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►第 18 讲 构词法(讲义)
目录
一 复习目标 掌握目标及备考方向
二 考情分析 2023年中考构词法考情分析
三 网络构建 知识点头脑风暴
1. 构词法的几种分类
四 名词考向 2. 派生法中各个前缀和后缀的含义
3.提升必考题型归纳
五 真题感悟 中考构词法经典考题
【复习目标】
1. 掌握构词法的几种分类。
2. 熟记派生法中各个前缀和后缀的含义。
【考情分析】
分析中考英语真题可知,构词法从没有在中考试题中直接进行考查,但
是在阅读理解材料中常常会出现以学过的词为词根,采用某种构成法构成的
新单词,如果学生没有掌握这种构词法,就可能会影响对材料的影响,从而
影响学生答题的准确性。在几种构词法中,《义务教育英语课程标准(2022
年版)》附录4语法项目表对缩写和简写仅作理解要求。 综上分析,学生在
复习构词法时,首先一定要记住、理解并掌握常用前缀、后缀所构成的词义
变化及词性变化,其次要理解合成和转化构词法,最后,要记住一些常见的
缩写和简写。
【网络构建】
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《义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)》附录4语法项目表中构词法有四种:合成法、派生法、转换法和缩
写和简写。其中缩写和简写课程标准仅做理解要求。
合成法:由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词,这种构词法称为合成法(compounding)。合成词之间有的要
用连字符连接,有的直接连接在一起。
派生法:在一个词的词根(root)的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词, 这种构词法称为派生法
(derivation)。加在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix),加在后面的词缀叫后缀(suffix)
转化法: 在词行不变的情况下,一个单词由一种词性转换成另一种词性,称为转换(conversion)。转换后的
词义与转换前的词义通常有密切的联系,但有时差异也很大。
缩写和简写:是一个单词或短语的缩写形式,去掉一些字母或只使用每个单词的第一个字母。
photo-photograph,USA -The United States of America
一.合成法
类型 例子
复合名词 bedroom 卧 室 , newspaper 报 纸 , breakfast 早 餐 , blackboard 黑 板 ,
grandfather(外)祖父,playground 操场,bathroom 浴室,typewriter 打字机,
overcoat 大衣,afternoon 下午,handwriting 书法,storytelling 讲故事,
daybreak破晓,sunrise日出,outbreak爆发,downpour倾盆大雨
复合形容词 worldwide全世界的,homesick想家的,handmade手工制作的,kindhearted
热心肠的,easygoing 随和的,goodlooking 好看的,hardworking 勤勉的,
wellknown著名的,newlybuilt新建的
复合动词 overcome克服,underline画线,oversleep睡过头,sleepwalk梦游
复合副词 upstairs在楼上,indoors在室内,outdoors在室外,however无论如何
复合代词 anything任何事物, everybody每个人
二.派生法
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1. 常考前缀。
(1)表示否定。
前缀 意义 例子
un unlucky 不幸运的,unhappy 不高兴的,unnecessary 不必要的,
unusual 不同寻常的,unimportant 不重要的,unhappily 不高兴地,
unfortunately不幸地
im impossible不可能的,impolite不礼貌的,impatient没有耐心的
不;非
in incorrect不正确的,informal非正式的,independent独立的
ir irregular不规则的,irresponsible不负责任的
il illegal非法的
non nonstop不停的;直达的,nonsmoker不吸烟者
dis 相反 disappear 消失,dislike 不喜欢,disagree 不同意,dishonest 不诚实
的,disagreement意见不一致
mis 错误 misfortune不幸,misunderstand误解,misspell拼错
(2)表示程度或大小。
前缀 意义 例子
super 超级 supermarket超市,superpower超级大国,superman超人
mini 小的;短 minibus 小型公共汽车, miniskirt 超短裙
的
(3)其他前缀。
前缀 意义 例子
a 处于……状态 asleep睡着的,awake醒着的,alive活着的,aside在旁边
或过程中
anti 反对 antiwar反战争的
auto 自动的 automobile汽车
en 使…… encourage鼓励,enlarge使变大,enrich使富有
fore 在……之前 forehead前额,foretell预言
inter 之间的 international国际的,Internet互联网
kilo 千 kilometer千米,kilogram千克
mid 在中间 midnight半夜,midair半空中
pre 在……之前 preview预演, prepay预付
re 重新,再次 retell复述,review复习,rewrite重写,rebuild重建
tele 远程的 telephone电话,telegram电报
vice 副的 vicepresident副总统,vicechairman副主席
2. 常考后缀。
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(1)名词后缀。
前缀 意义 例子
er 从事某种职业 player运动员,teacher教师,driver司机,worker 工人
的人
or actor演员,director导演, inventor发明家
ess 指女性 actress女演员,hostess女主人
ese 指民族、语言 Chinese中国人;汉语,Japanese日本人;日语
ian 指人 Australian澳大利亚人,Italian意大利人,Indian印度人
ist 指人 artist 艺术家,pianist 钢琴家,novelist 小说家,scientist 科学家,
physicist物理学家
ment … … 的 行 为 movement运动,agreement同意,announcement通告
(或结果)
ion 状态、行为、 action行动,invention发明,pollution污染
机构等
ation invitation 邀请,operation手术,foundation基金会,organization 组
织
ship 情况、状态等 friendship友谊,leadership领导,relationship关系
hood 状态、性质等 childhood童年、幼年,neighborhood附近,街区
ing 活动、状态 feeling感觉,dancing舞蹈,meeting会议
ness 状态、特点等 happiness幸福,darkness黑暗,illness疾病
ance 性质、状况等 performance表演,appearance出现
dom 领域、状况等 freedom自由,wisdom智慧,kingdom王国
al 过程、状态等 arrival 到达,refusal 拒绝
(2)形容词后缀。
前缀 意义 例子
ful 充满……的 useful有用的,careful仔细的,helpful有帮助的
less 没有,无 careless粗心的,meaningless无意义的,harmless无害的
ly 具 有 … … 性 lovely可爱的,friendly友好的,monthly每月的,weekly每周的
质;每隔……
时间
y 有……特性的 healthy健康的,noisy吵闹的,rainy多雨的,lucky幸运的,thirsty
渴的,sleepy困倦的,cloudy多云的,windy有风的
ish 稍有……的; foolish愚蠢的,childish孩子气的
有……性质的
able 能……的;具 comfortable 舒适的,enjoyable愉快的,changeable易变的
有……性质的
ible horrible可怕的,terrible糟糕的
ed 状况、心情等 interested 感兴趣的,excited 感到兴奋的,surprised 感到惊讶的,
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tired 疲倦的,pleased高兴的
ing 描述事物 interesting有趣的,exciting令人兴奋的,moving动人的
al 与……有关的 natural自然的,personal个人的,musical音乐的
ic ……的 electric电的,scientific科学的,plastic塑料的
ical medical医学的,chemical 化学的,historical历史的
en 表示材料 wooden木制的,golden金制的,woolen羊毛的
ern 表示方位 eastern东方的,southern南方的,western西方的
ous 表示特点 famous著名的,dangerous危险的
ive active积极的,expensive昂贵的,attractive吸引人的
(3)副词后缀。
前缀 意义 例子
ly 以……方式 happily高兴地,quickly迅速地,freely自由地,politely有礼貌地
ward(s) 表示方向 northward(s)向北,downward(s)向下,forward(s)向前
三.转化法
词类转化 例子
名词转化为动词 water n. 水→v. 浇水
show n. 演出,节目→v. 给……看;展示
hand n. 手→v. 传递
color n. 颜色→v. 染色
book n.书→v. 预订
动词转化为名词 walk v. 散步;走→n. 散步(take a walk)
look v. 看→n. 看(have a look)
stop v. 停止→n. 车站(bus stop)
talk v. 谈论→n. 谈话(have a talk)
形容词转化为名词 daily adj. 日常的→n. 日报
final adj. 最后(终)的→n. 决赛
形容词转化为动词 slow adj. 慢的→v. 放慢
free adj. 空闲的→v. 释放
clean adj. 干净的→v. 清扫
dry adj. 干燥的→v. 把……弄干
副词转化为动词 down adv. 向下→v. 打倒,击倒
四.缩写和简写
缩写和简写(亦称为截断法、缩短法)可采用“截头”“去尾”“截头又去尾”“混成法”
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“拼缀法”和“首字母缩略法”等方法。
类型 方法 例子
截头 截去原词的开头部分词 airplane=plane飞机 telephone=phone电话
去尾 去掉原词的末尾部分词 taxicab→taxi出租车 examination→exam测试
截头又去尾 截去原词的开头和末尾 refrigerator→fridge冰箱
的部分词
混成法 保留原来两词各自的一 photo+graphy→
部分
photography摄影,摄影技术
拼缀法 由两个或两个以上的词 breakfast and lunch→brunch早午餐
混合或紧缩而成,只保
motorist's hotel→motel汽车旅馆
留了原来几个词的部分
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
首字母缩略法 由所含单词的首字母或 cm=centimeter厘米
多个字母组成
kg=kilogram千克
km=kilometer千米
注意:国家、重要组织机构名称缩写(2022版新课标新增部分)
CPC(Communist Party of China) 中国共产党
PLA(People's Liberation Army) 中国人民解放军
PRC(People's Republic of China) 中华人民共和国
UN(United Nations) 联合国
UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 联合国教科文组织
WHO(World Health Organization) 世界卫生组织
WTO(World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织
WWW(World Wide Web)万维网
WWF(World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund)世界自然基金会
BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation)英国广播公司
一、用括号内所给单词适当形式填空
1.(2023·江苏无锡·校考二模)The boy (careless) put the cup on the table and it fell down.
2.(2023·内蒙古包头·包头市第三十五中学校考三模)The never dreamed of having a chance for
him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. (compete)
3.(2023·江苏南京·统考二模)— Our neighbour next door is putting something on the wall.
— It’s (possible) to sleep with all that noise.
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4.(2023·江苏扬州·统考二模)With the money, we have sent many poor children to school. (success)
5.(2023·上海虹口·统考二模)Poor little girl! It is for her to suffer so much. Let’s give her a hand.
(fair)
6.(2023·上海崇明·统考二模)If we don’t take action to protect the forests, they will soon . (appear)
7.(2023·江苏南京·校联考一模)Li Jun was (lucky) because his car broke down yesterday.
8.(2023·安徽芜湖·统考一模)You should take an active part in the (discuss).
9.(2022·西藏拉萨·校考模拟预测)China is an old (east) country in Asia.
10.(2020·江苏南京·统考中考真题)The noise made sleep (possible), so I got up and read a book.
二、单项选择
11.(2023·黑龙江哈尔滨·统考二模)________ was started to work in 1961 and its goal (目标) is to improve
more and more people’s sense of protecting the Earth’s environment.
A.WTO B.WWF C.NBA
12.(2023·江苏镇江·统考二模)Which of the following words can be changed into a noun by adding the suffix
“-ness”?
A.pleasant B.difficult C.worth D.careful
13.(2023·甘肃白银·统考二模)Which of the following prefixes(前缀) can turn “agree” into its antonym(反义
词)?
A.un- B.im- C.in- D.dis-
14.(2023·江苏宿迁·统考一模)“……Should youthful heads in vain turn grey. we would regret for aye.”
——The River All Red by Xu Yuanchong.
Which word is formed in the same way as “youthful”?
A.disappear B.dangerous C.footprint D.impossible
15.(2022·江苏镇江·模拟预测)Which of the following words is created in the same way as “careless” ?
A.wonderful B.impatient C.dishonest D.unhappy
三、阅读理解
(2023·云南昆明·昆明八中校考模拟预测)
On March 17th, 2023, Beijing made changes to the P.E. test in the 2023 high school entrance exam, or
zhongkao: All students will get full scores as long as they take part in the exam.
Earlier this year, some cities such as Taiyuan canceled the 1,000-meter and 800-meter runs. Other cities let
students choose if they wanted to do them in the exam. This is to make sure it’s safe for students after recovering
from COVID-19.
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At the same time, P.E. classes across China have also made some changes. Students are having easier activities
such as dancing, fun games and sit-ups. This way they can improve their health slowly.
“We used to run two laps around the playground every day during the morning break. But after many students
got the illness, we didn’t do this activity and started doing Kungfu,” said Liu Jiawei, a student from Changchun,
Jilin. “As a ninth-grader, I’m also happy that I don’t need to take the 1,000-meter run test for zhongkao. Most
students welcome this new change. But some who are really good at running are not happy because they won’t
have advantages any more,” Liu added.
However, we have to understand that such a big decision like this won’t make everyone happy. What’s more
important is students’ safety during exercises and tests. Life comes first before everything else.
16.According to the passage, which city canceled the 1,000-meter and 800-meter runs?
A.Beijing. B.Kunming. C.Taiyuan. D.Changchun.
17.Why did so many cities make changes to the P. E. test?
A.Because it is no longer important. B.Because students don’t like P. E.
C.Because it is too easy for students. D.Because it must be safe for students.
18.What does the underlined word “lap” probably mean?
A.圈数 B.次数 C.厘米 D.小时
19.Which of the following is TRUE?
A.Students started running instead of doing Kungfu.
B.Liu Jiawei was not happy because he doesn’t need to run.
C.Some students will lose advantages because of the change.
D.All students in Liu’s school welcome the change in P.E. test.
20.What’s the author’s attitude (态度) towards the change?
A.Worried. B.Unhappy. C.Surprised. D.Understanding.
一、用所给单词适当形式填空
1.(2021·内蒙古包头·统考中考真题)We were touched by the of the welcome. (warm)
2.(2021·黑龙江鸡西·统考中考真题)With the (develop) of science and technology, people can
live a better life in the future.
3.(2020·山东济南·统考中考真题)Li Na is a famous tennis (play).
4.(2020·江苏宿迁·统考中考真题)Wu Jing is a well-known ( direct). He is popular among film
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lovers.
5.(2020·上海·统考中考真题)Sitting in front of the screen for too long is .It's bad for your eyes.
(healthy)
6.(2020·江苏镇江·统考中考真题)My neighbour is a famous (sing) and she often does charity
work.
7.(2020·湖北荆门·统考中考真题)We should treat everyone with kindness and (warm),
spreading love and joy everywhere we go.
8.(2020·黑龙江·统考中考真题)1 tried to talk with them, but they (agree) with me.
9.(2020·黑龙江·统考中考真题)To my disappointment, the new movie is so (meaning).
10.Many (visit) came to the hometown of the great man during the vacation.
二、单项选择
11.(2020·甘肃·统考中考真题)Which of the following suffixes(后缀)means "without"?
A.–able B.–ful C.–ous D.–less
12.(2019·江苏镇江·中考真题)Which of the following words can NOT be added the prefix "un-" to give it
the opposite meaning?
A.happy B.healthy C.usual D.polite
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