ancient Chinese characters online. Then, in 2002, he
did it. That is the beginning of the Chinese Etymology (汉字字源) website. “My website did not get
much attention for the next few years. Until one day in 2011, it suddenly got a lot of attention. I got a few
thousand emails, and a few million visitors and people started calling me ‘Uncle Hanzi’, ” Sears said with
a smile. Hanzi means Chinese characters. He has put more than 96, 000 ancient Chinese characters onto the
website. “When I study each character, I wonder what the ancient Chinese thought, ” said Sears.
After visiting many Chinese cities, Sears learned more about China and ancient Chinese culture. He
said when he came to China in the last century, few Chinese could speak good English. “However, you
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can hear English in many places in China now. Chinese language and culture were mysterious and not
known by people in most countries then, but now, more and more people in the world are learning
Chinese, even Chinese history, traditional Chinese medicine and so on, ” Sears added.
At present, the 70-year-old American has made his home in China. “When I die, I hope my
website will live on, and I’m planning to write a book about my research. This will be my gift to China, ”
he said.
What does “Drawn to the ancient language” mean in Paragraph 1?
A. Sears was interested in ancient Chinese.
B. Sears had to study Chinese characters.
C. Sears could draw Chinese characters well.
D. Sears could speak ancient Chinese very well.
【解答策略】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国人理查德·西尔斯从年轻的时候就对中国传统文化感兴趣,
并因此开始学习中文。后来他创办了研究和学习汉字的网站并向人们介绍古汉字, 被越来越多的汉
字迷所关注, 被称为“汉字叔叔”。
第一步: 定位置
该句位于第一段最后一句。
第二步: 找关系
根据第一段中的. . . because of his interest in traditional Chinese culture以及下文he went to China to
study Chinese in the 1990s可知, 理查德·西尔斯对中国传统文化感兴趣, 二十世纪九十年代的时候来
中国学习。
第三步: 选答案
结合文意可知, Drawn to the ancient language表示“西尔斯对古汉语感兴趣”。故选A。
【策略演练示】
1
Both of my two sons were born in Toronto, but they moved with us to Ottawa when they were quite
young. They went to school there, grew up there. Later, one of my sons went to Canada’s east coast
near a city called Halifax and the other moved to the west coast to Vancouver. My wife and I were left in
the middle.
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As we nearly retired, we started to think where we should spend our final years. For several reasons
we decided to live on a small town on Vancouver Island, where was close to one of my sons. However,
the son moved to Hollywood soon after he had got another job there. I helped him move.
We still lived a happy life in our little west coast town, but we have paid a price. We have not been
there for some important events such as the births of our grandchildren. We have missed watching them
grow up; we have missed backyard barbecues and basketball weekends with them. Our home, while
very comfortable, was also very quiet.
Every fall we travel to see the children. We usually fly, first to California to see our son Scott and
spend a week or more with him trying to catch up on everything we’ve missed. Then, usually in
November, we make the even longer trip east across Canada to see Travis and our grandchildren, who
were about their twenties.
Fortunately, both our sons are doing well and grandchildren are growing up straight and tall. We
love all of them and they love us. We’re very happy but there are times I think about the things we didn’t
see; the tears or the smile on the granddaughter’s face, their school graduations, my son’s joy at
successes in business.
Life has been good for our family but we have all paid a price.
( )1. The writer’s sons grew up in ______.
A. Toronto B. Ottawa C. Halifax D. Vancouver
( )2. From the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3, we can infer that the writer ______.
A. wanted to live a noisy life B. was satisfied with retired life
C. lived a comfortable life D. was sometimes lonely
( )3. Which of the following important events did the writer miss?
A. The births of his grandchildren.
B. School graduations of his grandchildren.
C. The successful times of his son’s business.
D. All of the above.
( )4. For his family life, the writer implies (暗示) ______.
A. they all regret not living together all the time although enjoying a happy life
B. they enjoy a happy life because they can see each other every year
C. they are proud of the sons and the grandchildren
D. they love the sons and the grandchildren
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( )5. What’s the best title for the passage?
A. Living a happy life. B. A price to pay.
C. Moving from east to west. D. My sons and grandchildren.
2
Long long ago, there lived a man and a woman who had seven sons. The couple wanted a daughter
very much, and finally, they had a girl. She was very pretty and her parents loved her very much. One
day the father needed water for the child, so he sent the seven brothers to a well in the forest to get it.
Once there, though, the boys began to fight and the water jug fell into the well. The boys looked into
the well and thought of their father. They were afraid to go home.
Hours passed. “Where are those boys? ” shouted the angry father. “They are probably playing a game
and have forgotten about the water. I wish they were all turned into ravens! ” And when he looked up, he
saw seven black birds flying away. The father was shocked. “What have I done? ” he thought. But it was
too late. He could not take back his words.
Later, the girl grew up and discovered she had brothers. The story of their bad luck influenced her
deeply, and she decided to find them. For years, she searched and did not stop. She made up her mind
to find them. Finally, she found their home. To enter, she needed a special key made from a chicken
bone, which she did not have. The girl thought for a moment, and then took a knife and cut off one of
her fingers. With it, she opened the front door and went inside. On a table, there were seven plates and
seven cups. She ate and drank a little from each of them. In the last cup, she accidentally dropped a ring
that her parents had given her.
Later that day, the ravens returned for their meal. The girl hid behind the door and watched. When
the seventh raven drank from his cup, something hit his mouth. The raven recognized it at once — it was
his parents’ ring. “I wish our sister were here, ” he said, “and then we could be free. ” At that moment,
their sister ran to them, and suddenly the ravens were human again. The brothers kissed their sister, and
all eight of them went home together happily.
( )1. Why were the seven brothers afraid to go home at first?
A. They lost their father’s ring.
B. They threw away the water jug.
C. They didn’t get back any water.
D. Seven black ravens shocked them.
( )2. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2?
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A. The father regretted what he had said.
B. The father was not pleased with his life.
C. The father was worried about his little girl.
D. The father was angry with what his sons had done.
( )3. What was the first thing the girl did after she entered the ravens’ house?
A. She ate and drank.
B. She hid behind a door.
C. She took out a knife
D. She sat and waited for the ravens.
( )4. How did the ravens become human again?
A. They ate a magic ring.
B. One raven made a wish after seeing the ring.
C. Their sister kissed them.
D. They drank with a special cup from their father.
( )5. What lesson can we learn from the story?
A. Don’t talk to strange people.
B. Work hard and you will be happy.
C. Your parents always know best.
D. Think carefully about what to say.
第三部分 熟词生义辨别力
【例句分析】
阅读中, 常会出现某些已学的词汇, 但用其常见词义理解却有可能使文意(句意)不通顺。如:
1. (2020·桂林中考)While we weren’t working, we were free to enjoy the festival. We saw a wide
variety of artists across the weekend.
【问题】The underlined word “free” in Paragraph 4 means ______.
A. 免费的 B. 随便的, 随意的 C. 空闲的, 空余的 D. 不被打扰的
【解析】free原意为“自由的”, 引申义为“免费的; 空闲的; 随意的”。根据此处句意“我们可以
随意享受这个节日”以及上半句中“不用工作”可知答案选B。
2. (2020·昆明中考)Risking his life, Joe jumped back into the cold water and managed to drag(拽)his dad
up onto some rocks. Then Joe did CPR(心肺复苏)on his dad until he came around.
【问题】What does the underlined phrase “came around” most probably mean?
A. Lost his life. B. Came back to life.
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C. Ran around the rocks. D. Gave up the boat.
【解析】come around原意为“过来”, 引申义为“拜访; 苏醒”。根据上文Joe给他父亲做心肺复
苏可知, Joe的父亲苏醒了。故选B。
3. (2020·济宁中考)When spring is in the air, everyone looks forward to seeing the beautiful and eye-
pleasing flowers and plants. The following flowers and plants might not be so eye-pleasing, but are
certainly eye-catching!
【问题】What does the underlined part mean?
A. When spring comes. B. When spring flies.
C. When spring is gone. D. When the air is fresh.
【解析】in the air原意为“在空中”。由后面的“everyone looks forward to seeing the beautiful and
eye-pleasing flowers and plants”可判断此处指“当春天来了, 每个人都期待着看到美丽和赏心悦目的
花草”。由此判断选A。
4. (2020·鄂州中考)However, if the plastics are small enough, they can find ways into our bodies and
stay there for a long time, which can be bad for our health. What’s more, earlier studies have shown
that microplastics may contribute to lung cancer risk.
【问题】The underlined word “contribute” means “______” in Chinese.
A. 增加 B. 捐献 C. 造成 D. 是……原因之一
【解析】画线词所在句句意为“另外, 早期研究已表明微塑料可能______肺癌风险”。结合选项与
常识可知, “风险”应该与增加或减少等词搭配, 故选A。
【突破策略】
根据词的基本义, 结合具体的语境去理解和推测这个词的引申义。也就是说, 大多数多义词的
“生义”和它的基本义是有联系的, 在学习过程中要养成由基本义结合语境去理解引申义的思维。
如遇见没学过的“生义”, 就有能力科学、迅速、精准地理解和推测“生义”。
【拓展记忆】
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1.名词/形容词/副词的一词多义/熟词生义
①original /əˈrɪdʒənl/ 熟义： adj. 起初的；原创的 生义：n. 原作；原画
②copy /ˈkɒpi/ 熟义： vt. 复制 生义：n. 复制品
③personally /ˈpɜːsənəli/ 熟义： adv. 个人地 生义：adv. 无礼地
④difficult /ˈdɪfɪkəlt/ 熟义： adj. 困难的 生义：adj. (人)难相处的；难对付的；难以取悦的
⑤green /ɡriːn/ 熟义： adj. 绿色的 生义： adj. 环保的
⑥row /rəʊ/ 熟义： n. 排 生义：vi. 吵架；争吵
⑦eye /aɪ/ 熟义： n. 眼 生义： n. 视角
⑧slip /slɪp/ 熟义： v．滑倒 生义： n. 错误
⑨regular /ˈreɡjələ(r)/ 熟义： adj. 有规律的；定期的 生义： n. 常客
⑩land/lænd/熟义：n. 土地 v. 着陆 生义：v. 谋得
⑪storm/stɔːm/熟义：n. 暴风雨 生义：v. 气冲冲地疾走
⑫station/ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n/熟义：n. 站 生义：v. 部署，使驻扎
⑬ache/eɪk/熟义：n. 疼痛 生义：v. 渴望
⑭address/əˈdres/熟义：n. 地址 v. 在……上写姓名和地址 生义：v. 发表演说
⑮coach/kəʊtʃ/多义：n. 教练 v. 辅导；训练
⑯ground/ɡraʊnd/熟义：n. 地面 生义：n. 理由
⑰measure/ˈmeʒə/多义：n. 措施，方法 v. 估量，判定(重要性、价值或影响等)
⑱position/pəˈzɪʃn/熟义：n. 位置；职位 生义：n. 立场；观点
⑲promise/ˈprɒmɪs/熟义：n. 诺言 生义：v. 有……的希望；使……有可能
⑳shoulder/ˈʃəʊldə/熟义：n. 肩膀 生义：v. 承担
2.动词(短语) 一词多义/熟词生义
①run /rʌn/ 多义： v. 经营；管理；主办；跑；赛跑；运行；运转
②rest /rest/ 熟义： n．&v. 休息 生义： vt. 停下
③battle /ˈbætl/ 熟义： v．&n. 斗争 生义：vt. 争夺，竞拍
④translate /trænzˈleɪt; trænsˈleɪt/ 熟义： v. 翻译 生义： v. 逐渐上升
⑤conduct/kənˈdʌkt/多义：v. 指挥；实施，做
⑥drive/draɪv/熟义：v. 开车 生义：v. 推动，驱使 望，干劲
⑦equal/ˈiːkwəl/多义：v. 达到，相当于 adj. 平等的；(大小、数字、重要性)相等的
⑧free/friː/多义：v. 解除 adj. 自由的，免费的
⑨exploit/ˈeksplɔɪt/熟义：v. 开发，开采；剥削 生义：v. 利用
⑩govern/ˈɡʌv(ə)n/熟义：v. 管理；控制 生义：v. 影响；支配
⑪help/help/熟义：v. 帮助 生义：v. 起作用
⑫hit/hɪt/熟义：v. 击中，打击 生义：n. 成功；红极一时的人或事
⑬kill/kɪl/熟义：v. 杀死，弄死 生义：v. 消磨或打发(时间)
⑭build/bɪld/熟义：v. 建筑，建造 生义：v. 逐渐增强 n. 体格，体形，身材
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⑮cause/kɔːz/熟义：v. 促使，引起 生义：n. 原因；事业
⑯cover/ˈkʌvə/熟义：v. 覆盖 n. (书刊的)封面，封皮
生义：v. 行走(一段路程)；足以支付，够付；采访
⑰cross/krɒs/ 多义：v. 跨越，横穿 adj. 生气的
⑱develop/dɪˈveləp/熟义：v. 发展；开发；研制 生义：v. 冲印
⑲express/ɪkˈspres/多义：v. 表达 n. 快车；快递服务
⑳encourage/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/熟义：v. 鼓励，激励 生义：v. 促进，助长，刺激
2.完形填空可能会出现的生僻单词
（1）生僻名词
①privacy /ˈprɪvəsi/ n. 隐私
②agenda/əˈdʒendə/n. 议事日程；议程表
③blessing/ˈblesɪŋ/n. 祝福；幸事
④brand/brænd/n. 品牌；烙印
⑤budget/ˈbʌdʒɪt/n. 预算
⑥coincidence/kəʊˈɪnsɪd(ə)ns/n. 巧合
⑦deposit/dɪˈpɒzɪt/n. 存款；押金；订金
⑧nervousness/ˈnɜːvəsnəs/n. 紧张
⑨presentation/prez(ə)nˈteɪʃ(ə)n/n. 出示；授予；颁发
⑩principle/ˈprɪnsɪp(ə)l/n. 原则；信条
⑪procedure/prəˈsiːdʒə/n. 程序；手续；步骤
⑫restriction/rɪˈstrɪkʃ(ə)n/n. 限制；限定
⑬sympathy/ˈsɪmpəθɪ/n. 同情
（2）生僻动词
①allocate /ˈæləkeɪt/ vt. 分配
②frame /freɪm/ vt. 给……做框
③acknowledge/əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/vt. 承认；致谢
④adore/əˈdɔ/vt. 热爱；爱慕
⑤consume/kənˈsjuːm/vt. 消耗；耗费；吃；喝
⑥draft/drɑːft/vt. 起草；草拟
⑦envelop/ɪnˈvələp/vt. 包裹住，覆盖；笼罩
⑧leak/liːk/vi. 漏；渗入
⑨multiply/ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/vt.&vi. 乘；增加；繁殖
⑩negotiate/nɪˈɡəʊʃɪeɪt/vt. 协商
⑪foster/ˈfɒstə/vt. 培养
⑫insert/ɪnˈsɜːt/vt.&vi. 插入
⑬shrink/ʃrɪŋk/vi. 缩小；收缩
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⑭tease/tiːz/vt.&vi. 取笑
⑮withdraw/wɪðˈdrɔ/vt.撤离
（3）生僻形容词/副词
①abruptly/əˈbrʌptli/adv. 突然地
②ambiguous/æmˈbɪɡjʊəs/adj. 模棱两可的；含糊不清的
③artificial/ɑːtɪˈfɪʃ(ə)l/adj. 人造的
④awesome/ˈɔːs(ə)m/adj. 令人惊叹的
⑤delicate/ˈdelɪkət/adj. 精美的；易碎的
⑥punctual/ˈpʌŋ(k)tʃʊəl/adj. 守时的
⑦thorough/ˈθʌrə/adj. 彻底的
⑧talkative/ˈtɔːkətɪv/adj. 健谈的
⑨accidentally/æksɪˈdentəli/adv. 偶然地
⑩initially/ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)lɪ/adv. 最初
⑪eventually/ɪˈventʃʊəlɪ/adv. 最终；最后
⑫nevertheless/nevəðəˈles/adv.&conj. 然而
⑬blessed/ˈblesɪd/adj. 受到祝福的
⑭reflective/rɪˈflektɪv/adj. 反射的
⑮skeptical/ˈskeptɪkəl/adj. 怀疑的
⑯consequently/ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ntlɪ/adv. 因此
（4）生僻词组
①hang out 闲逛
②back up 支持；支援
③catch on 流行
④fade away 逐渐消失
⑤win out 终获成功
⑥jump at 迫不及待地接受
⑦beat out 击败
⑧back off 后退
⑨cater for 迎合
⑩step forward 主动站出来
⑪mean business 当真，认真
⑫take sth. personally 认为某事针对自己而不悦
⑬bottom line 底线
⑭ring true 给人以真实的印象；听起来真实
⑮split up with 和……分手
⑯water sth. down 缓和……的语气；使变得轻描淡写
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【真题示例】
(2020·德阳中考)All of us live in one world. While we are eating food, drinking water, wearing
clothes, watching TV, using computers and so on, we are producing waste every moment. When we
finish reading a newspaper, the paper will become waste. When TV sets or computers are broken, they
will become electronic waste.
Plastic bags are often used in our everyday life. The number of used plastic bags is increasing day by
day. We like to use plastic bags because they are convenient. When we get home, we throw the plastics
away. These are called “white pollution” as most plastics are white. Rubber is also common in our daily
life. Many of our products are made of rubber, just like the tyres (轮胎) and the bottom part of our shoes.
It’s true that rubber plays an important role in our life. However, it also brings us some trouble when it
has been used for a long time. The old rubber pollutes environment very badly because it can’t break down
easily in nature — it will stay unchanged for a long time. This is really a big problem all over the world.
Everyone should play a part in saving our world. For example, when we go shopping, we can
bring cloth bags instead of plastic ones. And we should do something to recycle rubber. Our small actions
can make a difference and lead to a better future.
What does the underlined phrase “break down” mean in Chinese?
A. 中断 B. 影响 C. 利用 D. 分解
【答案解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了平时生活中产生的各种垃圾, 号召人们保护环境, 能在未
来过上更美好的生活。
根据break down所在句子中的it will stay unchanged for a long time可知, 它会存在很久而不腐
烂。结合The old rubber pollutes environment very badly可以判断, 旧橡胶对环境的污染非常严重, 因
为它在自然界中不易分解——它会长时间保持不变。结合自己的生活常识以及选项可以判断, break
down的意思是“分解”。故选D。
【策略演练】
1
Hope Matters
Reyes Guana, 42, grew up in a poor Mexican family. He has seven brothers and sisters. His
parents always had two jobs to make ends meet.
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As a boy, Guana had a good relationship with the school cleaner. He called her “Nike” because she
wore Nike shoes. The boy liked how Nike made everything clean. He told her he wanted to be a cleaner,
too. “Well, it’s good if you want to be a cleaner, ” Nike told little Guana. “ But make sure you go to
college. ”
Guana also looked up to the principal of his school. The school leader told the boy that his job was to
help students and teachers. “Wow, when I grow up, I want to do what you’re doing. ” Guana told him.
“Well, if you stick to your dream, you will, ” the principal replied.
And Guana really got there. But it was quite a long journey for him. Twenty-three ago, he followed
in Nike’s footsteps and was cleaning schools. He worked at three schools to pay for his college education.
He held that job for four years and then worked his way up to being a school safety monitor. After that,
he worked as a teacher for a few years.
Now, as a principal, Guana never forgets where he came from. He helps students from poor
families and shows respect for every school staff member. He always invites everyone to school parties,
including those who clean the floors and those who drive the school buses.
( )1. Guana hoped to be a cleaner because he______.
A. was good at cleaning
B. admired the cleaner “Nike” a lot
C. needed to support his poor family
D. had to pay for his college education
( )2. Guana became a school safety monitor ______.
A. when he was nineteen B. after he worked as a teacher
C. as soon as he got enough money D. before he was named principal
( )3. The underlined phrase “got there” is closest in meaning to ______.
A. went back to “Nike” B. entered a college
C. realized one’s dream D. became well-known
( )4. According to the writer, ______.
A. Guana should have been named principal earlier
B. a boy from a poor family can have a bright future
C. a cleaner is more important than a college student
D. the cleaners and the drivers should get more respect
( )5. What would be another title for this passage?
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A. From Cleaner to Leader B. Different Jobs
C. From Failure to Success D. Relationship Works
2
If you live in Shanghai, you might have taken a “lesson” on garbage sorting. Shanghai is the first
city to carry out strict rules on garbage sorting. People in Shanghai know that garbage is sorted into four
categories—recyclable, harmful, dry and wet waste. If people fail to sort their garbage properly, they
can be fined up to 200 yuan, while companies will have to pay between 1, 000 to 50, 000 yuan for
breaking the rules. Since the rules took effect, the amount of total daily waste in Shanghai has been
reduced. The city also rebuilt 21, 000 waste-sorting stations and more than 40, 000 waste bins have been
updated.
However, there have also been some problems. Some people complained that it is difficult to deal
with wet garbage, as they are asked to remove wet garbage from its bag when dumping. According to the
sorting rules, the wet garbage must go in the wet waste bin and the bag must go in the dry waste bin.
Because the wet garbage will decompose properly and become useful organic waste.
By the end of 2020, garbage-sorting systems will have been set up in 46 cities in our country.
Everyone should take an active part in garbage sorting.
( )1. ______ is the first city to carry out strict rules on garbage sorting.
A. Beijing B. Shanghai C. Shenzhen D. Chongqing
( )2. Garbage sorting includes four categories—recyclable, ______, dry and wet waste.
A. harmful B. useful C. helpfulD. colorful
( )3. The underlined word “fined” means “______”in Chinese.
A. 责备 B. 奖励 C. 罚款 D. 提高
( )4. ______, garbage-sorting systems will have been set up in 46 cities around the country.
A. In 2021 B. By the end of 2020
C. Since 2020 D. At the beginning of 2020
3
My husband Shane and I were hanging out on the street one evening. I was talking but he was looking
over at someone.
He walked over to a young girl who was crying. As he talked to her, I could see from his body
language that he was trying to calm her down. When I joined them, I realized that she had been homeless
for some time. She told Shane that all she wanted was to go to her sister’s house in another city.
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Some people would have handed her some money, wished her lunch or maybe allowed her to make
a call. Shane did much more.
It was a bit cold, so we had an idea to take her home. When I asked her if she’d like to go home with
us, she thanked me about a million times with tears in her eyes.
We went home and I gave her some clean clothes to wear and told her she could use the shower. We
ate something. Finally, she told us her story.
In the morning, she was finally able to get a hold of her sister, so she had a place to go. Shane
drove her to the bus station and bought her a ticket.
Sometimes what people need is not just money, but people who will trust, listen to and understand
them.
( )1. The writer knew Shane was making the girl be calm because she ______.
A. heard what they said B. saw his body language
C. asked Shane what he said D. was doing the same thing
( )2. Shane wanted to ______when he knew her trouble on the street.
A. give the girl some money B. let the girl use his phone
C. have a lunch with the girl D. take the girl to their home
( )3. Choose the true sentence according to the fourth paragraph.
A. The girl was so hungry that she began to cry.
B. The girl didn’t believe in Shane and the writer at all.
C. The girl agreed to go with Shane and the writer soon.
D. The writer felt unhappy when she heard what Shane said.
( )4. The phrase “get a hold of” in the sixth paragraph means “______” in Chinese.
A. 联系 B. 抓住 C. 看到 D. 控制
第四部分 句法能力演练
一、对划线部分提问
1. This desk is black.
is this desk?
2. People get a great deal of information through the Internet nowadays.
people get a great deal of information nowadays?
3. The school is 15 minutes’ walk from my home.
is it from the school to your home?
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4. The class begins at a quarter to three.
does the class begin?
5. It is R-I-N-G.
it?
6. People named this kind of food after a man called Sandwich.
did people name this kind of food after?
7. Amy likes singing and dancing.
__________________ Amy like?
8. My keys are on the sofa.
9. I will live in Shanghai in ten years.
you live in ten years?
10. She likes pandas because they are cute.
like pandas?
11. Jim’s QQ number is 320621.(
Jim’s QQ number?
12. The story of the Emperor’s Clothes is interesting.
do you the story of the Emperor’s Clothes?
13. Robert usually brought us Wisconsin cheese before he got married.
Robert you Wisconsin cheese before he got married?
14. It's 8 December today.
today?
15. The UFO means “unidentified flying object”.
(Ask a question according to the underlined part.)
?
16. She’d like a medium bag of apples.
bag of apples would she like?
17. My keys are on the sofa.
your keys?
18. My grandfather exercises five times a week.
does your grandfather exercise?
19. She usually goes to work at eight.
she usually at eight?
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20. I used to learn cooking by watching cooking videos.(对划线部分提问)
you use to learn cooking?
二、改写句子
21. The two children couldn’t find their way out of the forest.（同义句）
The two children in the forest.
22. How is the weather in Boston? (改写句子，句意不变)
the weather in Boston?
23. Parents are proud of what their children have achieved.（改为同义句）
Parents in what their children have achieved.
24. I walk to school every day. (改为同义句)
I go to school every day.
25. We enjoyed ourselves in the zoo last Sunday.（改为同义句）
We in the zoo last Sunday.
26. The dictionary might belong to Carla.（改为同义句）
The dictionary might be .
27. I like apples and bananas.
I like apples bananas.
28. What fruit do you like best? (改为同义句)
your fruit?
29. How do you like the book?（改为同义句）
What do you the book?
30. His brother joined the army three years ago.（改为同义句）
His brother in the army for three years.
31. China’s ministry of education will push back the national college entrance examination to July 7th and
8th.（改写句子，句意不变）
The national college entrance examination will back to July 7th and 8th by China’s
ministry of education.
32. He fell behind just because he lost interest in his lessons. （同义句改写）
He fell behind simply because of the interest in his lessons.
33. Sally doesn’t like this kind of music.（改为同义句）
Sally this kind of music.
34. The classroom is filled with the students.
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The classroom is the students.
35. After I finished my work, I went to bed.（保持句意不变）
I go to bed I finished my work.
36. These are yellow skirts. (改为同义句)
These are .
37. Chinese is not as interesting as English. （改为同义句）
English is Chinese.
38. He’d like to chat with his net-pal on the Internet.(保持句意相同)
He chat with his net-pal on the Internet.
39. When is he going to his cousin’s house? (写出同义句)
is he his cousin’s house?
40. Hong Kong is in South China.（保持句意不变）
Hong Kong is in south China.
三、连词成句
41. run don’t the in hallways
.
42. deaf, who, work, people, and, in, noisy, live, conditions, go, often
.
43. time, a, had, what, they, good（!）
44. told, my, that, me, give, mother, I, up, shouldn’t
.
45. people, at home, use, to wash clothes, washing machines
.
46. pen, the, me, red, to, pass
.
47. months, have, two, kept, I, for, about, it
.
48. how, fun, have, to, some, not, know, do, children
.
49. dictionary, not, they, are, my
.
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50. 连连看, 将上下两行连接起来, 使这两个词能表达出正确的意思。
Good Thank And I’m
morning you OK fine
51. please, out, the, you, rubbish, could, take
?
52. doesn't, Tom, have, ruler, a
.
53. our, colourful, the Internet, makes, life, more
.
54. you, solve, feel, unless, will, you, it, worse
.
55. have, we, shoes, black, $30, for, only
.
56. you, are, for, ready, school
?
57. spends, lot, a, she, money, of
.
58. take, in class activities, should, an active part, students
.
59. the kitchen, how, is, dangerous
!
60. keys, your, those, are,
?
四、句子转换
61. I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax. (改为一般疑问句)
you just at home most of the time to read and relax?
62. There are about 28 million people in Chongging. There are about 14 million people in Tianjin.（合并
为一句）
The population of Chongqing is much that of Tianjin.
63. David does sports with his friends on the weekend.(改为否定句)
David sports with his friends on the weekend.
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64. They haven’t cleaned the floor. (改为被动句)
65. She is a young woman. (改为复数句)
They young .
66. I will visit France this summer vacation.(改为否定句）
I visit France this summer vacation.
67. They like swimming. (变为否定句)
They swimming.
68. He’s never heard this strange thing. (改为反义疑问句)
He’s never heard this strange thing, ?
69. Jack does his homework at school every day. (改为一般疑问句并做肯定、否定回答；改为否定
句）
Jack his homework at school every day?
, he .
, he .
Jack his homework at school every day.
70. They walk in the park after dinner. (改为一般疑问句并作肯定回答)
— they in the park after dinner?
— , .
71. I can see a cat on the floor. (改为一般疑问句并作肯定、否定回答)
— you see a cat on the floor?
—Yes, I ./—No, I .
72. Tim has a TV in his room. (改为一般疑问句)
Tim a TV in his room?
73. I have told them the good news. （改为一般疑问句，并作肯定回答）
— you them the good news?
—Yes, .
74. The villager cuts down a tree every day.（用now改写句子）
The villager down a tree now.
75. Alan has a basketball.（改为一般疑问句）
Alan a basketball?
76. John has a model plane. (改成否定句)
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John a model plane.
77. The government has built many more parking places to meet people' s needs. （改为否定句）
The government many more parking places to meet people's needs.
78. Students should be allowed to do homework with friends.（改为否定句）
.
79. There will be fewer cars in the future. (改为一般疑问句)
there fewer cars in the future?
80. The tall man must be Jim’s uncle. (完成反意疑问句)
The tall man must be Jim’s uncle, ?
五、根据句意填单词适当的形式
81. —Is this (you) watch?
—No, it isn’t. It’s (she).
82. I’m sure more and more new things will be (discover) in the future.
83. The (man) over there are from Japan.
84. They are my (parent) computers.
85. What a (fun) movie it is!
86. There (be) a flower show at the weekend.
87. You can never think of the fun that we had (chat) with each other.
88. They are seldom ill, because they have strong (body).
89. We have no (choose) but to depend on ourselves.
90. Benny wants to Daisy. (foolish)
91. Mrs Green (not wash) clothes at this time yesterday.
92. To improve your English, (watch) English movies is a good way.
93. I wish (eat) Zongzi in the Dragon boat Festival.
94. Shall we go （swim）this afternoon?
95. I know I will say to the two simple words “Be yourself”. (I)
96. (be) there any bookshops in my street?
97. The mobile phone is not mine. It may be somebody (else).
98. He knows the way to the hospital . (good)
99. He has trouble in (learn) English.
100. Where do you plan (go) this Sunday?
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