文档内容
第 07 讲 构词法
目录
01 考情透视·目标导航 .....................................................................................................................................1
02 知识导图·思维引航 .....................................................................................................................................2
03 考点突破·考法探究 .....................................................................................................................................4
考点一 派生法 ...........................................................................................................................................5
知识点1 解题时派生词的判断依据 ...........................................................................................5
知识点2 前缀、否定前缀和否定后缀 6
知识点3 名词后缀 7
知识点4 形容词后缀 ...........................................................................................................................9
知识点5 副词后缀 .........................................................................................................................10
知识点6 动词后缀 10
考点二 合成法 .............................................................................................................................................11
知识点1 合成名词 11
知识点2 合成形容词 11
知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他12
考点三 转化法 ...........................................................................................................................................13
04 真题练习·命题洞现
1. 真题实战 ..........................................................................................................................................14
阅读理解中对构词法的考查.............................................................................................................14
语法填空中对构词法的考查 .........................................................................................................14
2. 命题演练 ...........................................................................................................................................15
考
构词法考题统计 考情分析
点
2024（浙江 1 月高考）： encounter 邂逅 ；criticism；technician；
派 receptionist；assistant；graveyard；presence；educational；wastepaper； 1. 分析近年高考真
生 threaten ； safety ； hailstorm ； delivery ； satisfaction ； thoughtful ； 题可知，高考对构词
法 connectivity；mismatch；individual 等。 法的考查越来越多。2023（新高考I卷）：competitor参赛者；economical adj. 经济的，实惠
2024、2023年的听力
的; s ustain able adj.可持续的;strategic adj. 战略(性)的; combination n. 结
及阅读理解中都出现
合；minimalism n. (艺术)极简主义；available adj.可用的，可得到的;
了大量的构词法的考
foundation n. 根基；基础intolerable adj. 无法忍受的；minimalist n. 最低 查。
限要求者statistician n. 统计学家estimation n. 判断；估计additional adj.
附加的，另外的 countless adj. 无数的;多得数不清的overestimate v. 过高 2. 通过构词法可以
估计implication n. 牵连；含意； 快速推断词义，提高
（新高考II卷）：arrival(arrive)；uneventful 太平无事的；unavoidable 不可 阅读速度和正确率。
避免的；occasionally adv. 偶尔；有时候；description 描写；evaluation n. 完形填空中的选项页
合
评价，评估；emotional adj. 感情的；情感的；情绪的initiator n.发起人； 出现了很多通过构词
成
创始人backcountry 偏僻地区 b reath taking 令人叹为观止outnumber在数量上 法产生的新词。语法
法
填空主要考查课标内
压倒，比...多representation 代表, 描述increasingly 越来越多；
的词形转换。因此，
（全国乙卷）wonder(wonders)；skyrocket；approximately； transform；
总结归类构词法知识
转 combination
非常必要。它能综合
化
2022（新高考 I 卷）：excitement 兴奋；adventure 冒险；honorable 提高考生的核心素
法
=honourable adj. 光荣的；可敬的；高贵的；disqualification n. 不合格；取 养。
消资格；被罚下场 disqualified不合格的；被取消资格的；willpower n.
意志力；毅力 3. 通过对近三年高
（新高考 II 卷）：asleep adj.睡着的； accidentally adv.偶然地； 考高考试题的分析，
symbolically象征性地；inexpensive 廉价的； t hrow awa y 可随意丢弃的； 预测高考试题中构词
法构成的新词，将会
interactive 互动的；activate 激活；springboard 跳板；constructive 建设性
频繁出现。
的；
（全国乙卷）：responsible(responsibility)
复习目标：、
具备根据语境推断词性及意思的能力；
掌握构词法的三大规则：派生、合成和转换；
掌握构词法，提高阅读速度，提高核心素养；
具备根据句法知识判断句子成分并判断其词性，然后准确写出正确形式的能力；考点概述：许多英语单词的构词都有一定的规律，这种规律被成为构词法。掌握构词法知识对考生更
好的理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量有重要意义。意义中的构词法主要有 派生法 (Derivation )、合成法
（ Compositio n ） 和 转换法 (Conversion )三大类。
【高考导航】
1.（2024年浙江1月高考阅读理解D片段） We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a
calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a
feeling of reward and satisfaction.
2. (2023年新高考I卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, ___56___(taste)soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street
food.
考点一 派生法知识点1 派生词的判断依据
1. 冠词、物主代词等词类后一般跟名词。如果所给单词是其他词类，则将其改为名词，并注意名词数的变
化。
2. 动词、介词后一般跟名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，则看该动词是否有名词形式。如果有名词形式，
就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。如果所给动词有名词形式，还要看其后
有无宾语。如果其后有宾语，用动名词形式；其后无宾语，则用名词形式。
3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词，还要考虑副词级的变化。
4. 名词前一般可有形容词修饰。如果所需词为形容词时，还应考虑形容词级的变化。
例 1.（2023·新高考 I 卷） Shanghai may be the ___59___(recognize)home of the soup dumplings but food
historians will actually point you to the neighboring canal town of Nanxiang as Xiao long Bao’s birthplace.
例2.（2024·湖南省长沙一中模拟）When it comes to sharing, one of the (great) gifts China gave to the
world through the ancient Silk Road was the technology of making paper on an industrial scale,
知识点2 普通前缀、否定前缀与否定后缀
词缀 词缀意义 示例
auto-自动； fore-之前的； alone单独的； anti⁃gas防毒气的；
post之后的； a⁃构成形容词； automatic自动的； cooperate合作；
anti⁃反对;抵抗； co⁃共同； enjoy使高兴； Internet互联网；
en⁃使； inter-互相； forecast预报； foresee预见；
前缀
bi-双； sub⁃下面的;小; bimonthly双月的； multi-culture多文化的；
tele⁃强调距离； re⁃再;又, telegram电报； rewrite重写；
multi-多； semi-半的 semi-final半决赛； semiconductor半导体；
dis-不，非； il- 不，非； disappear消失; illegal非法的；
im-不，非； in- 不，非； impatient不耐烦的； impolite不礼貌的；
否定 ir- 不，非； non-不，非； incorrect不正确的; incomplete不完全的；
un- 不，非； irregular不规则的； irresponsible不负责任
前缀
mis-错误； 的；
nonstop不停的,不间断的; nonexistent不存在的；
mislead将……引入歧途,误导; unhappy不开心的；否定 名词+--less构词形容词 hopeless无希望的； careless粗心大意的；
后缀
名词+-free构词形容词 carefree无忧无虑的； sugar-free无糖的；
【易错提醒】个别前缀也可以引起词性的变化，如：
1. en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge扩大；enable使能够；encourage鼓励；
2. a-可以和名词或动词构成形容词：asleep睡着的；alive活着的；
3. out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome结果；outlet出口；outlook观点；
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月阅读理解B篇）This unbeatable price-point encouraged me to experiment with dozens
of titles that I would never normally consider buying. And I’ve discovered some great books!
例2. （2024·新高考II卷） More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists
have used them as the raw material for artworks—transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into
paintings and sculptures.
【变式训练1】(2023全国甲卷) Eric Weiner’s The Socrates Express: In Search of Life Lessons from Dead
Philosophers reawakened my love for philosophy.
【变式训练2】When I’m face to face with a polar bear, I like it to be through a camera with a telephoto lens. But
sometimes, that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
知识点3 名词后缀
1. 表示人或物的名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
来自；专长
(i)an musician音乐家；Egyptian埃及人;physician内科医生；
于……的人
ant
人，物 servant仆人；president总统；assistant助手；
ent
ar
beggar乞讨者；murderer杀人犯；builder建设者；
er 人，物
Farmer农民； doctor医生； recorder录音机
-or
ee 人，物 employee受雇者；refugee难民；trainee受训人员；
ess 表女性，雌性 hostess女主人；actress女演员；
ist 人，主义者 novelist小说家；socialist社会主义者；physicist物理学家；
例1.（ 2024·浙江卷1月) One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist
who just retired from the University of Oklahoma.
例2.（ 2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build aminimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.
2. 表示行为、性质、状态等抽象名词的常用后缀
后缀 意思 例词
al 表示过程;或状态 removal移动；arrival到达
ance 表状态，行为 appearance外表；acceptance接受；reliance依靠
(t)ion-
表状态，动作过;程，行为 suggestion建议；graduation毕业；liberation解放；
ation
dom 身份，领域 freedom自由；wisdom智慧
ence 性质，状态，行为 difference区别；confidence自信；dependence依靠
ful 充满 basketful满篮；mouthful满嘴；houseful一屋子
hood 性质，身份，状态，时期 childhood儿童时代；neighbourhood附近
ism 宗教，风格，主义 heroism英雄气概；romanticism浪漫主义
ity 性质，状态 reality现实；ability能力；equality平等
ment 行为，物，组织，运;动，结果 disappointment失望；movement运动；agreement协议
ness 性质，状态 kindness仁慈；tiredness疲劳
ship 性质，身份，资格 hardship艰苦；leadership领导身份；friendship友谊
sion 行为，状态 conclusion结论；tension紧张
ure 行为，状态 exposure暴露；failure失败
th 结果，过程，性质，状态 truth真理；youth青春；growth生长；warmth温暖
age 集合，地点，状态，结果 storage储藏；village村庄；marriage婚姻
例1. (2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) When enough of these errors ________（short）together, they cancel each other
out, resulting in a more accurate estimate.
例2. (2024·浙江卷1月) we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the
temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
【变式训练1】Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster, people must
unify and show the ________（wise）to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
知识点4 形容词后缀
后缀 意思 例词able/-
可……的，能……的 acceptable可接受的；flexible能适应新环境的；
(i)ble
(u)al 有……属性的；与......有关的 agricultural 农业的； national国家的； chemical化学的
an ……(地，人)的 republican共和国的；European欧洲人的
ary ……的 imaginary想象的；revolutionary革命的
ative ……的 creative有创造性的；talkative 爱说话的
ed (具)有……的(特征) determined坚定的；learned博学的；aged年老的
ent ……的 frequent经常的；silent沉默的；diligent勤奋的
ese (地，人)的 Chinese中国(人)的；Japanese日本(人)的
ern 表示方向 eastern东方的；southern南方的
en ……的 golden金色的；wooden木制的；woolen羊毛的
ic 与……有关的 realistic现实的；energetic精力充足的
ish 近乎……的，如……的 childish孩子气的；foolish愚蠢的；selfish自私的
与……有关的，有……倾向的，
ive expensive昂贵的；effective有效的；decisive决定性的
有……特性的
满的；有……性质的，引起……
ful faithful信任的；powerful强大的；cheerful愉快的
的
ous 多……的，有……特性的 various各种各样的；humorous幽默的；dangerous危险的
ly ……品质的，每……的 friendly友好的；motherly母亲般的；weekly每周的
ward 向……的 backward向后的；forward向前的
y 多……的；有……的；如……的 cloudy多云的；funny有趣的；lucky运气好的
some 引起(或易于)……的 troublesome 讨厌的
例1. (2023·新高考II卷) Seeking and accepting constructive feedback (反馈) is crucial to growth.
例2. （2021·新高考I卷）A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than
one dealing with (science) subjects.
【变式训练1】Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to
be more thoughtful about our information consumption.
【变式训练2】Whether you’re communicating in person or on the phone, being a good listener is an important
part of any healthy relationship.
知识点5 副词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
ly ……地，状态，程度，方式 extremely非常；slowly慢慢地；happily高兴地
s 时间，地点，状态 outdoors在户外；nowadays现今ward(s) 方向 afterward(s)后来；outwards向外；downwards向下
例1. (2024·浙江卷1月) But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now
ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
例2.(2020•全国卷III) As the small boat moved (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the
mountains being silently reflected in the water.
【变式训练1】 “If we carry our burdens all the time, sooner or later, we will not be able to carry on, the burden
becoming (increase) heavier.
【变式训练2】The helicopter made its final approach and, guided by the headlights, landed safely.
知识点6 动词后缀
后缀 意思 例词
en 使变成 sharpen削尖；broaden加宽；strengthen加强；deepen加深
fy 使……化 clarify 阐明; simplify简化；beautify美化；purify净化；qualify 使具备资格；
ize 使……化 modernize使现代化；realize实现；mechanize使机械化
例 1. (2023·全国甲卷) He ______（emphasis）the importance of education and self-improvement, which he
believed would lead to a harmonious society.
例2.(2022·江苏卷) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classif y garbage in a short time.
【变式训练1】To_______（justification）yourself with relevant examples from your personal experience and be
specific about your achievements.
【变式训练2】 The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely reviewed and highly
praised, strengthene d Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.考点二 合成法
考点概述：许多把两个或两个以上的词素放到一起，这种构词法称为合成法。合成词通常由两个或两
个以上的自由词素构成不同词性，最常见的包括：名词合成词，形容词合成词，动词合成词。
知识点1 合成名词
构成方法 例词
名词＋名词 classroom, schoolgirl, weekend, bookshop
形容词＋名词 highway, blackboard, hotdog, greenhouse
动词＋副词 gettogether, breakdown
名词＋动名词 handwriting, storytelling
副词＋名词 outbreak, overcoat
动名词＋名词 diningroom, sleepingcar, readingroom
知识点2 合成形容词
构成方法 例词
形容词＋名词＋ed whitehaired, warmhearted, kindhearted
形容词＋现在分词 goodlooking, easygoing
形容词＋过去分词 readymade, newborn
副词＋现在分词 hardworking, wellmeaning
副词＋过去分词 wellknown, newlybuilt
名词＋现在分词 Englishspeaking, southfacing
名词＋过去分词 manmade, watercovered
名词＋形容词 snowwhite, homesick
副词/形容词＋名词 righthand, fulltime
数词＋名词 100meter, 17yearold
数词＋名词＋形容词 180foothigh, 10yearold
数词＋名词＋ed fourlegged, oneeyed知识点3 合成动词、副词及其他
构成方法 例词
副词＋动词 overcome, understand
副词+名词 indoors, outdoors, overhead, upstairs;
形容词＋动词 dryclean, whitewash
名词＋动词 typewrite, sleepwalk, daybreak, toothpick, sunrise, haircut;
名词+名词 girlfriend, cowboy, countryside, seafood, sunlight;
名词+形容词 worldwide, snow-white, ice-cool
形容词+名词 full-time, part-time
形容词+ving good-looking, ordinary-looking, easy-going;
代词+代词 everybody, anyone, somebody, nothing,
介词+其他 outside, inside, throughout;
例1.（2024·浙江卷1月）You can also find students on the class discussion board to organize a study group, or
schedule in-person meeting s with your professor to discuss course concepts.
例2. (2023·新高考Ⅱ卷) They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary
online of eaningful interaction they had with nature in the park.
【变式训练 1】He remembered landmarks, but since he didn’t know his town’s name, finding a small
neighbourhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
【变式训练 2】And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is
monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
考点三 转化法
考点概述：在词形不变的情况下，一个单词没有加任何词缀，词性变为另一种词性，这种构词法成为
转换法。考查热点是名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词两大类。其他还有名词转化为形容词、动词转化为
形容词等。转化后的词义与之前的词义通常有密切的联系。
转化方式 例词
名词-动词 hand n.手-v.递；上交； chair n.椅子-v.主持； water n.水-v.浇水；name n.名字-v.取名动词-名词 read v.阅读-n.阅读；shout v.呼喊-n.呼喊；cry v.哭-n.哭；try v.尝试-n.尝试
better a.更好的-v.改善； last a.最后的-v.持续； slow a.慢的-v.减慢； own a.自己的-v.
形容词-动词
拥有；
形容词-副词 enough足够的-足够地； late晚的-迟于； hard艰苦的-努力地；
例 1.（2021 北京卷）By distracting the mind from the pain, music, people say, can lower stress and
anxiety levels.
例2.（2021·全国乙卷写作）
I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever necessary.
【变式训练】If you help me sort out the things upstairs, I'll breakfast you tomorrow.
一、 真题实战
根据构词法猜词词义
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）If you take an online course, what can you do to ensure the best possible grade?
2.（2023·新高考II卷）The flight was uneventful, and Tiffy was a great passenger.
3.（2023·全国甲卷）Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,sometimes
killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food.
4.（2023年型高考I卷）Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the
potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
5.（2023·型高考I卷）This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t
always the same.
6.（2022·新高考全国I卷）The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
7. (2022·新高考卷Ⅰ) This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present
when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago.“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily
remained stable since the appearance of human beings，but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we findtoday is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，”said Steven
Moran，a member of the research team.
8.（2023·上海春招）Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about
challenges to the humanities.
9.（2020•全国新高考I卷）Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
10. （2020•天津卷）We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep
them awake.
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·浙江卷1月）Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the
_______ (criticize) that they lead to waste.
2.（2024·1月九省联考）He is happy with the ______ (improve) he sees in his students’ writing and in his own
writing.
3.(2023·新高考II卷) Since June 2017, right before the ______ (arrive) of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and
Jiao Qing, I have been helping the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and confident speaking
English.
4.（2023·全国乙卷）The ________ (remark) development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect
the past while stepping into the modern world
5.（2022·1月浙江卷）When the answer was no ,she declined the________(invite) .
6.（2022·6月浙江卷）John Olson, a former (photograph)and his team turn paintings into fully
textured 3D models.
7.(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷) Xiao long bao(soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling
wrappers, encasing hot, (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favourite Chinese
street food.
8.(2022·新高考 II 卷) Whenever I tell people that I teach English at the Berlin Zoo, I almost always get a
questioning look. Behind it, the person is trying to figure out who exactly I teach…the animals?
Since June 2017, right before the arrival of the two new pandas, Meng Meng and Jiao Qing, I have been helping
the panda keepers at the zoo to feel more comfortable and (confidence) speaking English.
9.(2023·1月浙江高考卷) The hutongs they formed were orderly, lined by ________ (space)homes and walled
gardens. Farther from the center lived the commoners and laborers.
10.（2023·全国甲卷) ______ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson’s story ends with an accusation instead
of a moral.
二、 命题演练
用括号内所给词的适当形式填空
1.（2024·江苏·模拟预测）Following the barbecue-induced travel craze to the city of Zibo in East China, Chinese
social media has once again highlighted the next internet-famous city worthy of (explore).
2.（2024·江苏·泰州模拟）It also recreated (memory) moments of genuine exchanges among people.3.（2024·浙江·二模） It is believed that by arranging things (appropriate), one can harmonize the
energies of the natural world.
4.（2024·浙江·模拟预测）Apparently, respect for the elders is the (found) of the Chinese moral
system.
5.（2024·全国·高三模拟）Peking Opera is a (combine) of music, dance, art, acrobatics, and martial
arts.
6.（23-24高三·湖南长沙·阶段练习）Nowadays, it is mainly in those minor ethnic groups that this life passage is
still celebrated. In some parts of China, this ceremony is experiencing a (revive).
1. （2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模拟）The Manchu rulers then felt that this ceremony was (meaning)
and thus abolished this ceremony which had lasted for thousands of years.
8.（2024·湖南雅礼中学·高三模二模 At the time, Chinese officials didn’t agree with the (decide).
9.（2024·湖北·沙市中学模拟）The West Lake is (definite) a place people can never miss when visiting
Hangzhou.
10. （2024·湖南一模） Interesting, meaningful and featured activities are (special) designed from the
moment
